Journal articles: 'A granular material'

1

Bardenhagen, S. G., J. U. Brackbill, and D. Sulsky. "The material-point method for granular materials." Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 187, no. 3-4 (2000): 529–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-7825(99)00338-2.

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Kong, Hailing, Luzhen Wang, and Hualei Zhang. "The variation of grain size distribution in rock granular material in seepage process considering the mechanical–hydrological–chemical coupling effect: an experimental research." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 1 (2020): 190590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190590.

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As a common solid waste in geotechnical engineering, rock granular material should be properly treated and recycled. Rock granular material often coexists with water when it is used as the filling material in geotechnical engineering. Water flowing in rock granular materials is a complex progress with the mechanical–hydrological–chemical (MHC) coupling effect, i.e. the water scours in the gaps and spaces in the rock granular material structure, produces chemical reactions with rock grains, rock grains squeeze each other under the water pressure and compression leading to re-breakage and producing secondary rock grains, and the fine rock grains are migrated with water and rushed out. In this process, rock grain size distribution (GSD) changes, it affects the physical and mechanical characteristics of the rock granular materials, and even influences the seepage stability of the rock granular materials. To study the variation of GSD in the rock granular material considering the MHC coupling effect after the seepage process, seepage experiments of rock grain samples are carried out and analysed in this paper. The result is expected to have a positive impact on further studies of the properties of the rock granular material.

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Affeld, K., F. Affeld, P. Debaene, and L. Goubergrits. "Injection of granular material." Journal of Visualization 9, no. 1 (2006): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03181566.

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Sauret, A., N. J. Balmforth, C. P. Caulfield, and J. N. McElwaine. "Bulldozing of granular material." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 748 (April 28, 2014): 143–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.181.

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AbstractWe investigate the bulldozing motion of a granular sandpile driven forwards by a vertical plate. The problem is set up in the laboratory by emplacing the pile on a table rotating underneath a stationary plate; the continual circulation of the bulldozed material allows the dynamics to be explored over relatively long times, and the variation of the velocity with radius permits one to explore the dependence on bulldozing speed within a single experiment. We measure the time-dependent surface shape of the dune for a range of rotation rates, initial volumes and radial positions, for four granular materials, ranging from glass spheres to irregularly shaped sand. The evolution of the dune can be separated into two phases: a rapid initial adjustment to a state of quasi-steady avalanching perpendicular to the blade, followed by a much slower phase of lateral spreading and radial migration. The quasi-steady avalanching sets up a well-defined perpendicular profile with a nearly constant slope. This profile can be scaled by the depth against the bulldozer to collapse data from different times, radial positions and experiments onto common ‘master curves’ that are characteristic of the granular material and depend on the local Froude number. The lateral profile of the dune along the face of the bulldozer varies more gradually with radial position, and evolves by slow lateral spreading. The spreading is asymmetrical, with the inward progress of the dune eventually arrested and its bulk migrating to larger radii. A one-dimensional depth-averaged model recovers the nearly linear perpendicular profile of the dune, but does not capture the finer nonlinear details of the master curves. A two-dimensional version of the model leads to an advection–diffusion equation that reproduces the lateral spreading and radial migration. Simulations using the discrete element method reproduce in more quantitative detail many of the experimental findings and furnish further insight into the flow dynamics.

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M.E., Montes-Arvizu O. Chávez Alegría* S.A. Zamora Castro. "EVALUATION OF GRANULAR MATERIAL QUALITY ACCORDING TO CURRENT SPECIFICATIONS FOR GRANULAR BASES." Global Journal of Engineering Science and Research Management 4, no. 7 (2017): 25–34. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.824961.

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Establishing the quality methods and specifications for the granular material of the granular base is a topic of interest and concern to societies. However, it is common to find in many regions that quality specifications are obsolete, do not present the current level of knowledge about the characterization of granular material and reject the use of some materials for not meeting their requirements. The objective of this investigation is to evaluate consistency and compliance of different granular material properties with respect to current standards of granular base of pavement, by means of the standard deviation and Percent within Limits (PWL) respectively. The quality requirements analyzed are the percentage of elongated and slab particles, sand equivalent value, liquid limit, plasticity index, resistance to abrasion and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) index. The results showed that the granular materials do not satisfactorily meet the requirements of the standards as well as the properties of the materials are inconsistent. This suggests that the current requirements for bases probably need to be restructured to obtain a higher compliance for materials that present geotechnical conditions similar to those evaluated in this research, under scientific support and without compromising the stability and functionality of the base.

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Renuka, K., and P. Arti Sudam. "Study on Strength Characteristics of Granular Materials." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1280, no. 1 (2023): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1280/1/012019.

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Abstract Crushing strength of granular material plays vital role in major civil engineering structures like offshore constructions, pile driving, mining under the high stresses. Determining the crushing strength of granular materials and also experimental results get influenced by its size, shape of grains, density, load application, strain rate, and its aspect ratio etc. So, crushing strength value differs from material to material. With this in view, here an attempt is made to determine the crushing strength for different granular materials like Natural River sand, Ennore sand, Glass beads and Geopolymer fly ash sand with specially fabricated mold. All materials are tested and characterized for index and engineering properties and also determined crushing strength by strain controlled digital load frame for different aspect ratios. Similar crushing strength values obtained for 12M Geo-polymer sand compared to other granular materials hence Geopolymer sand as an alternative material to natural river sand. Experimental results are tabulated in the paper.

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Shikula, E. N., and N. B. Zhukova. "Model of nonlinear deformation of granular composites." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Physics and Mathematics, no. 2 (2023): 168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1812-5409.2023/2.30.

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The model of nonlinear deformation of a granular composite material of a stochastic structure with physically nonlinear components was constructed. The basis is the stochastic differential equations of the physically nonlinear theory of elasticity by L.P. Khoroshun. The solution to the problem of the stress-strain state and effective deformable properties of the composite material is built using the averaging method. An algorithm for determining the effective properties of granular material with physically nonlinear components has been developed. The solution of nonlinear equations, taking into account their physical nonlinearity, is constructed by the iterative method. The law of the relationship between macrostresses and macrostrains in granular material and the dependence of average strains and stresses in its components on macrostrains has been established. Curves of deformation of the material were constructed for different values of the volume content of its components. The dependence of the effective deformable properties of the granular material on the volume content of the components was studied. The effect of component nonlinearity on the deformation of granular composite material was studied. It was established that the nonlinearity of the components significantly affects the effective deformable properties and the stress-strain state of granular materials.

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Darde, Benjamin, Anh Minh Tang, Jean-Michel Pereira, et al. "Modelling the hydromechanical behaviour of expansive granular mixtures upon hydration." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019502006.

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Bentonite pellet-powder mixtures are candidate sealing materials in radioactive waste disposal concepts. The mixture is installed in galleries in dry state as a granular material. The material is progressively hydrated by the pore water of the host rock and becomes homogeneous. Before homogenisation, the granular structure controls the material behaviour. In the present work, a modelling approach able to address particular features of pellet-powder mixtures is introduced. Two domains are considered: i) granular, and ii) homogeneous. The material behaviour before homogenisation is studied through Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations. Constitutive laws for the granular state are proposed from DEM results. The behaviour of the homogenised material is described by a modified Barcelona Basic Model (BBM). Transition from granular to homogeneous states depends on suction and relative volume fractions of pellets and powder. Swelling pressure tests performed in the laboratory are satisfactorily simulated using this approach.

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9

Bakhshinejad, A., and P. Zamankhan. "SWIRL GRANULAR FLOWS IN A HORIZONTAL SHAKEN GRANULAR MATERIAL." International Conference on Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 15, no. 15 (2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/amme.2012.36922.

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10

White, Greg, and Roberto Espinosa. "Laboratory Evaluation of Gradation Improvement of Marginal Materials for Foamed Bitumen Stabilisation." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (2020): 4224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124224.

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Foamed bitumen stabilisation is an attractive technology for increasing the use of marginal materials in pavement construction and rehabilitation. However, by their very nature, marginal materials do not meet the prescriptive requirements of many standard specifications. Consequently, performance-related evaluation is required. For foamed bitumen stabilised marginal materials, the cured and saturated moduli are common performance-related parameters that are also used for characterisation during structural pavement design. In this research, the indirect tensile moduli of three foamed bitumen stabilised marginal granular materials were compared to the modulus of a standard or premium material, in both cured and saturated conditions, after 3, 7 and 14 days of accelerated laboratory curing. The results indicated that the magnitude of granular material marginality was not related to the stabilised material modulus. Furthermore, the gradations of the two most marginal materials were improved by blending with another granular material and the improved marginal materials were also stabilised and tested. The gradation improvement had a variable effect on the stabilised material modulus, with the average modulus increasing by more than 20%. The modulus increase associated with the gradation improvement was related to the basis and magnitude of granular material marginality, with the saturated modulus of the most plastic marginal material increasing by the greater amount after improvement. It was concluded that foamed bitumen stabilisation is a particularly effective treatment for marginal granular materials. Furthermore, when used in combination with gradation improvement, the resulting foamed bitumen stabilised material can perform similarly to standard materials, based on cured and soaked modulus values. However, to allow the use of foamed bitumen stabilised marginal materials in pavement construction, specifications must be more performance-related and the current limits on plasticity and gradation must be relaxed.

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Asakura, Takumi. "Numerical simulation of vibroacoustic damping by granular materials." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 2 (2023): 5510–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0813.

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Recently, many efforts related to vibration reduction of plate vibration using granular materials can be seen. In this paper, a simulation method of the damping effect of bending vibration of the plate by granular material combining following two kinds of methods was proposed. One is the discrete element method (DEM) which simulate the motion of the granular material. The other is the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method which simulate the vibration of the thin plate. By using this coupling method, influence of the granular material on the plate vibration was investigated. Validity of the proposed method was confirmed by comparison between the results of the calculation and the model experiment.

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12

Sardare, Mamta, and Sandip H. Gharat. "A review on flow and segregation of granular materials during heap formation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2763, no. 1 (2024): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2763/1/012006.

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Abstract Segregation is an important process mainly used in industries during the flow of granular materials. A granular medium is repeatedly collected particles that have different properties like size, shape, and density. Heap formation in the industry occurs if particles with various sizes, forms, material densities or surface properties are made of bulk materials, then they spatially separate during formation of the heap. This paper provides a detailed understanding of segregation dynamics in granular flows within industrial processes. Focusing on the intricate interplay of particle characteristics, mixing phenomena, and heap formation methodology, the review delves into the essential aspects influencing the spatial separation of particles. Granular media, comprising particles with distinct properties such as size, shape, and density, undergo segregation during the flow processes commonly employed in industries. The formation of heaps becomes a consequential outcome when bulk materials consist of particles exhibiting variations in size, shape, material density, or surface properties. The comprehensive analysis within this review encompasses detailed insights into granular material flow, the intricacies of mixing, the mechanisms of segregation, and the profound effects of particle characteristics on these processes. Additionally, the paper scrutinizes various methodologies employed in industrial settings for heap formation, providing a holistic perspective on the key factors influencing segregation dynamics in granular flows. This review aims to contribute valuable insights to researchers, engineers, and practitioners involved in the optimization and control of granular material handling within diverse industrial applications.

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13

Rusinek, R. "Experimental method for determination of the pressure distribution in granular solids." Research in Agricultural Engineering 49, No. 2 (2012): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4954-rae.

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This paper presents two methods of determination of pressure distribution in rape seeds. The study utilized hydraulic pressure sensors with active rubber face and stress state transducer with six duralumin face sensors. This project utilized methodology well known from soil mechanics for determination stress in plant granular material. The hydraulic pressure sensors has been design to measure normal pressure in granular material. The stress transducer has been designed to measure pressure in six different directions, which orientation enable to calculate the stress state from the pressure measurements. The project enclose to design calibrations procedure. Calibration of each of sensors of stress transducer was performed both under air pressure and inside the bedding of rapeseeds. The preliminary tests of both pressure sensors developed for the direct in-bulk measurement within granular material allowed to determinations pressure distribution in granular materials. Experiments were performed inside bedding of rapeseeds of 6% moisture content.

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SHI, Tongyang, Zhuang MO, Guochenhao SONG, and J. Stuart BOLTON. "Acoustics response of granular porous material: experiment and modeling." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 270, no. 10 (2024): 1958–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2024_3108.

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Granular porous materials such as activated carbon have drawn increasing attention due to their good sound absorption performance at low frequency. However, some unique acoustical behaviors have been observed during sound absorption measurements of granular porous materials in impedance tubes: e.g., circumferential edge-constraint effects, level-dependent absorption behavior, and time-dependent absorption behavior. In order to explain these observations, a 1-dimensional poro-elastic model was first applied to describe the sound propagation in granules stacked in a cylindrical sample holder, as in a standing wave tube. Then this model was extended to a 2-dimensional finite difference (2DFD) model with depth-dependent stiffness of the granule stack considered by combining Janssen's model and Hertzian contact theory. The 2DFD model was validated with the measurements of the granular porous materials, and it was found that the 2DFD model is a powerful tool to analyze the acoustic response of granular porous material, thus providing a means of characterizing the granular materials. In the present work, the above-mentioned experimental observations and the 2DFD model are introduced, and the experiment results are analyzed with the 2DFD model. Finally some future work on granular porous materials is introduced.

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15

Eko, Yudiyanto, Nyoman Gede Wardana I, Widhiyanuriyawan Denny, and Hamidi Nurkholis. "AN INVESTIGATION OF GRANULAR MATERIAL MOVEMENT DUE TO INSTABILITY POST IMPINGING UPWARD FLUID." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, no. 6 (107) (2020): 66–75. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.209933.

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Granular is a form of material that is widely used in the industry. To move the granular material, energy is needed to form a flow of granular. Granular instability can be utilized to move granular material. Prevention of jamming and clogging is done by breaking down the parts of the granular, which are locking. Impinging fluid in the granular is used to create granular instability. An observation was made using the experimental method. The granular in the Hele-Shaw cell is shot with fluid in the granular body and results in instability motion. Fluid impinging breaks granular bonds and forms fluid cavities. Furthermore, the fluid cavity moves upward due to unstable conditions. Granular with a strong bond is loose in the form of the agglomerate. Agglomerate is destroyed in the process of moving because there is a drag force. Granular with weak bonds tries to maintain individually form fingering. Granular moves down in the settling process to find a stable position. Instability is affected by the bonds between the grains. A comparison between the cohesion force and the mass weight of the particles is expressed as a granular Bond number B<sub>og</sub>. In glass sand material, strong granular bonds occur at granular sizes below 100 µm. Granular bonds affect the movement of instability in groups. The value of the granular Bond number is greater than 1. At sizes of 100 to 230 µm, the granular bond still affects the granular instability with the fingering pattern in the granular motion. The value of the granular Bond number is close to 1. Granular sizes above 230 µm indicate the presence of non-dominant bonds between the grains. The individual granular mass is higher than the cohesion force that occurs at the interface between the granular, and the granular Bond number value is less than 1.

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Wodzinski, P. "Screening of Fine Granular Material." Coal Preparation 23, no. 4 (2003): 185–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07349340302254.

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Wodzinski, P. "Screening of Fine Granular Material." Coal Preparation 23, no. 4 (2003): 183–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07349340302258.

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Campbell, Charles S. "Granular material flows – An overview." Powder Technology 162, no. 3 (2006): 208–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2005.12.008.

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Misra, Anil, Takashi Matsushima, and Luca Placidi. "Granular material models across scales." Mechanics Research Communications 102 (December 2019): 103405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechrescom.2019.103405.

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García-Rojo, R., and H. J. Herrmann. "Shakedown of unbound granular material." Granular Matter 7, no. 2-3 (2005): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10035-004-0186-6.

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David Frost, J., Duhwan Kim, and Seok-Won Lee. "Microscale geomembrane-granular material interactions." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 16, no. 1 (2011): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-012-1476-x.

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22

Zurk, Lisa M., Brian Orlowski, Dale P. Winebrenner, Eric I. Thorsos, Megan R. Leahy-Hoppa, and L. Michael Hayden. "Terahertz scattering from granular material." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 24, no. 9 (2007): 2238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.24.002238.

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23

Hankey, W. L., and S. K. Thomas. "The flow of granular material." Computers & Fluids 20, no. 3 (1991): 333–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-7930(91)90049-n.

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24

Shikula, E. "NONLENEAR DEFORMATION OF GRANULAR COMPOSITES." Collection of scientific works of the State University of Infrastructure and Technologies series "Transport Systems and Technologies", no. 36 (December 30, 2020): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2617-9040-2020-36-13.

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The model of nonlinear deformation of a layered material with physically nonlinear layers is proposed. The laminate is considered a two-component material with random layers. The basis is the stochastic differential equations of the physically nonlinear theory of elasticity L.P. Khoroshun. The solution to the problem of the stress-strain state and effective properties of the composite material is constructed by the averaging method. An algorithm for determining the effective deformable properties of a layered material with physically nonlinear layers has been developed. The solution of nonlinear equations taking into account their physical nonlinearity is constructed by an iterative method. The law of the relationship between macrostresses and macrostrains in a layered material and the dependence of average strains and stresses in its layers on macrostrains has been established. Curves of material deformation are plotted for different values of the volumetric content of its filler. The dependence of the effective deformative properties of the laminated material on the volumetric content of the filler has been studied. The effect of nonlinearity of layers on the deformation of a layered composite material is investigated. It was found that the nonlinearity of the layers significantly affects the effective deformative properties and the stress-strain state of laminated materials.

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Chang, Ching S., and Ching L. Liao. "Estimates of Elastic Modulus for Media of Randomly Packed Granules." Applied Mechanics Reviews 47, no. 1S (1994): S197—S206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3122814.

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The model of static hypothesis is not readily available for granular material treated as a collection of particles. Unlike other types of material, the internal stresses in a granular system are concentrated at discrete inter-particle contacts. In this paper, we propose a static hypothesis and a micromechanical description of strain considering the packing structure. The upper and lower estimates of the elastic moduli for granular materials are derived in explicit terms of the inter-particle properties.

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Pietrzak, Magdalena. "Cyclical changes in deformation process in granular material in active state." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 17004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199217004.

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This paper presents a detailed study of a selected small scale model test, performed on a sample of surrogate granular material, retained by a rigid wall (typical geotechnical problem of earth thrust on a retaining wall). The experimental data presented in this paper show that the deformation of granular sample behind retaining wall can undergo some cyclic changes. The nature of these cycles is not clear – it is probably related to some micromechanical features of granular materials, which are recently extensively studied in many research centers in the world. Employing very precise DIC (PIV) method can help to relate micro and macro-scale behavior of granular materials.

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Fakhraldin, Mohammed Kadum. "IMPROVEMENT OF LOOSE GRANULAR SOIL BY USING GEOGRID REINFORCEMENT." Kufa Journal of Engineering 7, no. 3 (2016): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/731201.

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There are several uses of granular soils in civil engineering works such as but not limited to under foundations structures, subbase course of roads, unpaved roads and soil embankments. This research attempts to overcome the problems of low-quality (by means of strength) of granular soil by enhancing California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test by utilizing geogrid. The research aim's to investigate the potential benefits of using the geogrid to improve CBR of granular soil. The results of tests showed that the granular soil under study was inferior than the materials comply on class C of Iraqi specifications for granular soil material. On the other hand, using of geogrid type Tensar SS2 at 0.15H (where H the total thickness of granular material samples) improves extremely the CBR value of the granular soil as it is increased by about three times in comparison with untreated soil.

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HU, MAO-BIN, XIANG-ZHAO KONG, QING-SONG WU, and ZHEN-GANG ZHU. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ENERGY ABSORPTION PROPERTIES OF GRANULAR MATERIALS UNDER LOW FREQUENCY VIBRATIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 18, no. 17n19 (2004): 2708–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979204025956.

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The low frequency vibration energy absorption properties of granular materials have been investigated on an Invert Torsion Pendulum (ITP). The energy absorption rate of granular material changes nonlinearly with amplitude under low frequency vibration. The frequency of ITP system increases a little with granular materials in the holding cup. The vibration frequency of ITP system does not change with time.

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Altay, Gökhan, Cafer Kayadelen, Taha Taskiran, Baki Bagriacik, and Okkes Toprak. "Frictional properties between geocells filled with granular material." Revista de la construcción 20, no. 2 (2021): 332–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/rdlc.20.2.332.

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The parameters concerning the interaction between geocell and granular materials is required for the design of many geotechnical structures. With this in mind, a series of experiments using simple direct shear tests are conducted in order to understand the frictional properties between geocells filled with granular materials. The 54 test samples are prepared by filling the geocell with granular materials having three different gradations. These samples are tested at three different relative densities under three different normal stress levels. As a result, it was observed that interface resistance between the geocells filled with granular material is found to be generally greater than in the samples without geocells. Additionally, these samples with geocells are found to be stiffer; this is due to the fact that the samples with geocell gained more cohesion because geocells confined the grains within a restricted volume.

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Pietrzak, Magdalena, and Danuta Leśniewska. "Failure evolution in granular material retained by rigid wall in active mode." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 34, no. 4 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sgm041206.

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Abstract This paper presents a detailed study of a selected small scale model test, performed on a sample of surrogate granular material, retained by a rigid wall (typical geotechnical problem of earth thrust on a retaining wall). The experimental data presented in this paper show that the deformation of granular sample behind retaining wall can undergo some cyclic changes. The nature of these cycles is not clear - it is probably related to some micromechanical features of granular materials, which are recently extensively studied in many research centers in the world. Employing very precise DIC (PIV) method can help to relate micro and macro-scale behavior of granular materials.

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Van Aswegen, Elsabe, and Wynand J. Vdm Steyn. "Statistical Modelling of the Resilient Behaviour of Unbound Granular Material." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 21, no. 1 (2013): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2013-0002.

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Abstract The resilient behaviour of an unsaturated, unbound granular material is a primary input used in the mechanistic analysis of pavements incorporating such layers. Various models exist for the determination of the resilient behaviour, mainly based on the output of tri-axial laboratory testing. This paper describes an investigation where basic engineering properties such as grading, laboratory compaction characteristics and optimum moisture content are incorporated into the resilient behaviour model to quantify the effect of basic material properties on the resilient response of unsaturated, unbound granular materials. Such a resilient behaviour model will enable practitioners to estimate the behaviour of specific material, which might enable the use of available quality material that was discarded in the past. Data from tri-axial laboratory tests on materials originating from the Long Term Pavement Performance test sections are combined with basic engineering parameters of typical unbound granular material through a statistical modelling process to develop a model for predicting resilient behaviour, which can be used as a practical predictor of the expected behaviour during a Level 2 and/or Level 3 Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design analysis. The work illustrates the process and the potential to develop a general resilient behaviour model for unbound granular materials incorporating saturation effects.

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KHUDOYBERDIYEVA, Nazora, Sedona BURANOVA, Jahongir RASULOV, and Kamola SHOMURODOVA. "Peculiarities of the hydrodynamics of polydisperse granular materials of fluidized solids." Young Scholar's Academic Journal II, no. 8 (2023): 14–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10392814.

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<em>The objective of this study is to investigate the hydrodynamics of polydisperse granular materials in a fluidized bed. The hydraulic resistance of a fixed layer of granular material was experimentally measured and compared with established equations. It has been established that when working with pipes that have a diameter of less than 38 mm, the experimental data closely match those calculated by the formula that considers the effect of the ratio between the pipe diameter and the average diameter of the solid particles of the granular material. Additionally, it was observed that the height of the fixed layer of polydisperse material has an impact on the pressure drop when working with pipes of the smallest diameter. The difference in porosity values of the same granular material in pipes of different sizes explains this phenomenon. In smaller tubes, the layer porosity, which significantly affects hydraulic resistance, is greater than in larger diameter apparatus. The experimental results obtained from studying pipes with a diameter of over 38mm are in good agreement with those calculated using known equations, with discrepancies not exceeding 11%. The obtained results indicate that the hydrodynamics of granular materials are influenced by the ratio of the pipe diameter to the average diameter of solid particles.</em>

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Mohsen, Abbas Talib, and Tawfiq Aamir Jawad. "INFLUENCE OF CEMENT AS ADDITIVE IN IMPROVING GRANULAR MATERIAL PROPERTIES." Kufa Journal of Engineering 1, no. 2 (2014): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/121305.

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Cement is expected to provide a stabilization agent to the local granular materials used in roads and airports construction as a sub-base coarse. The performance-related properties of granular materials have been studied (with and without cement). The effect of cement addition on the results of CBR test and Atterberg limits determination has been studied. The factors which have been selected in this study include cement content, and the aging time after which the specimen has been tested. The ideal (cement /granular materials) ratio has been found as 6% that is give CBR value more than 100% of the CBR value for granular material only. The increment of CBR value due to the cement addition as 6% on the ESAL repetitions until reach terminal serviceability index ρt=2.5 has been studied according to AASHTO Guide. The cement addition as 6% to the sub-base course increases ESAL repetitions by about 45% greater than sub-base course established fr0m granular materials without cement, within the limitation of this study

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Zhou, Danchen, and Xuan Dai. "A granulation analysis method for cutting tool material selection using granular computing." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 230, no. 13 (2015): 2323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406215593566.

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Reasonable selection of cutting tool materials has an important effect on machining efficiency, machining quality, cutting tools life, and production cost. There always exists a problem of correct matching between cutting tool materials and workpiece materials. The multi-criteria decision-making is currently the predominant method for cutting tool material selection, and its accuracy can be further improved based on full consideration of the workpiece materials and cutting parameters. For this reason, a granulation analysis method based on granular computing is presented. Firstly, according to the similarity of various cutting tool materials across different attributes represented in interval values including physical properties, mechanical properties, and cost, a fuzzy similarity matrix of all the cutting tool materials to be analyzed is established; and a series of material information granular layers with different granularity is constructed by using quotient space theory based on fuzzy tolerance relation. Afterwards, information entropy is applied to measure their granularity, and an optimal granular layer is determined based on a quantitative and objective standard. Finally, in the optimal granular layer, through determining the averages and ranks of all the material information granules under different attributes, the corresponding common characteristics of similar cutting tool materials in each material information granule are analyzed, and their matching workpiece materials and cutting parameters are summarized. The analysis and summary will provide effective guidance for subsequent multi-criteria decision-making of cutting tool materials. An application example proves the feasibility and validity of the proposed method.

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Jing, Peng, and Cyrille Chazallon. "Hydro-Mechanical Behaviour of an Unbound Granular Base Course Material Used in Low Traffic Pavements." Materials 13, no. 4 (2020): 852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13040852.

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This paper deals with the mechanical behaviour, especially the permanent deformation and resilient deformation of an unbound granular material (UGM) from Bréfauchet quarry which is used as base layer material in low traffic pavements for full-scale tests at IFSTTAR in France. Medium-scale repeated load triaxial tests (RLTT) are carried out at different water contents and the results show that both permanent and resilient deformations increase with water content. Besides, two techniques of fixing the sensors in materials with large particles for RLTTs are proposed and compared with each other. The results suggest that the tube method is more suitable for the UGM for an accurate measurement and a good adaptability is obtained during the RLTT. Based on the test results of UGM Bréfauchet, the modelling work is performed with improved models used previously for a sandy material. It appears that both the permanent and resilient behaviours of different unbound granular materials can be well captured by the proposed equations considering the effects of water content and anisotropy. This study is helpful to understand the evolution of permanent and resilient deformation in different granular layers, especially for the base layer, in low traffic pavements. The verified models can be used for other similar granular materials and this will lead to reducing the number of tests required to predict the deformation behaviour of granular materials.

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Guio Vargas, Edgar Iván, and Héctor Mauricio Sánchez Abril. "MEZCLAS ASFÁLTICAS RECICLADAS Y SU USO EN CAPAS GRANULARES PARA PAVIMENTOS." Revista Colombiana de Materiales, no. 5 (May 23, 2014): 382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.rcm.19627.

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Con la elaboración de este estudio se pretendió mejorar las especificaciones técnicas y controles de calidad con base a nuevos procedimientos constructivos, (materiales y pruebas experimentales), la búsqueda de materiales innovadores es una labor fundamental dentro del diseño de pavimentos por lo tanto demanda mucha rigurosidad. Este estudio se enfocó en la necesidad de reutilizar materiales sobrantes producto de la rehabilitación y reconstrucción de vías (concreto asfaltico), el cual fue adquirido por rompimiento (Martillo Neumático) y así se utilizó como material de adición para transformar capas granulares tales como Base y Sub Base.La investigación se realizó con asfalto reciclado proveniente de tres puntos diferentes de la ciudad de Tunja (Boyacá), los cuales presentaron diferentes contenidos de asfalto y variación en los tamaños de sus partículas, todo esto se evidencio gracias a los laboratorios que determinaron su distribución y propiedades físicas. Después de la etapa de clasificación de los materiales se verificó el comportamiento del material natural y mezclado en varias proporciones con ensayos de Próctor y CBR, estas adiciones (asfalto reciclado + base granular) y (asfalto reciclado + sub base granular) generaron una disminución de capacidad de soporte en determinadas condiciones de compactación. Siendo así se determinó que las mezclas hechas con Sub Base granular cumplen los parámetros exigidos por INVIAS (artículo 300-07 tabla 300.1 requisitos de los agregados para afirmados, sub bases granulares y bases granulares), mientras que las mezclas con Base granular no cumplen.

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Ignatkina, Daria O., E. V. Moskvicheva, and A. A. Voytyuk. "Composite Sorbent Filter Material on the Basis of Man-Caused and Minerals." Materials Science Forum 945 (February 2019): 983–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.945.983.

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It is about problems in purification of industrial wastewater and utilization of solid wastes as raw materials resources which are needed a scientific way of studying. The way of generation composite granular sorbent filter material on the basis of man-caused and minerals, using which is allowed to increase ecological safety food industry enterprise because of using waste conversion technique, as well modern methods of sorption purification , is offered and described here. A detailed chemical composition, which consists of tobacco dust and natural component as bentonitic clay, using for getting granular sorbent filter material, is studied. They studied real industrial wastewater to make researches for the detection residual impurity in the filtrate using composite granular sorbent filter material.

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Kenney, T. C., and D. Lau. "Internal stability of granular filters." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 22, no. 2 (1985): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t85-029.

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Internal stability of a granular material results from its ability to prevent loss of its own small particles due to disturbing forces such as seepage and vibration. Internal instability results from the inability of a soil to act as a filter to prevent loss of its own small particles.Within pores in the load-bearing fabric of a cohesionless, granular material there can exist loose particles, and whether or not these particles can be removed by seepage depends on (i) particle size distribution curve of the whole material, (ii) density of the compacted material, and (iii) severity of the disturbing forces.Results of seepage tests are presented for a variety of compacted, cohesionless materials, some of which experienced loss of small particles (unstable gradings) and others of which experienced no such loss (stable gradings). From a synthesis of these results a method is proposed for evaluating the potential for grading instability based on the shape of a material's grain size curve. However, the surest method of making such an evaluation is to perform seepage tests following the procedure described in the paper. Key words: internal stability, grading stability, suffosion, tests, filters.

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Massoudi, Mehrdad. "On the flow of granular materials with variable material properties." International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 36, no. 1 (2001): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7462(99)00085-2.

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Kruyt, N. P. "Density Effects in Two-Dimensional Bins." Journal of Applied Mechanics 57, no. 4 (1990): 1032–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2897622.

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Various theories exist for predicting the pressure on the walls of bins filled with granular material. These theories, such as Janssen’s (1895) theory, usually neglect the effect of the compressibility of the granular material, which is relevant for many materials. Here this effect is studied numerically, and the results are compared with a new approximate theory. This comparison shows that the agreement is excellent.

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Wong, Colin L. Y. "A normalizing relation for granular materials." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 27, no. 1 (1990): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t90-007.

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It is hypothesized that a normalized shear stress – strain curve for granular materials can be obtained by accounting fully for the effects of volume change. In this sense, volume change behavior is a factor that controls the shear stress – strain behavior of a granular material. This hypothesis is applied to Rowe's stress-dilatancy theory to include slip, rolling, rearrangement, and crushing strains, and a theoretical normalizing relation is obtained. The relation is demonstrated to be reasonably correct for the published test data utilized in this study. Differing fabrics of a granular material at the same void ratio can be corrected for by the normalizing relation. The hypothesis is also applied to simple shear behavior and an empirical normalizing relation is obtained.On the basis of the success of the normalizing relation, it is suggested that the volume change rate at 4% axial strain may be, in relation to shear behavior, a more appropriate characterizing parameter than void ratio. However, owing to the long-standing use and acceptance of void ratio, the concept of a reference void ratio, determined by specific sample preparation and testing procedures, is introduced as a characterizing parameter for granular materials. Key words: volume change, dilatancy, normalization, fabric, stress, strain, deformation, sand, granular material.

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Szalwinski, Chris. "On Critical States, Rupture States and Interlocking Strength of Granular Materials." Materials 2017, no. 10 (2017): 865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10080865.

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The Mohr-Coulomb theory of strength identifies cohesion and internal friction as the two principal contributions to the shear strength of a granular material. The contribution of cohesion in over-compacted granular materials has been challenged and replacing cohesion with interlocking has been proposed. A theory of rupture strength that includes interlocking is derived herein. The physics-chemistry concept of critical state is elaborated to accommodate granular materials, based on empirical definitions established in the fields of soil mechanics and bulk solids’ flow. A surface in state space, called the critical compaction surface, separates over-compacted states from lightly compacted states. The intersection of this surface with the Mohr-Coulomb envelope forms the critical state surface for a granular material. The rupture strength of an over-compacted granular material is expressed as the sum of cohesion, internal friction and interlocking strength. Interlocking strength is the shear strength contribution due to over-compaction and vanishes at critical state. The theory allows migrations from one critical state to another. Changes in specific volume during such migrations are related to changes in mean-normal effective stress and uncoupled from changes in shearing strain. The theory is reviewed with respect to two established research programs and underlying assumptions are identified.

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Liu, Yu, Miaomiao Li, Peifeng Su, Biao Ma, and Zhanping You. "Porosity Prediction of Granular Materials through Discrete Element Method and Back Propagation Neural Network Algorithm." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (2020): 1693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051693.

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Granular materials are used directly or as the primary ingredients of the mixtures in industrial manufacturing, agricultural production and civil engineering. It has been a challenging task to compute the porosity of a granular material which contains a wide range of particle sizes or shapes. Against this background, this paper presents a newly developed method for the porosity prediction of granular materials through Discrete Element Modeling (DEM) and the Back Propagation Neural Network algorithm (BPNN). In DEM, ball elements were used to simulate particles in granular materials. According to the Chinese specifications, a total of 400 specimens in different gradations were built and compacted under the static pressure of 600 kPa. The porosity values of those specimens were recorded and applied to train the BPNN model. The primary parameters of the BPNN model were recommended for predicting the porosity of a granular material. Verification was performed by a self-designed experimental test and it was found that the prediction accuracy could reach 98%. Meanwhile, considering the influence of particle shape, a shape reduction factor was proposed to achieve the porosity reduction from sphere to real particle shape.

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Dunatunga, Sachith, and Ken Kamrin. "Continuum modelling and simulation of granular flows through their many phases." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 779 (August 18, 2015): 483–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.383.

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We propose and numerically implement a constitutive framework for granular media that allows the material to traverse through its many common phases during the flow process. When dense, the material is treated as a pressure-sensitive elasto-viscoplastic solid obeying a yield criterion and a plastic flow rule given by the ${\it\mu}(I)$ inertial rheology of granular materials. When the free volume exceeds a critical level, the material is deemed to separate and is treated as disconnected, stress-free media. A material point method (MPM) procedure is written for the simulation of this model and many demonstrations are provided in different geometries, which highlight the ability of the numerical model to handle transitions through dense and disconnected states. By using the MPM framework, extremely large strains and nonlinear deformations, which are common in granular flows, are representable. The method is verified numerically and its physical predictions are validated against many known experimental phenomena, such as Beverloo’s scaling in silo flows, jointed power-law scaling of the run-out distance in granular-column-collapse problems, and various known behaviours in inclined chute flows.

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Ciesielski, Mariusz, and Grzegorz Grodzki. "Heat Transfer in Granular Material: Experimental Measurements and Parameters Identification of Macroscopic Heat Conduction Model." Applied Sciences 15, no. 5 (2025): 2596. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15052596.

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The paper presents experimental results regarding heat transfer in granular materials in the cylindrical domain during heating by the outer surface of the container. Sensors (K-type thermocouples) were used to measure the temperature changes at several points inside granular material (the fine-grained table salt was used in the experiment). Knowledge of measurement data allows the verification of a mathematical model (based on Fourier’s law) to describe the macroscopic heat conduction in granular materials. An iterative algorithm for the inverse heat conduction problem consisting of the estimation of the thermal diffusivity coefficient of granular material, the parameters of initial boundary conditions and the position of the thermocouple tips during the experiment was developed. Several computational simulations were performed. Based on the experimental results and the computational simulation results, one can conclude that the analytical solution of the direct heat conduction problem calculated for the optimal values obtained from the inverse heat conduction problem gave us the confirmation of the validity of Fourier’s model.

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Géminard, Jean-Christophe, Wolfgang Losert, and Jerry P. Gollub. "Frictional mechanics of wet granular material." Physical Review E 59, no. 5 (1999): 5881–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.59.5881.

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Tkachenko, Alexei V., and Thomas A. Witten. "Stress propagation through frictionless granular material." Physical Review E 60, no. 1 (1999): 687–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.60.687.

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Hatano, Takahiro. "Rheology of a dense granular material." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 89 (November 1, 2007): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/89/1/012015.

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Guillard, François, Pouya Golshan, Luming Shen, Julio R. Valdès, and Itai Einav. "Compaction dynamics of crunchy granular material." EPJ Web of Conferences 140 (2017): 07012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201714007012.

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Bardenhagen, S. G., and J. U. Brackbill. "Dynamic stress bridging in granular material." Journal of Applied Physics 83, no. 11 (1998): 5732–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.367429.

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Journal articles on the topic 'A granular material'

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