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Journal articles on the topic 'A Layered Porous Structure'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Hangai, Yoshihiko, Reiji Yamazaki, and Takaaki Suzuki. "Fabrication and Compression Properties of Two-Layered Porous Structure of Different Materials by Direct Printing of Resin Porous Structure on Aluminum Foam Using a 3D Printer." Materials 18, no. 2 (2025): 433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18020433.

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The porous structure, in which many pores are intentionally placed inside the material, has excellent impact energy absorption properties. Recent studies have attempted to fabricate multi-layered porous structures with different mechanical properties within a single porous structure sample, and the mechanical properties of these structures are being elucidated. However, these studies mainly attempted to vary the densities, pore structures, and alloy compositions within a single material, such as aluminum, for the entire sample. Since multi-materials are now being promoted to utilize the most s

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2

Ambrazevičius, G., G. Zaicevas, V. Jasutis, et al. "Layered structure of luminescent porous silicon." Journal of Applied Physics 76, no. 9 (1994): 5442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357201.

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3

Murčinková, Z., S. Radchenko, and G. Kuchtová. "Damping of layered porous composites and an application in machinery." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1199, no. 1 (2021): 012068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1199/1/012068.

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Abstract The structured composite can involve the porous materials providing the important internal damping that is usable in mechanical engineering applications. The stiff base material is equipped by layer/s of softer porous material/s covered by constrained layer. Such layered structure is characterized by increased internal damping in vibration process. Paper analyses some either measured or simulated mechanical properties of designed layered porous composites. Novelty provided in paper is a specific application of structured composite for damping the high frequency vibrations in resonance

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4

Roth, Wieslaw J., Barbara Gil, Wacław Makowski, Bartosz Marszalek, and Pavla Eliášová. "Layer like porous materials with hierarchical structure." Chemical Society Reviews 45, no. 12 (2016): 3400–3438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cs00508f.

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5

Chen, Qiang, Yihong Chen, Zhe Wang, Yao Zhou, and Changjiu Li. "Porous Glass with Layered Morphology Prepared by Phase Separation." Materials 18, no. 5 (2025): 1133. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18051133.

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In this study, porous glass with controllable layered structure was successfully prepared by the phase-separation method, with the aim to develop a high-performance high-temperature catalytic (denitrification) material. Glass compositions with different R values (n (Na2O)/n (B2O3)) were designed based on the phase diagram of sodium borosilicate glass. The layered porous structure was obtained by heat treatment in the phase-separation temperature range and acid-leaching treatment to remove the boron-rich phase. For the adsorption and separation process, the layered pore is very ideal, due to it

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6

Yao, Yi Yong, Rong Ya Zhou, and Li Ping Zhao. "Research about Jet Flow Mechanism and Flow Field Analysis for Layered Composite Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 415 (September 2013): 642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.415.642.

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Layered carbon fiber composite performing microstructure was a part of multi-layer porous piping dielectric structure. At first a jet mechanism was put forward and researched for layered composite materials. The Z reinforcing fibers puncture was put to the layered composite structures. By the CFD simulation analysis, the feasibility of jet puncture was verified, the interlayer strength of the connection was increased and the Z bunch to the carbon fiber was eliminated, which laid theoretical foundation by enhancing the layered carbon fiber composite perform quality.

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Sheikin, Evgeny V. "The nature of destruction of layered porous materials in the structures of cultural heritage sites." Concrete and Reinforced Concrete 627, no. 2 (2025): 54–62. https://doi.org/10.37538/0005-9889-2025-2(627)-54-62.

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Introduction. The article presents the results of determining the properties of layered porous materials selected from the depths of the structures of cultural heritage sites, which are more or less susceptible to long-term exposure to moisture. The obtained data are compared with the properties of new materials used in similar structures and other objects according to literary sources. Aim. Identification of signs of changes in the properties of layered porous materials occurring not only in the surface layer, but also throughout the entire depth of the structure. Materials and methods. The p

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Cheng, Chi, Gengping Jiang, Christopher J. Garvey, et al. "Ion transport in complex layered graphene-based membranes with tuneable interlayer spacing." Science Advances 2, no. 2 (2016): e1501272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501272.

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Investigation of the transport properties of ions confined in nanoporous carbon is generally difficult because of the stochastic nature and distribution of multiscale complex and imperfect pore structures within the bulk material. We demonstrate a combined approach of experiment and simulation to describe the structure of complex layered graphene-based membranes, which allows their use as a unique porous platform to gain unprecedented insights into nanoconfined transport phenomena across the entire sub–10-nm scales. By correlation of experimental results with simulation of concentration-driven

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9

Suk, Myung Jin, Won Sik Seo, and Young Soon Kwon. "Fabrication of Graded Porous Structure with Pore Size Distribution by SPS Process." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 965–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.965.

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Feasibility of producing porous gradient structure by spark plasma sintering (SPS) process was examined. Adequate combination of porosity gradient and pore size distribution could be obtained by appropriately controlling the SPS parameter such as sintering temperature, sintering time, applied pressure, and stopper length. For the longitudinal porous gradient structure, pure W sample was prepared by specially shaped graphite mold. Stainless steel powder was employed for the radially layered porous structure with different pore size. The graded porous structure could be applied for the fabricati

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Wan, Chunying, Wangliang Wu, Chuxin Wu, Jiaoxing Xu, and Lunhui Guan. "A layered porous ZrO2/RGO composite as sulfur host for lithium–sulfur batteries." RSC Advances 5, no. 7 (2015): 5102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra12031k.

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11

Kim, Jae Won, Seong Hwan Park, Yeon Gil Jung, and Hee Soo Lee. "Evaluation and Control of Crack Propagation in Dense Porcelain/ Porous Alumina Layered Structures for Dental Material Applications." Key Engineering Materials 317-318 (August 2006): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.317-318.457.

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Layered structures of dense porcelain/porous alumina and dense porcelain/porcelainalumina/ porous alumina are designed and their crack propagation behaviors are investigated. As a substrate, the porous alumina, which is prepared by a gel-casting process using the binary slip of alumina powder and PMMA spherical micro-bead, is dried at room temperature for 24 h and then sintered at 1600 for 2 h. Porcelain is coated on the porous alumina substrate and then re-sintered at 987. Bi- and tri-layered structures are produced by the different dwell times (2 min, 10 min) at re-sintering temperature. The

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12

Tsyganov, A. R., А. S. Panasugin, N. P. Masherova, and I. I. Kurilo. "Porous structure of intercalated cobalt ferrocyanides." E3S Web of Conferences 265 (2021): 05014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126505014.

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Radiation safety is an integral part of environmental safety and includes a set of measures to protect people and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. Ferrocyanides of transition metals are among the most highly effective and selective collectors for concentrating radionuclides. Under certain conditions of synthesis, ferrocyanide compounds can be formed having a layered structure, for example, the ferrocyanide 2Co2[Fe(CN)6] K4 [Fe(CN)6] 3H2O, however, taking into account the structure of the starting material it was decided to use Fe3+ polyhydroxy complexes as a modi

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Meng, Xianfeng, Wenlong Xu, Xujing Ren, and Maiyong Zhu. "Progress and Challenges of Ferrite Matrix Microwave Absorption Materials." Materials 17, no. 10 (2024): 2315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17102315.

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Intelligent devices, when subjected to multiple interactions, tend to generate electromagnetic pollution, which can disrupt the normal functioning of electronic components. Ferrite, which acts as a microwave-absorbing material (MAM), offers a promising strategy to overcome this issue. To further enhance the microwave absorption properties of ferrite MAM, numerous works have been conducted, including ion doping and combining with other materials. Notably, the microstructure is also key factor that affects the microwave absorption properties of ferrite-based MAM. Thus, this article provides a co

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14

Du, Xiangxin, Zheng Zhou, Zhao Zhang, Liqin Yao, Qilong Zhang, and Hui Yang. "Porous, multi-layered piezoelectric composites based on highly oriented PZT/PVDF electrospinning fibers for high-performance piezoelectric nanogenerators." Journal of Advanced Ceramics 11, no. 2 (2022): 331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40145-021-0537-3.

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AbstractPiezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) that can harvest mechanical energy from ambient environment have broad prospects for multi-functional applications. Here, multi-layered piezoelectric composites with a porous structure based on highly oriented Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3/PVDF (PZT/PVDF) electrospinning fibers are prepared via a laminating method to construct high-performance PENGs. PZT particles as piezoelectric reinforcing phases are embedded in PVDF fibers and facilitate the formation of polar β phase in PVDF. The multi-layered, porous structure effectively promotes the overall polarizatio

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15

Shin, Sun-Hee, Hyuk-Jun Noh, Young-Hyun Kim, Yoon-Kwang Im, Javeed Mahmood, and Jong-Beom Baek. "Forming layered conjugated porous BBL structures." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 30 (2019): 4185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py00840c.

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Ladder-like poly(benzoimidazobenzophenanthrolines) (BBLs) have attracted great interest due to their outstanding features, including thermal and chemical stability, electrical conductivity, and optical and electronic properties.

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16

S, Jagadeesha, Indira R, Madhura K, and Venkataswamy K V. "Convective Diffusive Mass Transfer in Occular Region Modelled as Layered Tissue Structure." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (2022): 11823–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.11823ecst.

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The human eye is a multi-layered structure consisting of different fluid-filled tissues. This is the present problem modelled as a five-layered fluid-filled porous structure for understanding convective diffusive mass transfer. The drug is introduced at the outer boundary in the form of drops or gel and allowed to diffuse through the multi-layered structure to reach the last. The physical configuration assumed is made up of five layers representing the eye modelled as a rectangular channel. A chemical reaction is considered in the governing equation. The governing equations of solute transfer

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17

Shustov, V. S. "Titanium carbide based metal-ceramic material with porous layered structure." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 558 (June 24, 2019): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/558/1/012048.

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18

Vashishth, A. K., A. Dahiya, and V. Gupta. "Generalized Bleustein-Gulyaev type waves in layered porous piezoceramic structure." Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 36, no. 9 (2015): 1223–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10483-015-1976-6.

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19

Lei, Shuijin, Xijie Gao, Di Cheng, et al. "A Hierarchically Porous Hollow Structure of Layered Bi2TiO4F2for Efficient Photocatalysis." European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2017, no. 13 (2017): 1892–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201601319.

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20

Gong, Kai, Guo Qing Xu, and Zong Jun Tian. "Preparation and Characterization of Bulk Porous Nickel Fabricated by Novel Scanning Jet Electrodeposition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 532 (February 2014): 562–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.532.562.

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The bulk porous nickel was fabricated by layer scanning jet electrodeposition, a novel porous metal preparation technique. The dendritic crystalline layer or normal layer of the bulk porous nickel can be obtained by controlling of the growth conditions. The effects of deposition conditions, such as jet velocity, deposition current density, jet scanning mode, scanning rate, electrolyte solution, etc., on the morphology and growth process of the dendritic structures were studied in detail. It is revealed that the deposition rate and the uniformity of the pore distribution for the bulk porous Ni

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21

Li, Zhen Nan, Si Yang Fan, Xin Yan Yue, Zhao Bin Sun, Jian Jun Wang, and Hong Qiang Ru. "Properties of B₄C-Based Composite with Layered Structure." Key Engineering Materials 602-603 (March 2014): 532–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.602-603.532.

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A three-layer material based on B4C/Al, B4C/TiB2 and B4C composites had been successfully prepared. The microstructures and properties of B4C/Al-B4C/TiB2-B4C composite were investigated in detail. The three-layer porous preform was first prepared by hot pressing. Then the three-layer composite was fabricated by infiltrating aluminum into the porous preform in vacuum. The three-layer B4C/Al-B4C/TiB2-B4C composite showed good interfacial bonding. When using the B4C ceramics layer as the load-bearing surface, the flexural strength, fracture toughness and Vickers hardness of the composite were 230

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22

Amorin, Luís Henrique, Victor Yuudi Suzuki, Natália Herédia de Paula, et al. "Electronic, structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties of graphitic carbon nitride." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 34 (2019): 13647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj02702e.

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Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>)-based materials exhibit an organized layered porous structure and a band position optimum for the development of various optoelectronic devices and photocatalysts.

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23

Wang, Kai-Yao, Dong Ding, Shu Zhang, et al. "Preparation of thermochromic selenidostannates in deep eutectic solvents." Chemical Communications 54, no. 38 (2018): 4806–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc01614c.

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Deep eutectic mixtures were used for the preparation of crystalline porous tin selenides, whose perforated layered structure endows these materials with suitable absorption in the visible light range, thus resulting in a marked thermochromic performance.

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24

Akhmetov, A. T., and D. M. Balapanov. "Shock waves evolution in a porous media with different internal structure." Proceedings of the Mavlyutov Institute of Mechanics 7 (2010): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21662/uim2010.1.002.

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There are the results of experimental and theoretical researches of processes of reflection and propagation of weak shock waves in gas-saturated porous structures. A mathematical model describing the evolution of shock waves in granular medium is offered. It is studied the influence on the properties of the transmitted and reflected waves of such parameters of the porous medium as a characteristic particle size of the skeleton and its granulometric composition. The interaction of shock waves with layered inhomogeneous media is considered. The obtained results are of interest for the developmen

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25

Charfeddine, Mohamed Ali, Jean-Francis Bloch, and Patrice Mangin. "Mercury porosimetry and x-ray microtomography for 3-dimensional characterization of multilayered paper: Nanofibrillated cellulose, thermomechanical pulp, and a layered structure involving both." BioResources 14, no. 2 (2019): 2642–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.2.2642-2650.

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Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) is an inexpensive and common technique to characterize porous structures like paper. One major limitation of MIP is the lack of information about the arrangement of pores in the structure, information that is particularly relevant for multilayer structures such as thickness-structured paper. In this article, results from Synchrotron X-ray 3D microtomography are combined with MIP data to provide in-depth and improved information about the structures.

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26

Zhai, Yun, Tianyuan Zhong, Shuangquan Guo, Sheng Lin, David Hui, and Xiaowei Ma. "Layered Gradient Rhombic Dodecahedron Composite Structures for Biomimetic Bone Fabricated via Selective Laser Melting." Micromachines 16, no. 6 (2025): 673. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16060673.

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Porous bone implants have been extensively studied, with gradient structures receiving increasing attention due to their superior compatibility with bone tissue. However, comparative studies between gradient and uniform structures remain relatively scarce. In this study, selective laser melting (SLM) technology was employed to fabricate a gradient composite Ti6Al4V humeral bone plate, utilizing rhombic dodecahedron and its derived structures as unit cells. By adjusting the porosity parameter range to 22.02–94.37% using the Ashby Gibson formula, the mechanical properties of the porous bone plat

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Guo, Ling, Liyun Cao, Juju He, et al. "Layered-structure (NH4)2Mo4O13@N-doped porous carbon composite as a superior anode for lithium-ion batteries." Chemical Communications 56, no. 56 (2020): 7757–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc00312c.

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Novel layered-structure (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Mo<sub>4</sub>O<sub>13</sub>@N-doped porous carbon undergoes intercalation and conversion reaction mechanism with diffusion-controlled Li storage behaviour, exhibiting obvious competition in Li storage performance.

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Bora, Pritom J., Khadija K. Khanum, Riya K. Ramesh, K. J. Vinoy, and Praveen C. Ramamurthy. "Porous fibres of a polymer blend for broadband microwave absorption." Materials Advances 2, no. 11 (2021): 3613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00114k.

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Porous polyvinyl butyral and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)polystyrene sulfonate fibers (porous PPPS-f) and non-porous PPPS-f solid fibres were fabricated via electrospinning. The microwave absorption characteristics were investigated for single and bi-layered structures.

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29

Zhu, Jinhui, Chongqing Yang, Chenbao Lu, Fan Zhang, Zhanhui Yuan, and Xiaodong Zhuang. "Two-Dimensional Porous Polymers: From Sandwich-like Structure to Layered Skeleton." Accounts of Chemical Research 51, no. 12 (2018): 3191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00444.

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30

Evans, A. J., C. P. Caulfield, and Andrew W. Woods. "Linear estimation of flux sensitivity to uncertainty in porous media." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 768 (March 11, 2015): 600–622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.102.

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We derive an integral expression for the flux of a single-phase fluid through a porous medium with prescribed boundary conditions. Taking variations with respect to the parameters of a given permeability model yields an integral expression for the sensitivity of the flux. We then extend the method to consider linear changes in permeability. This yields a linearised flux expression which is independent of changes in the pressure field that result from the changes in the permeability. For demonstration purposes, we first consider an idealised layered porous medium with a point source and point s

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31

Joshi, Lajmina. "Comparative Wood Anatomy of Nepalese Ulmaceae." Journal of Plant Resources 20, no. 1 (2022): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bdpr.v20i01.56598.

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Wood structure of three Nepalese genus Ulmus, Celtis and Trema belonging to the family Ulmaceae are described. Altogether 12 wood samples of these three genus are collected from different localities and studied. The study showed ring porous, semi-ring porous or diffuse porous wood. Transition from early wood to late wood was abrupt in ring porous wood. Early wood pores one to three layered. Late wood pores arrangement in dendritic or ulmiform pattern. Perforation plate is simple and inter-vessel pit alternate. Fiber tracheids, tracheids and libriform fibers were non-perforated tracheal element

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32

Zhang, Aili, Cong Wang, Qunjie Xu, Haimei Liu, Yonggang Wang, and Yongyao Xia. "A hybrid aerogel of Co–Al layered double hydroxide/graphene with three-dimensional porous structure as a novel electrode material for supercapacitors." RSC Advances 5, no. 33 (2015): 26017–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra00103j.

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3D porous Co–Al layered double hydroxide/graphene hybrid aerogel was prepared by a facile in situ hydrothermal method and showed high electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and good electrochemical performance for supercapacitors.

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Zou, Youchun, Chao Xiong, Junhui Yin, et al. "Research on Dynamic Cumulative Damage Effect of Metal Rubber and Stress Wave Propagation Characteristics of Layered Composite Structure." Science of Advanced Materials 13, no. 5 (2021): 981–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2021.3997.

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The development of protective materials and structures is of great significance for improving the impact resistance, penetration resistance and spalling resistance of military equipment. At present, the layered composite structure has been widely used due to its good protective performance. In this paper, a special elastic porous material-metal rubber (MR) with excellent cushioning and damping properties was used to prepare high-performance layered composite structures. To begin with, the dynamic mechanical response and the dynamic cumulative damage effect of MR were studied through Split-Hopk

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Chu, Won-Shik, Hyeongryool Park, and Sangjun Moon. "Novel Fabrication of 3-D Cell Laden Micro-Patterned Porous Structure on Cell Growth and Proliferation by Layered Manufacturing." Bioengineering 10, no. 9 (2023): 1092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10091092.

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This study focuses on developing and characterizing a novel 3-dimensional cell-laden micro-patterned porous structure from a mechanical engineering perspective. Tissue engineering holds great promise for repairing damaged organs but faces challenges related to cell viability, biocompatibility, and mechanical strength. This research aims to overcome these limitations by utilizing gelatin methacrylate hydrogel as a scaffold material and employing a photolithography technique for precise patterned fabrication. The mechanical properties of the structure are of particular interest in this study. We

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Stanimirova, Tsveta, and Georgi Kirov. "Gallery character of porous space in the STI-type zeolite structure." Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society 82, no. 3 (2021): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2021.82.3.28.

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The existence of a specific gallery type of zeolite framework is confirmed. It has been found that similar to HEU-type, STI-type framework can be represented as a layered structure in which two impermeable to water molecules and exchange cations aluminum-silicate layers, separated by diortho-groups, confined gallery-type of porous free space, which is available for extra-framework components migration in all directions in the plane of the interlayer.

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Li, Shande, Shaowei Liu, Shuai Yuan, Jian Wen, and Zhifu Zhang. "Reflection of Acoustic Wave through Multilayered Porous Sea Ice Sandwiched between the Water and Air Half-Spaces." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (2021): 7411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167411.

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To establish an accurate sea ice model is a tremendous challenge in Arctic acoustic research. Regarding this matter, a multilayered porous sea ice model is proposed based on Biot’s theory in this paper. Assuming that the model is sandwiched between the water and air half-spaces, the reflection coefficient of an incident wave from water into ice is deduced and contrasted with the solution calculated by impedance transfer method (ITM) to demonstrate the verification of the model. Furthermore, the influences of frequency, porosity and layering on reflection coefficients are analyzed. The results

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Fernando, Niranjala, Hugo Veldhuizen, Atsushi Nagai, Sybrand van der Zwaag, and Amor Abdelkader. "Layer-by-Layer Electrode Fabrication for Improved Performance of Porous Polyimide-Based Supercapacitors." Materials 15, no. 1 (2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010004.

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Nanoporous polymers are becoming increasingly interesting materials for electrochemical applications, as their large surface areas with redox-active sites allow efficient adsorption and diffusion of ions. However, their limited electrical conductivity remains a major obstacle in practical applications. The conventional approach that alleviates this problem is the hybridisation of the polymer with carbon-based additives, but this directly prevents the utilisation of the maximum capacity of the polymers. Here, we report a layer-by-layer fabrication technique where we separated the active (porous

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Agliullin, Marat R., Dmitry V. Serebrennikov, and Boris I. Kutepov. "Changing Template/Al2O3 Ratio in Reaction Gel—An Effective Way to Regulate Nature of Intermediate Phases and Properties of SAPO-11 Molecular Sieves during Crystallization." Materials 17, no. 6 (2024): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17061359.

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A study has been conducted to investigate the formation of intermediate phases during the crystallization of SAPO-11 molecular sieves from reaction mixtures with a varying template (di-n-propylamine) DPA/Al2O3 ratio. It was found that changing the DPA/Al2O3 ratio from 1.0 to 1.8 in the initial reaction gels leads to the formation of different intermediate phases during crystallization into a SAPO-11 molecular sieve. It is shown that at the ratio template/Al2O3 = 1.0, an intermediate amorphous silicoaluminophosphate is formed; at 1.4, a mixture consisting of amorphous and layered phases forms;

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Wang, Lin Jiang, and Xiang Li Xie. "Preparation and Characterization of Porous Silica Obtained by Hydrochloric Acid Selective Leaching Metakaolinite." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 342–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.342.

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Porous silica was prepared by selective leaching of metakaolinite with 20 mass% HCl solution. The metakaolinite was derived from the 1:1 layered structure clay mineral kaolinite by firing at 600°C for 24 h. The characteristics of porous silica were studied. The content of Al2O3 in metakaolinite was sharply changed from 45% to less than 2% after 2 h leaching. The maximum specific surface area of the leached sample was about 350 m2/g. The average pore size is about 2 nm. The total pore volume is 0.3 ml/g. The layer structure of kaolinite and metakaolinite is responsible for forming micropores.

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40

Wang, Sihui, Zhengdong Li, Xiaopeng Gong, Feng Hou, and Ji Liang. "Self-Assembly and Properties of Elastic Nanocellulose-Carbon Airgel with Ordered Porosity by Template-Free Directional Freezing." Coatings 13, no. 7 (2023): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13071297.

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Porous cellulose aerogels with different compositions have been fabricated via three methods, including regular freezing, directional freezing, and hydrothermal treatment, using pure cellulose oxide and cellulose oxide/graphite oxide composites, respectively. The cellulose aerogels are highly elastic and light in weight. The carbon aerogels show an ordered structure through directional freezing with layered skeleton bones and some folds. Unlike low-temperature freezing, the structures can obtain elastic properties. When the deformation is 20%, carbon aerogels can rebound to 95% of their origin

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Jiao, Long, Yu-Xiao Zhou, and Hai-Long Jiang. "Metal–organic framework-based CoP/reduced graphene oxide: high-performance bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting." Chemical Science 7, no. 3 (2016): 1690–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sc04425a.

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A Co-based MOF/GO sandwich-type composite with a sheet-like shape was fabricated, and converted to porous CoP/rGO with a retained layered structure. CoP/rGO exhibits superb HER activity in acid solution, and can also be used as a bifunctional catalyst for water splitting in basic media.

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42

Li, Jia, Ning Zhang та Dickon H. L. Ng. "Synthesis of a 3D hierarchical structure of γ-AlO(OH)/Mg–Al-LDH/C and its performance in organic dyes and antibiotics adsorption". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, № 42 (2015): 21106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta04497a.

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We demonstrated an efficient route to synthesize a novel 3D hierarchically porous superstructure composed of edge-to-face stacks of Mg–Al-layered double hydroxide nanosheets, directionally arranged γ-AlO(OH) nanowires and amorphous carbon by a facile biotemplate method.

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43

Hara, Nobuo, Miki Yoshimune, Hideyuki Negishi, Kenji Haraya, Shigeki Hara, and Takeo Yamaguchi. "Metal–organic framework membranes with layered structure prepared within the porous support." RSC Advances 3, no. 34 (2013): 14233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ra22733b.

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Parviz, Roozbeh, Ali Heydarinia, Mehrnaaz Khosravi, and Mahmoud Nili-Ahmadabadi. "New Mg-based composite with layered-porous structure for enhanced hydrogen storage." Journal of Energy Storage 117 (May 2025): 116145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2025.116145.

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Lu, Zhi Hua, Dong Mei Zhao, and Cheng Shun Li. "Preparation and Characterization of Silk Fibroin Based Antibacterial Biotextiles as Wound Dressing." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 2095–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.2095.

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A novel silk fibroin (SF) based bi-layered wound dressing was successfully developed by spraying chitosan (CS) solution on the ring spun silk fibroin fabric. SEM micrographs showed that chitosan solution formed a thin film on the degummed silk fibroin fabric, which had a connective porous structure. The antibacterial property, indirect cytotoxicity and the wound healing properties of the materials were investigated. Comparing with the commercial wound dressing, the bi-layered SF/CS wound dressing could accelerate the wound healing, and may be a potential choice for skin regeneration.

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Squire, Emma K., Philip St J. Russell, and Paul A. Snow. "Optimized light emission from layered porous silicon structures." Applied Optics 37, no. 30 (1998): 7107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.37.007107.

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Chow, H. N., S. T. Tan, and W. S. Sze. "Layered Modeling of Porous Structures with Voronoi Diagrams." Computer-Aided Design and Applications 4, no. 1-4 (2007): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16864360.2007.10738552.

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Lazcano, Z., Y. García-Flores, A. Díaz-de-Anda, O. Meza, G. Monsivais, and J. Arriaga. "Acoustic doorway states in layered porous silicon structures." Superlattices and Microstructures 121 (September 2018): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2018.07.018.

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Cops, A., W. Lauriks, L. Vervoort, and J. F. Allard. "Acoustic transmission through layered porous and nonporous structures." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 88, S1 (1990): S122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2028555.

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Bai, Hao, Yuan Chen, Benjamin Delattre, Antoni P. Tomsia, and Robert O. Ritchie. "Bioinspired large-scale aligned porous materials assembled with dual temperature gradients." Science Advances 1, no. 11 (2015): e1500849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500849.

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Natural materials, such as bone, teeth, shells, and wood, exhibit outstanding properties despite being porous and made of weak constituents. Frequently, they represent a source of inspiration to design strong, tough, and lightweight materials. Although many techniques have been introduced to create such structures, a long-range order of the porosity as well as a precise control of the final architecture remain difficult to achieve. These limitations severely hinder the scale-up fabrication of layered structures aimed for larger applications. We report on a bidirectional freezing technique to s

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