To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: A Population.
Journal articles on the topic 'A Population'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'A Population.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Yarasheva, Aziza V., and Natalia V. Alikperova. "Gender differences in financial behavior of population." POPULATION 23, no. 2 (2020): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.2.5.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyzes various studies in the field of population behavior in the financial market. Since psychological factors related to mentality, temperament, and risk-taking play an important role in implementing financial strategies, along with rational motives, women and men may behave differently. An attempt is made to answer the question: whether there are significant gender differences in financial behavior models, and whether this aspect requires a close attention of scientists who study trends and features of forming strategies of Russians when making economic decisions. A review of Russian and foreign studies aimed at investigation of gender characteristics of investment behavior and financial literacy is performed. Traditionally, in most families, men are responsible for the financial situation, they are more concerned with providing for their family, earning and multiplying money. Women, as a rule, are more concerned with the «inner» side of family life — so that everyone is fed, dressed, shod, and provided with everything necessary. Therefore, if both of them have decided to invest, the emphasis in the well-known formula «save and multiply» is made by men on the second word, and by women — on the first. As a result, women are significantly less likely to take risks and more likely to make profitable transactions. Men are more prone to take risks, for them it is not so much the result of investment that is important, as the excitement, and work in the financial markets is somewhat akin to hunting. Probably there are some primitive triggers at the level of the subconscious that are blocked by the norms of morality and etiquette in society. For women, stability is much more important, and the desire to maintain a sense of security prevails rather than a thirst for risk. The study revealed poor elaboration of this topic, lack of Russian research on gender-specific financial behavior due to the underdevelopment of the Russian financial market, as well as the lack of sufficient supply of financial instruments for further accumulation of experience in implementing their strategies by representatives of both genders.
2
Laporte, Valérie, and Brian Charlesworth. "Effective Population Size and Population Subdivision in Demographically Structured Populations." Genetics 162, no. 1 (September 1, 2002): 501–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.1.501.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractA fast-timescale approximation is applied to the coalescent process in a single population, which is demographically structured by sex and/or age. This provides a general expression for the probability that a pair of alleles sampled from the population coalesce in the previous time interval. The effective population size is defined as the reciprocal of twice the product of generation time and the coalescence probability. Biologically explicit formulas for effective population size with discrete generations and separate sexes are derived for a variety of different modes of inheritance. The method is also applied to a nuclear gene in a population of partially self-fertilizing hermaphrodites. The effects of population subdivision on a demographically structured population are analyzed, using a matrix of net rates of movement of genes between different local populations. This involves weighting the migration probabilities of individuals of a given age/sex class by the contribution of this class to the leading left eigenvector of the matrix describing the movements of genes between age/sex classes. The effects of sex-specific migration and nonrandom distributions of offspring number on levels of genetic variability and among-population differentiation are described for different modes of inheritance in an island model. Data on DNA sequence variability in human and plant populations are discussed in the light of the results.
3
Степанов, В. А. "Population Genomics of Russian populations." Nauchno-prakticheskii zhurnal «Medicinskaia genetika», no. 7(216) (July 30, 2020): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25557/2073-7998.2020.07.6-7.
Full textAbstract:
Популяционная геномика человека является мощным современным подходом в популяционной генетике, базирующемся на технологиях геномного секвенирования, биоинформатики и анализа больших данных. Геномный анализ генетической вариабельности в популяциях является фундаментальной основой генетики болезней и разработки путей их диагностики, терапии и профилактики. В работе представлены собственные данные о геномном анализе генетического разнообразия населения России. Показано, что генофонд современных народов России формировался на протяжении многих тысяч лет в ходе совокупного влияния миграций, изоляции расстоянием, эффектов основателя и естественного отбора. Сформировавшиеся в ходе микроэволюции геномные паттерны современных популяций в существенной мере определяют композицию генетических факторов как частых хронических, так и редких моногенных заболеваний. Human population genomics is a powerful modern approach in population genetics based on technologies of genomic sequencing, bioinformatics, and big data analysis. Genomic analysis of genetic variability in populations is a fundamental basis for the genetics of diseases and the development of ways for their diagnosis, therapy and prevention. The work presents the own data on the genomic analysis of the genetic diversity of the Russian populations. It is shown that the gene pool of modern populations of Russia was formed over many thousands of years by the combined effects of migrations, isolation by distance, founder effects and natural selection. The genomic patterns of modern populations formed during microevolution substantially determine the composition of genetic factors of both frequent chronic and rare monogenic diseases.
4
Tyner, James A. "Population geography I: Surplus populations." Progress in Human Geography 37, no. 5 (January 31, 2013): 701–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309132512473924.
Full text
5
Yarasheva, Aziza V., Svetlana V. Makar, and Yury A. Simagin. "Behavioral economy: population in the credit services market." POPULATION 23, no. 3 (2020): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.3.5.
Full textAbstract:
The article discusses topical issues related to the current trends in the field of lending to population in Russia. The purpose of the work is to identify possible risks of individuals' actions in the market of credit services on the basis of analysis of statistical and sociological data. Based on the general scientific dialectic approaches used by the authors, the article shows dynamics of growth in the banks' loan portfolio, growth in lending volumes (banks and microfinance organizations), as well as households' debt from 2013 to 2019 in rubles and foreign currency (in general and in mortgages). Russian macro-regions are ranked by absolute indicator of debt and by its growth rate. Opportunities and risks have been identified for borrowers wishing to take advantage of the benefits provided by the State effective from April 2020 (refinancing, credit holidays). There were assessed the measures applied by the State, in particular, credit holidays for individuals and restrictions for banks in issuing loans through introduction of a mandatory debt load indicator, which will contribute to improvement of the current situation with huge debt and to reduction of social risks. Although in the long run — in terms of the overall impact on the country's economy — a reduction in public borrowing may reduce the contribution of consumer credit to economic growth and slow it down. It is concluded that despite the measures taken by the State, the existing level of the population borrowing is a great danger due to the reduction of income as the economic consequence of the coronavirus pandemic.
6
Migranova, Lyudmila, and Vladislav Zharomsky. "Methods of estimating the Level and differentiation of population income." Population 23, no. 4 (December 19, 2020): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.4.3.
Full textAbstract:
On the basis of data for 2013-2017, the article shows changes in the level, structure and differentiation of the Russian population monetary income after the introduction by Rosstat in 2018 of a new methodology for calculating macro-economic indicators of population monetary income by separate income sources. Comparative analysis of the calculations made by the 1996 and 2018 methods shows significant changes only in the structure of population monetary income, mainly in such income items as work remuneration of employees and other cash receipts. Average per capita income changed slightly (+/-1%). Besides, there are actually no changes in the indicators of differentiation and in the distribution series for population by income despite the fact that the estimation of population inequality was made using the data from the Sample Survey of Population Income (SSPI) instead of the Household Budget Survey (HBS) used before. Based on the data from the Sample Survey of Population Income for 2013-2017, the article shows the relationship between the indicators of wage differentiation and per capita monetary income that differ from the official data, and in our opinion, this is due not only to different information sources, but also to the methods of income inequality estimation for the total population. The article provides variants of calculating differentiation of the RF population monetary income for 2018 using logarithmic normal model with similar per capita monetary income of the total population and different number of the population with per capita income within the range of the set minimum income. As a result, the R/P10% ratio of the RF population income increases in comparison with the officially published indicators of inequality.
7
Ryumina, Elena V. "Ecologically adjusted human development index." POPULATION 23, no. 1 (2020): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.1.1.
Full textAbstract:
The article offeres an approach to including ecological factor in the Human Development Index (HDI). HDI is aimed at reflecting the quality of life of population, which is defined along with other important characteristics and state of environment. However, there is still no ecological living conditions of population in the formalized representation of HDI. Two directions of constructing ecologically adjusted HDI are developed: introducing ecological index to HDR, and using ecologically adjusted GDP/GRP in income index. Ecological index reflecting the state of environment in the places of residence and recreation of population is constructed on the basis of indicators of the number of air/water samples exceeding the ambient standards, as a percentage of the total number of examined samples. This indicator is presented in the annex to the statistical handbook «Environment Protection in Russia» for all regions. It is offered to modify the index of income in HDI by subtraction of the economic damage caused by pollution from income, as this part of income does not go to growth of the population welfare, but only compensates for the damage. For implementation of this approach there is no official statistics, and in the study was used the database accumulated by the author over many years of ecological-economic research. As a result, there was calculated ecologically adjusted HDI for all 85 regions in comparison with the traditional HDI. In 14 regions with the best ecological situation the HDI value grew, in the others it decreased. Some of the regions formerly leading by the HDI value lost their positions. Comparing the impact on HDI of ecological index on the one hand, and of modifications of income index on the other, showed an incomparably greater role of the introduction of ecological index.
8
Varshavsky, Alexander E., Natalia A. Vinokurova, and Ekaterina V. Kochetkova. "Scientists' ideas about what professions are the most suitable for their children and grandchildren." POPULATION 23, no. 1 (2020): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.1.10.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents results of the survey of science and education employees. The main questions of the study were about what field of work the experts would advise their children and grandchildren to choose, and which of these fields would be most relevant (promising) for the younger generation in 5, 10, 15 and 20 years, and, in case of choosing science or engineering, which of the new specialties they would advise them and which research area would be relevant also in 5, 10, 15 and 20 years. The results of the survey showed that respondents prefer that their children and grandchildren would choose to work in the fields of science, healthcare, education, culture and art, although quite a large part of the answers indicate that they would also prefer their children to choose engineering. At the same time, financial activity took one of the last places, ahead only of trade and agriculture. The experts' answers were examined in different aspects — gender, territorial, etc. The chosen priorities reflect the respondents' hopes for triumph of justice and establishment of public understanding of the role of science, as they substantiate their answers by claiming that doing scientific research means the opportunity to benefit their country, as well as chosing culture, art, education, and armed forces as the fields of the future activity. The article points to a fairly high level of discrepancy between the preferences of those working in science, education and culture, on the one hand, and the opinions of the population as a whole, on the other.
9
Katkova, Irina P. "Russian healthcare in the context of achieving universal access to health services by 2030." POPULATION 23, no. 1 (2020): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.1.11.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents the results of an analysis of data from global monitoring systems and international studies for the period 2000-2017, reflecting the trends in our country's movement towards universal health coverage (UHC) and a reduction in catastrophic medical expenses paid by patients from their own funds within the framework of the tasks for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. It is emphasized that for our country it is of great interest to adapt the successful experience of developed and actively developing countries in using targeted integrated strategies for development of UHC programs aimed at giving priority to health in the system of public financing measures. This is confirmed by the data that for the period 2000-2017 against the background of an increase in the share of replacing the missing state funds with cash funds of citizens in the total health budget of our country from 30% to 40%, there was a parallel increase in the number of households, in the structure of the budgets of which the share of health expenditures exceeded 10% of their total financial resources. According to the analysis of monitoring data, the increase in the number of Russian families with this form of catastrophic costs of medical care reached in 2018 the number of 7,532,579 cases with a prevalence rate of 5.23%. These indicators are higher than the data levels for 1997 by more than 2.2 and 2.1 times, respectively. At the same time, the risk of financial catastrophe for families due to the need to seek surgical care in 2018 was noted in 21.3% of cases (WB, 2019). The study emphasizes the importance of scientific assessment of the consequences and prospects for the increased participation of private commercial institutions in implementation of the government program of the State guarantees of free medical assistance to citizens. The significance of such a study is due to the trends of increasing volume of the market for provision of disparate medical services and the need, therefore, to develop optimal intersectoral strategic approaches to development of both the public healthcare system and commercial medicine in the interests of ensuring health and well-being of the population.
10
Burdastova, Yulia V. "Mentoring in healthcare: trend or necessity?" POPULATION 23, no. 1 (2020): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.1.12.
Full textAbstract:
The article attempts to assess the necessity for a mentoring system in medical institutions in Moscow. It presents the results of a sociological study, conducted in 2019, which include the analysis of expert interviews (among the experts were heads of the medical institutions subordinate to Moscow Department of Health, institutions of secondary vocational education, additional vocational training, and relating higher educational institutions). Starting with consideration of the issues concerning the attitude of experts to the topic of mentoring, the author identified the need to introduce mentoring in medical institutions, as well as the conditions for organization of effective functioning of the mentoring system, such as choosing a mentor, encouraging him, the timing of mentoring, etc. The author emphasizes that the institution of mentoring is necessary both to help new employees adapt and to help young professionals gain practical skills. According to experts, there is a gap between basic theoretical training and practical experience of young employees, which can be filled with the help of a mentoring system in medical organizations. Analyzing the expert interviews, the author comes to the conclusion that due to the lack of a legal basis for the mentoring system inRussia, it should be said that mentoring is proactive. This article also provides a review of international experience, recommendations of international organizations concerning the personnel crisis in medicine, and the main problems of the world health systems hampering achievement of the millennium goals and economic growth. Among the main barriers highlighted by WHO are the following: lack of medical personnel, uneven geographical distribution of medical workers, lack of access to medical services among the population, poor quality of medical care, etc.
11
Bobkov, Vyacheslav N., Elena V. Odintsova, and Ekaterina A. Chernykh. "Universal basic income as regulator of improving the standards and quality of life: statement of the problem and introduction to analysis." POPULATION 23, no. 1 (2020): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.1.2.
Full textAbstract:
This article deals with the issue of the impact of universal basic income (UBI) on the standards and quality of life of population, highlights some theoretical and methodological aspects of its introduction, characterizes the current state of research on this issue and the experience of other countries. It presents the basic conceptual provisions of the scientific study conducted by the authors, which are aimed at the theoretical and methodological substantiation of the idea of introducing universal basic income in Russia, its forms, tools and possible application mechanisms for transformation of the processes and structures of the functioning of the labor and employment sphere, development of human potential, reduction of absolute monetary poverty and excessive socio-economic inequality, that meet modern technological challenges and lead to improving the standards and quality of life of people and the sustainability of the state and society. The presented study is of high significance due to influence of the category “universal basic income”, practical forms, tools and mechanisms of its application on the essential aspects of the life of people, on the expected improvement in their standards and quality of life and the sustainability of the state and society. It will contribute to formation of the scientific, organizational, instrumental and documentary basis for implementation of pilot projects at the regional level, where transitional forms of universal basic income relevant to Russia can be tested. Testing UBI in Russia is of a particular relevance because of the widespread precarious employment, high poverty rates and excessive socio-economic inequality in our country.
12
Zlenko, Elena G. "Socially acceptable consumer budget in the Arctic regions of Russia." POPULATION 23, no. 1 (2020): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.1.3.
Full textAbstract:
The need for accelerated social and economic development of the Arctic as a priority geostrategic territory of the Russian Federation requires a special approach to the issues of incomes of the population of the Arctic regions, and, above all, to the social criterion. Foreign experience in formation of minimum consumer budgets, domestic developments in this area and methodological principles of its formation used for a living wage have determined the priorities in choosing a social criterion. The key role in addressing this issue is played by the system of low-income consumer budgets (the subsistence minimum (SM) and the socially acceptable (recovery) consumer budget, which exceeds the subsistence minimum by about 3 times) within the framework of the general classification of the system of normative consumer budgets developed by the scientific school of the All-Russian Center for Living Standards. The methodological basis for formation of a socially acceptable consumer budget is determined by the provisions based on the recovery level of population consumption in conjunction with low incomes and taking into account the satisfaction of material, spiritual and social needs, a variety of consumer properties and benefits, as well as the impact on the consumption characteristics of the natural, climatic, economic, social and other special factors of the Arctic. Important for the social criterion qualities — validity and transparency — are ensured through application of the normative method of forming a socially acceptable consumer basket, which includes sets of food products, non-food goods and services. The normative socially acceptable consumer budget is differentiated by the specific of consumption of different categories of the population that is reflected in the structure and volume of consumption. The size of the socially acceptable consumer budget is determined by the cost of the consumer basket, as well as expenses on savings and mandatory payments and fees. Regional differences in the factors influencing the formation of a socially acceptable consumer budget cause territorial diversity in the level of the indicator in the Arctic zone.
13
Grishina, Elena E. "Financial situation and social support received by families with children in Ulyanovsk oblast." POPULATION 23, no. 1 (2020): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.1.4.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this work is to analyze the financial situation and the level of social support received by families with children in Ulyanovsk oblast on the basis of the data from household survey conducted in Ulyanovsk oblast. The study showed that the poverty rate among the surveyed households with children under 18 is significantly higher than the total poverty rate among the households. Many families with children cannot afford buying goods and services they need. In order to maintain their consumption level, a significant proportion of families with children have to take out loans. Analysis of the survey data shows that the coverage of families with children by social benefits is quite high. At the same time, even among the poor households with children, one quarter of households does not receive any social benefits. The surveyed families with children noted difficulties faced by them in obtaining information about social benefits and in collecting necessary documents, long waiting in queues when applying for benefits. The calculations show that provision of regional benefits, including targeted regional benefits, reduces the poverty rate among households with children only slightly. In general, regional benefits are more likely to reduce the extreme poverty of household with children. The analysis presented in the article allows determining possible directions for improving the social support system in Ulyanovsk oblast.
14
Rybakovsky, Oleg L. "Russian population reproduction: challenges, trends, factors and possible results by 2024." POPULATION 23, no. 1 (2020): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.1.5.
Full textAbstract:
The article assesses the probability of fulfilling the tasks set by the President of the Russian Federation in the May 2018 Decree in the field of population reproduction. Each of the tasks outlines the current situation, current trends and the most likely results. Factors that contribute to or counteract solutions to the designated problems are identified. In particular, increase or even preservation of the number of births will be hindered by constant reduction since 2015 in the number of women of active reproductive age (25-39 years), who account for 4/5 of all births [1]. Their number will reduce from 17.9 million in 2015 to 15.0 million in 2024, and up to 12.0 million in 2030 [1]. Reduction in deaths from circulatory diseases and neoplasm will be prevented by: the tendency of population ageing; persistence and impossibility of rapid eradicating bad habits, such as smoking, regular excessive drinking; poor quality of food and alcohol, etc. In addition, in the future, with increase in the life expectancy (LE) in Russia, those, who have been cured of diseases related to other major causes of death, eventually will start dying from circulatory diseases or oncology. It is these diseases that are the leading causes of death in countries with high LE. There are made the following conclusions: it will be actually impossible to achieve the goal of “increasing the population of the country” (set in the Decree) only by reproductive means in the near future in Russia. To solve Russia's general demographic problems (ensuring a positive overall population growth; optimizing the placement of the population on its territory not only in the economic, but also in the geopolitical interests of the state; redemption of the structural demographic wave volatility; etc.), it is necessary to follow coordinated reproduction and migration routes.
15
Makar, Svetlana V., Yury A. Simagin, and Aziza V. Yarasheva. "Demographic situation in Russia and social infrastructure." POPULATION 23, no. 1 (2020): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.1.6.
Full textAbstract:
The article considers the main indicators of demographic development of the Russian Federation in recent years in connection with the level of development of social infrastructure. It is shown that the demographic situation in the country is deteriorating, that is due to both subjective and objective reasons. Among the objective reasons, the main one is the change in the age structure of the population, which is expressed in a sharp decrease in the number of women in fertile age. This is due to the acute demographic crisis of the 1990s, «demographic waves» generated by the Great Patriotic War, and other factors. Among the subjective causes of the decline in birth rate, the article highlights the general patterns of reduction in the number of children in families as the level of socio-economic development increases, which are characteristic of all countries of European culture. In particular, the reduction in the number of children is facilitated by such factors as reduction in the share of officially registered families, increase in child support costs, and the financial difficultiesfaced by families with children during economic crises and stagnation. All these cases are typical for regions of the Russian Federation in recent years. Development of social infrastructure — education, healthcare, culture, sports, and other similar systems — could improve the demographic situation in Russia. Unfortunately, in recent years, such systems have been degrading rather than developing in Russia. This is facilitated by the system of statistical reporting that does not reflect the actual situation. The article proposes approaches that could overcome this shortcoming of the present statistical reporting system, thereby contributing to the demographic development of the modern Russian Federation.
16
Sharov, Sergey Yu, and Inna M. Schneiderman. "Features of the post-industrial development of agglomerations as the core of economy." POPULATION 23, no. 1 (2020): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.1.7.
Full textAbstract:
The dominance of agglomerations in post-industrial economic development is a global trend due to the transition to a knowledge economy and the formation of consumer, compact cities. Production as such — agriculture, industry — goes to the periphery both in terms of their role in economy and in geographical terms. The main place is occupied by services: entertainment and ensuring high-quality reproduction of the population — healthcare and education. An essential condition for the successful development of peripheral locations is attainability of the core of agglomeration by a daily trip. Agglomerations are becoming virtually uncontested for ensuring relatively high general levels of labor productivity and quality of life for large masses of population. However, agglomerations also give rise to problems, the complex solution of which requires understanding of the new historic content of the traditional economic and geographical categories, such as central places, connectivity, geographical framework, relations between the center and the periphery. From a practical point of view, this should be reflected in federal programs for development of the largest agglomerations, which now present the only opportunity to quickly solve their most acute problems and realize their development potential, which will also be transferred to development of the regions adjacent to them. Federal support for development of agglomerations — the central places of regions, on the one hand is realistic in the prevailing conditions of centralized state finances and lack of local resources. On the other hand, unlike federal programs that disperse funds throughout the region, such support will contribute to the self-development of regions in accordance with the nature of their participation in the national and global economies, since the organic development of cities and territories within economic influence of the agglomeration is latter's natural function.
17
Patsiorkovsky, Valery V. "Self-employment as response of the part of economically active population to the crisis of standard labor relations." POPULATION 23, no. 1 (2020): 88–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.1.8.
Full textAbstract:
The article focuses on the analysis of the specifics of self-employment. Self-employment is considered as a special economic structure in the mixed economy of modern Russia. Self-employment is characterized by two forms of labor relations. If it is practiced in the informal sector of the economy, then verbal agreement with payment after completion of work (provision of services) is prevailing. When it is practiced in the real sector of the economy, civil law contract is concluded. In any case, self-employment does not know wage labor and wages. The wide use of self-employment in our country, which has become widespread in recent years, is due to a group of factors. The decisive role among them is played by the state's rejection of universal employment and tight control of labor relations, as well as by the technological changes that are characteristic of the fourth industrial revolution. First of all, this refers to the mass introduction of cyber-physical systems in the production and everyday life of people. These changes, firstly, have a huge impact on the labor market. Secondly, they open up new opportunities for households and, in fact, for self-employment. The article considers the structure and features of separate sectors of self-employment, including individual entrepreneurship, personal subsidiary farming and individual self-employment. Each sector of self-employment is described taking into account its specifics and characteristic features in terms of its nature, functions, motivation, legal regulation, income, etc. A close relationship between self-employment and household is shown. There is given criticism of simplified ideas about self-employment, which consider it as an integral part of precarious employment, as well as in terms of transition from wage labor to entrepreneurship or residual manifestation of entrepreneurship.
18
Krasinets, Evgeny S. "Foreign labour in the russian labour market: Problems and decisions." POPULATION 23, no. 1 (2020): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.1.9.
Full textAbstract:
In the current conditions of economic and socio-demographic development of the Russian Federation, the role of migration processes in making up for the loss of labour potential and ensuring a sustainable and balanced growth of the economy is increasing. Of great relevance are becoming studies of the problems of labour market balance in their interaction with migration processes and development of practical measures in the field of improving the regulation of labour immigration. The article analyzes statistical material characterizing the trends in attracting and using foreign labor in the modern Russian economy. The peculiarities of the functioning of the national labour market are identified and revealed. Quantitative and structural imbalances in the labour market between labour demand and supply are analyzed. It is shown that the labour market is central among the socio-economic determinants of labour immigration. There is made an assessment of the state and dynamics of the processes of attracting and using foreign labour in connection with the analysis of trends in the situation at the labour market. The impact of labor immigration and its structure on the functioning of the labour market and employment is revealed. The ambiguous consequences of the use of foreign labour for development of the national economy were considered. The positive and negative effects of labour immigration were highlighted. A special attention was paid to development of the issues of improving the state migration policy in the field of labour immigration. The most problematic components of attracting and using foreign workers are shown. There is proposed the development of tasks related to overcoming the existing miscalculations in the labour immigration management practice. There are identified specific measures for solution of the existing problems of receiving foreign labour in order to ensure both short-term and long-term economic and geopolitical interests of the country's development. There are developed proposals and recommendations on the regulation of flows of foreign migrant workers.
19
Dobrokhleb, Valentina G. "Demographic aging in the aspect of gender problems in modern Russia." POPULATION 23, no. 2 (2020): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.2.1.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the research is to identify the features of demographic aging in terms of gender problems in modern Russia. The most significant demographic transformation of the current century is the process of population aging. It is established that the distinctive characteristics of the demographic dynamics in our country are: changing age structure of the population against the background of low fertility connected with the second stage of depopulation in Russia; a significant lagging behind not only economically developed but also several developing countries in life expectancy for both women and men; prevailing demographic asymmetry by gender; low indicators of healthy life expectancy, which are calculated without taking into account the gender component; burden of age-related diseases accumulated by the age of 65. It is shown that in Russia the number of elderly and old women exceeds the number of their male coevals by more than 15 million. Social, technological, and demographic transformations impact the dynamics of social roles. The most important change is the growth of women in paid work throughout the world, including in Russia. And women of retirement age have a high risk of social isolation. For many Russian pensioners with low per capita income and no savings the main strategy is that of survival. So now the most topical problem is changing the stereotype of women’s old age, associated with such concepts as lack of development, untidy appearance of a person without gender and desires that causes physical rejection.
20
Grigorieva, Natalia S., and Tatiana V. Сhubarova. "Health promotion in the context of behavioral economics: gender aspects." POPULATION 23, no. 2 (2020): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.2.10.
Full textAbstract:
The article discusses the gender aspects of health, proceeding from the assumption that taking them into account is likely to increase the effectiveness of motivational measures in the field of forming healthy lifestyles. The methodological basis of this paper is the concept of health promotion supported by WHO that is based on intersectoral and interdisciplinary approaches. It incorporates both a certain system of values, primarily active involvement of people in maintaining their health, and a set of state activities, among which motivating people to healthy lifestyles is important. Behavioral economics as an area of an interdisciplinary research on decision-making substantiates the mechanisms that should be used, among other things, to achieve the goals of healthcare policy, and to solve such problems of modern society as lack of physical activity, tobacco and alcohol abuse, and unhealthy diet.Gender approach that includes gender aspects in the process of analyzing the situation and making political decisions aimed at improving population health becomes a precondition for increasing the effectiveness of motivational measures taken in the interests of promoting the health of citizens. The results of the surveys on the impact of behavioral factors on the health status of the population of Russia conducted by the Russian statistical agency (Rosstat) in 2013 and 2018 were used as a source of empirical data. They made it possible to identify both the differences and the similarities of women and men with regard to behavior motives concerning certain parameters of a healthy lifestyle, namely physical activities and diet. The authors conclude that, despite the importance of using measures aimed at changing behavior, sustainable overcoming of gender stereotypes depends on the intersection of behavioral and socio-economic determinants of health and healthy behavior.
21
Rusanova, Nina E. "Gender choice in assisted reproductive technologies: opportunities, dangers, prospects." POPULATION 23, no. 2 (2020): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.2.11.
Full textAbstract:
Today, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are a birth rate factor, which allows almost every person to give birth to a child, regardless of health. Fully reliable gender selection is only possible through pre-implantation diagnostics (PGD) as part of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Usually preference is given to boys, and the problem turns from individual family into a socio-gender problem, which can only be solved at the state level. While traditional methods of gender regulation involved selective abortions or killing of newborns («infanticide»), modern ART technically solves the issue at the pre-implantation stage, but entails ethical, psychological and financial problems that require special control. By prohibiting sex-selective abortions, the state limits the possibility of gender choice at the stage of conception to the risk of inherited diseases transmission due to fears of seriously disturbing natural gender balance, creating prerequisites for «genomocide». According to the National ART registries, Surveys of the International Federation of Fertility Societies for 2010–2019, Russian and foreign «hospital» statistics and the media, the article shows increase in the popularity of PGD that makes it possible to make a gender choice. In Russia, where the number of children in a family rarely exceeds two, and reproductive clinics perform all IVF programs, the choice of child’s gender is possible only with medically-justified PGD, and almost always performed at the expense of the patient. The only perspective in this situation is inclusion of such a PGD in the Compulsory Health Insurance system, when the gender of an unborn child becomes an additional, and its health — the main result.
22
Khotkina, Zoya A. "Actual challenges of labor market and their gender implications for employment." POPULATION 23, no. 2 (2020): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.2.12.
Full textAbstract:
The main research issues discussed in the article concern the impact of technological and epidemiological challenges on the employment of women and men, as well as the reasons for their asymmetric impact on employees depending on gender. The choice of these two challenges is determined, on the one hand, by their relevance, and on the other, by the fact that, although they are fundamentally different in both character and duration of their impact on the labor market, the consequences of their impact on women’s employment are the same and in both cases lead to job losses. The article shows that the same consequences for women’s employment from such different challenges are not accidental. This is due to the fact that the causes and risk factors of priority job loss for women as a result of the technological and epidemiological challenges are identical, since they are based on gender segregation of employment in the labor market, which divides jobs and entire industries into «male» and «female». In the technological challenge, the reason for the priority and more widespread loss of jobs by women is due to the fact that they are more often than men engaged in routine work in which is a large proportion of repetitive operations that are easy to automate and delegate to robots or artificial intelligence (AI). During the epidemiological challenge, more “female” than “male” jobs fell into the risk zone of unemployment, because as a result of self-isolation most enterprises and organizations in the service sphere, such as shopping centers, hairdressers and beauty salons, hotels and boarding houses, museums and libraries were closed, as well as airports and travel agencies — and all these enterprises employed mainly women. On account of the high risk of unemployment, these activities were included in the “List of economy sectors most affected by coronavirus” developed by the Government to provide priority targeted support. However, according to the information from the Ministry of Finance, less than a fifth of the service sector organizations and individual entrepreneurs will be able to receive this assistance, and therefore it is unlikely to avoid an increase in female unemployment.
23
Aleksandrova, Olga A., Zoya A. Khotkina, Yulia V. Burdastova, and Yulia S. Nenakhova. "Gender aspects of employment in Russian mass media: impact of socio-political context and information technologies." POPULATION 23, no. 2 (2020): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.2.13.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents the results of a study of employment in the Russian media. Given the global trend of feminization of the media, the issues of professional self-realization, salary and career growth were analyzed through the prism of gender. The research tools included, firstly, a mass questionnaire of media workers holding both creative and administrative positions; secondly, a series of in-depth structured interviews with experts experienced in working as journalists and editors-in-chief; heads of journalistic associations; owners and founders of publications; heads of HR services of media structures; and thirdly, analysis of statistics relating to the editorial corps of editions at the municipal, regional and national levels — in the latter case the data on leading news agencies and Internet resources were analyzed. The study confirmed the trend of feminization, which is based on the socio-political (reducing the influence of the media and, consequently, lower salaries) and technological aspects (spread of information technology, forcing traditional media to compete with social media, saving on staff and reducing the quality of materials). Dissatisfied with the decline in income and in the prestige of the profession men were replaced by women, that was facilitated by a marked increase in the accessibility of journalistic education. The size of salaries depends on decisiveness of the media, on region, and also on the topics that a journalist is engaged in; in general, the willingness of women to work for a lower salary is forced. Precarious employment that is widespread in the industry deprives workers of social protection, while most of them are young women. The article examines the so-called “glass ceilings”: the more influential the media, the less often it is led by a woman. At the same time, only a quarter of the respondents acknowledge the presence of gender discrimination in their industry, and most of them are women. This is partly due to the prevalence among journalists of both sexes of traditional ideas about the distribution of the social roles of men and women in family and in society.
24
Khasbulatova, Olga A., and Inna N. Smirnova. "Gender stereotypes in digital society: modern tendencies." POPULATION 23, no. 2 (2020): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.2.14.
Full textAbstract:
The relevance of this article is determined by the sustainable reproduction of gender stereotypes in various areas of Russian society. It is shown that gender stereotypes act as part of a person’s motivational complex and, under certain conditions, become a barrier to its development. The purpose of the study is to determine the nature, functions and mechanisms of the impact of gender stereotypes on the life strategies of an individual in a digital society. Offering a typology of personal life strategies, the authors consider a system for transmitting gender stereotypes in preschool and school education. They consider two types of life strategies: the development strategy and the strategy of everyday life. The development strategy refers to the behavior of individuals, which corresponds to the rejection of dependent moods, focus on continuing education and professional success, creative use of their personal potential. The strategy of everyday life involves a focus on solving not long-term, but life’s immediate problems, as well as a high degree of dependence of an individual on the social support of the state. Using the example of content analysis of preschool children’s literature, as well as textbooks of primary, secondary and high school, the authors show that the set of professions and family roles represented in the studied content forms and broadcasts gender stereotypes about professions, occupations, and social roles. High degree of the influence of gender stereotypes on the choice of a profession is a barrier to the development of personality and has a negative impact on the quality of women’s human capital. The state and society may face the problem of a significant part of women abandoning the development strategy in favor of the daily life strategy. The results of the study can be used in the work of Federal and local authorities, in implementation of the Federal projects «Digital Economy» and «Education», as well as in scientific works on this issue.
25
Khotkina, Zoya A. "30 years of the laboratory for gender stadies of ISESP FNISC RAS." POPULATION 23, no. 2 (2020): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.2.15.
Full text
26
Shabunova, Alexandra A., and Galina V. Leonidova. "Rural life of Russian women." POPULATION 23, no. 2 (2020): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.2.2.
Full textAbstract:
The relevance of the study of the living conditions of rural women is related to the actual demographic situation in the Russian hinterland. In rural areas of the Russian Federation there is a stable decline in the population due, first of all, to natural population decrease, as well as migration outflow connected with low standards and quality of life, unattractiveness of labor in rural areas, and social infrastructure. Rural women as a socio-demographic group with typical socio-psychological, ideological, moral and ethno-cultural characteristics, similar spiritual values, social experience and lifestyles, being a more numerous part of the population of rural territories, act as a kind of bulwark for preservation of the village, its culture, traditions and rural economy as a whole. A quarter of all Russian women live in rural areas. Distribution of the country’s population by gender and age groups as of January 1, 2019 shows that women predominate in the rural population (52%). And the group of women over working age is twice as large as that of men (6775 thousand against 3230 thousand). In other words, Russian village has actually a female face. In this regard, the study of rural women’s issues is very important and timely. The article shows the role of women in the social development of the village, provides excerpts from interviews of rural female activists, their reasoning about how they live despite the difficulties that surround them. It highlights demographic trends in rural areas, assesses the quality of the labor potential of rural residents in comparison with urban residents, and shows a higher level of self-realization in labor activity among women than among men.
27
Efanova, Olga A., and Marina P. Pisklakova-Parker. "Modern Russian family under the conditions of changing gender relations." POPULATION 23, no. 2 (2020): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.2.3.
Full textAbstract:
The article is dedicated to analysis of the impact made by a considerable shift in the gender consciousness of Russians over the past two decades, in terms of the actual distribution of gender roles in family and the role of persisting gender stereotypes in the existing gender order of things, as well as the prospects for further development of gender relations based on sociological research. Research findings reveal contradictions between the gender consciousness and the actual distribution of family responsibilities. It emphasizes the importance of satisfaction with marital relations being a contributory factor for maintaining and strengthening family, which is largely and in part based on satisfaction with the distribution of domestic work. In the article the gender stereotypes and attitudes of young people are analysed, and the fact of a more widespread occurrence of egalitarian ideas of distribution of gender roles in family among young people in comparison with other age groups is revealed. Different attitudes to gender stereotypes among young people depending on their gender are also presented by the authors, in particular, a greater commitment to gender stereotypes of young men as compared to young women. The article states that young men more often share traditional attitudes to the distribution of gender roles in family, that is most likely a consequence of the conditions of gender socialization in family, and, perhaps to a degree a result of the media campaign launched to promote traditional gender roles and stereotypes as the cultural code improperly assigned to our people. The authors emphasize the need to study the impact of the lockdown regime on gender relations in family and thus on modern Russian family, since lack of data does not allow us to draw any reasonable conclusions about the impact of these emergency circumstances on the lives of various family types yet.
28
Kalabikhina, Irina E. "Measuring by time: a new paradigm of socio-demographic policy." POPULATION 23, no. 2 (2020): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.2.4.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this article is to describe the idea of forming a new paradigm of socio-demographic policy based on the core «family-work balance». Today, it is no longer enough to talk about the family-work balance policy as an integral part of the State socio-demographic policy. A new social contract between the State and the population on the disposal of time as the main resource for each person is necessary. We need a new social contract on the time use by various social groups, primarily by employees with family responsibilities. Basing on statistical and GIS methods, the author used the data from Rosstat, Moscow Department of Labor and Social Protection, survey data. Changing the approaches to assessment of the social policy results is a prerequisite for its integrated formation and implementation. The article provides eight arguments for the timeliness of changing the paradigm of the socio-demographic policy in Russia. Four ways of socio-demographic policy measuring by time units are given: calculating the equivalent of cash payments and social support services by time units; assessment of walking or transport accessibility to social institutions and the workplace by time units; duration of service receipt; estimation of working hours of parents in the sphere of professional employment. This approach will open new opportunities for cooperation with the population in the issue of demographic development and labor market regulation; it will mitigate the challenges related to the population aging and expansion of the care economy, improve the quality of life of the entire population, including people with family responsibilities. It will stimulate formation of a social system comfortable for people with a high level of human capital, aimed at combining professional and family responsibilities. The author discusses the sources of information that can be used in the new methodology for measuring policy outcomes. The article provides examples of calculations in measuring socio-demographic policy by time.
29
Hultman, Martin, and Paul Pulé. "Ecological masculinities: a response to societal crisises of our time." POPULATION 23, no. 2 (2020): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.2.6.
Full textAbstract:
The present article is concerned with the nexus of masculinities and environment. The authors present their critical analyses of two configurations of masculinities the authors refer to as ‘industrial/breadwinner’ and ‘ecomodern’ masculinities that dominate politics worldwide. The authors stated their opinion on the fact that the first two configurations of masculinities are acutely but distinctly in conflict with the wellbeing of the planet. The paper presents an empirical and theoretical analysis of ‘ecological masculinities’, which considers the insights and limitations of masculinities studies, deep ecology, ecological feminism and feminist care theory. In this article, the authors focus their attention on the necessity of ecologisation of masculinities as well as on the need for men and masculinities to ‘ecologise’ relationally and create more caring encounters with self and others. In support of the need in a transition from hegemonisation to ecologisation, necessary configurations beyond the constraints of industrial/breadwinner and ecomodern masculinities are presented. The authors also argue that the potential to expose and resolve the anthropocentric discord between Earth, others and human beings is possible within the very constructs of manhood. The notion of ecological masculinities suggested in the article is a constructive response to the roles of men and masculine identities in the Anthropocene. The exit politics central to the notion of ecological masculinities represent a theoretical framework and plurality of practices reflective of a masculine ecologisation process. The authors encourage scholarly masculinities inquiries and practices towards broader, deeper and wider care for the ‘glocal’ (global and local) commons.
30
Potravnaya, Evgenia V. "Gender-specific perceptions of environmental problems by the indigenous peoples of the North of Russia." POPULATION 23, no. 2 (2020): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.2.7.
Full textAbstract:
The article deals with gender aspects of the perception of environmental problems by the population in the industrial development of the Arctic. There is substantiated the need to develop an ethno-social approach to the study of environmental problems in the framework of interaction between mining companies and the indigenous peoples of the North. It is proposed to conduct sociological surveys of the population when assessing the impact on the ethnological environment (ethnological expertise of the project). The experience of conducting such research to identify and assess gender-specific perceptions of environmental problems in the implementation of investment projects in the Arctic is shown. Based on the results of the empirical research in 2017–2019 on alluvial gold and diamond mining projects in the Northern regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the main environmental problems that concern the local population are identified. These include: pollution of the environment in the territories of traditional nature use, decrease in the number of deer, reduction in the number of objects of traditional crafts, lack of a system for garbage removal and processing, climate change, and others. The article shows specifics of the environmental problems perception by the indigenous inhabitants of the North (Evenks, Dolgans, Yukagirs, Sakha) on a gender basis. It proposes a mechanism for taking into account the gender characteristics of the population’s behavior in the impact of economic activities on the environment in order to ensure gender equality by signing an agreement between mining companies and the local population on the socio-economic development of the territory. The concept of a gender approach to the account of ethnosocial and environmental aspects of territory development with the account the life cycle of the project is substantiated. Implementation of this approach will allow a more full account of the interests and needs of the indigenous population in the industrial development of the territory in the Arctic.
31
Budilova, Elena V., and Lyudmila A. Migranova. "Spread of socially significant diseases and control of them in Russia." POPULATION 23, no. 2 (2020): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.2.8.
Full textAbstract:
On the data from Rosstat the article presents dynamics in the incidence of socially significant diseases, the list of which is specified in the RF Government Decree No. 715 of I December 2004. The List includes the following diseases: disease caused by HIV, tuberculosis, viral hepatitis B and C, sexually transmitted diseases, diabetes mellitus, malignant neoplasms, mental and behavioral disorders, hypertensive disease — 9 diseases in total. In 2007 there was adopted Federal targeted program “Prevention and control of socially significant diseases (2007–2012)”. In subsequent years similar programs were adopted and implemented by regional authorities. As a result, primary incidence in Russia declined in 2018 as compared to 2005: in active tuberculosis by 1.9 times, in syphilis — by 4 times. The number of patients taken under observation with diagnosis established for the first time in life, also declined: in mental disorders by 1.4 times, in alcoholism by 2.8 times, and in drug addiction by 1.7 times. And within these 13 years was registered an increase of primary incidence in non-communicable diseases: in hypertension by 1.9 times, diabetes mellitus by 1.4 times, malignant neoplasms by 1.2 times, and in infectious disease caused by HIV by 2.5 times. There were identified the causes of these differently directed dynamics. Regional differences in the incidence of socially significant diseases were examined by the number of patients being on the books in medical establishments. There were identified 10 RF subjects with the highest and 10 subjects with the lowest number of patients in 2018.
32
Medvedeva, Elena I., and Kristina V. Vinogradova. "Gender aspects of labor behavior of doctors at healthcare institutions in Moscow." POPULATION 23, no. 2 (2020): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.2.9.
Full textAbstract:
Current processes in the field of public healthcare — optimizing public healthcare institutions, formation of the market of paid medical services, changes in the legislation and in the requirements for qualification of healthcare workers — require new approaches in management. Today is needed not only redistribution of the volumes of medical assistance between different organizations, but also a review of the healthcare infrastructure, which should meet the needs of the population and ensure the quality of medical assistance. Introduction of Professional standards this year and transition to accreditation of all doctors and nurses directly affect the requirements for qualifications of medical workers. All this requires development of targeted training system in higher education and internship, creating a nationwide database of vacancies in healthcare organizations. The formats of work themselves and the requirements for employees are changing. The main task is to eliminate the imbalance in the distribution of medical workers by levels and conditions of medical care. Based on these needs, a new labor behavior of medical workers is being formed, which depends on many factors and needs a high-quality and in-depth study, not only in theory, but also in practice. This article presents the results of studies of the factors affecting labor behavior in the gender aspect. Labor attitudes and values, attitude toward work, labor activity, and job satisfaction are analyzed. There are presented the tools for both quantitative and qualitative analysis of the raised issues and formation of personnel reserve. The purpose of the article is to identify the gender aspects of the labor behavior of doctors at healthcare institutions using the example of Moscow. On the basis of the conducted study were identified qualitative gender differences and developed tools that could be used in healthcare organizations for analysis of personnel’s work, internal staff rotation, formation of personnel reserve.
33
Bobkov, Vyacheslav N., Elena V. Odintsova, and Aleftina A. Gulyugina. "Consumer basket as the basis for the State guarantees of minimum monetary income of Russian citizens (Part 1)." POPULATION 23, no. 3 (2020): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.3.1.
Full textAbstract:
The article provides an overview of special sources, research results, ideas and discussions in the following areas related to formation of consumer basket (CB): 1) methods of forming consumer baskets in the Russian Federation and abroad, their advantages and disadvantages; 2) composition and standards of consumption of goods and services that may be recommended to meet the basic needs of the population; 3) approaches to defining the relationship between the actual consumption of goods and services by low-income population and the composition and standards of consumption of food, non-food goods and services in CB; 4) minimum state guarantees, which should be linked to the cost estimation of CB; 5) advantages and disadvantages of the current method of forming a living wage CB; 6) new research directions and proposals for changing the CB composition and regulatory framework, ways to determine their cost and impact on the level of satisfaction of the population's needs forfood, non-food products and paid services, their comparison; 7) comparison of the CB cost, resulting from different approaches to its definition, the size of minimum state guarantees and actual monetary income: modal, median and per capita; 8) alternative approaches to setting the limits of monetary income for determining the state guarantees of minimum monetary income, advantages and disadvantages of their use in the Russian Federation. Conclusions and recommendations are proposed that could contribute to formation and introduction of a science-based CB in 2021 in order to improve the standards and quality of life of Russian citizens. The article consists of two parts. The First part of the article addresses the first two of these areas related to formation of CB.
34
Sharov, Sergey Yu. "Resources for rural settlement development in modern Russia." POPULATION 23, no. 3 (2020): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.3.10.
Full textAbstract:
In the 21st century, rural population in Russia as a whole continues to decline. However, different levels of urbanization and different rates of its change across regions indicate the heterogeneity of processes and the influence of many factors. The main trends are completion of the withering away of the traditional rural lifestyle, mixing urban and rural lifestyles in the suburbs with predominance of the former (summer cottages, cottages), gravitation of rural economic activity towards the zones of influence of agglomerations, development of an economic base not related to agriculture: seasonal work, tourism and recreation, traditional crafts, remote work, creative projects. Technological progress, development of means of online dissemination of technologies and know-how, withdrawal of industrial production from large cities and their miniaturization allow us to discuss the prospects for development of industries in rural areas that satisfy a significant part of the local demand for consumer goods and the need for certain types of equipment. The course towards a reasonable regional economic autonomy will allow increasing the proportion of local agricultural products in the regional diet, which also requires development of cooperation of small agricultural producers and diversification of sales channels. To ensure competitiveness of rural areas as a habitat in relation to cities, it is necessary to ensure connectivity of those areas with central localities and provision of modern infrastructure, amenities, access to education, healthcare and high culture. This can be facilitated by modern solutions that are currently at varying degrees of implementation in different countries of the world (such as distance forms of education, healthcare, exhibitions, performances; crowdfunding projects) and by the solutions from the recent past that have not found sufficient implementation (for example, local aviation, regional tours of artists and performers).
35
Rybakovsky, Oleg L., and Tamara A. Fadeeva. "Depopulation in the regions of Russia by the beginning of 2020." POPULATION 23, no. 3 (2020): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.3.11.
Full textAbstract:
The article summarizes the natural increase / decrease in the population of the regions and macroregions of the Russian Federation for 1992-2019. Depopulation is a steady natural population decline, it's characteristic of most European territories (countries or parts thereof), whose population was heavily affected in World War II. This applies to both sides of the conflict — and fascist Germany (as well as militaristic Asian Japan), on the one hand; and the territories of modern Poland, the Republic of Belarus, Ukraine, the European part of the Russian Federation, parts of the former Yugoslavia, on the other hand. As a result, since the 1970s the population of these territories began to enter a period of depopulation, the excess of mortality over fertility. This happened as a result of a downward demographic wave, the so-called «first echo of the Second World War», as well as due to global trends of declining birth rates in the entire developed and rapidly developing world. In general, over the 28 years of the post-Soviet period from the beginning of 1992 to the beginning of2020, depopulation covered all European regions of Russia with the exception of 5 republics of the North Caucasus and the Republic of Kalmykia. A somewhat different picture was observed beyond the Ural Range. Here, the depopulation in most large industrial regions was primarily due to the post-Soviet migration outflow of the population to the European part of the country — to the capital regions and plains of Southern Russia with a favorable climate. Positive natural growth was only in the oil and gas bearing Tyumen oblast, the Republic of Yakutia (Sakha), Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, as well as in the republics of Southern Siberia, whose indigenous population professes Buddhism. The article presents an analysis for each of the typical groups of Russian regions, provides statistics for 28 years of the demographic (reproductive) development of territories, substantiates conclusions, among which the main one is the following. The decrease in the volume of current and upcoming demographic human losses in Russia depends on the consistency, scientific justification, efficiency, effectiveness and selectivity of the country's demographic policy.
36
Avdeev, Yury A., Zinaida I. Sidorkina, and Valentina L. Ushakova. "Demographic development trends in the Russian Eastern Arctic." POPULATION 23, no. 3 (2020): 130–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.3.12.
Full textAbstract:
The paper considers the features of the demographic processes in the Russian Arctic zone by the example of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the period from 1939 to 2017. The future of the Arctic depends in large part on its demographic potential. What should be the population of the territory, how the space is organized, whether the population is needed, or enough of the watch organization of production: what should be done (or what not to do) so that the way of life of the native and the indigenous population remained in harmony with the environment, and at the same time solved large-scale tasks in the interests of the country. The study uses the method of constructing and comparing demographic pyramids for different time periods. There are specified demographic groups that differ in their reproductive behavior. On this basis, time periods were identified, within which demographic processes were going in different ways that allows us to assess the relationship between the nature and outcome of these processes and the structure of population at different stages of history. Based on the prospective analysis of the demographic processes in the territory of development of this part of the country, there was revealed the specific in the dynamics and features of the formation of the demographic potential through natural reproduction and migration movement of the indigenous people and newcomers. The authors examined the changes in the population structure at the time of population growth due to intensive arrivals before 1990 and the dramatic decrease as a result of the outflow in the 1990 s, which significantly changed the structure of the population, the ratio between different groups. This approach to analysis of demographic indicators may be used in elaboration of strategic plans for socio-economic development of the region. It gives an adequate assessment of the current situation, helps to formulate in strategic documents the goals and objectives of socioeconomic development, to determine the priorities in the regional demographic policy.
37
Djumabaeva, Shoira Kh. "Demographic potential of the Republic of Karakalpakstan." POPULATION 23, no. 3 (2020): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.3.13.
Full textAbstract:
This article analyzes dynamics in the population size and composition, natural growth, fertility, mortality, marriage, divorce, and migration in one of the Uzbekistan regions — the Republic of Karakalpakstan. In recent years there has been observed a decrease in the natural population growth, although it remains relatively high. Analysis of the dynamics in fertility shows that in Karakalpakstan over the years of independence the crude birth rate has significantly decreased. The changing attitude of women to family size is closely related to the changes in their role in society and in family — expanding women's participation in public production, their raising awareness and wide use of various modern methods to prevent unwanted pregnancies. This is the main factor in the transition of young people from large families to small and medium-sized families. Mortality rate reflects the health status of population. Although the healthcare system was developing over the years of independence, the incidence of various diseases has increased. As a result, the infant, child and maternal mortality rates remain relatively high. In terms of infant mortality, Karakalpakstan takes one of the leading places in Uzbekistan. This can be partly explained by the poor environmental situation. The number of registered marriages and divorces also affects the demographic processes. Over the years of independence, the marriage rate has decreased, and the divorce rate has increased. The decline in the marriage rate is due to changes in the demographic structure of the country's population. The article also analyzes the dynamics of migration processes since independence. In particular, it shows high proportion of departures, negative migration balance, intensive external migration. The migration process is a result of the impact of various factors and causes. Among the reasons that encourage people to move from one place to another, there are emphasized socioeconomic factors.
38
Zolotov, Aleksandr V. "On the studies of the regular character, factors, effects and perspectives of the working time dynamics in modern economy." POPULATION 23, no. 3 (2020): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.3.14.
Full textAbstract:
The article examines a significant array of the scientific works devoted to different aspects of the working time dynamics. The conclusion is made that the main measure of this dynamics is the average number of hours worked per worker. This indicator can be used for analysis of all periods of labor activity including seniority. It is stated that the research on the problem shows a long-run trend of working time reduction. The works devoted to the topic also consider other factors affecting length of work: increase of labor productivity, influence of income effect and substitution effect on individual labor supply, motivation of employers, role of trade unions and collective bargaining, labor legislation. There are presented approaches to explanation of differences in the dynamics of working time in the USA and in West Europe. It is taken into account that the working time reduction during the past decades is characterized as one of the preconditions of pension reforms. There are considered works that contain analysis of the effects caused by the changes in working time length, including their impact on workers' health, work-life balance, gender inequality, unemployment rate, labor productivity, environment, perception the life as happy. The article shows a significant interest of researchers to perspectives of the working time dynamics in the context of analysis of J. M. Keynes's prediction about switch to 3-hour shifts by 2030. It is stated that the problem of perspectives of the working time dynamics is becoming one of the key issues in discussing the concept of Universal Basic Income. The article notes the attention of researchers to experiments on the working day reduction to 6 hours.
39
Kolennikova, Olga A. "Job search duration and wage expectations of the unemployed." POPULATION 23, no. 3 (2020): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.3.15.
Full textAbstract:
Unemployed people have different job opportunities. The article examines how job seekers form their wage expectations. The information base of the article was the data of a questionnaire survey of job seekers who applied for assistance to the Moscow State Employment Service, carried out in 2017. Two types of work remuneration settings of the unemployed were studied: first, the minimum wage offered by the employment service that they are ready to accept, and second, a decent wage. The wage expectations of the unemployed were studied in two ways. Firstly, the trajectory change over the duration of job search was examined. Secondly, the shifts were assessed with the account of the reproductive function of wage. It was found out that 2/3 of the respondents focused on the wages within the range from 1.5 to 3 of the official minimum wage, and as the search was dragging on, their expectations were concentrated in this range. The number of people looking for a well-paid job for more than a year decreased by 3 times in comparison with those who have just started job seeking. The contingent of the unemployed who agreed to low-paying jobs was characterized by a high mobility and changing qualitative composition. The factors affecting the changes in attitudes to wage were assessed. Low social benefits forced job-seekers to agree to unskilled labor or nonoccupational work, which led to depreciation of the wage expectations. Growing awareness of the situation on the labor market, controlled by the state employment service, also contributed to their correction. The unemployed, developing optimal job search strategies in the face of a shortage of vacancies with decent wages and rejections from employers, adjusted their expectations towards lower claims.
40
Ryumina, Yelena V. "Qualitative characteristics of population and the state of the economy: analysis of certain groups of Russian regions." POPULATION 23, no. 3 (2020): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.3.2.
Full textAbstract:
According to the previously developed typology of Russian regions by the criteria of population quality, the regions were divided into ten groups. A detailed analysis of each group allows determining possible ways to improve the quality of the population in the Russian regions. This article begins to present the cycle of such studies with the analysis of three smallest groups: the first group includes Moscow and St. Petersburg, the second — the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Chechen Republic, the third — Nenets, Khanty-Mansi, Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrugs and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The first group of regions is the most prosperous in terms of quality characteristics of the population, here the main problem is the low natural growth of the population. The specificity of the North Caucasus republics in this aspect lies in high indicators of population quality with low material living standards that contradicts the previously statistically confirmed hypothesis of strong impact of quality of life on population quality. The conclusion has been made about high importance of national culture and traditions in these regions. At the same time, comparison of these republics among themselves has shown that traditions in some of them are weakening, and more attention should be paid to economic factors — monetary income, poverty and unemployment rates. These problems in the North Caucasus regions are in line with the theory of multilevel economy, and their solution requires restructuring of the economy on the basis of its technological and technical re-equipment. In the third group, on the contrary, high monetary income is accompanied by poor qualitative characteristics of the population, especially by rates of alcoholism and drug addiction. These phenomena are correlated with the level of unemployment, the growth of which is caused not only by the global crisis processes in the development of the oil and gas sector, but also by the depletion of highly profitable deposits in the Northern regions of the country, the need to develop hard-to-reach and hardly removable sources of oil and gas. The solution may be to change the structure of the economy of these regions in the direction of development of the natural raw materials processing sector.
41
Fedotov, Artem A. "Relationship between human potential and quality of life: results of correlation analysis." POPULATION 23, no. 3 (2020): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.3.3.
Full textAbstract:
The article provides the results of a correlation analysis of the functional relationships between indicators of quality of life and human potential in Russia. The study was conducted on the basis of regional statistics for the period from 2010 to 2018 with the account of time series. While the notion of quality of life describes rather conditions of life, human potential reflects qualitative characteristics of population. Human potential is considered in a broad sense as a set of population characteristics that act as opportunities for realization and comprehensive development of a person in accordance with his aspirations and needs. In the author's view, human potential is of a paramount importance in the development of society and man, and quality of life acts as a factor designed to maintain and develop it. This determines the relevance of the topic of this study, aimed at finding functional relationships between the indicators of quality of life and human potential. The author selected 6 indicators of human potential: natural population growth, educational attainment, visits to museums and theaters, life expectancy, incidence of alcoholism and drug addiction, and crime rates. There were also selected 13 indicators of quality of life: population with income below the subsistence minimum, life expectancy, infant mortality rate, morbidity, number of doctors of all specialties, population with higher and secondary professional education, provision of places for preschool children in educational institutions, number of students, average per capita income, R/ P10% ratio, Gini coefficient, number of recorded crimes, unemployment rate. Some indicators are both indicators of the quality of life and indicators of the quality of population that made it possible to identify functional relationships between various aspects of human potential. The correlation analysis carried out in general for all years and regions discovered a number of regularities and allowed us to construct hypotheses, which were further tested in the regional context with the account of time series. The results of the analysis allow us to draw conclusions about strong impact of monetary income, poverty and unemployment on most indicators of human potential. There were also found relationships between the components of human potential themselves, such as life expectancy, crime rates, incidence of alcoholism and drug addiction. In addition, there was identified a number of regularities in the relationships between individual indicators of human potential and socio-economic indicators of quality of life. The relationships found also include: impact of crime on inequality, of infant mortality on natural population growth, etc.
42
Alekseeva, Olga A., Oksana Yu Bestuzheva, Olga N. Vershinskaya, and Elena E. Skvortsova. "Impact of digital transformation on the modern socio-economic order." POPULATION 23, no. 3 (2020): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.3.4.
Full textAbstract:
The socio-economic order is changing in the 21st century due to the digitalization and robotization of production and management processes, the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The technological stages and directions of digital transformation and the area of its application are briefly described in the article. Both the positive and negative likely impact of AI on human social life are analyzed. The role of AI in improving the quality of life of the population is shown, including overcoming of destructive consequences associated with the COVID-19. The humanitarian benefits associated with the functional use of AI technologies are presented: online interactions provide new opportunities for communication, effective organization of life, for education, work, self-expression and creativity. Challenges and threats to humanity in the process of interaction with AI are Identified and systematized: a person's loss of control over his personal life, taking away work from a person by AI, replacement of professions, changes in employment, digital inequality, reduction of cognitive, social and life skills people, potential ethical conflicts. Ways are outlined by which people could join forces in solving threatening problems and maintaining control over complex networks «people-digit».
43
Korchagina, Irina I., and Lidia M. Prokofieva. "Long-term care needs assessments: French and Russian experience." POPULATION 23, no. 3 (2020): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.3.6.
Full textAbstract:
Social support of older people is given a very great attention. In many countries, older people receive long-term care at home. The long-term care (LTC) is actively developed worldwide over the past 20 years. LTC improves the life quality of older people and people with disabilities. Such system includes medical and social services. Currently, in many OECD countries, from a half to three quarters of older people receive long-term care at home. France is one of those countries in which the social support of older people is given a very great attention. In Russia, long-term care is a task of family. Our country is taking first steps in creation of a long-term care system. It is important to take into account the experience of countries that already have specialized social services for older people with loss of autonomy. A new and important element of the LTC system will be a special scale for determining the level of need for long-term care. Such scale helps to differentiate the needs of each elderly person or person with a disability. This paper analyses the methods of determining the level of need for long-term care, used in France and in Russia and describes the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.
44
Yantsen, Marina A. "Socialization of the elderly: sociological aspect." POPULATION 23, no. 3 (2020): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.3.7.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the actual problem of social services for elderly citizens at home. The whole social service system requires modernization based on the principles of providing social services to form motivation for active longevity and to develop social interaction of the elderly. The article deals with the issues of socialization of older people, its features, objective and subjective factors, the opinions of scientists on the factors, typology of socialization. There are presented the main problems of elderly people receiving services of social service institutions in the Russian Federation, identified on the basis of statistical data. There are outlined directions of the State strategy for development of the system of social services for older generation, improvement of their quality of life and active longevity under the conditions of socio-economic crisis. The author uses the results of own sociological survey of408 elderly respondents receiving social services in the social service institutions for the elderly. The importance of the services related to maintaining healthy and socially active longevity, organization of life and leisure, constructive interaction with relatives, for successful socialization of elderly people is shown. It is established that the most intensive socialization occurs in the process of providing social and socio-medical services. The dominant setting of elderly people is preservation of health; at the same time, it is the state of health that mostly determines the success of socialization of the elderly. For their active and healthy longevity elderly people prefer primarily cultural, educational, sports activities. However, many rely on the support of social service organizations.
45
Cherkashin, Alexander K. "National characteristics of changes in the hazard of development of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic: mathematical modeling and statistical analysis." POPULATION 23, no. 3 (2020): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.3.8.
Full textAbstract:
The article develops models and methods for calculating quantitative indicators of the response of the national state and society to the hazard of spreading COVID-19 coronavirus infection in different countries. There are used the concepts, models and methods in reliability theory to describe the development of the epidemiological situation with probability functions (possibilities) of no-failure operations (survival, health protection), probability density (distribution) of the failure (infection rates), integrated hazard of infection, failure rate (risk to take ill), acceptable risk, and manageability of the epidemic situation. Government control is carried out through pressure on the acceptable risk. Based on the results of statistical processing of data on the number of confirmed cases of the disease in different countries, a comparative analysis of the epidemic process in different national circumstances of the fight against the world pandemic was conducted. The reliability functions are based on a double interpretation of the equation of changes in the hazard measure over time and on the factors of development of the epidemic process, in particular, the age structure of the population is taken into account. The mathematical and statistical analyses are based on the exponential hazard equation, which is represented in a semi-logarithmic scale by a linear dependence on time. Nonlinear distortions are due to variations in the controlled value of acceptable risk and show national features of regulating the epidemic load on the population. The results obtained confirm the model's efficiency in clear terms of reliability theory and determine the direction of its improvement in the context of an ongoing global pandemic on the basis of newly emerging data and circumstances for a better understanding of the features of current processes across countries and continents.
46
Patsiorkovsky, Valery V. "Population and regions in the strategy for the country spatial development." POPULATION 23, no. 3 (2020): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.3.9.
Full textAbstract:
The article focuses on the analysis of the methodology and content of the Strategy for Spatial Development of the Russian Federation until 2025. Particular attention is paid to the task set in the Strategy to improve the population settlement system and to reflection of regional issues in it. The orientation of the Strategy on large cities is in conflict with the objectives of the national project «Demography». Pulling the population into large cities makes it difficult to achieve the target indicator «Increase in the total fertility rate to 1.7 per woman by 2024». For the Strategy of spatial development, whose task was proclaimed to improve the system of population settlement, the problem of its reproduction and placement is far from an idle question. Nevertheless, in the Strategy this issue does not go beyond the framework of duty generalizations, which proclaim a differentiated approach to the directions and measures of the State support for the socio-economic development of territories, taking into account the demographic situation, characteristics of the settlement system, level and dynamics of the economic development and specifics of the environmental conditions. And the thesis formulated in the Strategy: «Stabilization of the population in most constituent entities of the Russian Federation», in fact, has no foundation. In 2005-2018 two thirds of the regions (67.1%) were losing their population. Analysis of the place and role in the Strategy of the region taken as an example (Komi Republic) shows that, in comparison with most other subjects of the Federation, quite a lot of attention and place is given to this republic. It is described as a part of the Northern macroregion, the economic specialization of the republic is indicated there, its capital — the city of Syktyvkar is represented among the promising economic centers, a number of municipal entities of the republic are identified as mineral resource centers, and the city of Vorkuta is presented as a part of the priority geostrategic territories of the Arctic zone. And this is quite understandable. The spatial development of the country is primarily oriented to the North and East.
47
Bobkov, Vyacheslav, Elena Odintsova, and Aleftina Gulyugina. "Consumer basket as the basis for the State guarantees of minimum monetary income of Russian citizens (Part 2)." Population 23, no. 4 (December 19, 2020): 4–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.4.1.
Full textAbstract:
The article provides an overview of special sources, research results, ideas and discussions in the following areas related to formation of consumer basket (CB): 1) methods of forming consumer baskets in the Russian Federation and abroad, their advantages and disadvantages; 2) composition and standards of consumption of goods and services that may be recommended to meet the basic needs of population; 3) approaches to defining the relationship between the actual consumption of goods and services by low-income population and the composition and standards of consumption of food, non-food goods and services in CB; 4) minimum State guarantees, which should be related to the cost estimation of CB; 5) advantages and disadvantages of the current method of forming a living wage CB; 6) new research directions and proposals for changing the CB composition and regulatory framework, ways to determine their cost and impact on the level of satisfaction of the population's needs for food, non-food products and paid services, their comparison; 7) comparison of the CB cost, resulting from different approaches to its definition, the size of minimum State guarantees and actual monetary income: modal, median and per capita; 8) alternative approaches to setting the limits of monetary income for determining the State guarantees of minimum monetary income, advantages and disadvantages of their use in the Russian Federation. Conclusions and recommendations are proposed that could contribute to formation and introduction of a science-based CB in 2021 in order to improve the standards and quality of life of Russian citizens. The article consists of two parts. The First part of the article addresses the first two of these areas related to formation of CB.
48
Kolennikova, Olga. "Involvement of Moscow medical personnel in the mentoring system." Population 23, no. 4 (December 19, 2020): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.4.10.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the study of real and prospective practice of mentoring. The information base was data from the questionnaire survey of the personnel of Moscow medical organizations, carried out in 2019. The scale and character of the involvement of medical personnel in the mentoring system were studied with regards to prospective and appropriate models. The need for introduction or expansion of mentoring was compared with the available personnel potential. It turned out that doctors and nurses are involved in various types of mentoring. These are additional training in the workplace, regulated by the management, initiative assistance to youth during their adaptation, and various forms of informal transfer of practical knowledge on a wide range of issues. The demand for mentoring turned out to be higher among doctors and in hospitals. A comparison of respondents who had a mentor and who did not had one, but needed, revealed a shortage of models beyond the standard adaptation. Three groups of respondents were compared: those who were already a mentor, who would agree to become a mentor, who did not want to become a mentor. The educational and qualification level, research activities, work experience in the specialty, specifics of providing medical care with the account of complexity and responsibility were the comparison criteria. The need to introduce or expand mentoring is recognized by many respondents, and the potential composition of mentors allows us to speak about the prospects for its development.
49
Yarasheva, Aziza. "Educational capital as a basis for formation of labor strategies." Population 23, no. 4 (December 19, 2020): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.4.11.
Full textAbstract:
On the basis of general scientific dialectical approaches, the article examines the issues of formation and development of educational capital as an integral part of human capital. The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the impact of the quality and level of education on the possibility of building labor strategies using the example of employees in healthcare as, as a specific industry in terms of building career trajectories. The features characteristic for formation of the educational capital of medical workers are highlighted. Based on the study of opinions (sociological surveys) of doctors and nurses at metropolitan healthcare organizations, conclusions were drawn: about availability and necessity for them to receive additional education, about the factors affecting the level of professionalism in performing work duties, about the most relevant types of training programs within the framework of continuing medical education, about the career types characteristic of medical personnel. It is shown that healthcare workers who successfully implement their professional labor strategy, as a rule, not only make optimal use of their existing educational capital, but also constantly improve their qualifications on the basis of continuous medical education. There are identified: categories of workers who are most in need of additional training; current directions of educational programs for heads of medical institutions; features of educational and professional trajectories connected with higher nursing education; differences in the opinions of doctors and nurses regarding the necessity and importance of self-education in the process of forming (replenishing) their educational potential. Rapid development of innovative technologies in medicine, which entails the need for advanced training of specialists, requires search for new effective forms of training for healthcare workers.
50
Chernova, Kristina, and Elena Bedrina. "Development of demographic education in higher education institutions of Russia." Population 23, no. 4 (December 19, 2020): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.4.12.
Full textAbstract:
The article assesses the availability of demographic education in Russian universities based on the analysis of information posted on the websites of educational programs of higher education institutions included in the rating of top 100 ranking best universities in the Russian Federation, compiled by the research company RAEX-Analytics LLC in 2019. Universities are grouped according to their profile, specialization and geographical location. Monitoring of educational programs is presented in terms of educational levels and directions. The study revealed that 75% of Russian universities, included in the sample, have demographic disciplines in their educational programs. Demographic education is most developed in multidisciplinary universities. Demographic disciplines are included in almost all educational programs for training in the area of "Sociology". It is concluded that there is an inequality in the availability of demographic education, since it is more concentrated in the cities of Moscow, St. Petersburg as well as in the cities of the Volga Federal District. In addition, there were found out such distortions in the development of demographic education as lack of instrumental disciplines and weak inclusion of demographic disciplines in economic programs. As a result of the research, there are given recommendations aimed at expanding the range of students studying demography, forming of continuity in educational programs for bachelor's and master's degrees, and including demographic disciplines of an instrumental nature in them. The authors believe that the expansion of interaction between universities and local authorities in training specialists will contribute to development of demographic education.