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1
Zager, Mary Ann. "Explicating and testing a general theory of crime." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186570.
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Gottfredson and Hirschi's A General Theory of Crime (1990) motivated much research on the concept of self-control and its relationship to crime, delinquency, and deviant behavior. Although researchers are aware of this theory's contribution to criminological research, some confusion about the exact nature of the relationship between self-control and criminal behavior (as specified by Gottfredson and Hirschi) remains. To clarify this relationship, the assumptions most vital to the theory are explained. One theorem derived from these assumptions regards the role of opportunity in deviant behavior. Gottfredson and Hirschi clearly posit opportunity as a necessary but not sufficient condition for criminal (and analogous non-criminal) behavior to occur. The precise role of opportunity in self-control theory, however, is somewhat unclear in Gottfredson and Hirschi's work. The present work clarifies this element of opportunity, searches for a measure of self-control that is opportunity free, and addresses the relationship between this type of measure and delinquent behavior using data from the National Youth Survey. The role of opportunity in this theory is clarified using gender differences in delinquent behavior as a tool for separating the components of opportunity. Using gender differences in several delinquent behaviors, the existence of the two components of opportunity (one inherent in the act and one inherent in the actor) is confirmed. After establishing these elements of opportunity, gender differences are used to facilitate the search for a measure of self-control that is distinct from both. This attitudinal measure raises the issue of the role of attitudes in Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory. The final analysis focuses on the relationships between attitudes (both children's and parent's) and children's delinquent behavior. Log-linear models are used to specify the structures of these relationships, which are complimentary to Gottfredson and Hirschi's assumptions regarding social norms, parental influence on children's value systems, and an individual's ability to engage in behaviors that they realize are inappropriate.
2
Symbaluk, Diane Gayle. "An application of the General Theory of Crime to sex offenders." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq23076.pdf.
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Chapple, Constance Lee. "Testing the boundaries: Dating violence and the General Theory of Crime." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284383.
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This dissertation, "Testing the Boundaries: Intimate Violence and the General Theory of Crime" is a test of the General Theory of Crime regarding intimate violence. The investigation is three pronged. I test the applicability of the General Theory to explain the causal structure of intimate violence, intimate offending risks and risks of intimate victimization. Additionally, the meaning for both learning theory and control theory in criminology concerning the link between witnessing parental violence and later delinquent acts is discussed. This current work fills two gaps in the field of contemporary criminology. First, few studies of intimate violence have been undertaken from a criminological, control perspective. Second, this investigation attempts to extend the General Theory to predict victimization risks. The results of the analyses clearly support the applicability of applying the General Theory of Crime to explain dating violence and general crime.
4
Langton, Lynn E. "Can general strain theory explain white-collar crime? a preliminary investigation /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0004785.
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5
Giesler, William Jaison. "Police officers' perception of the validity of the General theory of crime." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2003. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-1028103-181301/unrestricted/GeislerJ112603f.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A.)--East Tennessee State University, 2003.Title from electronic submission form. ETSU ETD database URN: etd-1028103-181301. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via Internet at the UMI web site.
6
Boisvert, Danielle. "Rethinking Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime: A Behavioral Genetic Approach." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1243306307.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.Advisor: John P. Wright. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed July 29, 2009). Keywords: low self-control; behavioral genetics; Mx; Gottfredson and Hirschi; general theory of crime; sex differences; biosocial criminology. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
7
Kern, Leesa J. "Gottfredson and Hirschi's A General Theory of Crime : testing the complete model /." The Ohio State University, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488191667180078.
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McMullen, John Charles. "A Test of Low Self-control Theory Using General Patterns of Deviance." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29725.
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Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) General Theory of Crime has received extensive attention over the past decade. This dissertation explores the scope and limitation of the theory by testing a wide variety of behaviors against the causal effect of low self-control. Utilizing the attitudinal scale developed by Grasmick et al. (1993), self-control and involvement in fifteen different criminal, deviant, and risk-taking behaviors was measured to test the key aspect of Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory. The sample consists of 450 students from a research university and a liberal arts college. Analysis of the scale reliability reveals more support for the construct validity found in other studies. Furthermore, each of the six sub-components of the self-control scale are tested against each of the behavior indices to further assess scales limitations. In addition to self-control, gender, race, and parental education are used as control variables in the analysis to test the possible variation of the association between self-control and deviance throughout the population.
The finding from this research provide more caution to Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory. The behaviors analyzed in this study are only modestly associated with low self-control. Furthermore, gender has a strong impact on all three behavior types leading to the conclusion that self-control is not the sole causal variable in determining who will commit crime and deviance. Race and parental education were not significantly related to the behaviors studied, but the sample is homogeneous in regards to these two variables.Ph. D.
9
Han, Lu. "Economic Analyses of Crime in England and Wales." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/584/.
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This thesis includes three empirical studies detecting the determinants of crime in England and Wales. We firstly apply time series analyses to look for cointegrating relationships between property crimes and unemployment as well as law enforcement instruments. We extend our study by employing panel data and corresponding techniques to control for area-specific fixed effects as well as the endogeneity of law enforcement variables. In our third study, we allow crime rate to have spatial spillover effect, in other words, the crime rate in one area is affected by, in addition to its local crime-influential factors, the crime rates and crime-related factors in its neighbouring areas. We demonstrate this result by constructing a theoretical model and testing it by applying spatial analysis regressions. Our main findings can be summarized as follows: First, property crimes are better explained by economic models of crime than violent crimes. Second, law enforcement instruments always have negative effects on both property and violent crimes, indicating their deterrence and incapacitation effects as predicted. Third, social-economic factors, such as unemployment and income level, have two effects on property crimes: opportunity and motivation. Their net effects on property crime rates depend on the type of crime as well as the time period being examined. And finally, there is indeed spillover effect existing in crime rate. For burglary, theft and handling, and robbery, the crime rate in one area is positively and significantly correlated with the crime rates from its neighbouring areas. Furthermore, the crime rate of sexual offences of one area is negatively related to such crime rates in neighbouring areas.
10
Foster, David Robert. "Can the general theory of crime account for computer offenders testing low self-control as a predictor of computer crime offending /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1536.
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Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Gillis, Tammy Jo, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Violence, vandalism, and theft among Alberta youth : a reconceptualization of the general theory of crime." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2006, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/346.
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Despite the number of studies conducted regarding violence amongst youth, there
is still much to be learned. The present study was designed in an attempt to better
understand the nature of delinquent adolescent behaviour. The main objectives of this
study are as follows: to understand the pattern and distribution of delinquent behaviour,
including violence, vandalism, and theft among Lethbridge, Alberta's high school
population, to identify possible factors that may play a role in one's likelihood of
engaging in such behaviours, and finally, to contribute to Micheal Gottfredson and Travis
Hirschi's (G&H) 'General Theory of Crime' (1990) by reconceptuahzing the concept of
self-control. The present study includes 182 youth from two Lethbridge public high
schools. Of the 182 respondents, 84 are female, and 98 are male. The youth involved in
this study range from 15 to 19 years of age. Through the use of a questionnaire, a
number of key variables are addressed. These variables are: empathy, impulse control,
social bonds, and their relationship with violence, theft, and vandalism.
The results of this study show that empathy and impulse control are significant
predictors of violence and vandalism, while impulsive behaviour was found to be the
only statistically significant predictor of theft among the variables included in the
multiple regression analysis. Although social bonds were hypothesized to be a major
predictor of all three delinquent behaviours included in this study, the results did not
support such an assumption. It is suggested that perhaps the concept of social bonds was
inadequately measured for use in this study. Future research using a better measure of
social bonds, may find it to be a significant predictor of violence, vandalism, and theft.vii, 100 leaves ; 29 cm.
12
Min, Suhong. "Causes and consequences of low self-control: Empirical tests of the general theory of crime." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186809.
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This study operationalized and empirically tested the general propositions of Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime (1990). Specifically, the core concept of the theory, self-control, is operationalized using two data sets--Richmond Youth Project and Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development--and tested using criteria of reliability and validity. In this part of the study, a methodological question focuses on the pattern of validity change across types of data, namely, cross-sectional and longitudinal data. In the following tests, causes and consequences of low self-control are tested using Richmond Youth Project data. Child rearing as early socialization and individual traits are tested as sources of self-control. Then the measure of self-control is related to crime, delinquency, and analogous behaviors that are, according to the theory, manifestations of low self-control. A research question here focuses on the generality of self-control theory. Overall, the test results support the claims of the general theory of crime. Findings from the validity tests of the self-control index show theoretically expected relations with important individual variables such as gender, race, and delinquent status. In particular, findings from two differently designed data sets are very similar. Test results also show that boys low on self-control are more likely than others to have committed crime, delinquency, and various analogous behaviors. One possible research problem based on the theoretical assumption was also tested and empirically supported. Theory implies that respondents low on self-control are more likely than others to fail to answer questions in self-report survey. Empirical tests support this theoretical implication, revealing that respondents dropped from the index due to missing data are more likely than others to be delinquents. Further research implications are also discussed.
13
Kuhn, Emily. "Parents and Peers as Restrictors of Opportunities: A Test of the General Theory of Crime." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2011. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1323.
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According to the General Theory of Crime, lower self-control individuals with sufficient opportunities are most likely to engage in crime or analogous acts. This study tested three hypotheses drawn from the General Theory of Crime. Specifically, this study tested the low selfcontrol to rule-breaking behavior association, self-selection and tested restricted or enhanced opportunities as moderators of the low self-control and rule-breaking link. Early adolescents reported their self-control, unsupervised time, parental solicitation, rules, affiliation with antisocial peers and rule-breaking behavior. Parents reported their perceptions of adolescents' rule-breaking. Lower self-control was associated with more adolescent- but not parent-reported rule-breaking. Lower self-control was linked to more rule-breaking behavior indirectly through unsupervised time, parental solicitation and antisocial peers. Lower self-control was more strongly associated with rule-breaking at higher, as compared to lower, levels of opportunities. Results clarify and extend understanding of the role of restricted or enhanced opportunities in the General Theory of Crime.
14
Calvert, Joseph Mark. "THE INFLUENCE OF LIFE DOMAINS ON ADOLESCENT AND ADULT OFFENDING: TESTING AN EXTENSION OF AGNEW’S GENERAL THEORY." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/sociology_etds/40.
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More than a decade has passed since Agnew (2005) introduced his General Theory of Crime and Delinquency (GTCD). Despite this interval, GTCD remains a relatively untested theory. Drawing on previous testing efforts, the current research provides a systematic assessment of Agnew's theoretical propositions. It also provides only the second empirical examination of Cochran's (2015) extension of GTCD, which incorporates religion as a sixth distinct life domain. Nested negative binomial regression modeling and Poisson regression modeling are used to assess the effects of life domains on several diverse forms of self-reported criminal behavior at two distinct stages of development: adolescence and adulthood. Data are drawn from two waves of the second generation of the Kaplan Longitudinal and Multigenerational Study. Consistent with prior empirical tests, results provide mixed support for theoretical propositions, highlighting the complexity of Agnew’s initial theory. Specifically, general support is provided for the direct effects of both theories’ variables, indicating they are important to the explanation of crime. Also, in line with Cochran's findings, initial observed effects of religious variables on criminal behavior are reduced to non-significance when all other predictors are introduced in most regression models, hinting that the incorporation of such variables may be incongruous with Agnew's chosen method of theoretical integration. However, religious variables emerge as significant predictors of general crime during adulthood, suggesting that the relationship between these variables and crime is more complex than anticipated. Additionally, strong support is found for the proposition that the effects of life domains are primarily contemporaneous. Results offer weaker support, however, for the assertion that life domain effects are largely mediated by constraints against crime and motivations towards it. Policy implications for the creation of theoretically-informed crime prevention and intervention strategies tailored to specific developmental stage are discussed.
15
McFarren, Matthew Alan. "The Relationship between Involvement, Strain, and the Criminality of Fathers of At-Risk Children." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31548.
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Robert Agnew proposed a new version of strain theory in 1992. In this article, Agnew argued that strain is not only a result of the blocked opportunity to achieve goals as Merton had argued, but that strain also results from the removal of positively valued stimuli and the presence of negative stimuli. With such a theory, criminologist had focused on how this may explain juvenile delinquency. Yet very little attention was given to how this may affect adult criminality as well. Similarly, Hirschi (1969) presented social control theory as a means of describing the causes of juvenile delinquency. While these theories have been repeatedly tested and supported with respect to delinquency, they have rarely been used to describe adult criminality. This paper intends to compare the utility of Agnewâ s general strain theory and Hirschiâ s control theory in explaining the criminal behavior of fathers. For general strain theory, it is predicted that fathers who have either high contact and low relationship quality or who have low contact and high relationship quality will have significantly higher criminal activity than those who have high contact and relationship quality or low contact and relationship quality. Conversely, social control theory predicts that fathers who have low relationship qualities with their children are more likely to commit criminal acts. This paper aims to ascertain which of these hypotheses is more accurate.Master of Science
16
Pendell, Gretchen. "Pathological gambling and low self-control a partial examination of Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0004541.
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SÃ, Elba Celestina do Nascimento. "Teoria geral do crime: anÃlise do autocontrole em amostras da populaÃÃo geral e reclusos do sistema prisional." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=16035.
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nÃo hÃA Teoria Geral do Crime se propÃe a explicar os comportamentos desviantes, criminosos e anÃlogos, considerando-os conjuntamente a partir de um Ãnico referencial; proposta por T. Hirschi e M. Gottfredson, a teoria traz à tona o autocontrole como um construto-chave para a explicaÃÃo destes comportamentos; esse à compreendido como uma tendÃncia estÃvel para nÃo aderir aos benefÃcios e interesses pessoais de curto prazo em detrimento de interesses pessoais e coletivos de longo prazo diante de oportunidades contingenciais. Fatores como supervisÃo dos pais, disciplina e afeto, sÃo fundamentais para o desenvolvimento do autocontrole; falhas nesses aspectos podem fomentar indivÃduos com baixos nÃveis desta caracterÃstica e com maior probabilidade de se envolver em comportamentos criminosos e anÃlogos. Neste Ãmbito, destacam-se elementos que caracterizam o baixo autocontrole, sÃo eles: orientaÃÃo voltada para o aqui e o agora; interesse por experiÃncias arriscadas e emocionantes; preferÃncia por tarefas simples frente Ãs complexas; inabilidade para planificar o comportamento e planejar objetivos em longo prazo; egocentrismo e indiferenÃa pelas necessidades e desejos dos outros e baixa tolerÃncia à frustraÃÃo e alta frente à dor A presente dissertaÃÃo objetivou testar alguns pressupostos da Teoria Geral do Crime tais como estabilidade do autocontrole, prevalÃncia de gÃnero e alguns correlatos; para isso, foi realizado um estudo transversal, considerando duas amostras especÃficas. A primeira contou com 537 indivÃduos da populaÃÃo geral, com idades entre 18 e 81 anos (m = 29,7; dp = 9,98), majoritariamente masculina (64,4%), solteira (68,7%), catÃlica (51,3%) e com ensino superior incompleto (52,2%). A segunda amostra, por sua vez, foi composta por 459 reclusos oriundos do sistema penitenciÃrio do CearÃ, com idades variando entre 18 e 66 anos (m = 26,9; dp = 7,60), majoritariamente masculina (65,8%), solteira (53,3%), catÃlica (43%) e com atà ensino fundamental incompleto (53,4%). Os dados foram coletados em locais pÃblicos e no interior dos presÃdios, respectivamente. Todos os participantes da pesquisa relativos à populaÃÃo geral, responderam à Escala de Autocontrole (EAC) e perguntas de carÃter sociobiodemogrÃfico. No que se refere à amostra de encarcerados, estes responderam, alÃm da EAC, a um conjunto de escalas e a um questionÃrio contendo itens referentes a diversos Ãmbitos da vida dos detentos, como: histÃrico prisional, perfil educacional, estrutura familiar, perfil laboral, experiÃncia no sistema carcerÃrio, indicadores de saÃde mental e questÃes demogrÃficas. Os procedimentos Ãticos, para realizaÃÃo da pesquisa, foram seguidos. As anÃlises dos dados foram realizadas pelo SPSS, versÃo 20, para a realizaÃÃo de estatÃsticas descritivas, bem como inferenciais. No que tange aos resultados, observaram-se diferenÃas considerÃveis nos nÃveis de autocontrole entre reclusos e populaÃÃo geral; tais diferenÃas tambÃm foram encontradas com relaÃÃo ao gÃnero; ademais, foi observada estabilidade do autocontrole independentemente da idade. NÃo obstante Ãs limitaÃÃes, os resultados concernentes ao presente estudo propiciaram uma melhor compreensÃo dos elementos relacionados ao crime à luz da teoria, no sentido de promoÃÃo de conhecimento na Ãrea, partindo da testagem no Ãmbito brasileiro de alguns fundamentos da teoria em questÃo. SugestÃes para estudos futuros que possam trazer contribuiÃÃes teÃricas pertinentes à Ãrea sÃo destacadas.
18
Lugo, Melissa Anne. "Self-Control, Attitudinal Beliefs, and White-Collar Crime Intentions." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4721.
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Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime (1990) has received a great deal of empirical examination in the criminology, yet the application of this theory to white-collar crime offenders has not received a great deal of attention. Research that has been conducted in the realm of white-collar crime has yielded mixed support for low self-control in explaining such offenses (Simpson and Piquero, 2002; Reed and Yeager, 1996; Langton et al., 2006; Blickle, 2006). The current study seeks to supplement the literature by focusing not simply on the direct causal links between self-control and white-collar offending, but also exploring how attitudes play a role between self-control and intentions to engage in white-collar crime. Specifically, this study examines whether attitudes towards environmental offending mediate and moderate the relationship between self-control and intentions to engage in environmental white-collar crime. The results indicated that attitudes toward environmental offending did have a mediating effect, but the effect of attitudes did not significantly vary as a function of self-control. Subsequently, simple slopes analysis found that the effect of attitudes was only significant among those with average and high levels of self-control. Implications for the general theory of crime and future directions for white-collar crime research are discussed.
19
Bergsma, Timothy. "General Strain Theory as a Predictor of Occupational Fraud." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/347.
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The world economy loses an estimated $3.5 trillion annually due to fraud. A weakened economy leads to additional hardships for individuals, families, and organizations. General strain theory (GST) posits that certain strains lead to negative emotional responses, and the result is delinquent behavior. The purpose of this research was to analyze the relationship between strain and occupational fraud through the theoretical framework of GST. The research questions addressed (a) occupational frauds as measured by strain levels of perpetrators, (b) the relationship between strain scores and the different occupational fraud types, and (c) the significance of the relationship between fraud motivation and each of the occupational fraud types. A quantitative, cross-sectional study using secondary data from the ACFE Report to the Nations on Occupational Fraud and Abuse database, was conducted to examine the relationship between strain, negative emotionality, and occupational fraud crimes. To examine this relationship, a sample of 2,910 cases were tested using nominal regression, logistic regression, and Pearson correlation. The results indicated that strain is significantly related to asset misappropriation and financial statement frauds. The results also showed that work-related motivation is significantly related to financial statement frauds. Scholars and practitioners should focus on agendas related to strain, work-related motivation, and financial statement frauds. Fewer fraud losses will positively impact society through increased employment opportunities, additional tax revenues for all levels of government, and increased cash flows for investors.
20
Starosta, Lindsay. "The general theory of crime applied to bullying perpetration : does school climate moderate the relationship between self-control and bullying?" Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/59517.
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In order to understand bullying behaviour, one must consider student characteristics, the social context of the behaviour, and the interactions among them. To this end, this study examined the applicability of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime to bullying perpetration, which posits that crime and other deviant behaviours are a manifestation of two converging factors: low self-control and opportunity. This study explored whether school climate served as an “opportunity” for bullying behaviour. An ethnically diverse sample of 979 students in grades 4-7 reported on the frequency with which they engaged in bullying, their perceptions of school climate, and their levels of self-control. Results revealed that low self-control and various school climate factors each predicted bullying perpetration, although the interaction between the variables was not significant. That is, students with low self-control were more likely to engage in bullying behaviours, as were individuals with poorer perceptions of school climate. These results highlight the necessity for bullying interventions to consider both individual characteristics and social contexts. Specifically, schools would benefit from implementing programs that address social emotional learning with a particular focus on fostering self-control and positive school climates.Education, Faculty of
Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of
Graduate
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SÁ, Elba Celestina do Nascimento. "Teoria Geral do Crime: análise do autocontrole em amostras da população geral e reclusos do sistema prisional." www.teses.ufc.br, 2015. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/15110.
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SÁ, Elba Celestina do Nascimento. Teoria Geral do Crime: análise do autocontrole em amostras da população geral e reclusos do sistema prisional. 2015. 96f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2015.Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-02-01T17:20:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_ecnsa.pdf: 1339588 bytes, checksum: 16c780364232875182812ae33611b068 (MD5)
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A Teoria Geral do Crime se propõe a explicar os comportamentos desviantes, criminosos e análogos, considerando-os conjuntamente a partir de um único referencial; proposta por T. Hirschi e M. Gottfredson, a teoria traz à tona o autocontrole como um construto-chave para a explicação destes comportamentos; esse é compreendido como uma tendência estável para não aderir aos benefícios e interesses pessoais de curto prazo em detrimento de interesses pessoais e coletivos de longo prazo diante de oportunidades contingenciais. Fatores como supervisão dos pais, disciplina e afeto, são fundamentais para o desenvolvimento do autocontrole; falhas nesses aspectos podem fomentar indivíduos com baixos níveis desta característica e com maior probabilidade de se envolver em comportamentos criminosos e análogos. Neste âmbito, destacam-se elementos que caracterizam o baixo autocontrole, são eles: orientação voltada para o aqui e o agora; interesse por experiências arriscadas e emocionantes; preferência por tarefas simples frente às complexas; inabilidade para planificar o comportamento e planejar objetivos em longo prazo; egocentrismo e indiferença pelas necessidades e desejos dos outros e baixa tolerância à frustração e alta frente à dor A presente dissertação objetivou testar alguns pressupostos da Teoria Geral do Crime tais como estabilidade do autocontrole, prevalência de gênero e alguns correlatos; para isso, foi realizado um estudo transversal, considerando duas amostras específicas. A primeira contou com 537 indivíduos da população geral, com idades entre 18 e 81 anos (m = 29,7; dp = 9,98), majoritariamente masculina (64,4%), solteira (68,7%), católica (51,3%) e com ensino superior incompleto (52,2%). A segunda amostra, por sua vez, foi composta por 459 reclusos oriundos do sistema penitenciário do Ceará, com idades variando entre 18 e 66 anos (m = 26,9; dp = 7,60), majoritariamente masculina (65,8%), solteira (53,3%), católica (43%) e com até ensino fundamental incompleto (53,4%). Os dados foram coletados em locais públicos e no interior dos presídios, respectivamente. Todos os participantes da pesquisa relativos à população geral, responderam à Escala de Autocontrole (EAC) e perguntas de caráter sociobiodemográfico. No que se refere à amostra de encarcerados, estes responderam, além da EAC, a um conjunto de escalas e a um questionário contendo itens referentes a diversos âmbitos da vida dos detentos, como: histórico prisional, perfil educacional, estrutura familiar, perfil laboral, experiência no sistema carcerário, indicadores de saúde mental e questões demográficas. Os procedimentos éticos, para realização da pesquisa, foram seguidos. As análises dos dados foram realizadas pelo SPSS, versão 20, para a realização de estatísticas descritivas, bem como inferenciais. No que tange aos resultados, observaram-se diferenças consideráveis nos níveis de autocontrole entre reclusos e população geral; tais diferenças também foram encontradas com relação ao gênero; ademais, foi observada estabilidade do autocontrole independentemente da idade. Não obstante às limitações, os resultados concernentes ao presente estudo propiciaram uma melhor compreensão dos elementos relacionados ao crime à luz da teoria, no sentido de promoção de conhecimento na área, partindo da testagem no âmbito brasileiro de alguns fundamentos da teoria em questão. Sugestões para estudos futuros que possam trazer contribuições teóricas pertinentes à área são destacadas.
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Chamberlin, Victoria A. "Self-Control and Youth Victimization in Saudi Arabia: A Test of the Generality Thesis." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1563527796860359.
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Childs, Kristina. "Self-control, gang membership, and victimization an integrated approach to the risk factors of violent victimization /." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001303.
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Yarbrough, Angela. "The conditional influence of criminological constructs on juvenile delinquency : an examination of the moderating effects of self-control." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001942.
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Gulledge, Laura Marie. "The Role of Gender in Self-Control and Intimate Partner Violence." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6246.
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This study focuses on the interrelationships between gender, self-control and intimate partner violence (IPV). The sample consists of 960 undergraduate and graduate university students who are currently in a dating relationship. A series of bivariate and multivariate analyses are used to: 1) determine if self-control and IPV vary across gender and 2) assess the effect of gender on the relationship between self-control and IPV. Overall, results provide partial support for Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (1990) general theory of crime. Self-control operated similarly on IPV for both males and females, supporting the gender-neutrality of their theory. However, the gender gap in crime, as it relates to self-control, remains in question as females were more likely than males to commit more types of IPV. The implications of these findings, limitations of the current study, and directions for future research are discussed.
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SPRICIGO, BIANCAMARIA. "La "riflessione critica" sull'illecito commesso alla luce dei principi costituzionali e della teoria generale del reato: problemi e prospettive." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1797.
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La tesi si occupa del concetto di “riflessione critica” dell’autore di reato sull’illecito commesso. Secondo l’art. 27 d.P.R. 30 giugno 2000, n. 230, essa consiste in una riflessione dialogica concernente le condotte antigiuridiche e colpevoli, le correlate motivazioni, le conseguenze che discendono per l’autore medesimo e le possibili azioni di riparazione attuabili nella fase di esecuzione. La ricerca si sviluppa in cinque momenti: il primo capitolo focalizza l’attenzione sullo studio di un fondamento costituzionale del concetto di “riflessione critica”, anche al fine di una rinnovata lettura del finalismo rieducativo; il secondo capitolo mette in luce i punti di intersezione tra “riflessione critica” sull’illecito commesso e “teoria generale del reato”; il capitolo successivo offre una panoramica degli ostacoli e dei problemi operativi che impediscono la piena predisposizione di un modello responsabilizzante e che sollecitano ipotesi di riforma del sistema penale e penitenziario; nel quarto capitolo ci si sofferma sull’approfondimento delle premesse di un modello dialogico e riparativo di giustizia; quindi, il capitolo conclusivo si dedica a un’esplorazione dei confini e delle congruenze dei concetti di “rehabilitation” e “restorative justice”, per muovere oltre verso la considerazione di un modello di giustizia ispirato all’idea di “responsività” [John Braithwaite] e di “restorative justice dialogue” [Mark S. Umbreit]. In sostanza, lo studio mira a proporre un modello che faciliti, in modo dialogico e inclusivo, forme di responsabilità attiva nel settore penale.The dissertation examines how offenders deal with “critical rethinking” on their crimes. According to art. 27 d.P.R. 30 June 2000, n. 230, it consists in a dialogical reflection on the wrongdoings they committed, their motivations, the consequences that follow on for the offenders themselves, and the possible reparations during the post-sentencing phase. The study is divided into five chapters. The first chapter focuses on the research for a constitutional basis of the “critical rethinking” and for a renewed understanding of the “finalismo rieducativo” (equivalent to the rehabilitative goal). The second chapter highlights the points of intersection between the “critical rethinking” and the “general theory of crime”. The third chapter summarizes the obstacles and the operative problems that hamper the implementation of this dialogical reflection and describes hints for a possible reform of the criminal justice system, particularly with regard to the post-sentencing phase. The fourth chapter proposes an in-depth analysis of some of the basic key-concepts for the introduction of a dialogical-restorative model of justice. Finally, the fifth chapter investigates the relationship between “rehabilitation” and “restorative justice” and takes into consideration a justice model that is inspired by “responsivity” [John Braithwaite] and “restorative justice dialogue” [Mark S. Umbreit]. By means of that, the study aims at providing a framework for an active assumption of responsibility in a more dialogical and inclusive culture.
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Polat, Esra. "Spatio-temporal Crime Prediction Model Based On Analysis Of Crime Clusters." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608881/index.pdf.
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Crime is a behavior disorder that is an integrated result of social, economical and environmental factors. In the world today crime analysis is gaining significance and one of the most popular subject is crime prediction. Stakeholders of crime intend to forecast the place, time, number of crimes and crime types to get precautions. With respect to these intentions, in this thesis a spatio-temporal crime prediction model is generated by using time series forecasting with simple spatial disaggregation approach in Geographical Information Systems (GIS).
The model is generated by utilizing crime data for the year 2003 in Bahçelievler and Merkez Ç
ankaya police precincts. Methodology starts with obtaining clusters with different clustering algorithms. Then clustering methods are compared in terms of land-use and representation to select the most appropriate clustering algorithms. Later crime data is divided into daily apoch, to observe spatio-temporal distribution of crime. In order to predict crime in time dimension a time series model (ARIMA) is fitted for each week day, Then the forecasted crime occurrences in time are disagregated according to spatial crime cluster patterns. Hence the model proposed in this thesis can give crime prediction in both space and time to help police departments in tactical and planning operations.
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van, Calster Patrick. "Crime, control and complexity on the 'crime and security complex' in modern Western society." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2015. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/27855/.
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The dominant scientific methodology utilised by social scientists to study problems of crime and disorder is a macroscopic perspective that focuses on order and control; the molar. It assumes the ‘outside’ position of the researcher who focuses on functionality. Researchers construct their object of research as a distinct phenomenon and try to find links between it and its environment: the research object is assumed to be goal-driven. However, social reality is much more complex than this dominant perspective is able to research. This thesis argues that the molar cannot be fully understood without the molecular, a concept that expresses the idea of the unpredictable: sentiments, such as misunderstandings, fears and aspirations are key. However, the molar and the molecular are inextricably connected and emerge at the same time. Consequently, small changes on the molecular level could have huge and unpredictable effects on the molar level. Then, it becomes key to study the emergence of systems of control, such as law and partnerships, in relation to these molecular liquidities. Such an approach might teach us how crime policies deviate from the goals intended and start to produce undesirable side-effects. The thesis explores an alternative epistemology for examining issues of criminological concern which centers the molecular. It presents three case studies to illustrate the way both levels are interconnected. The first is concerned with the messiness and unpredictability of everyday relations and interactions in a criminal network. The second explores two Dutch police partnerships. Molecular elements such as personal preferences, frustrations and tensions are found to have a significant impact on the outcome of these partnerships. The third examines a measure introduced to prevent anti-social behaviour in the Netherlands which made shopkeepers and security personnel co-responsible for detecting and punishing acts such as shoplifting and fraud. The case is embedded in civil, not criminal, law and it is the diffuse nature of quasicriminal law that leads shopkeepers to refer to internal rules to justify their own actions. The cases show that the molecular is crucial in understanding crime problems and possible solutions, and the thesis concludes that the molecular should form the basis of a new epistemology for criminology research.
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Beraduce, Janet. "Crime and the Economy: Economic Effects on the Crime Rates of Youngstown, Ohio." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1290443483.
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Madensen, Tamara D. "Bar management and crime toward a dynamic theory of place management and crime hotspots /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ucin1180461844.
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MADENSEN, TAMARA D. "BAR MANAGEMENT AND CRIME: TOWARD A DYNAMIC THEORY OF PLACE MANAGEMENT AND CRIME HOTSPOTS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1180461844.
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Ferrer-Carrasco, Maria Josefina. "Victims of crime in Venezuela rights and services." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4834.
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Inglis, Katharine. "Essays on the economics of crime." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8355/.
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This thesis examines topics on the Economics of crime, with a specific focus on the application of Econometrics in studying issues around crime, community safety and policy in England and Wales. Chapters two and three highlight the gender gap in crime rates and sentencing outcomes and endeavours to identify possible causes. Utilising an ordered logistic regression model and a decomposition method, we find that differing risk preferences between men and women go some way to explaining the difference in offending rates. The analysis in chapter three uses a rich, individual-level dataset for sentencing in England and Wales and, controlling for confounding factors, we find that women are less likely than men to receive a custodial sentence when committing the same crime and receive a significantly shorter sentence when they do. Chapters four and five analyse key risk factors for “Killed or Seriously Injured” (KSI) road traffic accidents in Norfolk and Suffolk. While chapter four employs an ordered logistic regression model to identify specific risk factors, such as not wearing a seatbelt and poor visibility, chapter five adopts a more novel approach by estimating a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) model to identify groups of significant characteristics.
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Randle, Paul Matthew. "Essays in applied microeconomic theory : crime and defence." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2899/.
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The first part of this thesis is concerned with tax competition when the tax receipts fund an anti-crime measure. Both the capital and criminals are mobile between two jurisdictions. The resulting pure strategy Nash equilibrium tax rates are distorted from the optimal tax by the equilibrium migration response of the rich; if positive at the equilibrium then tax competition will result in taxes that are too high whilst if it is negative taxes will be too low compared to the optimum. The best response functions of the model are tested using data from England and Wales. The possibility that they engage in tax competition cannot be ruled out. It is possible for a central government to devolve tax raising powers without the distortion occurring if they can impose an optimal sanction. This, though, is independent of the harm caused by the crime and could be politically difficult to introduce. The second part looks at the Ministry of Defence’s procurement policy since 1985. The role of competition has increased but scant attention was played to the trade-off between maximising the benefits of current competition and obtaining future competition. The Ministry of Defence always chose to take the benefits in the short term arguing any loss of competition merely eliminated excess capacity which the Ministry of Defence would no longer have to pay for. Whilst the empirics suggest this is true during the 1990s, the problems encountered on the Type 45 project at the start of the millennium demonstrate the difficulties they have in procuring given the limited number of domestic firms they can contract with. An alternative mechanism of directed buys, with recourse to a competitive market off the equilibrium path, is suggested as a way in which the Ministry of Defence can preserve competition into the future.
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Crum, Billy. "Social disorganization theory and crime in West Virginia." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2003. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=374.
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ZILBERMAN, EDUARDO. "CRIME AND SAVINGS: THEORY AND EVIDENCE FROM BRAZIL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2006. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=8745@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOREsta dissertação documenta uma relação interessante: crime parece induzir poupança. Enquanto a literatura de economia do crime vem focando-se nos determinantes da criminalidade, esse estudo analisa a questão reversa: como o crime afeta decisões econômicas? Esta pergunta é interessante e importante, já que variáveis chaves podem ser influenciadas pela criminalidade. Usando dados no nível do município para o estado de São Paulo, encontramos que cidades com mais crimes também tem um nível de poupança mais alto. Esse resultado é robusto à endogeneidade do crime, diferentes medidas de poupança, e um grande número de controles demográficos. Mais ainda, esse padrão só surge quando considerado o crime contra o patrimônio, o que é consistente com a teoria desenvolvida no segundo capítulo dessa dissertação.
This dissertation documents a striking relationship: crime appears to induce savings. While the crime literature has focused the determinants of crime, we study the reverse question: how does crime affect economic decisions? This question is interesting and important, for key economic variables can be influenced by crime. Using Brazilian city level data, we find that high crime cities also have high savings rates. The results are robust to endogeneity of crime, different measures of savings, and a large set of demographic controls. Furthermore, this pattern only arises when property crime is considered, which is consistent with the theory developed in the second chapter of this thesis.
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Zeyrek-Rios, Emek. "Experiential aspects of crime : a narrative approach." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2018. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34691/.
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The central goal of the current thesis is to understand the experience of crime committed by various types of offenders and, in so doing to examine its psycho-social and criminal background correlates. This is explored by drawing on a narrative approach. This approach includes both the episodic roles criminals play during the crime as well as broader aspects of their understanding of their life story. A consequent research question is the relationship between their life narratives and their conceptualisation of their roles when committing their crimes. This perspective views the immediate components of the criminal experience as emotional and cognitive, essentially subjective in nature, thus self-report measures are used to uncover these internal processes. In the current thesis, the Narrative Roles Questionnaire (NRQ) was used. This is a standardized, quantitative method designed to reveal an offender’s crime narratives. In addition to the NRQ an offender’s general view of self/world and life was measured with the Life Narrative Questionnaire which is composed of positive and negative life narrative themes. The offenders’ history of offending was measured by the D-60 (History of Offending Questionnaire) which consists of three distinct offending styles, namely Instrumental, Sensory and Power. All these measures, along with a demographic information were completed by 468 Turkish prison inmates. Each questionnaire was translated into Turkish. Reliability and validity analyses revealed more than satisfactory results, which indicated the applicability of these scales in Turkish culture. Results indicated a consistency between life and offence narratives in terms of strength. This suggests that independent of the direction (negative vs positive), offenders who have a strong attitude towards themselves/life/world have a stronger commitment to the roles they enact during the offence. There was also a significant relationship between history of offending styles and offence roles. This showed that except for the Victim role, all offence roles are associated with aspects of the history of offending. This differentiates the Victim role from others as being more circumstantial and not associated with previous criminal behaviour. These results are relevant to developing different rehabilitation strategies for offenders based on the roles they enact during the offence. In addition, the results show that, while life outside of crime has more predictive power for the Victim and Hero NRQ roles, for others history of offending behaviour has more predictive power. The results of the third relationship, between the life narrative themes and history of offending styles, show that a negative life narrative theme is associated with a history of Instrumental and Sensory offending styles. Whereas a positive life narrative is associated with the Power offending style. Also, offenders with a strong attitude towards life/world/themselves score higher on the Power offending style. These results uncover the relationship between criminal history and how offenders see themselves/life and world outside of crime. There is evidence supporting specialisation in offending because distinct factors emerged in the history of offending scale. Each offending style is shown to be associated with different psycho-social and criminal background characteristics. The results show that the effects of an offender’s attitude towards a) their lives outside of crime, b) their history of criminal behaviour, and c) their experience of crime, vary based on the narrative roles they enact during the offence. Furthermore, the results show that life narrative themes moderate the relationship between history of offending styles and offence roles, which indicates that one’s view of self/life/world (which is accepted as a dynamic, changing and unfolding factor) has an impact on how history of offending (which is a static, unchanging factor) affects the offence role choice which is an immediate experiential aspect of crime. The major methodological contribution is the adaptation of the three primary measures to the Turkish context and the work shows the high ecological validity of these scales in a novel cultural context. Along with presenting an understanding of the experiential aspects of criminality, the major theoretical contribution of the current thesis is to provide empirical evidence for the theory that there is consistency in an offender’s behaviours in crime and outside of crime, and that this consistency is effectively revealed through the application of narrative theory. The theory and results open paths to the development of rehabilitation and crime prevention strategies by targeting life narratives of offenders. They point to the potential development of interview techniques based on offence roles. Furthermore, there are applications of the history of offending and offence role relationships to police investigations; understanding the revealed associations would help investigators to infer offender characteristics.
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McDonald, Tracesandra Jade. "Witchcraft and occult crime within a contemporary Canadian context." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0002/MQ45239.pdf.
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Nelson, Steven Mark. "Offender Crime Perspectives: A Study in Affect Control Theory." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194183.
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This study argues for the need of a testable general symbolic interactionist theory of criminal behavior. I look to affect control theory, a structural symbolic interactionist theory of behavior focused on the cybernetic maintenance of affective meanings shared within a linguistic group and extrapolate from its statements and equations using a large hypothetical event simulation. Employing a novel story-telling interview method to uncover the process of definition of the situation, I interview twenty-five paroled offenders and describe a typical view of criminal actions in both violent and property crime events. I examine this view for criminogenic potential. Next, I investigate the popular view that identity controls behavior in interaction by asking parolees about themselves, and comparing their self perspectives to those of undergraduate students. No support for this view is found. Implications of different culturally-based meaning systems are then examined by measuring affective meanings of criminal events as they are perceived by three different aggregate groups: paroled offenders, probationary offenders, and undergraduate student non-offenders. Affect control predictions about the likelihood of criminal events given these perspectives are found to be in accordance with the relative surmised likelihood of criminal behavior for these groups, as extrapolated from their past behavior. This supports arguments of a culturally based explanation of criminal behavior. I argue that affect control theory presents criminology with the novel potential for a generative theory of crime that integrates micrological and macrological levels of analysis. Finally I outline a proposed affect control theory of crime for further testing.
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Ng, Wai-fung, Shuk-yi Maggy Lee, King-sang Pang, Kit-yin Wan, Sin-yi Shirley Wong, Ka-in Wu, 吳卉灃, et al. "Impact of Hirschi's social bonding theory on youth crime." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/205829.
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In 1969, Travis Hirschi set out to explain why individuals do not commit crime. Unlike previous criminologists, he emphasized why individuals conform, rather than deviate. In his theory, involvement in law breaking acts is determined by the presence, absence, or strength of four bonds, i.e. attachment, commitment, involvement and belief. To consolidate his propositions, he published the book called “Causes of Delinquency”.
We set out to test Hirschi’s Social Bonding Theory in our research study of juvenile delinquents in Hong Kong. We interviewed a total of ten youngsters who had law-breaking experience. Our main findings suggest that Hirschi’s Social Bonding Theory has some relevance to the local context in explaining why young people with weaker bonds commit crimes and why their subsequent development of stronger bonds helped them become law abiding citizens. However, we also identified a number of other specific characteristics that helped shape young people’s behaviour, including the family and social structures in post-colonial Hong Kong. Our study therefore highlights the importance of contextualizing Hirschi’s theory in terms of the structural and cultural conditions and everyday experiences of male and female juveniles in Hong Kong.published_or_final_version
Criminology
Master
Master of Social Sciences
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Montoya, Vivanco Yvan. "Approaches to a constitutional function on theory of crime." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115723.
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After presenting assumptions of neo constitutionalism impact incriminal law, this article raises the possibilities of rebuild contents of categories on crime’s theory towards fundamental principles and rights recognized (explicitly or implicitly) in the Constitution.Tras presentar los presupuestos del impacto del neoconstitucionalismo en el derecho penal, el presente artículo plantea las posibilidades de reconstruir los contenidos de las categorías de la teoría del delito hacia los principios y derechos fundamentales reconocidos (explícita o implícitamente) en la Constitución.
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Kiyani, Asad Ghaffar. "International crime and the politics of international criminal theory." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/56722.
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This dissertation responds to the dissonance between international criminal law’s utopian visions and the challenges posed by its implementation. While holding great promise, international criminal law remains a novel and unstable discipline, contested as being under-theorized and/or deferential to political and economic power. These arguments attack the substance and structure of international criminal law, undermining claims as to its effectiveness and even sustainability.
In responding to these challenges, this dissertation uses postcolonial theory and Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) to address central questions of criminal law theory. The goal of this dissertation is to develop a plausible normative framework for international criminal law. This normative framework will provide a platform for critiquing existing norms and practices, as well as the basis for alternative understandings of international criminal law, and potential responses to these problems that are normatively coherent and consistent with the goals of international criminal law.
This dissertation offers five inter-related conclusions. First, it demonstrates the utility of TWAIL as a methodological and theoretical frame for studying international criminal law. Second, it argues for a broader and more normatively consistent understanding of what constitutes an international crime. Third, it offers a justification for extraterritorial punishment that accounts for state sovereignty as an important interest. Fourth, it explains why the selective application of international criminal law undermines this justification, and how this might be remedied in both normative and practical terms. Fifth, it identifies the potential disruptions international criminal law poses to general public international law, and explains why these challenges may undermine the long-term goals and viability of the field.Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate
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Johnston, Paul. "A crime novel (title redacted): from theory to publication." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4186.
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The first part of the thesis comprises Chapters 1 to 40 of the novel, written under a pseudonym, followed by a synopsis of the remaining chapters, 41 to 155. The potential jacket copy will refer to the protagonists, a male and a female detective. The second part of the thesis is a critical study of the novel. Literary theory and critical methods are used to investigate the writing process and to explicate the text’s layers of meaning, not all of which were clear to the author at the time of writing. Chapter 1 considers literary and creative writing theory, paying particular attention to conceptualisations of author and reader. In Chapter 2, the chosen pseudonym is explained and compared with those of other authors; the novel’s title is also examined. Chapter 3 covers the issue of genre, looking at theories and discussing both crime novel and Gothic fiction. In Chapter 4, critical approaches to character are applied. Chapter 5 does the same with plot. Chapters 6 and 7 take account of the manifestations of power. Chapter 6 covers the body and gender, while Chapter 7 deals with race and class. As a conclusion, Chapter 8 describes how the first draft was transformed to one acceptable for publication.
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Jones, Karen Margaret. "Gender, crime and the local courts in Kent, 1460-1560." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2001. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6203/.
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This thesis examines gender differentiation in prosecutions for minor offences in local secular and ecclesiastical courts in Kent from 1460 to 1560. Chapter one explains the need for research on gender and crime in local courts, and for studies bridging the historiographical gap between medieval and early modem England. Chapter two examines crimes against property, arguing that reasons other than gender may explain the apparent lenience towards female thieves. Women were disproportionately prosecuted for small thefts and peripheral offences like hedgebreaking and receiving: this could indicate, not that they lacked initiative, but that they were more likely to be prosecuted for offences which were overlooked when committed by men. The reverse appears to be true for physical violence, the subject of chapter three. Here the evidence suggests that men were charged for very minor assaults, whereas minor violence by women was only prosecuted in special circumstances. Almost equal numbers of men and women were prosecuted for verbal offences, the subject of chapter four, but the women were accused mainly of scolding or quarrelling with their social equals, and the men of insulting or slandering their social superiors. Chapter five deals with prosecutions for sexual misconduct. Thechurch courts were relatively lenient towards females accused of fornication or adultery-, both ecclesiastical and secular jurisdictions, however, prosecuted `bawds', who were mainly female, and prostitutes, but rarely the men who used their services. Chapter six is concerned with alleged sorcerers (mainly women), and with sabbath breakers, illegal games-players and vagabonds (largely men). The concluding chapter discusses the similarity of the policies of the ecclesiastical and secular courts, and the tendency for charges against women to be vague and generalised while those against men were specific. It then focuses on the different crimes for which men and women were typically presented, particularly sexual and verbal offences for women and physical assault for men. These and other gendered offences reflect contemporary assumptions and fears about femininity and masculinity: women were expected to be quarrelsome, malicious gossips and sexual delinquents, while physical violence was expected and feared in men. It is suggested that the way local courts exercised their considerable discretion over what, and whom, to prosecute reflected and reinforced these preconceptions, and operated both to control women and to minimise men's fears about them.
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Woolnough, Guy Neal. "The policing of petty crime in Victorian Cumbria." Thesis, Keele University, 2013. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/375/.
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This study presents an innovative analysis of the policing of petty offending and the work the police in Cumbria: it problematizes conceptions of policing and its history. This study uses the neglected minutiae of police and court records to deconstruct the role of the police, discretionary policing by men on the beat, public expectations of the police, and the growth of police bureaucracy, which then calls into question the idea of a ‘golden age’ of policing. These are the issues that dominate the contemporary discourses on policing, though this study makes clear that assumptions are made today that are not supported by the history. The themes of this study are as relevant today as they were 150 years ago, for this work is interdisciplinary, situated in the social sciences, particularly criminology and history. This study examines the police’s role at a time of social, economic and bureaucratic change. It links the development of police expertise and professionalism with the process of state formation. The historiography and nature of Victorian policing are tested by this study of Cumbria, a remote and unique region which was culturally, economically and agriculturally quite atypical of Victorian England.
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Barr, Una Mairead. "Voicing desistance : female perspective on giving up crime." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2017. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20458/.
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Criminological theory and research has historically focused on explaining how people get into crime and much less on how and why they stop, despite the perennial finding that most of those with convictions do eventually stop offending. The very meaning of ‘desistance’ however has been much contested, yet has broadly been linked with themes such as maturity, adult social bonds, agency, identity and hope (Bottoms et al, 2004). Even more concerning, however, is the further marginalisation of already marginalised groups within the vast majority of desistance literature. The bulk of research in this area can be noted for the salience of the white, male perspective of offending trajectories. By revisiting maturational, social bonds and subjective theories of desistance through the eyes of women traveling desistance journeys, as well as considering current criminal justice approaches, this thesis gives a female voice to desistance research. The methodology which informs this work is observation research and individual narrative interviews of females with convictions. I argue for a feminist approach to desistance, which recognises that a huge proportion of women in the CJS stem from backgrounds of abuse, economic disadvantage and alcohol, drug and mental health issues. Yet we must move away from the dichotomy of narratives of victimisation and survival and recognise that women have agency. We must challenge the neo-liberal and patriarchal approach to desistance which promotes women's role as care givers and unpaid volunteer workers. Women's desistance can challenge neo-liberal, patriarchal constructs much in the same way that women's offending often does.
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Wadsworth, Thomas P. "Employment, crime, and context : a multi-level analysis of the relationship between work and crime /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8872.
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McClellan, Robert Eric. "Gated Communities: Gating Out Crime?" Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46526.
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Gated communities exclude the public by presenting barriers to entry. Barriers take many forms, ranging from simple gates and fences to sophisticated electronic devices and security guards. Today, more than 20,000 communities in the United States are gated, housing a population in excess of 8 million. Those figures continue to rise, and there is no indication that current trends will slow in the immediate future.
While several factors are fueling the growth of gated communities, crime tops the list. This paper evaluates the effect of gating on crime inside gated communities. To provide a context for the paper, a detailed description of gated communities is offered by way of introduction. Scholarly findings and several brief case examples are then presented in order to evaluate the impact of gating on crime.
The notion that gating delivers crime prevention benefits stems from defensible space theory. This paper introduces defensible space theory, discusses the links to gated communities, and uses the findings to evaluate the contentions of defensible space theory. Several additional crime theories are also introduced, and their implications for gated communities discussed.
Gated communities excite a number of concerns. Those that are relevant to planning objectives and ideals are presented in the final chapter of this paper. Areas for further research involving gated communities are also identified. Attention to these issues will further our understanding of gated communities and answer many questions that remain unresolved. Opinions, insights, and recommendations for addressing gated communities and crime are offered in conclusion.Master of Urban and Regional Planning
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Garoupa, Nuno Manuel Soares de Oliveria da Rosa. "Essays on the theory of optimal law enforcement." Thesis, University of York, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387575.
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Jackson-Cruz, Elizabeth R. "Social Constructionism and Cultivation Theory in Development of the Juvenile “Super-Predator”." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7814.
Full textAbstract:
The myth of the “super-predator” offender was adopted by newspaper media in the mid-1990s characterizing “violent”, urban, and minority juvenile offenders. The phrase originated from newspaper headlines of the 1980s and 1990s, but limited research has identified whether this con-struct predated DiIulio and Fox’s crime surge prediction. This study sampled juvenile crime news items from The Chicago Tribune, The Los Angeles Times and The New York Times (N=2,008) 1985-1995 with defined search criteria of juvenile actors, “violent” juvenile crime, and/or juvenile drug crime. A descriptive analysis of the data determined reporting trends sought for a “period effect” caused by the publicity of the prediction and searched for the pre-existence of “super-predator” construct. Finally, a series χ2 test determined the statistical independence of “super-predator” offender, the victim, and crime characteristics, from variables of news article prominence. This study found support for identifiable trends in juvenile crime reporting, no identifiable “period effect” and mixed, but ultimately null findings, in pre-establishing the super-predator media construct. The χ2 test determined the statistical independence of “super-predator” offender, the victim, and crime characteristics, found some characteristics were statically independent of variables of article prominence, but that these relationships are weak.