Journal articles: 'A floor area'

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Zhang, Xiaoyong, Zhengchao Chen, Yuemin Yue, Xiangkun Qi, and Charlie H. Zhang. "Fusion of Remote Sensing and Internet Data to Calculate Urban Floor Area Ratio." Sustainability 11, no. 12 (June 19, 2019): 3382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123382.

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The floor area ratio is a comprehensive index that plays an important role in urban planning and sustainable development. Remote sensing data are widely used in floor area ratio calculations because they can produce both two-dimensional planar and three-dimensional stereo information on buildings. However, remote sensing is not adequate for calculating the number of floors in a building. In this paper, a simple and practical pixel-level model is established through defining a quantitative relationship among the floor area ratio, building density, and average number of floors (ANF). The floor area ratios are calculated by combining remote sensing data with publicly available Internet data. It incorporates supplemental map data and street-level views from Internet maps to confirm building types and the number of floors, thereby enabling more-accurate floor area ratio calculations. The proposed method is tested in the Tiantongyuan neighborhood, Changping District, Beijing, and the results show that it can accurately approximate the number of floors in buildings. Inaccuracies in the value of the floor area ratio were found to be primarily due to the uncertainties in building density calculations. After performing systematic error correction, the building density (BD) and floor area ratio were each calculated with the relative accuracy exceeding 90%. Moreover, the experiments verified that the fusion of internet map data with remote sensing data has innate advantages for floor area ratio calculations.

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Potter, Marisa T., Richard J. Heerema, Jill Schroeder, Jamshid Ashigh, Dawn VanLeeuwen, and Cheryl Fiore. "Mature Pecan Orchard Floor Vegetation Management: Impacts on Tree Water Status, Nutrient Content, and Nut Production." HortScience 47, no. 6 (June 2012): 727–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.6.727.

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Pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] growers are advised to control orchard floor vegetation when establishing new orchards, but there is not a set recommendation for vegetation control in mature orchards. The objective of this study was to measure the effect of orchard floor vegetation on water and nitrogen (N) status of flood-irrigated mature pecan trees. Four treatments studied were: completely vegetated orchard floor, vegetation-free inner area directly under the tree canopy with vegetation in the outer area, completely vegetation-free, and vegetated inner area under the canopy with a vegetation-free outer area. Treatments were organized as a 2 × 2 factorial structure with inner and outer treatment factors, both with levels vegetated and vegetation-free. Soil moisture and tree midday stem water potential (MSWP) were measured during irrigation cycles to evaluate the development of water stress in the pecan trees. Soil moisture data showed a significant outer main effect when the soil in the entire orchard was the driest, that is, just before irrigation events. Areas with vegetation cover that were exposed to full sun were significantly drier than shaded vegetated areas and vegetation-free areas in the orchard floor. However, this was not correlated with differences in tree water status as indicated by MSWP. Leaf tissue and soil analyses showed no significant differences in N concentrations among treatments in either year. Treatments with orchard floor vegetation in the outer area had significantly higher yield efficiency and marginally significant improvements in percent kernel fill and number of nuts per kilogram. Our findings suggest that there may be more benefits to maintaining orchard floor vegetation in mature orchards than were previously acknowledged.

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Stahl, Peter W., and James A. Zeidler. "Differential Bone-Refuse Accumulation in Food-Preparation and Traffic Areas on an Early Ecuadorian House Floor." Latin American Antiquity 1, no. 2 (June 1990): 150–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/971985.

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Ethnographic observations of floor formation in an occupied and an abandoned Achuar jea dwelling structure are combined with contemporary taphonomic studies of swept and trampled surfaces. These studies suggest that refuse accumulation and incorporation are markedly different in food-preparation areas with ash deposits around fixed hearth features when compared to regularly trampled traffic areas of domestic earthen house floors. These points are examined in the horizontal and vertical analysis of highly fragmented bone remains in an Early Formative domestic house floor at the site of Real Alto, in the coastal lowlands of southwestern Ecuador. The food-preparation area of the Structure 1 house floor contained high concentrations of bone specimens characterized by their large size (over 25 mm), broad surface area, low bulk density, and greater total weight, vertically distributed throughout the ash matrix. The traffic area contained bone specimens characterized by their small size (under 25 mm), narrow surface area, high bulk density, and lower total weight, distributed unevenly in vertical profile. The horizontal distribution of fish bone only partially followed the observed pattern, as a proportionately greater amount of large fish bone was located in the traffic area. This analysis demonstrates the potential utility of bone refuse as a sensitive and reliable taphonomic indicator for inferential arguments regarding house-floor deposition.

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Ngo, Le Minh, and Zhen Yu Li. "Transformation on the Design for Sustainable of High-Rise Residential Buildings – The Case Study of Shanghai Combined Apartment Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 3565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.3565.

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In the recent years, the design for high-rise residential buildings in Shanghai has been changing in floor plan. It is the transformation in the shape of the house from residential tower-shaped buildings into combined apartment buildings; the transformation in constitution of floor plan, the number of apartment in each floor; the transformation in area and function of each apartment and even in living habits. Studies of the transformation in shape mentioned above were carried out by the morphology methodology. Combined apartment buildings in Shanghai combined together leads to high economic benefit, and the number of floors is up to 34 floors. Auxiliary area which is shared equally to each apartment, accounts for an approximately large portion of a typical floor plan. Each apartment in Shanghai must be added 12-18% of external auxiliary area. The cause and effect of the transformation in the design for high-rise apartment buildings are valuable experiences for other developing metropolitans in China, so as other countries in region.

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Zant, Wouter. "If smallholder farmers have access to the world market: the case of tobacco marketing in Malawi." European Review of Agricultural Economics 47, no. 4 (December 5, 2019): 1402–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbz039.

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Abstract We measure the impact of a reduction in transaction costs on crop area and production of smallholder tobacco growers in Malawi. For identification, we exploit the introduction of an additional tobacco auction floor. Estimations are based on annual data by extension planning area. A 10 per cent reduction in distance to auction floor is shown to increase crop area and production around 4 and 10 per cent, respectively. Supply response weakens beyond a distance to auction floor of 60 km and runs along the intensive margin: existing tobacco growers improve productivity of cultivation. Impacts are robust for non-random placement of auction floors and several other threats. The results point to potentially large welfare benefits for smallholders if marketing infrastructure is improved and if more auction floors are introduced.

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Laksono, Taufik Dwi. "The Analysis of the Factors Which Affect the Building Costs in Indonesia." Civil Engineering Journal 3, no. 1 (January 30, 2017): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2017-00000072.

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Buildings are the kind of facility needed by everyone. The accuracy in determining the amount of costs required to build a building has become a challenge for all parties involved in the process. This study aims to determine the factors affecting the cost of a building. By using four independent variables, i.e. floor area, number of floors, foundation depth, and project implementation time, and one dependent variable in the form of a contract value of the building project, an analysis to determine the factors that influence the cost of a building has been made. Using 81 samples in several cities in Indonesia and multiple linear regression of stepwise method, the results show three factors that significantly affect the cost of building projects. They are floor area, number of floors, and project implementation time. This is indicated by tcount for floor area of 12.770, tcount for the number of floors of 46.05, and tcount for project implementation time of 2.321.

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Leonardi, Federica, Teresa Botti, Giuliana Buresti, Anna Paola Caricato, Alberto Chezzi, Carlo Pepe, Sabina Spagnolo, Sabrina Tonnarini, Miriam Veschetti, and Rosabianca Trevisi. "Radon Spatial Variations in University’s Buildings Located in an Italian Karst Region." Atmosphere 12, no. 8 (August 15, 2021): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081048.

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In the framework of a collaboration between INAIL and University of Salento, an indoor radon survey in 54 buildings belonging to the UniSalento University (Southeast Italy) was carried out. The monitored buildings differ by type, construction period, materials, etc., and are located in an area with a morphology characterized mainly by marls, calcareous marls, and calcarenites (karst area). The sample of the survey includes 963 rooms at different floors: it consists in rooms mainly located at ground floor (67%), first floor (12%), and below ground (12%). SSNTD passive dosimeters measured the average radon activity concentration for two consecutive semesters (spring/summer and autumn/winter) from which annual radon averages were estimated for each room. The spatial variability within buildings was investigated in terms of variation between floors and among rooms at the same floor. Data analysis provides evidence that the distributions (in terms of arithmetic mean, standard deviation, median, and geometric mean) of indoor radon annual averages at ground floor and at first floor within building are very similar. This highlights that the karstic characteristics of soil and building materials affect radon levels not only below ground and at ground floor, but also at first floor. Moreover, to evaluate the spatial variability of radon among buildings or floors, the analysis of the distribution of coefficient of variation (CV) was carried out: the results show a low spatial variability with median and average values of CVs ≤ 30% both for the whole building and at different floor levels.

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Santoso, Suselo Utoyo, Armin Naibaho, Edy. "OPTIMALISASI BIAYA DAN WAKTU PELAKSANAAN PEKERJAAN PERANCAH MENGGUNAKAN SCAFFOLDING PADA BANGUNAN BERTINGKAT DENGAN SISTEM ZONING." PROKONS Jurusan Teknik Sipil 9, no. 2 (August 31, 2015): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/prokons.v9i2.91.

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On the implementation of the scaffolding work in a large and typical structures, the work area usually is distributed into several areas or work zones due to the limited area for mobilization of material and equipment, work schedule, structure form, limited resources and so on. The distribution of the different areas or zones in the typical structure will affect the circulation of the equipment removal of the scaffolding .The review was carried out by simulating the time various working methods using zones in 1 floor and 8 different floors. The zoning was of 6 zones, 3 zones, and 1 zones for one floor with various completion of 10 work days, 7 work days, and 5 work days. Work schedule was made based on each model. With reference to the work schedule, calculations, cost and time maximization of scaffolding was carried out. Data analysis process’s were (1) material and tool analysis, (2) job cost analysis, and (3) unit price analysis. The calculations result in an effective and efficient method is by employing 3 zones withim 7 work days for each floor. So it is for the entire 8 floor. With the implementation cost as many as IDR 42,203,210 for 1 floor and IDR 327,113,217 for 8 floors.Keywords: maximization, scaffolding, zone

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Ai, H. J., M. Y. Liu, Y. M. Shi, and J. Q. Zhao. "FLOOR IDENTIFICATION WITH COMMERCIAL SMARTPHONES IN WIFI-BASED INDOOR LOCALIZATION SYSTEM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B4 (June 14, 2016): 573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b4-573-2016.

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In this paper, we utilize novel sensors built-in commercial smart devices to propose a schema which can identify floors with high accuracy and efficiency. This schema can be divided into two modules: floor identifying and floor change detection. Floor identifying module starts at initial phase of positioning, and responsible for determining which floor the positioning start. We have estimated two methods to identify initial floor based on K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and BP Neural Network, respectively. In order to improve performance of KNN algorithm, we proposed a novel method based on weighting signal strength, which can identify floors robust and quickly. Floor change detection module turns on after entering into continues positioning procedure. In this module, sensors (such as accelerometer and barometer) of smart devices are used to determine whether the user is going up and down stairs or taking an elevator. This method has fused different kinds of sensor data and can adapt various motion pattern of users. We conduct our experiment with mobile client on Android Phone (Nexus 5) at a four-floors building with an open area between the second and third floor. The results demonstrate that our scheme can achieve an accuracy of 99% to identify floor and 97% to detecting floor changes as a whole.

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Ai, H. J., M. Y. Liu, Y. M. Shi, and J. Q. Zhao. "FLOOR IDENTIFICATION WITH COMMERCIAL SMARTPHONES IN WIFI-BASED INDOOR LOCALIZATION SYSTEM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B4 (June 14, 2016): 573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b4-573-2016.

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In this paper, we utilize novel sensors built-in commercial smart devices to propose a schema which can identify floors with high accuracy and efficiency. This schema can be divided into two modules: floor identifying and floor change detection. Floor identifying module starts at initial phase of positioning, and responsible for determining which floor the positioning start. We have estimated two methods to identify initial floor based on K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and BP Neural Network, respectively. In order to improve performance of KNN algorithm, we proposed a novel method based on weighting signal strength, which can identify floors robust and quickly. Floor change detection module turns on after entering into continues positioning procedure. In this module, sensors (such as accelerometer and barometer) of smart devices are used to determine whether the user is going up and down stairs or taking an elevator. This method has fused different kinds of sensor data and can adapt various motion pattern of users. We conduct our experiment with mobile client on Android Phone (Nexus 5) at a four-floors building with an open area between the second and third floor. The results demonstrate that our scheme can achieve an accuracy of 99% to identify floor and 97% to detecting floor changes as a whole.

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Kim, Soo Hyun, and Chang Gyu Choi. "Urban Tissue, Zoning and Achieved Floor Area Ratio (A-FAR) : Focused on Developed Floor Area Ratio (D-FAR) Compared to the Legal Floor Area Ratio (L-FAR) in Residential Area and Commercial Area in Seoul." Journal of Korea Planning Association 54, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17208/jkpa.2019.04.54.2.33.

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Li, Gang, Yue Ren Wang, Guo Hui Feng, Ming Zhi Jiang, and Qian Liu. "Simulation and Analysis on Operating Characteristics of Central Exhaust System in High-Rise Residential." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 656–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.656.

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Operating characteristics of variable cross section area of main duct in the main-branch central exhaust system was simulated based on various stories, operation rate and cross section area of main duct by FLUENT. The results show that there are certain obvious induced flow in the lower part of the system when the users in the upper floor work in the central exhaust system,and the internal pressure of main duct appears low- high-low trend in the system from the bottom to the top floor. The maximum pressure position is not in the bottom, but in the middle and lower floor of the system, where is the most disadvantageous floors of the exhaust system. It indicates that 400 mm x 500 mm is the necessary cross section area of main exhaust duct for 10 layers buildings,and 400 mm x 750 mm is the necessary one for 20 layers buildings.

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Matsuo, Ichiro, Takanori Kuribayashi, and Kunishige Kamura. "Disaster Reduction Measures Against Inundation in Underground Area and Development of Disaster Prevention Action Plan Using TimeLine." Journal of Disaster Research 11, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 322–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p0322.

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Japan uses underground spaces more widely than in other developed countries. Underground spaces around terminal train stations and areas under station plazas are used in developing public pathways with stores. One such area, managed by a single underground city manager, has a floor area of about 80,000m2. In 1999, the Mikasa River near an underground area in front of Hakata Station flooded the underground area. The importance of antiflood measures for underground area was pointed out after the Hakata disaster and Japan’s Flood Control Act was partly amended, but measures have not been implemented satisfactorily. In this paper, the author reviews the current situation in Japan’s underground areas for flood disaster and based on the awareness surveys of underground managers and users, the researches on systemizing antiflood measures for underground areas and the applications of a disaster prevention action plan (TimeLine) for protecting persons from flooding are shown using an example of the underground shopping area in front of Nagoya Station as a case study.

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Ramalingam, Balakrishnan, Prabakaran Veerajagadheswar, Muhammad Ilyas, Mohan Rajesh Elara, and Arunmozhi Manimuthu. "Vision-Based Dirt Detection and Adaptive Tiling Scheme for Selective Area Coverage." Journal of Sensors 2018 (December 30, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3035128.

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This paper proposes a visual dirt detection algorithm and a novel adaptive tiling-based selective dirt area coverage scheme for reconfigurable morphology robot. The visual dirt detection technique utilizes a three-layer filtering framework which includes a periodic pattern detection filter, edge detection, and noise filtering to effectively detect and segment out the dirt area from the complex floor backgrounds. Then adaptive tiling-based area coverage scheme has been employed to generate the tetromino morphology to cover the segmented dirt area. The proposed algorithms have been validated in Matlab environment with real captured dirt images and simulated tetrominoes tile set. Experimental results show that the proposed three-stage filtering significantly enhances the dirt detection ratio in the incoming images with complex floors with different backgrounds. Further, the selective dirt area coverage is performed by excluding the already cleaned area from the unclean area on the floor map by incorporating the tiling pattern generated by adaptive tetromino tiling algorithm.

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Norridge, B., N. D. Burns, and C. J. Backhouse. "The ‘green area’ concept." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 211, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954405971516176.

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The paper discusses the application of a new cell management system implemented in a UK company. The system was originally based upon the Nissan ‘green area’ (GA) concept but it was extended at the company into a complete business management structure covering the entire business. This new structure involved a GA system in the operational activities of the business, for example shop-floor and commercial activities, a ‘business excellence’ GA system primarily aimed at business improvement and development projects and a business strategic GA system. The GA system was used throughout the business and integrated the activities of cells in the commercial, engineering and shop-floor domains. It was more than the quality circle concept in that it also provided a mechanism for performance assessment, business control, improvement, training and communication.

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Lee, Chijoo, and Jongsung Won. "ANALYSIS OF CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTIVITY BASED ON CONSTRUCTION DURATION PER FLOOR AND PER GROSS AREA, WITH IDENTIFICATION OF INFLUENTIAL FACTORS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 27, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2021.14514.

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This study analyzes construction productivity based on the construction duration per floor and per gross area over 20 years (1996–2015) and compares the results among the United States, United Kingdom, South Korea, and Japan, which have similar sizes of total construction investment and market risk. Although construction labor productivity is widely used to analyze and compare construction productivity among countries, it does not consider the changed construction duration caused by levels of investment and technology. Therefore, construction duration per floor and gross area was selected analyze and compare construction productivity in this paper. Regular and non-modular buildings with a total of five or more floors and a basement are collected during the analysis period (1996–2015). The total number of collected buildings is 800 and it includes buildings in the United States (194), the United Kingdom (186), South Korea (322) and Japan (98). Construction duration, increase rate and standard deviation are then compared between each country. Finally, factors that influence construction duration are derived and additionally considered to explain and adjust the trends and changes of construction productivity related to construction duration in the four countries. The productivity of the United States is the highest, but the difference between it and other countries decreases steadily because the increase rate of the construction duration in the United stated is larger than those of other countries. Then, the factors influencing the construction duration are derived as a learning effect by the number of ground floors and gross area, as well as the rate of constructed buildings with a first basement floor for efficient productivity management. The rate of the first basement floor influences both the construction duration per floor and per gross area. This study contributes to the field by explaining the productivity change based on the construction duration and proposing the key management point of the productivity by deriving the influence factors

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Ha-Sung Kong, Seo Young Kim,. "Determination of Appropriate area University Labotatories In Consideration of Extinction Coefficient." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 5 (April 11, 2021): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i5.959.

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This study calculated the appropriate area of university laboratories which shall allow 40 students to evacuate in the shortest time frame when they evacuate at the walking speed per extinction coefficient of smoke to be created upon outbreak of fire.In the case where the floor area was 600㎡, the required safe egress time (RSET) for the total 40 students was 48.3 seconds when extinction coefficient was 0.3m⁻¹, 52.6 sec when extinction coefficient was 0.5m⁻¹, and 54.3 sec when extinction coefficient was 1.0m⁻¹. In the case where the floor area was reduced to 300㎡, half of the first case, the RSET for the total 40 students was 50.0 sec when extinction coefficient was 0.3m⁻¹, 56.4 sec when extinction coefficient was 0.5m⁻¹, and 54.1 sec when extinction coefficient was 1.0m⁻¹, showing the result that RSET of all the students was rather elongated when extinction coefficient was 0.3m⁻¹ and 0.5m⁻¹ respectively due to bottleneck caused by increase in population density even though the exit distance was shortened. In the case where the floor area was increased to 1200㎡, twice of the first case, RSET of all the levels of extinction coefficient was elongated due to increase in exit distance. As result of the experiments with different size of floor areas, the shortest RSET of all the students was found with 540㎡ of floor area. In conclusion, it was found that the RSET for all the people in the lab shall be shortest when the floor area was appropriate.

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Manuja, Archit, Jenna Ritchie, Khantil Buch, Yaoxing Wu, Clara M. A. Eichler, John C. Little, and Linsey C. Marr. "Total surface area in indoor environments." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 21, no. 8 (2019): 1384–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9em00157c.

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Nurdini, Allis, Endra Susila, Taufik Taufikurahman, Nur Fitra Hadianto, Maryam Al Lubbu, and Asih Suryati. "Building a Prototype of an Eco-friendly House in the Peri-Urban Area." Journal of Integrated and Advanced Engineering (JIAE) 1, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51662/jiae.v1i1.9.

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The concept of sustainable housing has considered the urgency to support the sustainable environment in an integrative way. This concept is related to several main principles include environmental, social, and economic sustainability. In practice, these principles translated into the fundamental of housing choice, both process and product choices. In many peri-urban areas, current house construction tends to imitate city houses with massive concrete structures equipped with air conditioning that caused high energy consumption. The Center for Rural Empowerment team of ITB built a prototype of an eco-friendly house in Haurgombong village, Sumedang, West Java. The house has two floors building on a 7x5 m2 land site. The first floor was renovated from the existing toilet rooms and develop into a two-floor house. The second floor was built using the local wood material. The wood material has been obtaining from the trees of seven years old beechwood (Gmelina Arborea) planted in the garden. The envelope material for this house was constructed from local and common material in rural or peri-urban context, the lightweight fiberglass for the roof of common room, and the transparent fiber materials for the roof of second-floor terrace to make the plantation at this area can easily receive the sunlight. This house is also can be regarded as a prototype of an earthquake-resistant house. The lighting factor, temperature, and airflow settings are made naturally. Besides, this house has also equipped with a rainwater storage system and greywater treatment using a small, constructed wetland that allows the treated water used for watering gardens and fishponds. The budget spent to build this house was as low as possible so that the surrounding community can imitate the building for their house and disseminate eco-friendly housing.

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Gao, Li Fu. "Low Temperature Floor Radiate Heating System Designed Especially for Large Room Located in Cold Area." Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (November 2010): 1388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.1388.

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Highlighted with its advantage of convenience, low energy consumption and sanitation, low temperature floor radiate heating system has been favored and been used in most heating areas since it was introduced into china in mid 80’s,But it is generally believed that floor heating system alone can not meet heating design requirement for large room located in cold area and is only deemed as an assistant heating methods.This article has proved by monitoring data collected from low temperature floor radiate heating system designed for large room in cold area that it is well enough to apply low temperature floor radiate heating system alone with reasonable design and running control and modification of heat exchanger.

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Yu, Sanggyun, Hyok-Joo Rhee, Chang-Mu Jung, and Hyuk-Ki Min. "Regulation of Floor Area Ratios and Its Efficiency." Journal of Korea Planning Association 52, no. 6 (November 30, 2017): 129–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17208/jkpa.2017.10.52.6.129.

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Lin, Cheng-Jian, Yu-Chi Li, and Chin-Ling Lee. "Using Fully Convolutional Networks for Floor Area Detection." Sensors and Materials 32, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.18494/sam.2020.2577.

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Blair, Lynne, and Meredith Thatcher. "Calculating occupiable floor area: a North American initiative." Facilities 13, no. 7 (July 1995): 17–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02632779510088796.

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Feng, Fujian, Shuang Liu, Yongzheng Pan, Xin He, Jiayin Wei, and Lin Wang. "Crowd density estimation method based on floor area." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1651 (November 2020): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1651/1/012060.

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Noble, Matthew A., Allen G. Noble, and Frank J. Costa. "Floor area ratio as an urban development tool." Land Use Policy 10, no. 2 (April 1993): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377(93)90004-t.

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Adi, Alifiano Rezka. "KAJIAN PENERAPAN ARSITEKTUR HIJAU PADA KANTOR PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN BOYOLALI; Fokus pada Nilai Embodied Energy Bangunan." Jurnal Arsitektur KOMPOSISI 11, no. 6 (November 7, 2017): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/jars.v11i6.1357.

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Abstract: Green architecture approach comes as a solution of solving the energy and environmental crises. Boyolali regency office became the research object by focusing on the value of embodied energy to determine and evaluate the energy consumed from the manufacturing of the material until the construction phase. This study uses a simulation method with modeling strategy at the masterplan area and the existing area to measure the embodied energy of the buildings. The results showed that the larger of the ground floor area, the greater of the embodied energy value of the building. In addition, a building which has more floors will save the value of the embodied energy compared to a one floor building with the same floor area. The existing condition showed the saving of the embodied energy value by 22.64% towards the masterplan because of its smaller total ground floor area. The impact of the floor area and floor number is used in determining the design recommendations by combining several buildings into one building to reduce the total floor area as well as to convert most buildings into two-story buildings. The simulation results from the proposed recommendation showed the efficiency of the embodied energy value, which is more optimal, by 21,76% towards the existing condition.Keywords: green architecture, embodied energy, office area, energy efficiencyAbstrak: Pendekatan arsitektur hijau hadir sebagai solusi dalam mengatasi permasalahan energi dan lingkungan. Kantor pemerintahan Boyolali dijadikan sebagai objek penelitian dengan berfokus pada nilai embodied energy untuk menentukan dan mengevaluasi energi yang digunakan dari proses pengolahan material bangunan hingga fase konstruksi bangunan. Penelitian menggunakan metode simulasi dengan strategi pemodelan pada masterplan kawasan serta kondisi eksisting kawasan untuk mengukur nilai embodied energy bangunan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin besar luas permukaan lantai bangunan, semakin besar nilai embodied energy pada bangunan tersebut. Selain itu, jumlah lantai yang lebih banyak akan menghemat nilai embodied energy jika dibandingkan dengan bangunan satu lantai dengan luas lantai dasar yang sama. Kondisi eksisting menunjukkan penghematan nilai embodied energy sebesar 22,64% terhadap masterplan karena memiliki luas total lantai dasar lebih kecil. Dampak dari luas lantai dasar dan jumlah lantai digunakan dalam menentukan rekomendasi desain dengan menggabungkan beberapa bangunan menjadi satu untuk mengurangi luasan total lantai dasar sekaligus menjadikan bangunan-bangunan yang ada menjadi gedung berlantai dua. Hasil simulasi dari rekomendasi yang diusulkan menunjukkan efisiensi nilai embodied energy yang lebih optimal sebesar 21,76% terhadap kondisi eksisting.Kata kunci: arsitektur hijau, embodied energy, kawasan perkantoran, efisiensi energi

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Benduch, Piotr, and Paweł Hanus. "The concept of estimating usable floor area of buildings based on cadastral data." Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics 105, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rgg-2018-0004.

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Abstract Usable floor area is one of the most important spatial attributes of buildings and premises. It is used, for example, to determine the basis for their taxation. Unfortunately, the question of proper determination of usable floor area in Poland has remained problematic for many years, which is closely related to the occurrence of various definitions of usable floor area in the currently binding legal acts. Consequently, usable floor area is not a universal attribute. This means that in certain cases significant discrepancies may occur between the usable floor area of the same structure, determined for different purposes. In addition, despite attempts made to unify the principles for the performance of surveys of building structures and their parts, this requirement still can not be recognized as fully met. Therefore, there is no doubt that the problem of reliability and availability of data defining the usable floor area of buildings is becoming even more important in view of the introduction of the ‘ad valorem’ tax, which has been planned for years. For this reason, this paper proposes a universal, multi-variant method of estimating usable floor area based on geometric and descriptive data of buildings contained in the cadastre. The Authors, taking into account the applicable legal regulations, have considered the possibilities of practical implementation of individual variants of this specific method. They have carried out empirical tests of effectiveness of the proposed approach. They have also defined tasks for which this method of determining the usable floor area of buildings would be particularly useful.

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Yan, M., and L. Xu. "RELATIONSHIP MODEL BETWEEN NIGHTLIGHT DATA AND FLOOR AREA RATIO FROM HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W7 (September 14, 2017): 1419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w7-1419-2017.

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It is a hotpot that extraction the floor area ratio from high resolution remote sensing images. It is a development trend of using nightlight data to survey the urban social and economic information. This document aims to provide a conference relationship model for VIIRS/NPP nightlight data and floor Area Ratio from High Resolution ZY-3 Images. It shows that there is a lineal relationship between the shadow and the floor area ratio, and the R<sup>2</sup> is 0.98. It shows that there is a quadratic polynomial relationship between the floor area ratio and the nightlight, and the R<sup>2</sup> is 0.611. We can get a conclusion that, VIIRS/NPP nightlights data may show the floor area ratio in an extent at level of administrative street.

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Liu, Hao, Pu Wang, Weihe Zhang, Qiang Liu, and Lijun Su. "Comprehensive Measurement of the Deformation and Failure of Floor Rocks: A Case Study of the Xinglongzhuang Coal Mine." Geofluids 2020 (November 12, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8830217.

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The isolated island panel 10304 of the Xinglongzhuang coal mine was used as the research subject to study the deformation and damage characteristics of the coal seam floor. The damage of the floor was studied using the borehole strain sensing method and borehole imaging technology, and FLAC3D was used to study the influence of abutment pressure on floor failure. The result shows that the floor under the superimposed area which is affected by lateral and advanced abutment pressure is damaged firstly, and the maximum depth reaches 26 m, other areas of the working face about 23 m. The degree of deformation and failure of floor rock at different depths is decreased. The deformation damage increases with the advancement of the working face until a certain distance at the same depth. The hole image can clearly show the influence range of the abutment pressure in front of the coal wall and influence the degree of the advancement and lag by means of the strain increment curve for each sensor probe and the images from different drilled positions. On the basis that the results of simulation and field measurement are consistent, the results can reflect the three-dimensional failure characteristics of the whole island working face floor in the process of coal mining more comprehensively and accurately; moreover, they also can provide important information for mine flood prevention and ecological environment protection.

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Mei, Can, Xu Dong Fu, and Ben Jiao Zhang. "Structural Analysis and Design of Slipway Floor with Anchor Jacked Piles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 501-504 (January 2014): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.501-504.185.

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The rapid advance of shipbuilding industry generates greater demands on port and waterway engineering. The reconstruction and maintenance of infrastructure supporting shipbuilding industry also has aroused extensive attention. Since the tonnage of ship increases, the bearing capacity of slipway floors can’t meet the working requirement with the moving load of ships. As for the bearing capacity insufficiency, grouting, anchor jacked piles and bored piles are generally used. However, the anchor jacked pile has better practicality and applicability for easier to control construction quality and smaller damage to the original slipway floor. At present, methods based on Winkler foundation model have been more popular in the engineering practice. But Winkler foundation model can’t consider the interaction between pile and soil, the calculated structural internal force of slipway floor is far from the truth. In order to correct Winkler foundation model imperfections in this aspect, this paper provided the method of equivalent bedding value. In terms of area weighted means, the equivalent bedding value of pile and soil in the influence area would be got. Then this weighted area of pile and soil and other areas of soil could be equivalent to springs with different stiffness coefficients for calculating the structural internal force of slipway floor. To some degree, this method reduced the stress concentration on the top of piles and was closely to the reality, remedying some weaknesses of Winkler foundation model. This method may have definite reference value for foundation plate design in engineering application.

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Benn, William, and Stanislao Lauria. "Robot Navigation Control Based on Monocular Images: An Image Processing Algorithm for Obstacle Avoidance Decisions." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/240476.

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This paper covers the use of monocular vision to control autonomous navigation for a robot in a dynamically changing environment. The solution focused on using colour segmentation against a selected floor plane to distinctly separate obstacles from traversable space: this is then supplemented with canny edge detection to separate similarly coloured boundaries to the floor plane. The resulting binary map (where white identifies an obstacle-free area and black identifies an obstacle) could then be processed by fuzzy logic or neural networks to control the robot’s next movements. Findings show that the algorithm performed strongly on solid coloured carpets, wooden, and concrete floors but had difficulty in separating colours in multicoloured floor types such as patterned carpets.

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Artha, Dita Ollivia, Bontor Jumaylinda Gultom, and Emilya Kalsum. "YOUTH CENTER DI KOTA PONTIANAK." JMARS: Jurnal Mosaik Arsitektur 9, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jmars.v9i1.44614.

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Adolescence is a period of development from children to adults. Adolescents have various characteristics in their development. Lack of facilities and guidance for adolescents causes juvenile delinquency behavior, while adolescence is a very important period because of the process of forming individual characters. Youth need a place that can nurture and develop their potential. Youth-oriented forum, namely the Youth Center. The design of the Youth Center must facilitate the function of the building while taking into account the characteristics of youth in Pontianak City. The design of the Youth Center used a descriptive method, namely the description of literature and theory. The stages in the design method begin with collecting data, then the data is analyzed to form a concept that produces a product in the form of a design image. The design of Youth Centers in Pontianak City has creative, reacreative and educational functions. The design location is at the intersection of A. Yani street and MT. Haryono street with an area of +5,877 m2. The building consists of four floors, the first floor consists of public spaces, the second floor contains a sports area, then on the third floor there is a play area, while the fourth floor consists of educational spaces. The results achieved were building design based on building functions based on the activities and characteristics of youth in Pontianak City.

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KITAGAWA, Keisuke, and Naoki NISHIYAMA. "FLOOR PLAN CHARACTERISTIC OF MODERN HOUSES BY FOCUSING ON ROOM FLOOR AREA AND WALL LENGTH." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 72, no. 614 (2007): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.72.129_1.

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Eveleigh, J. R. "Murine cage density: cage ammonia levels during the reproductive performance of an inbred strain and two outbred stocks of monogamous breeding pairs of mice." Laboratory Animals 27, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367793780810432.

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The Laboratory Animal Breeders Association guidelines recommend a minimum floor area of 300 cm2 for a monogamous pair of inbred/outbred mice or a trio of inbreds. The mean level of ammonia produced during lactation from BALB/c, TO and CD-1 breeding pairs housed in M2 cages with a floor area of 300 cm2 on Day 4 after cleaning was 30 ppm, 87 ppm and 92 ppm, respectively. All 3 strains of mice, particularly the outbred strains, were subjected to high levels of ammonia as compared with human long-term health and safety occupational exposure limits (25 ppm). However, there is a gradient of ammonia within an M2 breeding cage from the nest (19 ppm), to the food hopper, 77 ppm. By housing CD-1 pairs of mice in RM2 cages which have more than double the floor area of M2 cages (676 cm2), the mean level of ammonia during lactation on Day 4 after cleaning was reduced to 26 ppm. The reproductive performance on inbred/outbred strains of mice has to be equated with cage size (floor area) to maintain acceptable levels of ammonia. It is suggested that the recommended minimum floor areas for breeding mice be reviewed.

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Jarkas, Abdulaziz M. "Buildability factors affecting formwork labour productivity of building floors." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 37, no. 10 (October 2010): 1383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l10-063.

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Several factors affect labour productivity, but buildability is one of the most important. A thorough investigation of the literature, however, revealed a dearth of research into the effect of buildability on labour productivity of in situ reinforced concrete construction. Therefore, this research focuses on quantifying the effects and relative influence of the variability of beam sizes, repetition of floor layout, floor area, average slab panel area, intersection of beams, beam–floor area ratio, and percentage of curved beams and nonrectangular slab panels on formwork labour productivity of building floors. Apart from the variability of beam sizes, buildability factors investigated are found to have significant effects on formwork labour productivity, confirming the importance of applying the concepts of rationalization, standardization, and repetition to the design stage of building projects. The findings can be used to provide designers with feedback on how well their designs consider the requirements of buildability principles and the consequences of their decisions on the labour efficiency of the formwork operation. On the other hand, the depicted patterns of results may further provide guidance to construction managers for effective activity planning and efficient labour utilization.

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Conway, B. W. "The Geology of the Area." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 53, s1 (1987): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00078427.

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Mr B W Conway of the Institute of Geological Sciences has kindly made the following comments on the geology of the site:“The causewayed enclosure is sited on the eroded terminal surface of the gravel train of the Upper Floor Plain Terrace at the junction of the Coinè and Thames river valleys (see OS 6 inch geological maps Buckinghamshire 56 SE, 58 NE and Middlesex 19 NE and SE (and Fig 2)). The late Professor Zeuner traced the profile of this terrace and claimed that it grades into the Late Monasirian sea level (7.5 metres) of the latter part of the last interglacial. The Coinè valley Flood Plain joins that of the Thames at Wraysbury and projects into the Thames as a distinct, slightly raised, delta. This delta was formed by the piling up of aggradation by the Coinè beyond the capacity of the Thames to remove it. The presence of this delta was the cause of the breaking up of the Coinè into a series of distributory channels: mainly those of the River Coinè, the Coinè Brook and Wyrardisbury River. These in turn eroded the Cclne delta and the Flood Plain gravel train. Erosion by the several distributory channels left slightly elevated gravel ridges between their valleys and clays, peats, and silts accumulated in these valleys. The eroded remnants of the delta and the Flood Plain Terrace appear as low “islands” of gravel between marshy stream valleys. The Staines causewayed enclosure is sited on the southern tip of the largest of these islands, which is approximately 4km long, has an average width of about 0.4km, and an area of approximately 182.lha.”

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Ahn, Hyeunguk, Jingjing Liu, Donghun Kim, Rongxin Yin, Tianzhen Hong, and Mary Ann Piette. "How Can Floor Covering Influence Buildings’ Demand Flexibility?" Energies 14, no. 12 (June 19, 2021): 3658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123658.

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Although the thermal mass of floors in buildings has been demonstrated to help shift cooling load, there is still a lack of information about how floor covering can influence the floor’s load shifting capability and buildings’ demand flexibility. To fill this gap, we estimated demand flexibility based on the daily peak cooling load reduction for different floor configurations and regions, using EnergyPlus simulations. As a demand response strategy, we used precooling and global temperature adjustment. The result demonstrated an adverse impact of floor covering on the building’s demand flexibility. Specifically, under the same demand response strategy, the daily peak cooling load reductions were up to 20–34% for a concrete floor whereas they were only 17–29% for a carpet-covered concrete floor. This is because floor covering hinders convective coupling between the concrete floor surface and the zone air and reduces radiative heat transfer between the concrete floor surface and the surrounding environment. In hot climates such as Phoenix, floor covering almost negated the concrete floor’s load shifting capability and yielded low demand flexibility as a wood floor, representing low thermal mass. Sensitivity analyses showed that floor covering’s effects can be more profound with a larger carpet-covered area, a greater temperature adjustment depth, or a higher radiant heat gain. With this effect ignored for a given building, its demand flexibility would be overestimated, which could prevent grid operators from obtaining sufficient demand flexibility to maintain a grid. Our findings also imply that for more efficient grid-interactive buildings, a traditional standard for floor design could be modified with increasing renewable penetration.

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Edwards, S. A., A. W. Armsby, and H. H. Spechter. "Effects of floor area allowance on performance of growing pigs kept on fully slatted floors." Animal Production 46, no. 3 (June 1988): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100019061.

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ABSTRACTThe experiment compared four different space allowances for growing pigs housed on fully slatted floors. Space allowance (A m2) was defined in relation to live weight (M kg) of the pigs according to the equation A = kM0·67, using values for the constant (it) of 0·024, 0·027, 0·030 and 0·034. Six replicate pens of 12 pigs were housed on each treatment in a controlled environment building. Food was given ad libitum and from 34 kg until slaughter at 85 kg pigs were individually weighed each week and the pen size was adjusted according to the appropriate equation. Increasing space allowance increased live-weight gain (844, 862, 883, 897 (s.e.d. 14·4) g/day). Differences in killing-out proportion reduced the effect on final carcass weight (63·3, 63·9, 64·1, 64·5 (s.e.d 0·82) kg). Daily food intake was unaffected by treatment but food conversion ratio was significantly poorer at the lowest space allowance (2·70, 2·56, 2·60, 2·59 (s.e.d. 0·043) kg/kg). Economic analyses of the results indicated an adverse effect on profitability of space allowance less than that defined by the equation A(m2) = 0·027 M0·67 (kg). A minimum allowance defined by the equation A (m2) = 0·030 M0·67 is recommended in commercial practice for pigs in fully slatted housing.

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Janowski, Artur, Małgorzata Renigier-Biłozor, Marek Walacik, and Aneta Chmielewska. "Remote measurement of building usable floor area – Algorithms fusion." Land Use Policy 100 (January 2021): 104938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104938.

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Cekic, Nikola, Miomir Vasov, and Igor Bjelic. "Student housing unit in a floor area without corridors." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 11, no. 1 (2013): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace1301027c.

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This paper treats the issues of position and urbarchitectonic-functional organization of a housing unit in a floor area without corridors in a student hostel. The authors advocate a new, more rational and functional concept in which the student room is not in direct contact with the corridor communication, but belongs to the housing unit, student apartment for 4-6 users. In a more rational organized volume, the living of the students is more comfortable and has a different character. The socialization conditions for the users are better, and the conditions for efficient studying more stable.

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SAKURAI, YASUHIRO. "THE ROOM AND FLOOR AREA COMPOSITION OF ASSEMBLY FACILITIES." Journal of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 404 (1989): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijax.404.0_59.

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Reinhardt, Viktor. "Legal Loophole for Subminimal Floor Area for Caged Macaques." Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 6, no. 1 (January 3, 2003): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327604jaws0601_05.

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Qian, Queena K., Ke Fan, and Edwin H. W. Chan. "Regulatory incentives for green buildings: gross floor area concessions." Building Research & Information 44, no. 5-6 (May 20, 2016): 675–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2016.1181874.

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Tsai, Yu-Hsin. "Location-demand-based residential floor area ratio distribution method." Urban Studies 51, no. 12 (November 20, 2013): 2685–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098013506048.

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Liu, Miao, Jun Ma, Rui Zhou, Chunlin Li, Dikang Li, and Yuanman Hu. "High-resolution mapping of mainland China’s urban floor area." Landscape and Urban Planning 214 (October 2021): 104187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104187.

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Brennan, Peter A., Anthony F. Markus, Timothy R. Flood, Ian P. Downie, and Rajvinder Uppal. "Do Oral Flora Colonize the Nasal Floor of Patients with Oronasal Fistulae?" Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 38, no. 4 (July 2001): 399–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_2001_038_0399_dofctn_2.0.co_2.

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Objective: To determine if oral bacteria colonize the cleft nasal floor in patients with unilateral oronasal fistula when compared with the unaffected nasal floor and whether the results obtained would be of benefit in assessing oronasal fistulae in the clinic. Design: Prospective study of 26 patients with cleft palate and unilateral oronasal fistula. Microbiological culture swabs were taken from the mouth and nasal floors of patients. The unaffected nasal floor was used as a control. Bacterial isolates were identified and compared in the laboratory by a senior microbiologist. Main Outcomes Measure: A significant growth of oral bacteria from the cleft nasal floor when compared with the unaffected nasal floor. Results: Four patients were excluded because no growth was found on any culture plate. In the remaining 22 cases, a light growth of oral flora was found in the cleft nasal floor in only 3 patients. No statistical correlation between culture of oral bacteria and the cleft nasal floor could be found (p = .12). Conclusions: The relative lack of colonization of the cleft nasal floor by oral bacteria may reflect poor transmission of bacteria through the fistula, competition with commensal nasal flora, or an inability of oral bacteria to survive in a saliva-depleted area. The investigation is not helpful in the assessment of oronasal fistulae in the clinic.

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Lu, Xingyu, Hong Liu, and Yuxin Wu. "Acceptable surface temperature of floor radiant heating system based on thermal comfort study in southern China." E3S Web of Conferences 80 (2019): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198003007.

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In winter, people's demand for heating is stronger and stronger in southern China, and the floor radiant heating system is more and more popular. However, there are no suitable guidelines or standards for the floor temperature of the heating system in this area. The insulation performance of buildings in southern is not as good as other area which have central heating system. So the acceptable floor temperature suitable for this area needed to be studied.12 healthy college students participated as samples in this experiment. The floor surface temperature was controlled by varying the temperature of water flowing underneath the floor. The main conclusions were as follows: 1) the floor surface temperature directly affected the skin temperature of the foot and the thermal comfort of the foot. There was a significant statistical relationship between the floor surface temperature and the overall thermal sensation. 2) The acceptable floor temperature ranged from 26.1 °C to 34.3 °C for sitting positions and 24.6 °C ~34.7 °C for standing positions. 3) Considering the head thermal comfort and the health effects of the cumulative effect of long-term heat exposure, the recommended upper limit of the floor temperature in this experiment is 31°C.

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Wilson, Andrew, Paul Bennett, Ahmed Buzaian, Luca Cherstich, Ben Found, Kristian Göransson, James Holman, et al. "Euesperides 2006: Preliminary Report on the Spring 2006 season." Libyan Studies 37 (2006): 117–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900004064.

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AbstractThis paper is a preliminary report on the eighth and final fieldwork (Spring 2006) season of the excavations at Euesperides (Benghazi). Work continued in Areas P and Q on the Sidi Abeid mound, in Area R in the lower city and on the processing of finds from the 2006 and previous seasons.In Area P excavations continued below the primary floors of the antepenultimate phase in Room 5a where a series of inter-cutting pits beneath the primary floor provided a section through the stratigraphy to natural. The results of the work showed that occupation in the sixth to fourth centuries BC was less intensive and accumulated at a slower rate than in the Hellenistic period. Three phases of early activity were represented, with the earliest levels dated to the period c. 580–560 BC. A comparable picture emerged in Area R, but in Area Q a second-phase set of buildings laid out in or after the late sixth century BC, with houses flanking the street, persisted until late in the life of the city. Excavations in Area Q Extension revealed a large circular building with an internal floor of terracotta sherds set in cement, tentatively interpreted as part of a set of public baths. A late reuse of the building was indicated by a number of plaster-lined tanks formed over the terracotta floor. The presence of the building was taken to indicate that the building and an associated street, aligned over an in-filled quarry, may have been inter-mural, suggesting that the late city was of greater size than hitherto thought.Selected finewares, coarsewares and amphorae from the excavations are presented, together with preliminary observations, resulting from the environmental sampling of occupation deposits.

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LEE, Myeonghun, Koichi ISHIZAKA, Kenjiro OMURA, and Eiichi ITOIGAWA. "RESEARCH ON THE CHANGE OF FLOOR AREA AND FLOOR AREA RATIO IN 1980-95 : A CASE OF CENTRAL 6 WARDS IN TOKYO." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 65, no. 535 (2000): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.65.197_3.

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Wang, Hao, Yaqiong Zeng, Shihua Pu, Feiyun Yang, Zhengxiang Shi, Zuohua Liu, and Dingbiao Long. "Impact of Slatted Floor Configuration on Manure Drainage and Growth Performance of Finishing Pigs." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 36, no. 1 (2020): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13650.

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HighlightsUnder the same conditions of cast-iron usage, increasing the width of the gap and slat width within a certain range can enhance the bearing capacity of the slatted floors.Variations in the gap and slat width do not significantly affect pig growth performance.The recommended gap width of a cast-iron slatted floor in a fattening pig house is 15 mm.Abstract.Slatted flooring is an important part of the structure of pig houses and can aid in the removal of pig manure to underground ditches via gravity and locomotion. In this study, four different cast-iron slatted floor configurations with different gap widths (10, 15, and 20 mm) and slat widths (10 and 15 mm) were set up in 11 partially slatted-floor pig pens of the same size, each housing 10 fattening pigs with body weights of approximately 63 kg. The residual manure on the solid concrete floor area and a cast-iron slatted floor area were collected at different time intervals (24, 48, and 72 h) and weighed. According to previous studies on total manure and total urine production of pigs, the manure drainage capacity of four types of slatted floor was calculated. The growth performance of all of the pigs was monitored throughout the experiment. The ultimate bearing capacity of the four types of slatted floors was measured by a third-party professional testing organization. The results showed that the gap width and slat width of the cast-iron slatted floor had significant effects on its ultimate bearing capacity and manure drainage capacity (P<0.05) but had no significant effect on pig growth performance (P>0.05). The recommended gap width of a cast-iron slatted floor in a fattening pigs house is 15 mm. These findings can be used to optimize the design of cast-iron slatted flooring for fattening pigs, which must also be safe, economical, and efficient. Keywords: Cast iron, Dimensions, Fattening pig, Manure drainage, Slatted floor.

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Journal articles on the topic 'A floor area'

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