To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: A Priori and a Posteriori Knowledge.
Journal articles on the topic 'A Priori and a Posteriori Knowledge'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'A Priori and a Posteriori Knowledge.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Johnson, John A. "A posteriori & a priori knowledge in Taekwondo." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 11, no. 2s (2016): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v11i2s.4191.
Full text
2
McLeod, Stephen K. "Knowledge of Necessity: Logical Positivism and Kripkean Essentialism." Philosophy 83, no. 2 (2008): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819108000454.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractBy the lights of a central logical positivist thesis in modal epistemology, for every necessary truth that we know, we know it a priori and for every contingent truth that we know, we know it a posteriori. Kripke attacks on both flanks, arguing that we know necessary a posteriori truths and that we probably know contingent a priori truths. In a reflection of Kripke's confidence in his own arguments, the first of these Kripkean claims is far more widely accepted than the second. Contrary to received opinion, the paper argues, the considerations Kripke adduces concerning truths purported to be necessary a posteriori do not disprove the logical positivist thesis that necessary truth and a priori truth are co-extensive.
3
Lane, Ashley. "ARE MORAL FUNCTIONALISM’S MORAL A PRIORI COMMITMENTS REALLY A PRIORI?" Ethics, Politics & Society 1 (May 14, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21814/eps.1.1.53.
Full textAbstract:
Moral functionalism, a metaethical theory developed by Frank Jackson and Philip Pettit, claims that we can attain moral knowledge by ascertaining the commonplaces about morality that are typically accepted by actual agents. It has important a priori commitments; whilst we may discover a posteriori that a particular descriptive property is identical to a particular moral property, it is a priori that the thing that is identical to the moral property, whatever that thing actually is, plays a particular role. Jackson holds a particular metaphysical position, and moral functionalism is a development of that position as it applies to ethics. In this paper I adapt an objection made by D.H. Mellor against Jackson’s metaphysics to show that moral functionalism’s a priori commitments are actually a posteriori. We can only discover if moral functionalism’s purportedly a priori claims are true through a posteriori investigation.
4
Casullo, Albert. "Necessity, Certainty, and the A Priori." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 18, no. 1 (1988): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1988.10717165.
Full textAbstract:
Empiricist theories of knowledge are attractive for they offer the prospect of a unitary theory of knowledge based on relatively well understood physiological and cognitive processes. Mathematical knowledge, however, has been a traditional stumbling block for such theories. There are three primary features of mathematical knowledge which have led epistemologists to the conclusion that it cannot be accommodated within an empiricist framework: 1) mathematical propositions appear to be immune from empirical disconfirmation; 2) mathematical propositions appear to be known with certainty; and 3) mathematical propositions are necessary. Epistemologists who believe that some nonmathematical propositions, such as logical or ethical propositions, cannot be known a posteriori also typically appeal to the three factors cited above in defending their position. The primary purpose of this paper is to examine whether any of these alleged features of mathematical propositions establishes that knowledge of such propositions cannot be a posteriori.
5
Tropman, Elizabeth. "Self-Evidence and A Priori Moral Knowledge." Disputatio 4, no. 33 (2012): 459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/disp-2012-0011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract According to rationalists about moral knowledge, some moral truths are knowable a priori. Rationalists often defend their position by claiming that some moral propositions are self-evidently true. Copp 2007 has recently challenged this rationalist strategy. Copp argues that even if some moral propositions are self-evident, this is not enough to secure rationalism about moral knowledge, since it turns out that such self-evident propositions are only knowable a posteriori. This paper considers the merits of Copp’s challenge. After clarifying the rationalists’ appeal to self-evidence, I show why this rationalist strategy survives Copp’s challenges to it.
6
Williamson, Timothy. "Unexceptional Moral Knowledge." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 49, no. 4 (2022): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15406253-12340082.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The article defends moral realism against epistemological objections by arguing that if there are moral truths, some of them are known. The claim that moral properties are unknowable because causally inert is shown to be ineffective: none of the main current theories of knowledge requires a causal connection, and anyway moral properties have not been shown to be causally inert. It is explained why a posteriori moral knowledge need not derive from combining a priori moral knowledge with a posteriori non-moral knowledge. The possibility of moral knowledge by perception and by testimony is briefly defended. The role of recognitional capacities for instances of moral properties is emphasized.
7
Smith, Renée. "MOORE AND DESCARTES MEET IN A BAR." Think 11, no. 31 (2012): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147717561200005x.
Full textAbstract:
Philosophers typically distinguish between a priori and a posteriori beliefs, knowledge, justification, and propositions. A belief is a priori if it is derived from reason, and it is a posteriori if it is derived from sense experience. Similarly, we would say that we know a priori that ‘a closed, n-sided figure has n interior angles’ because our knowledge is derived from reason in that we understand the concept of a closed, n-sided figure and thus know the statement is true. On the other hand, we know a posteriori that ‘Americans drive on the right’ because in justifying this belief, we appeal to sense experience; perhaps we have seen for ourselves that Americans drive on the right or we've read about it in a book or seen it in a movie.
8
Müller-Merbach, Heiner. "Kant's two paths of knowledge creation: a priori vs a posteriori." Knowledge Management Research & Practice 5, no. 1 (2007): 64–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.kmrp.8500123.
Full text
9
Beebe, James R. "A Priori Skepticism and the KK Thesis." International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 5, no. 4 (2015): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105700-04010005.
Full textAbstract:
In a previous article, I argued against the widespread reluctance of philosophers to treat skeptical challenges to our a priori knowledge of necessary truths with the same seriousness as skeptical challenges to our a posteriori knowledge of contingent truths. Hamid Vahid has recently offered several reasons for thinking the unequal treatment of these two kinds of skepticism is justified, one of which is a priori skepticism’s seeming dependence upon the widely scorned kk thesis. In the present article, I defend a priori skepticism against Vahid’s criticisms.
10
Cordua, Knud Skou, Thomas Mejer Hansen, and Klaus Mosegaard. "Monte Carlo full-waveform inversion of crosshole GPR data using multiple-point geostatistical a priori information." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 2 (2012): H19—H31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0170.1.
Full textAbstract:
We present a general Monte Carlo full-waveform inversion strategy that integrates a priori information described by geostatistical algorithms with Bayesian inverse problem theory. The extended Metropolis algorithm can be used to sample the a posteriori probability density of highly nonlinear inverse problems, such as full-waveform inversion. Sequential Gibbs sampling is a method that allows efficient sampling of a priori probability densities described by geostatistical algorithms based on either two-point (e.g., Gaussian) or multiple-point statistics. We outline the theoretical framework for a full-waveform inversion strategy that integrates the extended Metropolis algorithm with sequential Gibbs sampling such that arbitrary complex geostatistically defined a priori information can be included. At the same time we show how temporally and/or spatiallycorrelated data uncertainties can be taken into account during the inversion. The suggested inversion strategy is tested on synthetic tomographic crosshole ground-penetrating radar full-waveform data using multiple-point-based a priori information. This is, to our knowledge, the first example of obtaining a posteriori realizations of a full-waveform inverse problem. Benefits of the proposed methodology compared with deterministic inversion approaches include: (1) The a posteriori model variability reflects the states of information provided by the data uncertainties and a priori information, which provides a means of obtaining resolution analysis. (2) Based on a posteriori realizations, complicated statistical questions can be answered, such as the probability of connectivity across a layer. (3) Complex a priori information can be included through geostatistical algorithms. These benefits, however, require more computing resources than traditional methods do. Moreover, an adequate knowledge of data uncertainties and a priori information is required to obtain meaningful uncertainty estimates. The latter may be a key challenge when considering field experiments, which will not be addressed here.
11
Smirnova, V. S., V. V. Shalamov, V. A. Efimova, and A. A. Filchenkov. "Hyperparameter optimization based on a priori and a posteriori knowledge about classification problem." Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics 20, no. 6 (2020): 828–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17586/2226-1494-2020-20-6-828-834.
Full text
12
Bota, Robert G. "Cognition and closed systems." Mental Illness 5, no. 1 (2013): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mi.2013.e9.
Full textAbstract:
Mathematics is <em>a-priory</em> knowledge, a closed and self-sufficient system which con- nections with the material world are incidental rather than definitory. To make mathematics applicable and useful in a pragmatic sense one has to give meanings to numbers. The interplay between <em>a-priori</em> and <em>a-posteriori</em> thinking leads to useful applications of the former.
13
Mizrahi, Moti. "Skeptheism: Is Knowledge of God’s Existence Possible?" European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 9, no. 1 (2017): 41–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24204/ejpr.v9i1.1864.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, I sketch an argument for the view that we cannot know (or have good reasons to believe) that God exists. Some call this view “strong agnosticism” but I prefer the term “skeptheism” in order to clearly distinguish between two distinct epistemic attitudes with respect to the existence of God, namely, agnosticism and skepticism. For the skeptheist, we cannot know (or have good reasons to believe) that God exists, since there can be neither conceptual (a priori) nor empirical (a posteriori) evidence for the existence of God.
14
Arıcı, Burak. "The Nature of Human Knowledge in Light of Empiricism After a Critique of Kantian Epistemology." Dianoia: The Undergraduate Philosophy Journal of Boston College 9, no. 1 (2022): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/dupjbc.v9i1.15479.
Full textAbstract:
This philosophical study attempts to provide a cogent solution to the debate between rationalism and empiricism by defending the empiricist standpoint. Although Kantian conception of knowledge, in a way, proposes a reconciliation of these two schools of philosophy by rendering human mind a prominent element in the formation of knowledge along with sensory data acquired from the external world on the grounds of an elucidation within the a priori-a posteriori and analytic-synthetic dichotomies, this understanding, indeed, brings about groundless ideas and contradictory results after observing the emergence of the incompatibility between the suggestions of this theory and some occurrences in the world. Yet, analyticity and the knowledge of the self, seemingly, jeopardize our conclusions that are in favor of empiricism by indicating the self-evident existence of a priori knowledge in the way they are known. Nevertheless, after ascertaining that analyticity which fundamentally resides in the realm of logic, in fact, stems from syntheticity like other principles of logic, and that the knowledge of the self arises in the presence of experience, these aspects that cause difficulty in our investigation can be resolved: after all, we can argue that analyticity and a priority are not possible, and hence, the philosophy which represents the only way to have knowledge is empiricism in the existence of syntheticity and a posteriority. In parallel, it can be concluded that the knowledge of the external world possessed through common-sense appears as self-evident in accordance with the self-evident property of the self, and all laws of nature and all logical or mathematical laws, rules, and principles, in the absence of analyticity and a priority, can be known within the synthetic a posteriori framework through the scientific method in which the principle of unfalsifiability is used in congruence with an examined structure or scale of reality.
15
Ardoğan, Recep. "Kelâmcılara Göre Zarûrîlik Ya Da Nazarîlik Yönüyle Marifetullah." Marife 5, no. 1 (2005): 173–93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3343557.
Full textAbstract:
<b>According to the Muslim Theologians Whether Maarifatullah is a Compulsory Knowledge or a Posteriori Knowledge</b>According to Cahm b. Safvan, Ghailan and some Mutezilite, knowledge that the universe has been created by God is a compulsory knowledge. Raghip al-Isfahani, Avarreos and Ibn Taymiyya say that idea of that every creature has a creator is a principle inherent in human mind. Asharite, Maturidite and some of Mutezilite accept that maarifatullah is a posteriori knowledge. Their argument is that human beings don't conflict and don't doubt on a priori knowledge. Some of the scholars saying maarifatullah is achived only by means of inference accept that human being is neutral case to tawhid and Islam. Some others argue that there is a religious care in innateness and human being has inherent sensitivity to belief of tawhid or an unconscious concept of God.https://www.marife.org/marife/article/view/251
16
Semenova, V. A., and S. V. Smirnov. "Extended methodology for deriving formal concepts." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2099, no. 1 (2021): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2099/1/012026.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Two methodologies for formal concepts derivation are considered: the classical one, which focuses on the posterior analysis of the object’s properties of the studied knowledge domain, and non-classical, the cornerstone of which is the a priori formation of the set of measured object’s properties and the determination of existential relations on this set. In the article, firstly, a position is fixed in the technological chain of the target transformation of the source data, where the difference between considered methodologies shows itself. Secondly, the commonality of these two approaches is established in the aspect of the unity of their hypothetical-deductive basis. In this case, the cognitive activity of the subject is expressed first in a priori and then in a posteriori conceptual scaling of the measured properties. The work demonstrates the need for the joint use of the considered methodologies at processing incomplete and inconsistent empirical data about studied knowledge domain. The intermediate consolidation of these methodologies is possible only on the basis of multi-valued logic.
17
Jiang, Pu. "Research of Knowledge - Affection Interaction Mechanism Based on Comprehensive Cognition Emotional Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (February 2013): 1435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.1435.
Full textAbstract:
This paper absorbed research fruits of comprehensive information, emotional motive - information and three-dimensional PAD emotion theory, defined the main body of the priori knowledge and affection, and posteriori knowledge and affection, obtained knowledge and affections and expectation knowledge and affection, analyzed cognitive mechanism of knowledge, formation mechanism of affection, proposed knowledge-affection interaction mechanism model, deduced the principle of knowledge-affection interaction mechanism (that is, the first and second law), unveiled the human’s rich and complex knowledge-affection interaction and the emotion changing laws. Comprehensive cognitive emotional theory is a new doctrine of cognition - emotion interaction mechanism.
18
Vahid, Hamid. "Skepticism, A Priori Skepticism, and the Possibility of Error." International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 3, no. 4 (2013): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105700-03011097.
Full textAbstract:
Epistemologists have differed in their assessments of what it is in virtue of which skeptical hypotheses succeed in raising doubts. It is widely thought that skeptical hypotheses must satisfy some sort of possibility constraint and that only putative knowledge of contingent and a posteriori propositions is vulnerable to skeptical challenge. These putative constraints have been disputed by a number of epistemologists advocating what we may call “the non-standard view.” My main concern in this paper is to challenge this view by identifying a general recipe by means of which its proponents generate skeptical scenarios. I will argue that many of the skeptical arguments that are founded on these scenarios undermine at most second-order knowledge and that to that extent the non-standard view’s rejection of the standard constraints on skeptical hypotheses is problematic. It will be argued that, pace the non-standard view, only in their error-inducing capacities can skeptical hypotheses challenge first-order knowledge. I will also dispute the non-standard view’s claim that its skeptical arguments bring to light a neglected form of radical skepticism, namely, “a priori skepticism.” I conclude by contending that the non-standard view’s account of how skeptical hypotheses can raise legitimate doubt actually rides piggyback on the standard ways of challenging the possibility of knowledge.
19
Kubinjec, Janko. "The subject and competences of the methaphysics of law." Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 72, no. 8-9 (2000): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv0004131k.
Full textAbstract:
The subjective and objective spirit do not differ by the degree of their authenticity, but only by different spheres to which they extend. The law reaches both the subjective sphere and the objective sphere of the spirit, but the laws on which it is based belong exclusively to the sphere of the subjective spirit. The laws on which the law is based are imanent to man as a spiritual being and they are transcendental to man as the subject of knowledge. They are the object of an a priori knowledge, in contrast to the law itself which is the object of an a posteriori knowledge. The subject of methaphysics is a priori knowledge of the laws on which the law is based and this is. at the same time, the limit of its competences.
20
Akshay, Joseph. "Knowledge as/and Experience." Vidyankur: Journal of Philosophical and Theological Studies XIX/2, July-Dec 2017 (2021): 57–64. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4739870.
Full textAbstract:
Knowledge is a key constituent in building up a better personality. What I know is crucial in making what I am. This gorgeous resource has immensely helped human kind to fuel for their innovations. Hence knowledge acquisition is recognised as an inescapable commitment. John Locke, famous British empiricist argues that knowledge is acquired through experiences. He claims, ‘No man’s knowledge goes beyond his experience’. Experiencing different situations play a vital role to demarcate between what to do and what not. But is ‘Experience’ an only exclusive way to knowledge? Is there only a solitary approach in knowledge acquisition? This essay will help us understand the significance, limitations and applicability of this insight.
21
Gefan, G. D. "The Concept of Theoretical-Empirical Dualism in Teaching Math." Vysshee Obrazovanie v Rossii = Higher Education in Russia 29, no. 4 (2020): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2020-29-4-85-95.
Full textAbstract:
Among the problems of mathematical education, the article highlights: (1) insufficient attention paid to the fundamental, structure-forming role of mathematics; (2) speculative learning, its isolation from practice. The concept of theoretical-empirical dualism in teaching is formulated as the unity of the abstract-theoretical and experimental-empirical cognitive activity of students. According to the author, a priori and a posteriori mathematical knowledge should be distinguished. A priori knowledge either seems to an individual to be completely obvious, indisputable, or he assimilates it uncritically, “on faith”. A posteriori mathematical knowledge subjectively arises in the process of student’s intense theoretical and practical activity, and is being actively and comprehensively verified experimentally – either using mathematical applications, or through mathematical experiments. The empirical component of teaching mathematics implies a variety of forms and methods of active (including computer) and professionally oriented learning, giving experience in independent formulation of problems, joint search for ways to solve them, interaction and teamwork. Particular attention is paid to the use of mathematical experiments in those frequent cases when it is necessary to replace or supplement complex evidence, illustrate new knowledge, and give research skills. Monte Carlo mathematical experiments are demonstrated, which serve, in particular, as a bright, figurative, and convincing form of reinforcing theoretical knowledge in the field of stochastic branches of mathematics. The research work of students is considered as the highest stage of the students’ theoretical-empirical activity. The article proposes subjects of research activities of students in the process or upon completion of the study of probabilistic and statistical disciplines.
22
Feng, Liang, Paul I. Palmer, Robyn Butler, et al. "Surface fluxes of bromoform and dibromomethane over the tropical western Pacific inferred from airborne in situ measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 20 (2018): 14787–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14787-2018.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. We infer surface fluxes of bromoform (CHBr3) and dibromoform (CH2Br2) from aircraft observations over the western Pacific using a tagged version of the GEOS-Chem global 3-D atmospheric chemistry model and a maximum a posteriori inverse model. Using GEOS-Chem (GC) as an intermediary, we find that the distribution of a priori ocean emissions of these gases are reasonably consistent with observed atmospheric mole fractions of CHBr3 (r=0.62) and CH2Br2 (r=0.38). These a priori emissions result in a positive model bias in CHBr3 peaking in the marine boundary layer, but reproduce observed values of CH2Br2 with no significant bias by virtue of its longer atmospheric lifetime. Using GEOS-Chem, we find that observed variations in atmospheric CHBr3 are determined equally by sources over the western Pacific and those outside the study region, but observed variations in CH2Br2 are determined mainly by sources outside the western Pacific. Numerical closed-loop experiments show that the spatial and temporal distribution of boundary layer aircraft data have the potential to substantially improve current knowledge of these fluxes, with improvements related to data density. Using the aircraft data, we estimate aggregated regional fluxes of 3.6±0.3×108 and 0.7±0.1×108 g month−1 for CHBr3 and CH2Br2 over 130–155∘E and 0–12∘ N, respectively, which represent reductions of 20 %–40 % of the prior inventories by Ordóñez et al. (2012) and substantial spatial deviations from different a priori inventories. We find no evidence to support a robust linear relationship between CHBr3 and CH2Br2 oceanic emissions, as used by previous studies. We find that over regions with dense observation coverage, our choice of a priori inventory does not significantly impact our reported a posteriori flux estimates.
23
Hodjati, Seyyed Mohammad Ali. "On Defence of Kripke." Logos & Episteme 15, no. 1 (2024): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/logos-episteme20241513.
Full textAbstract:
One of Kripke’s innovations concerning the philosophy of language is the doctrine that the truth of some metaphysically necessary propositions is only known a posteriori. The typical example he gives is the identity statement consists of two different proper names that refer to the same referent, like “Hesperus = Phosphorus”. By metaphysically necessary he means that the proposition is true in all possible worlds and by a posteriori knowledge he means that its truth is known by experiment or investigation. Some philosophers have given arguments against Kripke’s doctrine and claimed that such propositions can, also, be known a priori. In this paper, I will defend Kripke’s view by showing that his approach to the issue is linguistic not metaphysical, opposite to his critics.
24
Muhammad Afthon Ulin Nuha, Hawwin Muzakki, and Nurul Musyafa’ah. "APPLICATION OF IMMANUEL KANT'S PHILOSOPHY IN THE THOUGHT OF RELIGIOUS EDUCATION (PHILOSOPHICAL REVIEW OF CRITICISM, RATIONALISM, AND EMPIRICISM)." Sunan Kalijaga International Journal on Islamic Educational Research 6, no. 2 (2023): 25–44. https://doi.org/10.14421/skijier.2022.62.03.
Full textAbstract:
Religious studies are the study of in-depth religion; in its journey, religious studies are divided into two models: dogmatic and empirical. The difference between the two understandings will lead to a reductive understanding of religion in religious studies and can lead to misunderstandings that lead to conflict. To reduce the complex problems of the dichotomy of religious studies, this article tries to draw lessons from Immanuel Kant's criticism; Immanuel Kant's criticism begins by placing doubts on the thinking of rationalists who take a priori knowledge for granted, but on the other hand, Immanuel Kant still keeps trying to investigate how a priori things as science are possible until in the end Immanuel Kant brings up the decision of a priori synthesis as one of knowledge and succeeds in resolving the disagreement between rationalist and empiricist groups. The design of religious studies must start from a doctrinal and empirical dichotomy, then adopt a synthesis of rationalism and empiricism. As Immanuel Kant has said, both a priori and a posteriori thinking, if they stand alone, each has its weaknesses. Likewise, if they stand alone, the dogmatic model of religious studies and the empirical model will end in a reductive understanding.
25
Ullah, AMM Sharif. "Fundamental Issues of Concept Mapping Relevant to Discipline-Based Education: A Perspective of Manufacturing Engineering." Education Sciences 9, no. 3 (2019): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci9030228.
Full textAbstract:
This article addresses some fundamental issues of concept mapping relevant to discipline-based education. The focus is on manufacturing knowledge representation from the viewpoints of both human and machine learning. The concept of new-generation manufacturing (Industry 4.0, smart manufacturing, and connected factory) necessitates learning factory (human learning) and human-cyber-physical systems (machine learning). Both learning factory and human-cyber-physical systems require semantic web-embedded dynamic knowledge bases, which are subjected to syntax (machine-to-machine communication), semantics (the meaning of the contents), and pragmatics (the preferences of individuals involved). This article argues that knowledge-aware concept mapping is a solution to create and analyze the semantic web-embedded dynamic knowledge bases for both human and machine learning. Accordingly, this article defines five types of knowledge, namely, analytic a priori knowledge, synthetic a priori knowledge, synthetic a posteriori knowledge, meaningful knowledge, and skeptic knowledge. These types of knowledge help find some rules and guidelines to create and analyze concept maps for the purposes human and machine learning. The presence of these types of knowledge is elucidated using a real-life manufacturing knowledge representation case. Their implications in learning manufacturing knowledge are also described. The outcomes of this article help install knowledge-aware concept maps for discipline-based education.
26
Di, Ruohai, Peng Wang, Chuchao He, and Zhigao Guo. "Constrained Adjusted Maximum a Posteriori Estimation of Bayesian Network Parameters." Entropy 23, no. 10 (2021): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23101283.
Full textAbstract:
Maximum a posteriori estimation (MAP) with Dirichlet prior has been shown to be effective in improving the parameter learning of Bayesian networks when the available data are insufficient. Given no extra domain knowledge, uniform prior is often considered for regularization. However, when the underlying parameter distribution is non-uniform or skewed, uniform prior does not work well, and a more informative prior is required. In reality, unless the domain experts are extremely unfamiliar with the network, they would be able to provide some reliable knowledge on the studied network. With that knowledge, we can automatically refine informative priors and select reasonable equivalent sample size (ESS). In this paper, considering the parameter constraints that are transformed from the domain knowledge, we propose a Constrained adjusted Maximum a Posteriori (CaMAP) estimation method, which is featured by two novel techniques. First, to draw an informative prior distribution (or prior shape), we present a novel sampling method that can construct the prior distribution from the constraints. Then, to find the optimal ESS (or prior strength), we derive constraints on the ESS from the parameter constraints and select the optimal ESS by cross-validation. Numerical experiments show that the proposed method is superior to other learning algorithms.
27
Scarpelli, Tia R., Paul I. Palmer, Mark Lunt, Ingrid Super, and Arjan Droste. "Verifying national inventory-based combustion emissions of CO2 across the UK and mainland Europe using satellite observations of atmospheric CO and CO2." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 24, no. 18 (2024): 10773–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10773-2024.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Under the Paris Agreement, countries report their anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in national inventories, which are used to track progress towards mitigation goals, but they must be independently verified. Atmospheric observations of CO2, interpreted using inverse methods, can potentially provide that verification. Conventional CO2 inverse methods infer natural CO2 fluxes by subtracting a priori estimates of fuel combustion from the a posteriori net CO2 fluxes, assuming that a priori knowledge for combustion emissions is better than for natural fluxes. We describe an inverse method that uses measurements of CO2 and carbon monoxide (CO), a trace gas that is co-emitted with CO2 during combustion, to report self-consistent combustion emissions and natural fluxes of CO2. We use an ensemble Kalman filter and the GEOS-Chem atmospheric transport model to explore how satellite observations of CO and CO2 collected by the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) and Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2), respectively, can improve understanding of combustion emissions and natural CO2 fluxes across the UK and mainland Europe in 2018–2021. We assess the value of using satellite observations of CO2, with and without CO, above what is already available from the in situ network. Using CO2 satellite observations leads to small corrections to a priori emissions that are inconsistent with in situ observations, due partly to the insensitivity of the atmospheric CO2 column to CO2 emission changes. When we introduce satellite CO observations, we find better agreement with our in situ inversion and a better model fit to atmospheric CO2 observations. Our regional mean a posteriori combustion CO2 emission ranges from 4.6–5.0 Gt a−1 (1.5 %–2.4 % relative standard deviation), with all inversions reporting an overestimate for Germany's wintertime emissions. Our national a posteriori CO2 combustion emissions are highly dependent on the assumed relationship between CO2 and CO uncertainties, as expected. Generally, we find better results when we use grid-scale-based a priori CO2:CO uncertainty estimates rather than a fixed relationship between the two species.
28
Natheif, Aysheh R. "Kant on the Limits of Human Knowledge." Jordan Journal of Social Sciences 15, no. 2 (2022): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/jjss.v15i2.487.
Full textAbstract:
This paper tackles Kant’s theory of knowledge. The authors explain Kant’s answer to the questions he put forward, i.e. What can I know? What and how senses and understanding know? And what part of knowledge is a priori? And what is posteriori? To answer these questions, Kant wrote his great book ‘Critique of Pure Reason’ on which the authors depend in this paper. The main idea Kant start with is “though all our knowledge begins with experience, it does not follow that it all arises out of experience”. In Kant’s view, knowledge arises from the combination of sense intuitions which are the manifold of representations of things as they appear to us, with the pure concepts of the understanding, i.e., categories, under what Kant called “the synthetic unity of apperception” i.e., the “I think” which must accompany all our representations. Kant used the faculty of imagination which creates schemata to facilitate the employment of the pure concepts of the understanding, i.e., categories to the manifold of sense intuitions. The authors concluded with Kant that our knowledge is limited to the scope of experience.
29
EKDAHL, FREDRIK, PER PERSSON, and PIA SANDVIK WIKLUND. "INTRODUCING DOMAIN KNOWLEDGE FOR SELECTION OF ACTIVE FACTORS IN DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 07, no. 04 (2000): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539300000274.
Full textAbstract:
Unreplicated factorial designs are widely used for designed experimentation in industry. In the analysis of designed experiments, the experimental factors influencing the response must be identified and separated from those that do not. An abundance of procedures intended to perform this selection have been introduced in the literature. A recent study indicated that the procedure due to Box and Meyer outperforms the lot of the other selection procedures in terms of efficiency and robustness. The procedure of Box and Meyer rests on a quasi-Bayesian foundation and utilizes generic domain knowledge, in the form of a common-for-all-factors a priori probability, that a factor significantly influences the response, to calculate an a posteriori probability for each factor. This paper suggests a strategy for introducing more elaborate domain knowledge about the experimental factors in the procedure of Box and Meyer, aiming to further improve its performance.
30
Vovk, V., and O. Voluiko. "The axiomatic nature of legal knowledge." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 69 (April 15, 2022): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.69.2.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the axiomatic nature of legal knowledge. The author argues that in the coordinates of modern methodological guidelines, the classical division of scientific knowledge into natural and humanitarian is not correct due to the presence of interdisciplinary and butt scientific knowledge. The thesis that the goal and purpose of scientific knowledge are unidirectional is substantiated. Scientific knowledge is one by nature, and therefore there is no need to differentiate the foundations of scientific theories into axioms and postulates.
 It is also pointed out that even today the problems of axiomatics of scientific knowledge are traditionally presented in the field of mathematics and other exact sciences, but it does not take into account that all scientific concepts (regardless of scientific affiliation) are based on axiomatic foundations. The methodological basis of the study was the concept of obtaining information by K. Shannon, the essence of which is to recognize the fact of obtaining new information about reality by observing it (a posteriori information) is possible based on pre-experimental, initial (a priori) information. This a priori information in scientific research is represented by a system of axioms and hypotheses.
 The article shows that the legal concepts of the origin of law are based on axioms, as provisions that are perceived as faith. The author identifies four axioms, which are often the basis of ontological legal concepts: the law is a social phenomenon and it arises in society (law is a social phenomenon); the right arises together with the state; law arises later than human society, but earlier than the state; law arises simultaneously with religion and morality as a result of the disintegration of mythology as a syncretic regulatory system. The results of the study can be used in further philosophical and theoretical and legal scientific research, preparation of special courses.
31
Botha, D. F. "Towards an instrument for surveying knowledge management practices." South African Journal of Business Management 36, no. 1 (2005): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v36i1.615.
Full textAbstract:
The research was conducted to develop and stabilize a data collection and analysis instrument for an annual survey of knowledge management practices in the South African business sector. From a literature study it was deduced that six factors could be identified with necessary and sufficient reason to be used as main parameters for the assessment instrument. Synthesized a priori and posteriori judgmental knowledge was used to construct a number of aggregational indicators for each factor. Each indicator posited as a statement being a recognized knowledge management practice. A modified six point Likert scale was created to score/indicate gradual progression towards full implementation of a specific practice. Regression factor analysis and one-way analysis of variance was used on the collected data to evaluate the instrument. These analyses indicated that the instrument could detect the expected differences on the demographics and on the KM practices of the survey and could therefore be declared sound and verified. The analyses also revealed several modifications that could be used to improve the instrument.
32
Tarman, Al-Faiz Muhammad Rabbany, and Eman Suherman. "Tinjauan Awal Kritisisme Immanuel Kant." JURNAL ILMIAH FALSAFAH: Jurnal Kajian Filsafat, Teologi dan Humaniora 10, no. 2 (2024): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37567/jif.v10i2.2717.
Full textAbstract:
This research is motivated by Immanuel Kant's thoughts regarding his efforts to reconcile the conflict between rationalism and empiricism. The purpose of this research is to synthesize the two schools of philosophy: rationalism and empiricism through Immanuel Kant's critical thinking. This research uses a qualitative method with a library research approach. The results of this study indicate that the acquisition of knowledge is a synthesis of the two elements, namely a priori and a posteriori. These two elements are closely related, correlated, both provide an important role as the basis of knowledge. Thus, between the thoughts of ratioanalism and empiricism, both are elements that play an important role that cannot be separated.
33
Moroz, Oleg V. "Universal Transcendental Logic-Based Ontology." Computer and Information Science 14, no. 2 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/cis.v14n2p1.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, Kant&#39;s philosophical doctrine of the categories of the reason is used to substantiate the conceptual model of knowledge representation, based on the collective interaction of a lot of intellectual atomic elements of knowledge (knowledge quanta), which are combined into clusters like neurons in the brain; and also a phenomenological description of the corresponding universal ontology, proceeding from the philosophical premise of Husserl-Heidegger that the meaning of intelligence is not so much in knowing the absolute truth as in survival, is presented. In the process of cognizing the surrounding world, a person uses both a priori knowledge and a posteriori knowledge, but the transcendental content of a priori forms of thinking does not allow them to be used directly in logical judgments. Nevertheless, one can try to use them as &quot;ontological predicates&quot; following the advice of I. Kant, what was done in this article. Heuristic ontological relations that directly follow from the categories of Kant are easy to use and sufficient to describe any ontology. Offered knowledge representation model, the key idea of which is the primacy of knowledge to logical inference and their emergent ability to self-organize, in conjunction with the transcendental logic-based ontology of empirical knowledge can be used to create a universal inference engine.
34
Arseniev, Vladimir, Anatolij Khomonenko, and Andrei Yadrenkin. "Weighed ranking of aprioristic and experimental data in control system functioning efficiency estimation problem with Pascal-distributed number of tests." Information and Control Systems, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/1684-8853-2020-3-39-47.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: In order to steadily estimate the efficiency of control systems for new objects, a great number of prototypes should be tested, which is not always possible in practice. The estimation quality can be improved by joint processing of the a priori information you have before the tests by analyzing certain indicators, and the data obtained from the tests. To estimate the efficiency a posteriori, taking into account both the a priori knowledge and the test results, you have to find their functional dependence on each of them, and specify the parameters of this dependence. Purpose: Integrated processing of the results from both aprioristic and experimental research of a control system, and obtaining posterior estimations of the efficiency indices. Results: A control system efficiency estimation method is proposed, which integrates the aprioristic and experimental estimations of the efficiency indices obtained a priori and during a limited number of tests of system prototypes. It can be used when the results of aprioristic research and the tests are presented by point estimations of the efficiency indices, and the most common methods are difficult to apply. We present analytical expressions for posterior estimation of the probability that the system will perform its task, along with the indicators which are used to study the influence of the aprioristic information on the estimation accuracy and number of tests. The working capacity of the method is illustrated by a real-life example. This approach, unlike others, takes into account how close the aprioristic estimations are to the experimental ones. Practical relevance: The proposed approach is universal enough, as it allows you to integrate the information obtained at various stages of studying the system, and essentially improve the efficiency estimation accuracy, specifying the gain in the number of tests in all the cases when the aprioristic research results are in consonance with the experimental data.
35
Jaziri, Wassim, Leila Bayoudhi, and Najla Sassi. "A Preventive Approach for Consistent OWL 2 DL Ontology Versions." International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems 15, no. 1 (2019): 76–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijswis.2019010104.
Full textAbstract:
Knowledge is continually changing over time. As such, semantic modelling knowledge formalisms, such as ontologies, must follow this evolution and change accordingly. However, ontology changes should never affect consistency. An ontology needs to remain in a consistent state along the whole ontology engineering process. In the literature, most of the approaches check/repair ontology inconsistencies in an a posteriori manner. This costs time and resources. In this article, an inconsistency prevention approach is proposed. It relies on OWL 2 DL change kits, which anticipate inconsistencies upon each change request. The proposed approach predicts potential inconsistencies, provides an a priori repair action, and applies the required changes. Consistency rules are defined and used to check logical inconsistencies, but also syntactical invalidities or style issues. A protégé extension is implemented to validate the proposal.
36
Rahardjo, Mudjia. "REASON, EXPERIENCE, AND LANGUAGE TO ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE (IN WESTERN AND ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVES)." LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 16, no. 1 (2021): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/ling.v16i1.12629.
Full textAbstract:
The system of knowledge acquisition is one of the most important topics in philosophical debates since ancient Greek. According to the Western philosophical worldview, as the universally accepted method, there are two schools of thought to acquire proper knowledge; rationalism and empiricism. Rationalism assumes that sound reason is the main human potential to acquire knowledge that constitutes a priori knowledge, while empiricism relies on sensory abilities constituting a posteriori or empirical knowledge. In addition, Islam offers intuition or instinct as another source of knowledge that creates intuitive knowledge, be it empirical or spiritual. The knowledge gained is then developed through language symbols, from being personal to finally public knowledge. Through language, knowledge is inherited from one generation to the next. However, due to its limitations, language is not able to symbolize all types of knowledge. Consequently, there are two kinds of knowledge; articulated (explicit) knowledge and unarticulated (tacit) knowledge. Nevertheless, despite their sharp differences, both the Western and Islamic worldviews assume that knowledge acquisition is the field of a speculative philosophical endeavor which is hard to get a satisfying answer, though it is not impossible.
37
Yang, Qinshan, and Carlos Torres-Verdín. "Joint interpretation and uncertainty analysis of petrophysical properties in unconventional shale reservoirs." Interpretation 3, no. 1 (2015): SA33—SA49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2014-0045.1.
Full textAbstract:
Interpretation of hydrocarbon-bearing shale is subject to great uncertainty because of pervasive heterogeneity, thin beds, and incomplete and uncertain knowledge of saturation-porosity-resistivity models. We developed a stochastic joint-inversion method specifically developed to address the quantitative petrophysical interpretation of hydrocarbon-bearing shale. The method was based on the rapid and interactive numerical simulation of resistivity and nuclear logs. Instead of property values themselves, the estimation method delivered the a posteriori probability of each property. The Markov-chain Monte Carlo algorithm was used to sample the model space to quantify the a posteriori distribution of formation properties. Additionally, the new interpretation method allows the use of fit-for-purpose statistical correlations between water saturation, salt concentration, porosity, and electrical resistivity to implement uncertain, non-Archie resistivity models derived from core data, including those affected by total organic carbon (TOC). In the case of underdetermined estimation problems, i.e., when the number of measurements was lower than the number of unknowns, the use of a priori information enabled plausible results within prespecified petrophysical and compositional bounds. The developed stochastic interpretation technique was successfully verified with data acquired in the Barnett and Haynesville Shales. Core data (including X-ray diffraction data) were combined into a priori information for interpretation of nuclear and resistivity logs. Results consisted of mineral concentrations, TOC, and porosity together with their uncertainty. Eighty percent of the core data was located within the 95% credible interval of estimated mineral/fluid concentrations.
38
Palmquist, Stephen R. "Twelve Basic Philosophical Concepts in Kant and the Compound Yijing." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 42, no. 1-2 (2015): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15406253-0420102010.
Full textAbstract:
This is the third in a series of articles that correlates Kant’s architectonic with the Yijing’s sixty-four hexagrams (gua 卦). Previous articles explained “architectonic” reasoning, introduced four levels of the “Compound Yijing,” consisting of 0+4+12+(4 × 12=48) gua, and suggested correlating the fourth level’s four sets of twelve to the four “faculties” in Kant’s model of the university. This third paper examines the philosophy faculty, assessing whether the twelve proposed gua meaningfully correlate with twelve basic philosophical concepts that Kant introduces in his three Critiques. A key difference emerges: Kant’s architectonic method aims to produce synthetic a priori knowledge, while the Yijing’s architectonic method aims to produce analytic a posteriori belief.
39
Wang, Shaobo, Pan Zhao, Biao Yu, Weixin Huang, and Huawei Liang. "Vehicle Trajectory Prediction by Knowledge-Driven LSTM Network in Urban Environments." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (November 7, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8894060.
Full textAbstract:
An accurate prediction of future trajectories of surrounding vehicles can ensure safe and reasonable interaction between intelligent vehicles and other types of vehicles. Vehicle trajectories are not only constrained by a priori knowledge about road structure, traffic signs, and traffic rules but also affected by posterior knowledge about different driving styles of drivers. The existing prediction models cannot fully combine the prior and posterior knowledge in the driving scene and perform well only in a specific traffic scenario. This paper presents a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network driven by knowledge. First, a driving knowledge base is constructed to describe the prior knowledge about a driving scenario. Then, the prediction reference baseline (PRB) based on driving knowledge base is determined by using the rule-based online reasoning system. Finally, the future trajectory of the target vehicle is predicted by an LSTM neural network based on the prediction reference baseline, while the predicted trajectory considers both posterior and prior knowledge without increasing the computation complexity. The experimental results show that the proposed trajectory prediction model can adapt to different driving scenarios and predict trajectories with high accuracy due to the unique combination of the prior and posterior knowledge in the driving scene.
40
García-Encinas, M. J. "Categories First." Disputatio 15, no. 69 (2023): 203–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/disp-2023-0009.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Vaidya and Wallner [2021] claim that most relevant theories in recent epistemology of modality, that is, Conceivability-Theory, Counterfactual-Theory, and Deduction-Theory, face what they name “the problem of modal epistemic friction”, in a nutshell, the need to add some relevant information about the nature of the world that is not provided by the theories as such. Their proposal is that essences supply the needed information. In this paper I will agree with Vaidya and Waller’s detection of the problem of modal epistemic friction, but I will importantly disagree with their solution in terms of a metaphysics and epistemology of essences. I will argue that knowledge of essence is neither necessary nor sufficient for metaphysical modal knowledge and claim instead that modal knowledge is firstly grounded in the categories that conform the facts of reality. Categorial knowledge does the job of creating the friction needed in all cases of modal metaphysical knowledge.Moreover, given the structural character of metaphysical categories, intuition is the basic proper form of modal knowledge. In fact, I will contend that intuition is the source of a priori knowledge invoked in Kripkean schemas for a posteriori modal truths.
41
Pris, I. E. "Realism and Knowledge First. Interview with Timothy Williamson." Siberian Journal of Philosophy 19, no. 3 (2022): 175–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2541-7517-2021-19-3-175-204.
Full textAbstract:
The renowned British philosopher Timothy Williamson talks about his philosophical views and main lines of research. Williamson is a metaphysical realist in a broad sense. Fir him there are true or false answers to questions about all aspects of reality. Classical logic is a universal true theory. Knowledge-first epistemology is an alternative to the traditional belief-first epistemology. The former takes the concept of knowledge as a basic concept, explaining other epistemic concepts, including belief, in its terms, whereas the latter does the opposite. Knowledge, not truth, is the fundamental epistemic good. The Gettier problem and the skeptical problem that arise within traditional epistemology are ill posed and therefore cannot be solved. Hybrid epistemological theories do not satisfy the principles of simplicity and beauty and are refuted by counter-examples. Epistemic contextualism is problematic, and relativism violates the semantics of the phenomena being explained. Knowledge does not entail knowledge about knowledge. Knowledge-how is a kind of knowledge-that. The distinction between a priori and a posteriori is superficial, and there are no analytical truths. The concept of qualia is unhelpful for solving the problems related to consciousness. The so-called “hard problem” of consciousness points to an area of conceptual confusions in which we do not know how to reason properly. Speculative metaphysics is quite a respectable enterprise. But progress in metaphysics is not automatic; it requires the right methodology.
42
Eskola, Timo. "An Era of Apologetical Hermeneutics—Detecting a Neo-Kantian Paradigm of Biblical Interpretation." Evangelical Quarterly: An International Review of Bible and Theology 68, no. 4 (1996): 329–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/27725472-06804004.
Full textAbstract:
This article attempts to present a thesis concerning a neo-Kantian argumentation which seems to lie behind the biblical interpretation of several famous scholars of modern times. A theological exploitation of the famous Kantian distinction between ‛a priori’ and ‛a posteriori’ knowledge resulted in separating historical study from the understanding of the message of the text. This separation was usually made for apologetic purposes. D.F. Strauss, A. von Harnack and R. Bultmann wished to preserve the essence of Christianity from the attacks of the modern empirical sciences. Even though the historical content was lost for the most part—since the Bible was considered to be mythical and supernatural—eternal truth (Strauss) or the pure religion of Jesus (Harnack) or true existential self-understanding (Bultmann) were preserved. If we examine the validity and justification of the neo-Kantian tradition today, we can see that it has been built on false premises. ‛A priori’ knowledge does not provide an entry into the transcendent. It is not a scientific method for attaining divine revelation. Neither can we agree with the assumption that the best understanding of a text is attained by separating the message from its historical content and context. New solutions for a hermeneutical theory should be sought following the modern theory of knowledge. The meaning of a text is dependent on its precise content. This leads us to undertake a new assessment of the religious language of the Bible.
43
Zaytsev, Sergey V. "CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE BAYES THEOREM APPLICATION AS AN APPLIED ANALYTICAL TOOL IN ECONOMIC PRACTICE." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 4/7, no. 145 (2024): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2024.04.07.002.
Full textAbstract:
The conceptual foundations for the application of Bayes’ theorem are not only the apparatus of such an exact science as mathematics, which skillfully copes with applied tasks. The fact of considering a priori data from different angles allows you to identify the maximum subtleties and make the right decision due to the a posteriori distribution of estimates of the parameters of the object under study. The decision to practically test Bayes’ methods in real life helps to look at real economic processes in a different way. If we talk about the specific advantages of using Bayes’ theorem, then it is worth focusing on the simplicity of statistical data processing, the possibility of computer implementation of the strategy with minimal time, accumulation and accounting of new fresh knowledge and data, as well as obtaining relevant results.
44
Oldroyd, David. "A priori and a posteriori geological mapping. The geological maps of the world by Ami Boué (1843) and Jules Marcou (1861)—the Australasian aspects." Earth Sciences History 33, no. 2 (2014): 227–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.33.2.405041267083m00q.
Full textAbstract:
The paper describes and discusses the work done in producing the first geological maps of the world—by Ami Boué (1843) and Jules Marcou (1861)—and their later editions. Boué had a remarkably wide knowledge of geology through his own field investigations and his vast knowledge of the geological literature. The same may be said of Marcou. But their approaches to ‘global mapping’ were very different. Boué was greatly influenced by Élie de Beaumont and also the idea that geographical knowledge could in itself facilitate the formulation of geological hypotheses and make possible producing geological maps for areas that had not yet been examined by geologists. He did, however, also make use, where possible, of written reports of areas that he had not visited. He described his work as a priori mapping, with the use of analogical reasoning. Marcou's geological mapping likewise drew on his extremely extensive field experience and geological reading, but he did not colour in the parts of the globe for which he lacked any information. Coming eighteen years after Boué, there was inevitably more information available to Marcou. Their two efforts, procedures and results are examined for Australia and New Zealand, which neither of them ever visited. An attempt is made to identify the sources that each of them might have used. The paper provides reproductions of the maps that Boué and Marcou produced, and discusses the successes and failures of their enterprises.
45
Seube, N. "VALIDATION OF LIDAR SURVEY DATA BY COMPARISON OF SEVERAL UNCERTAINTY MODELS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2020 (August 22, 2020): 1385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2020-1385-2020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. This paper introduce a new method for validating the precision of an airborne or a mobile LiDAR data set. The proposed method is based on the knowledge of an a Combined Standard Measurement Uncertainty (CSMU) model which describes LiDAR point covariance matrix and thus uncertainty ellipsoid. The model we consider includes timing errors and most importantly the incidence of the LiDAR beam. After describing the relationship between the beam incidence and other variable uncertainty (especially attitude uncertainty), we show that we can construct a CSMU model giving the covariance of each oint as a function of the relative geometry between the LiDAR beam and the point normal. The validation method we propose consist in comparing the CSMU model (predictive a priori uncertainty) t the Standard Deviation Alog the Surface Normal (SDASN), for all set of quasi planr segments of the point cloud. Whenever the a posteriori (i.e; observed by the SDASN) level of uncertainty is greater than a priori (i.e; expected) level of uncertainty, the point fails the validation test. We illustrate this approach on a dataset acquired by a Microdrones mdLiDAR1000 system.
46
Kervrann, Charles. "BAYESIAN IMAGE SEGMENTATION THROUGH LEVEL LINES SELECTION." Image Analysis & Stereology 20, no. 3 (2011): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.v20.p163-168.
Full textAbstract:
Bayesian statistical theory is a convenient way of taking a priori information into consideration when inference is made from images. In Bayesian image segmentation, the a priori distribution should capture the knowledge about objects. Taking inspiration from (Alvarez et al., 1999), we design a prior density that penalizes the area of homogeneous parts in images. The segmentation problem is further formulated as the estimation of the set of curves that maximizes the posterior distribution. In this paper, we explore a posterior distribution model for which its maximal mode is given by a subset of level curves, that is the boundaries of image level sets. For the completeness of the paper, we present a stepwise greedy algorithm for computing partitions with connected components.
47
Et.al, Steve B. Anapi. "Concept Construction on the Area of Oblique Triangles: A Lesson Study." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (2021): 3870–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.1676.
Full textAbstract:
This paper aimed to explain how students construct the concept of the area of oblique triangles. Through Lesson Study using the Theory of Didactical Situations, the researchers designed a research lesson with the raison d'être of improving the teaching of trigonometry. The research lesson was implemented to junior high school student-participants in a national high school in the Philippines, and was attended by a pool of observers. A priori and a posteriori analyses were conducted to validate the teaching and learning situations. Observations, notes, students’ outputs, and post-lesson discussions and reflections were used in the analysis of didactical situations. After the conduct of the Lesson Study, the following themes emerged: (1) explicit mathematics didactical intentions are essential in analyzing students' constructed mathematical knowledge and learning, and (2) balancing adidactical situation and teacher facilitation allows independent learning for students.
48
Wendland, Michał. "Epistemologia Kanta jako rozwiązanie sporu empiryzmu z racjonalizmem." Filozofia Publiczna i Edukacja Demokratyczna 1, no. 2 (2018): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fped.2012.1.2.11.
Full textAbstract:
The article concerns some of the most important elements of I. Kant’s epistemology and its connections with earlier epistemological ideas, namely rationalism and empiricism. The history of dispute between rationalism (Descartes, Leibniz) and empiricism (Locke, Berkeley, Hume) is hereby shortly presented while Kant’s own philosophical achievements are suggested to be both alternative and synthesis of these. The main core of this paper is summary of basis of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason; some most important categories are described: apriorism, synthetic and analytical judgements, knowledge a priori and a posteriori, main ideas of transcendental esthetics (two forms of pure intuition: time and space), main ideas of transcendental logic (forms of judgement and twelve categories). Also the meaning of Kant’s „copernican revolution” is presented as a turning point for classical German philosophy as well as for whole modern epistemology.
49
Spikes, Kyle T., and Mrinal K. Sen. "Correlations of inclusion-based rock-physics model inputs from Bayesian analysis." Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 19, no. 5 (2022): 965–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jge/gxac063.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract For any given rock-physics model, knowledge of correlations among its inputs helps to define geologically and physically meaningful and informed models for a given problem. These informed models can, in turn, reduce the uncertainty in forward and inverse problems. We use a Bayesian framework to identify such correlations among inputs of two rock-physics models. That framework makes use of velocity and porosity measurements on both dry and brine-saturated carbonate samples. Two inclusion-based rock-physics models, the self-consistent approximation and the differential effective medium model, are analyzed along with these data to identify the underlying correlations. To do so, the posterior distribution must be evaluated, which is based on a prior model and the calculated likelihood function. Exhaustive sampling of the posterior is convenient in this case because relatively few input parameters to consider. Results are multi-variate histograms that indicate maximum a posteriori values of the inputs. Correlations among the inputs become evident when the Bayesian analysis is repeated many times with different prior models. These correlated values provide the inputs to optimized maximum a posteriori models. The correlations identified for the two rock-physics models under study should be used in relevant applications. Finally, all rock-physics models, along with an appropriate data set, should be examined in a similar Bayesian framework.
50
Dami, Sina, Ahmad Abdollahzadeh Barforoush, and Hossein Shirazi. "News events prediction using Markov logic networks." Journal of Information Science 44, no. 1 (2016): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551516673285.
Full textAbstract:
Predicting future events from text data has been a controversial and much disputed topic in the field of text analytics. However, far too little attention has been paid to efficient prediction in textual environments. This study has aimed to develop a novel and efficient method for news event prediction. The proposed method is based on Markov logic networks (MLNs) framework, which enables us to concisely represent complex events by full expressivity of first-order logic (FOL), as well as to reason uncertain event with probabilities. In our framework, we first extract text news events via an event representation model at a semantic level and then transform them into web ontology language (OWL) as a posteriori knowledge. A set of domain-specific causal rules in FOL associated with weights were also fed into the system as a priori (common-sense) knowledge. Additionally, several large-scale ontologies including DBpedia, VerbNet and WordNet were used to model common-sense logic rules as contextual knowledge. Finally, all types of such knowledge were integrated into OWL for performing causal inference. The resulted OWL knowledge base is augmented by MLN, which uses weighted first-order formulas to represent probabilistic knowledge. Empirical evaluation of real news showed that our method of news event prediction was better than the baselines in terms of precision, coverage and diversity.