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McGrew, James S. "Real-time maneuvering decisions for autonomous air combat." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44927.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-129).
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) have the potential to perform many of the complex and possibly dangerous missions currently flown by manned aircraft. Within visual range air combat is an extremely difficult and dynamic aerial task which presents many challenges for an autonomous UAS. An agile, unpredictable, and possibly human-piloted adversary, coupled with a complex and rapidly changing environment, creates a problem that is difficult to model and solve. This thesis presents a method for formulating and solving a function approximation dynamic program to provide maneuvering decisions for autonomous one-on-one air combat. Value iteration techniques are used to compute a function approximation representing the solution to the dynamic program. The function approximation is then used as a maneuvering policy for UAS autonomous air combat. The result is an algorithm capable of learning a maneuvering policy and utilizing this policy to make air combat decisions in real-time. Simulation results are presented which demonstrate the robustness of the method against an opponent beginning from both offensive and defensive situations. The results also demonstrate the ability of the algorithm to learn to exploit an opponent's maneuvering strategy. Flight results are presented from implementation on micro-UAS flown at MIT's Real-time indoor Autonomous Vehicle test ENvironment (RAVEN) demonstrating the practical application of the proposed solution in real-time flight with actual aircraft.
by James S. McGrew.
S.M.
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Lejarraga, Tomás. "Decisions from experience: Time delays, complexity and illusions of control." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7395.
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Esta tesis incluye tres capítulos que exploran diferentes aspectos de la distinción entre decisiones desde la descripción y decisiones desde la experiencia. El capítulo 1 estudia escenarios de decisión cuando las personas cuentan con información tanto desde la descripción como desde la experiencia. Los resultados sugieren que la experiencia es desatendida ante una descripción.También se explora el impacto sobre las decisiones de diferencias individales con respecto a la habilidad racional.Las personas con habilidad racional más alta obtienen muestras de mayor tamaño que los participantes con menor habilidad racional.El capítulo 2 examina situaciones en las que la información obtenida desde la experiencia resulta una mejor fuente que una descripción.La complejidad y las demoras favorecen a la experiencia sobre la descripción como fuente de información. No se evidencian diferencias individuales con respecto a habilidades numéricas o racionales. Sin embargo, se evidencia una relación entre mayor habilidad racional y mayor tamaño muestral. Por último, el capítulo 3 explora, para una tarea de lotería,la interacción entre la ilusión de control y la fuente de información.This thesis includes three chapters that study different aspects of the distinction between decisions from description and decisions from experience. Chapter 1 studies choice when decision makers have both information from description and information from experience. Results suggest that experience is disregarded in the face of description. Individual differences with respect to rational ability are also explored. Participants with higher rational ability draw larger samples than participants with lower rational ability. Chapter 2 examines situations in which information from experience is a better source of information than information from description. Complex scenarios and delayed judgmental tasks favor experience over description as source of information. Moreover, there were no individual differences due to numerical/rational abilities. Additional evidence was found that relates higher rational ability to larger samples.Finally,chapter 3 explores how illusion of control interacts with the source of information in a lottery task.
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Tan, Siew Hong. "Culture and time perception : implications for mental representation and decisions." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/12834.
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This thesis examines cultural variations in time perception, as well as the possible influences on mental representation and decisions. Building on prior research on cultural differences in time-related perceptions, two main time perceptions were identified and focused on, namely temporal orientation and the use of time metaphor. The temporal orientation line of investigation explores the implications of a stronger future versus past orientation among English and Mandarin-speakers respectively. Based on Construal Level Theory, temporal orientation is expected to be related to psychological distance, which in turn affects the mental representations individuals form. The findings supported a stronger future orientation among English-speakers which is also evident in their mental representations that vary as a function of temporal orientation. However, Mandarin-speakers exhibited neither a strong past nor future orientation. A study examining the possible influence of temporal orientation on value judgment revealed a complex association between culture and value judgment. The time metaphor line of inquiry investigates the use of time metaphors among English and Mandarin-speakers and also the possible implications of such tendencies. Although previous psychological research implies a possible connection between the use of time metaphor and sense of personal control, this relationship is yet to be established. The findings showed supportive evidence of a frequent use of ego and time-moving metaphors among English and Mandarin-speakers respectively. However, studies examining the relationship between the use of time metaphor, perceived personal control, and decisions (optimism bias and risk-taking) revealed little supportive evidence of an association between them. The findings and a range of methodological and theoretical implications are discussed in the closing chapter.
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Johnson, Kip E. (Kip Edward) 1978. "Experimental study of automation to support time-critical replanning decisions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/82225.
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Hillier, Jennifer. "The Role of Race in College Major Decisions Across Time." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1302.
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This thesis analyzes how college major choices are affected by race over an 18 year time period. In particular, the focus on the decision to major in STEM, humanities, or business fields. I find that every race had a disproportionate amount of students in each of the major categories, and that in some cases there was a significant trend in those proportions. Additionally, there were significant changes in the percentage within races for all three major categories. In particular, the trends with Asian students were significantly different from those of other races. While the reasoning behind the disparities in major choices across races could not be formally analyzed due to limitations on the available data, possibilities are discussed.
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Gkioulou, Zafeira. "Evaluating the impact of waiting time uncertainty on passengers´decisions." Thesis, KTH, Systemanalys och ekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-203123.
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Service reliability is one of the main factors influencing public transport level of service and, thus, passengers’ satisfaction. Public transport services are subject to various sources of uncertainty related to traffic conditions, public transport operations and passenger demand. Passengers are able to form their perception of trip attributes and service reliability through accumulating experiences of repetitive travel choices. Perceived service reliability can be improved either by increasing the ground-truth service reliability (e.g. introduce exclusive bus lanes, control strategies etc.) or by providing real time information (RTI) to passengers. However, RTI prediction schemes might not be perfectly accurate and thus, passengers might be able to account for the reliability of the provided information as well. The learning mechanism of individuals becomes, as a result, an important component in Dynamic Transit Assignment Models (DTAM) which enables accounting for how perceived reliability of service and the provided information evolves, through iterative network loading. This thesis provided the modeling framework for passengers’ perception of reliability and its effects on decision making with respect to path choice. Within-day effect is represented through the incorporation of scheduling constraints, while passengers’ learning mechanism accounts for updates in their expectations and the perceived level of information credibility in the day-to-day context. The proposed model was applied to Stockholm’s rapid transit network which was simulated in BusMezzo, an agent-based public transport assignment model. The application used the real-world timetables, vehicle schedules and RTI prediction scheme. Passengers’ learning function was analysed under various specifications which corresponded to different levels of adaptation. The results highlight the importance of capturing service uncertainty and the credibility associated with alternative information sources, while they stress the need for empirical estimation and validation of the proposed model. This study also provides the framework for future evaluation of measures which aim to improve service reliability.
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St-Onge, Charles Patrick. "CHOICE, a model for evaluating route, mode, and departure time decisions." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0010/MQ31252.pdf.
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Giesen, Ricardo. "Online inventory replenishment and fleet routing decisions under real-time information." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/6884.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.Thesis research directed by: Civil Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Silvennoinen, Heidi. "Essays on household time allocation decisions in a collective household model /." Helsinki : Helsinki School of Economics, 2008. http://hsepubl.lib.hse.fi/FI/diss/?cmd=show&dissid=369.
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Uncu, Salih Onur. "Dynamic time-to-market and operational decisions in high technology firms /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Heiberg, Bjørn Erik Grov, Jørgen Thomren Moltu, and Martin Petter Fredriksen. "Evaluating Lead Time Decisions : A Case Study within the General Automotive Industry." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for industriell økonomi og teknologiledelse, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25757.
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Managers often experience problems with quantifying the value of reducing or extending lead time when assessing different sourcing alternatives. In practice, these decisions are often made considering only unit procurement cost, transportation cost, capital cost and storage cost. However, the lead time of suppliers highly influences a business' exposure to demand uncertainty. This can yield large monetary values that should be accounted for. This Master's Thesis presents a case study within the automotive industry to show the effects of exposure to demand risk when assessing different sourcing alternatives.Building on the work done in \citet{ProjectThesis2013}, the computer program is further developed to better fit real life applications. Extending the existing geometric Brownian motion and mean reverting process, a discrete ARMA model is incorporated allowing for more flexibility in connecting demand to demand risk. Additionally, new case specific variables are added to give a more holistic view of the sourcing decision. Kongsberg Automotive's plant in Hvittingfoss, Norway (KA), and their clutch servo produced for Scania is analyzed. A thorough assessment of KA's demand structure shows that the demand is stationary, normally distributed and best described by an ARMA(1,3) model. However, due to the similarity between ARMA(1,3) and the mean reverting Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, the latter is used for the case study because of its continuous nature. The mean reversion rate and demand volatility is found to be high. Utilizing the expected supply-demand mismatch cost and real options theory enables for calculation of the cost curve - an indifference curve showing the costs at which you are indifferent between lead times. Three components of the clutch servo is evaluated - the piston, piston rod and aluminum casting. Based on the cost curve, this thesis concludes whether KA should change their supplier for each of them. The cost curves show that the majority of demand risk develops the last week prior to delivery, and little risk is added at longer lead times. Therefore, KA should either acquire a short lead time to mitigate this uncertainty, or choose a long lead time to benefit from the low obtained procurement cost. An assessment of other sources of risk that potentially could alter this conclusion is also presented.
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Ali, Ali. "Displacement in Iraq after 2003 : coerced decisions in a time of crisis." Thesis, University of East London, 2012. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3038/.
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This is a refugee-centred study of the decision making process of Iraqis displaced after the Anglo-American invasion of Iraq in 2003. It investigates the pressures and influences that affected their decisions as well as who was involved and consulted. In doing so it sheds light on the under-theorised issue of what it means to be forced into a migration decision. The meaning of coercion is examined and applied to a forced migration context, considering the dynamics of cumulative causation in the process. The study also attempts to advance understandings of the relationship between state-formation and displacement. Narratives of Iraqis forced to migrate to Syria after 2003 were collected between June 2010 and April 2011 and form the primary data in this study. Narrative methods were used to elicit extended testimonies from Iraqis in Syria in order to explore conceptual issues. The research demonstrates the complex nature of forced migration and how displacement can be experienced as a process. Transformations of state which occurred in Iraq after the 2003 invasion led to purges which affected numerous groups perceived to belong to the old order. Iraqis who were perceived to be associated - rightly or wrongly - with the former regime experienced pressures and threats which resulted in some of them becoming migrants. The same transformations also manifested themselves as coercive alterations of spaces in Iraqis' daily lives. In a climate of generalised violence and insecurity, an array of threats and pressures, including those resulting from the dynamics of cumulative causation, combined to form what the author calls a coercive landscape: a social world in which choices are diminished and life is heavily constrained by a multiplicity of threats – and which is likely to induce mass displacement. Although grounded in a specifically Iraqi context, it may be useful for scholars to test this concept in other contexts of mass displacement.
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Jensen, Deborah Larkey. "A case study of an expert mathematics teacher's interactive decision-making system using physiological and behavioral time series data." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1468.
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The purpose of this exploratory case study was to describe an expert teachers decision-making system during interactive instruction using teacher self-report information, classroom observation data, and physiological recordings. Timed recordings of instructional interaction variables using an adapted Stallings Observation System were combined with simultaneous skin voltage measurements in time series analyses to describe observable and physiological elements of an expert teachers decision-making process. The mean and standard deviation of observable decision-action rates on teacher-identified teaching days were higher than the rates on guiding days. Bivariate time series analysis of decision-action rates and physiological response rates showed a significant positive relationship between the teachers decision-action rate and her physiological response rate on one teaching day. The positive relationship between the teachers decision-action rate and her physiological response rate was found to be context-dependent and related to the teaching strategy being used. High decision-action rates during direct instruction were associated with high physiological response rates compared to lower decision-action rates and physiological response rates while monitoring independent seatwork during a test. Correlation analysis of physiological
response rates with time revealed slight, but statistically significant negative trends for four of the five observation days. Major features of the teachers decision-making system included focusing attention on academic instruction with the use of routines for managing students and materials to perform teaching tasks; both proactive and reactive improvisational decisions; and physiological events characteristic of autonomic nervous system activity during instructional sequences of high teacher-student interactivity. Damasios Somatic Marker Hypothesis (Damasio, 1999) is offered as an explanation for the generation of specific characteristics of the expert teachers instruction, such as the high frequency of decision-actions and automaticity of appropriate decisions.
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Yao, Mingzhu. "Modeling households' long-term mobility and residential decisions and short-term time use/travel choices :group decision-based approaches." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2019. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/655.
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Understanding household long-term decisions concerning residential location/relocation, car ownership and short-term activity travel choices are crucial for land use and transport planning. However, when addressing these issues, multitudes of choice models applying individual or unitary household decision-making mechanisms have dominated in transport studies, ignoring the interactions among household members in consensual decision making in real situations. To promote the investigation of these issues from a group decision-making perspective, this study explores the applicability of various group decision-making approaches to investigate multiple long-term decisions and short-term choices. Specifically, this thesis has four main research objectives: 1) adopt a utilitarian approach to develop an integrated model that links household members' consensual long-term decisions like housing, vehicle ownership and short-term activity-travel decisions like time use, explicitly capturing expenditure tradeoff for long-term decisions on housing and car ownership; 2) employ the Nash bargaining approach to model household members' consensual car ownership choice and examine this choice from the perspective of household time allocation; 3) apply an egalitarian bargaining approach (capture household members' concern for equity) to model household residential relocation choice, make a comparative study among this approach, Nash bargaining approach, and conventional utilitarian approach, and then accommodate these heterogeneous group decision mechanisms in a unified modeling framework; 4) examine the impacts of vehicle usage rationing policy on household car ownership and spouses' time allocation patterns. The database that serves for empirical applications of the formulated models is from a two-wave household activity-travel diary survey conducted in Beijing. This thesis contributes to current literature by adopting new approaches to investigate various group decision-making mechanisms among household members, comparing and assessing the predictive performance of different group decision approaches, as well as explicitly capturing household's long-term expenditure tradeoff. Insights and findings from this study are helpful for gaining profound understanding of spatial distribution of residence, household car ownership and individuals' activity-travel patterns, which will be conducive to the formulation of relevant policies for sustainable urban development.
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Tolentino, Peña Radhamés A. "Project management : a simulation-based optimization method for dynamic time-cost tradeoff decisions /." Online version of thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/8081.
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Lee, Kwan Hong 1977. "The influences of the just-in-time social cloud on real world decisions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70809.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 209-224).
People have intertemporal biases towards choices that result in immediate gratification versus delayed rewards. The social context can accentuate or downplay preferences towards virtues or vices when making choices in the moment. Especially in our modern world where social networks are virtually accessible at anytime, from anywhere, how our day-today decisions are affected by the "always-on" connection to our social networks via mobile devices is an open question. By understanding the dimensions of these social forces, we can utilize the just-in-time social cloud to nudge people towards decisions that have long term benefits for health and finances, while counterbalancing the forces of the marketers that trigger our impulses towards immediate temptations that we may regret later. This work presents an empirical inquiry into the effect of just-in-time social influences in human decision-making. In order to understand these effects and discover their parameters, I design and deploy real-world experiments with the just-in-time social cloud using mobile phones as platforms for just-in-time social influence. The Open Transaction Network forms the basis of generating just-in-time social networks based on the transactions shared by people in the context of commerce. The Open Transaction Network is extended to several systems to conduct real-world experiments involving real choices. By augmenting mobile commerce applications with just-in-time social networks, I design a mobile commerce environment that can socially influence our just-in-time choices. The Open Credit Card Application Framework augments existing methods of payment by using transactions as triggers to enable mobile applications that facilitate just-in-time decisions or reflections. Friends within communities show significant similarity in their hourly transaction behaviors. Varying manifestations of the just-in-time social cloud (individual friends, groups of friends and popularity information) can be used to nudge people's choices in the dimensions of taste, price and time as they decide.
by Kwan Hong Lee.
Ph.D.
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Laptali, Emel. "Application of optimisation techniques to planning and estimating decisions in the building process." Thesis, University of South Wales, 1996. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/application-of-optimisation-techniques-to-planning-and-estimating-decisions-in-the-building-process(3bc5337e-375b-43b8-acd9-3dc12553eb61).html.
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An integrated computer model for time and cost optimisation has been developed for multi-storey reinforced concrete office buildings. The development of the model has been based on interviews completed with Planners, Estimators and Researchers within 2 of the top 20 (in terms of turnover) UK main contractors, and on published literature, bar charts and bills of quantities of concrete framed commercial buildings. The duration and cost of construction of a typical multistorey reinforced concrete office building is calculated through the first part of the integrated model, i.e. the simulation model. The model provides a set of choices for the selection of materials and plant and possible methods of work. It also requires the user to input the quantities of work, gang sizes and the quantity of plant required, lag values between activities, output rates, unit costs of plant, labour costs and indirect costs. A linked bar chart is drawn automatically by using the data available from the simulation model. The second part of the model, (optimisation) uses the data provided by the simulation part and provides sets of solutions of time vs. cost from which the minimum project cost corresponding to the optimum project duration is calculated under the given schedule restrictions. Linear programming is used for the optimisation problem. The objective function is set to be the minimisation of the project cost which is the total of the direct costs of all the activities creating the project and the indirect costs of the project. The constraints are formulated from the precedence relationship, lag values, and normal and crash values of time and cost for the activities supplied by the simulation model. The simulation part has been validated by comparing and contrasting the results with those methods and practices adopted by commercial planners and estimators. The validation of the optimisation part has been undertaken by plotting time-direct cost curves from the results and checking the convexity of the curves. Additionally, the validation procedures included taking account of the opinions of practitioners in the industry on the practical and commercial viability of the model.
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Pratikakis, Nikolaos. "Multistage decisions and risk in Markov decision processes towards effective approximate dynamic programming architectures /." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31654.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Jay H. Lee; Committee Member: Martha Grover; Committee Member: Matthew J. Realff; Committee Member: Shabbir Ahmed; Committee Member: Stylianos Kavadias. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Scherbaum, Stefan. "Making decisions under conflict with a continuous mind: from micro to macro time scales." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-62028.
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Making decisions is a dynamic process. Especially when we face a decision between conflicting options, different forces seem to drag our mind from one option to the other one (James, 1890), again and again. This process may last for a long time, sometimes only coming to a decision when we are finally forced to choose, e.g. by an important deadline. Psychology and many other disciplines were interested in how humans make decisions from their beginnings on. Many different influences on decisions were discovered (e.g. Kahneman & Tversky, 1979; Todd & Gigerenzer, 2000). In the face of these advances, it seems odd, that knowledge about the ongoing process of reaching a decision is rare and much of the investigation has focused on the final outcome of choice situations (Townsend & Busemeyer, 1995). A very recent approach, called neuroeconomics, started out to investigate what happens behind the scenes of a final decision. Using modern neuroimaging methods, many neuroeconomists explain decision making in the brain in terms of a hierarchy of different neural modules that work together like a big corporation to finally make the best possible decision (Sanfey, Loewenstein, McClure, & Cohen, 2006). However, the focus on neural modules also limits this approach to a quite static view of decision making and many questions, related to the dynamic aspects of decision making, still remain open: How do we continuously control impulsive or habitual tendencies in our decisions when we pursue long-term goals? How do we shift attention back and forth between (goal) relevant properties of choice options? How do we adjust and readjust our focus of attention to relevant information in order to avoid distraction by irrelevant or misleading information? And how are we influenced by the environmental context when we make decisions? The present work aims to show how an approach based on the concepts of dynamic systems theory could complement the module oriented approach and enhance our knowledge of the processes of decision making. Chapter 2 elaborates the limits of the module oriented approach, with a special focus on decisions under conflict, when we are faced with conflicting information, and introduces the principles of a complementary dynamic approach. Chapter 3 deduces the dynamic hypothesis of this work: ongoing processes interactions at different time scales can explain specific cognitive functions without postulating specialized modules for this function. To approach this hypothesis, chapter 4 will develop a theoretical and empirical framework to study decision making dynamically. The empirical part, building on the empirical framework, starts with chapter 5 presenting an EEG experiment. Chapter 6 presents two mouse tracking experiments, and chapter 7 presents a modelling study, reproducing the empirical data of chapters 5 and 6. The general discussion in chapter 8 summarizes the theoretical and empirical results and discusses possible limitations. Finally, chapter 9 discusses the implications of the dynamic approach to decision making, presents an outlook on future research projects, and closes the work by offering a dynamic picture of the processes behind the stage of a final decision„Man kann nicht beides haben: Den Rahm und die Butter.“ - „Wer die Wahl hat, hat die Qual.“ Mit diesen Sprichwörtern beklagt der Volksmund, womit das Leben uns immer wieder konfrontiert: wir müssen entscheiden, und oftmals führt uns das in Entscheidungskonflikte. Im Dilemma solcher Konflikte mag es begründet sein, dass das Thema der vorliegenden Arbeit, die Entscheidungsforschung, nicht nur in der Psychologie schon immer eine wichtige Rolle spielte, sondern auch in anderen Disziplinen, wie der Ökonomie, der angewandten Mathematik und der Philosophie. Die langjährigen Bestrebungen, diese unterschiedlichen Fachbereiche zu integrieren (z.B. Kahneman & Tversky, 1979; von Neumann & Morgenstern, 1944; Savage, 1972), münden aktuell in das Forschungsgebiet der Neuroökonomie (Camerer, Loewenstein, & Prelec, 2005; Loewenstein, Rick, & Cohen, 2008; Sanfey, Loewenstein, McClure, & Cohen, 2006). Neuroökonomen nutzen vielfach die Methoden der bildgebenden Hirnforschung, um durch die Lokalisierung der neuronalen Basis hierarchisch gegliederter Module Entscheidungsprozesse zu erklären (z.B. Sanfey et al., 2006; Fellows, 2004). Während die Anwendung bildgebender Methoden Potential birgt (z.B. Harrison, 2008), ist es vor allem der modulorientierte Ansatz, der das Risiko einer zu eingeschränkten Sichtweise auf Entscheidungsprozesse trägt (z.B. Ortmann, 2008; Oullier & Kelso, 2006). Dies zeigt sich zum Beispiel im von der kognitiven Psychologie intensiv erforschten Bereich von Entscheidungen unter Konflikt. Eine zentrale Rolle bei dieser Art von Entscheidungen spielen kognitive Kontrollprozesse, die der Umsetzung zielorientierten Verhaltens (Norman & Shallice, 2000) durch Konfliktlösung und -anpassung dienen. Als Bindeglied dieser beiden Prozesse gilt die Detektion von Entscheidungskonflikten, welche die vorherrschende Conflict Monitoring Theory (Botvinick, Braver, Barch, Carter, & Cohen, 2001) entsprechend dem modulorientiertem Ansatz einem speziellen neuronalen Modul zuordnet, das im anterioren cingulären Cortex lokalisiert ist (Botvinick, Cohen, & Carter, 2004). Die Probleme eines einseitigen modulorientierten Ansatzes verdeutlichen hier unter anderem die widersprüchliche Befundlage (z.B. Mansouri, Tanaka, & Buckley, 2009) und die letztlich weiterhin ungeklärte Frage nach den zugrundeliegenden Prozessen. Die Arbeit hat deshalb zum Ziel, den modulorientierten Ansatz um einen komplementären Ansatz auf Basis der Theorie dynamischer Systeme (Dynamical Systems Theory, DST) zu ergänzen. Aus dem grundlegenden DST-Prinzip der kontinuierlichen (z.B. Spivey, 2007) Interaktion rückgekoppelter Komponenten (z.B. Kelso, 1995; Van Orden, Holden, & Turvey, 2003) wird zunächst die dynamische Hypothese abgeleitet, dass sich Effekte auf verschiedenen Zeitskalen gegenseitig bedingen und einander hervorbringen. Für Entscheidungen unter Konflikt bedeutet dies, dass sich die Prozesse der Konfliktlösung und anpassung durch ihre direkte Interaktion im kognitiven System gegenseitig erzeugen. Zur Überprüfung dieser Hypothese werden innerhalb der Arbeit generelle empirische Strategien entwickelt, welche die Untersuchung von Entscheidungsprozessen auf verschiedenen Zeitskalen ermöglichen. Im empirischen Teil der Arbeit werden sodann zwei dieser Strategien zur Anwendung gebracht, um den Erkenntnisgewinn des dynamischen Ansatzes zu illustrieren. Zunächst wird in einer EEG-Studie eine Frequency-Tagging-Methode (z.B. Müller & Hübner, 2002; Müller, Andersen, & Keil, 2007) auf die Untersuchung der kognitiven Kontrollprozesse in einer Flanker-Aufgabe (Eriksen & Eriksen, 1974) adaptiert. Die neue Kombination einer kontinuierlichen neurophysiologischen Methode und eines klassischen Konflikt-Paradigmas ermöglicht die gleichzeitige Untersuchung kontinuierlicher Veränderungen der Aufmerksamkeit auf relevante und irrelevante Information. Die Ergebnisse der Studie stützen die Hypothese einer direkten Interaktion von Prozessen der Konfliktlösung und -anpassung und stellen bereits einen Widerspruch zur Conflict Monitoring Theory dar. Als weitere empirische Strategie wird in zwei Experimenten die Methode des Maus-Tracking (z.B. Buetti & Kerzel, 2009; Song & Nakayama, 2009; Spivey, Grosjean, & Knoblich, 2005) im Rahmen einer Simon-Aufgabe (Simon, 1969) eingesetzt. Die erneute Kombination einer kontinuierlichen Methode, diesmal auf Reaktionsebene, mit einem klassischen Konflikt-Paradigma erlaubt die Messung von Verhaltenstendenzen im Verlauf des gesamten Entscheidungsprozesses. Mit Hilfe einer neu entwickelten regressionsbasierten Analysemethode werden die Subprozesse einzelner Entscheidungen separiert und Einblicke in die Dynamik von Konfliktlösung und -anpassung gewonnen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen ein komplexes Muster zeitlicher Interaktion zwischen den beiden kognitiven Kontrollprozessen, wobei die Konfliktanpassung zeitlich unabhängig von der Verarbeitung irrelevanter Information ist. Dies steht erneut im Widerspruch zu Annahmen der Conflict Monitoring Theory. Zusammenfassend stützen die empirischen Ergebnisse die dynamische Hypothese der kontinuierlichen Interaktion rückgekoppelter Komponenten und werden im nächsten Schritt in einem dynamisch-konnektionistischen Netzwerkmodell integriert. Als Alternative zum Modell der Conflict Monitoring Theory verzichtet es entsprechend dem dynamischen Ansatz auf ein Conflict Monitoring Modul (Botvinick et al., 2001). Es verfügt stattdessen über Verarbeitungs-Prozesse auf verschiedenen Zeitskalen (Kiebel, Daunizeau, & Friston, 2008) und eine Rückkopplung zwischen der Netzwerkschicht, die der Informationsverarbeitung dient, und jener, die der Zielrepräsentation dient (Gilbert & Shallice, 2002; Cohen & Huston, 1994). Die Ergebnisse der Simulation zeigen, dass das Modell sowohl die klassischen Befunde zur Konfliktlösung und anpassung (z.B. Gratton, Coles, & Donchin, 1992), als auch das in den empirischen Studien gefundene kontinuierliche Datenmuster von Entscheidungsprozessen reproduziert. Die empirischen Befunde und die Ergebnisse der Modellierung bestätigen somit die postulierte dynamische Hypothese, dass sich Effekte auf verschiedenen Zeitskalen gegenseitig bedingen und einander hervorbringen. Dies verdeutlicht den komplementären Wert des dynamischen Ansatzes zum modulorientierten Ansatz, welcher vielfach in der Neuroökonomie verfolgt wird. Der hier entwickelte DST-basierte Ansatz bietet somit sowohl ein komplementäres Denkmodell, welches wie der modulorientierte Ansatz eine Verbindung zwischen den Phänomenen auf neuronaler und Verhaltensebene herstellt, als auch neue empirische Methoden zur dynamischen Erforschung von Entscheidungen. Daraus wird abschließend eine Fokuserweiterung für die zukünftige Forschung abgeleitet: zum einen auf die kontinuierlichen Prozesse, welche zu einer Entscheidung führen, und zum anderen auf die Interaktionsdynamik dieser Prozesse. Die Arbeit schließt mit dem Bild eines Entscheidungsprozesses als einer selbstorganisierten, metastabilen Balance (z.B. Kelso, 1995) bei der Lösung verschiedener Entscheidungsdilemmata (Goschke, 2003)
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Antia, Shirin D., and M. Christina Rivera. "Instruction and Service Time Decisions: Itinerant Services to Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Students." OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621712.
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The purpose of this study was to (a) describe the specific kinds of services provided by itinerant teachers to deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students in general education settings, (b) examine the relationship between student academic performance and instructional support provided by the itinerant teacher, and (c) examine how service provision decisions are made by itinerant teachers. We used quantitative and qualitative data collected during a 5-year longitudinal study. Data were obtained from teacher questionnaires, standardized achievement tests, and interviews. Results indicated that itinerant teachers of DHH students provided direct academic instruction to 60% of students with the majority of students receiving instruction in reading and writing. They provided instruction in nonacademic areas to 80% of students with a majority of students receiving instruction in self-advocacy. Low-achieving students were the most likely to receive academic instruction from the itinerant teacher. Decisions regarding service time were influenced by student needs and performance, age, parental request, and transitions.
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Xu, Bin. "Corporate financing decisions : the role of managerial overconfidence." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16652.
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This thesis examines the effects of managerial overconfidence on corporate financing decisions. Overconfident managers tend to overestimate the mean of future cash flow and underestimate the volatility of future cash flow. We propose a novel time-varying measure of overconfidence, which is based on computational linguistic analysis of what the managers said (i.e. Chairman s Statement). The overconfidence of CEO and CFO is also constructed based on what the managers did (i.e. how they trade their own firms shares). We conduct three empirical studies that offer new insights into the roles of managerial overconfidence in the leverage decision (i.e. debt level), pecking order behaviour (i.e. the preference for debt over equity financing) and debt maturity decision (i.e. short-term debt vs. long-term debt). Study 1 documents a negative overconfidence-leverage relationship. This new finding suggests that debt conservatism associated with managerial overconfidence might be a potential explanation for the low leverage puzzle: some firms maintain low leverage, without taking tax benefits of debt, because overconfident managers believe that firm securities are undervalued by investors and thus are too costly (Malmendier, Tate and Yan, 2011). Study 2 finds managerial overconfidence leads to reverse pecking order preference especially in small firms, which sheds light on the pecking order puzzle that smaller firms with higher information costs surprisingly exhibit weaker pecking order preference. This new evidence is consistent with Hackbarth s (2008) theory that overconfident managers who underestimate the riskiness of earnings tend to prefer equity to debt financing. Study 3 finds managerial overconfidence leads to higher debt maturity. This evidence supports our proposition that overconfidence can mitigate the underinvestment problem (which is often the major concern of long-term debt investors) (Hackbarth, 2009), which in turn allows overconfident managers to use more and cheaper long-term debt. This evidence also implies that overconfidence may mitigate the agency cost of debt. Overall, our empirical analysis suggests that managerial overconfidence has significant incremental explanatory power for corporate financing decisions.
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Kaman, Cumhur. "The Value Of Information In A Manufacturing Facility Taking Production And Lead Time Quotation Decisions." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613225/index.pdf.
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Advancements in information technology enabled to track real time data in a more accurate and precise way in many manufacturing facilities. However, before obtaining the more accurate and precise data, the investment in information technology should be validated. Value of information may be adopted as a criterion in this investment. In this study, we analyze the value of information in a manufacturing facility where production and lead time quotation decisions are taken. In order to assess the value of information, two settings are analyzed. Under the first setting, the manufacturer takes decisions under perfect information. To find the optimal decisions under perfect information, a stochastic model is introduced. Under the second setting, the manufacturer takes decisions under imperfect information. To obtain a solution for this problem, Partially Observable Markov Decision Process is employed. Under the second setting, we study two approaches. In the first approach, we introduce a nonlinear programming model to find the optimal decisions. In the second approach, a heuristic approach, constructed on optimal actions taken under perfect information is presented. We examine the value of information under different parameters by considering the policies under nonlinear programming model and heuristic approach. The profit gap between the two policies is investigated. The effect of Make-to-Order (MTO) and Make-to-Stock (MTS) schemes on the value of information is analyzed. Lastly, different lead time quotation schemesaccept-all, accept-reject and precise lead time
are compared to find under which quotation scheme value of information is highest.
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Ruth, James L. "Consumer Behavior in the Online Marketplace: How Time and Access to Information Drive Consumer Decisions." Thesis, School of Information and Library Science, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1901/360.
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The online marketplace is growing every year. As it continues to grow it is important to understand the interactions between online consumers and online merchants. This study examines the relationship between online merchants and online consumers focusing on how information is passed between the two. With consumers able to search and view dozens of stores in the time it used to take for many of them to drive to one, why are consumers not able to find the best price for the good they hope to buy? By examining past literature on information theory and consumer behavior, combined with considering a 3 x 3 sample of online consumers actually finding items in an online environment, this study will serve as a base for further research on what drives consumer interaction with electronic markets.
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Laliotis, Dimitrios. "Financial time series prediction and stochastic control of trading decisions in the fixed income markets." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243831.
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Douglass, Robert C. "An assessment of the FCIM DSS for the effects of lead time on procurement decisions." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23545.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThe development of automated manufacturing technology and the creation of Department of Defense (DoD) RAMP facilities which use this technology has required the development of use of improved decision support software (DSS) products. The new technology has allowed the facilities to reduce procurement lead time in the manufacturing process which now must be factored into the procurement and inventory management of the Navy and the DoD. This thesis examines a DSS product developed by Fleet Material Support Office for the RAMP Project Office which compares competing bids from RAMP sites and private contractors for the manufacture of repair parts. The DSS uses a modified version of the Wilson economic order quantity formula to determine optimum quantities to buy, minimizing the total relevant cost. It will be used to decided between competing bids which may vary is unit price, and delivery schedules. The author concludes that the theory for the calculation of total relevant cost is adequate but that reports generated do not highlight the benefits of reduced lead time and have significant computational errors.
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Marks, Gillian. "The employment decisions of first-time mothers : an application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour." Thesis, University of Kent, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310206.
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Larochelle, Catherine. "Three essays on productivity and risk, marketing decisions, and changes in well-being over time." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40379.
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This dissertation is composed of three essays; the first two examine the decisionmaking of potato producing households in Bolivia and the third examines well-being changes among Zimbabwe households. The first essay entitled “The role of risk mitigation in production efficiency: A case study of potato cultivation in the Bolivian Andes” estimates the costs of self-managing environmental risk through activity and environmental diversification. Risk management has the potential to reduce income variability but at the cost of increasing production inefficiency, which we measure employing a stochastic production frontier. Among variables capturing environmental diversification, discontinuity between fields has the most detrimental effect on production efficiency. Activity diversification, measured by the ratio of potato to total crop revenue, has a stronger impact on inefficiency and yield losses than any of the environmental diversification variables.
The second essay entitled “Determinants of market participation decisions and marketing choices in Bolivia” examines three decisions related to potato market participation: market entry, volume sold, and market choice. The first two are analyzed using a Heckman selection model. Results indicate that isolation, measured by population density and distance to markets, negatively impacts market entry. The most important determinant of quantity sold is land holding. Market choices are judged according to second-order stochastic dominance (SOSD). Market choices meeting the SOSD criterion are referred to as optimal marketing strategies as they have the higher expected payoff for a minimal income variance. Results suggest that the probability of selecting an optimal marketing strategy increases with quantity sold, access to market information, and access to liquidity while it decreases with distance to markets.
The third essay entitled “A profile of changes in well-being in Zimbabwe, 2001- 2007/8, using an asset index methodology” shows that it is possible to examine intertemporal and spatial changes in well-being in the absence of consumption expenditures data by using an asset index. The asset index was constructed using Polychoric Principal Component Analysis. Results indicate that poverty and extremely poverty grew significantly in rural Zimbabwe while in urban areas, poverty diminished and extreme poverty grew.Ph. D.
LTRA-7 (Pathways to CAPS in the Andes)
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Svegeboe, Lindholm Niklas, and Magnus Vennberg. "Part-Time Working Students and Their Career Development : How Business Students' Perceptions of their Current Part-Time Employer Influences their Future Career Decisions." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-137131.
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The globalized world of the early 21st century has had great impact on the labour market. Employees of today are faced with many more options then before, increasing staff turnover rates to very high levels. This raises a lot of interesting aspects in how to create affective, mutual and long-lasting employer-employee relationships in the way the world works today. We have identified part-time working students as a key group to investigate since they possess skills and qualifications that is important to retain within an organisation. More particularly, the purpose of this study is to look at part-time working business student and their relationship towards their current employer, their perceptions, and based on that, how likely it is that they will stay within that organisation after graduation. This has led us to our research question:How part-time working business students’ perception of their current employer influences their future career decisions?In the research field of Employee Retention, there is a lack of research on part-time workers, and even more lacking on part-time working students. A theoretical foundation has been created based on different aspects of this subject. Motivational theories, dividing motivation to either Intrinsic or Extrinsic to cover what motivates students in different settings is considered. Branching from motivational theories, the Expectancy theory is used to analyse the reasoning between potential outcomes, in this case job alternatives. As decisions regarding job alternatives shapes the future careers of young workers, research on career decisions with a focus on students, point out specific implications regarding the target group. Finally, to complement our foundation with research regarding the students’ relationship with their current employers, research on Employee Retention adds different predictors of staff turnover. Those predictors are used in order to understand why students say or leave an organisation.In order to answer our research question and to gain deep understanding, we have conducted qualitative interviews with business student at Umeå University. The interviewed students all have different part-time jobs, as to cover as many different organisations as possible. The study shows that part-time working students are influenced in their career decisions by their perception of their current employers and experiences from the job. Regardless of positive or negative experience, intrinsic aspects are desired from future careers, as well as development opportunities. The extent to which the organisation shows an interest in the students’ future development also influences the students’ attitude towards the organisation. However, regarding staying in the current organisations after graduation, the students are faced with issues beyond their control, like geographical complications.
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Dempsey, Kim Marie. "The impact of additional time on LSAT scores does time really matter? : The efficacy of making decisions on a case-by-case basis /." View full text, 2003.
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Rodriguez, Javier A. "Capacity expansion and capital investment decisions using the Economic Investment Time Model : a case oriented approach /." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07292009-090518/.
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Meier, Stephan. "An economic analysis of pro-social behavior : decisions to contribute money and time to public goods /." Zürich, 2004. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00148514.pdf.
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Jones, Richard Marshall. "Science teaching time and practice, and factors influencing elementary teachers' decisions about both in rural reservation schools." Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/jones/JonesRM0509.pdf.
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An achievement gap exists between White and Native American students in Montana. Extensive research has shown that improving the quality of instruction for minority students is an effective way to narrow this gap. Science education reform movements emphasize that for science to be effective it must first be taught and that when taught, should use a variety of approaches, including inquiry. In Montana it is also essential that programs designed to improve science instruction include strategies recommended by the research that are effective for Native American students including contextualization within the culture, the use of modeling and demonstration, and collaborative engagement in learning. The ten teachers who participated in this study were engaged in such a program, the Big Sky Science Partnership (BSSP). This study investigates three questions. First, how much time are the teachers in the study teaching science? Second, what does this teaching look like in relation to the recommendations for best science practice found in the research? Third, what influences do the teachers feel drive their instructional decisions? The answers to these questions were based on both quantitative and qualitative measures including data from interviews, participant reflections, observations, and surveys. This study provides an in-depth description of the allocation of science teaching time for elementary teachers who work primarily with Native American students as well as providing valuable data regarding teaching practice. The study shows that both time and practice are influenced by many factors. The primary influence cited by the participants in this study was district focus on reading and mathematics instruction. Participants also indicated that their participation in the BSSP had a direct influence on the amount of time they devoted to science instruction as well as the content covered and the strategies used. Teachers' views about these influences provide insight into limitations that schools' physical structure, policy mandates, and culture can place on a teacher's ability to effectively teach science. In light of the results of the study, implications for educators and policy makers are addressed, and recommendations for future research are suggested.
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Parks, Marcus D. "Managerial decisions and the choice of one-time cash disbursements : self-tendered offers vs. specially designated dividends /." Available to subscribers only, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1232410301&sid=7&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Key, Rosemary J. "The structure of family goals as revealed in relationships of complementarity and substitutability in time allocation decisions /." The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487592050230835.
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Linan-Thompson, Sylvia Francisca. "Habia una vez : teacher beliefs about the purpose of story time that influence their decisions during story time in bilingual early childhood special education classrooms /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Betts, John Maurice 1960. "Just-in-time replenishment and component substitution decisions for assemble-to-order manufacturing when capital is investor-supplied." Monash University, School of Business Systems, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9361.
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Cappelli, Veronica Roberta. "Décisions : théories, expériences et applications." Thesis, Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHEC0008.
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Cette thèse explore plusieurs dimensions entrelacés de la recherche décisionnelle. En particulier, tout en se focalisant sur les décisions sous risque et incertitude, ce travail illustre la transversalité des approches qui caractérisent ce domaine d'investigation en rassemblant une étude expérimentale, une élaboration théorique et une application. Le dialogue continu entre ces différentes approches de la recherche décisionnelle est essentiel à son développement, car les enquêtes empiriques testent et éclairent les théories formelles et garantissent en outre leur application significative dans des contextes théoriques et empiriques, contribuant ainsi à une dynamique vertueuse de «destruction créatrice» dans le domain d'etude. Par exemple, un grand nombre de preuves empiriques montre des violations de la théorie de l'utilité attendue. En réponse, la théorie de la décision et l'économie comportementale ont fourni une grande variété de théories de l'utilité non attendues. Cependant, les preuves existantes ne font pas clairement de distinction entre ces théories. En ce qui concerne l'enquête sur les sources des violations, une attention particulière est traditionnellement consacrée à tester plusieurs variantes de l'axiome d'indépendance. Pourtant, dans le domaine des gains, bon nombre des modèles d'utilité non attendus les plus connus respectent les restrictions comportementales minimales traditionnellement connues sous le nom d'axiomes P3 et P4 de Savage (1954), qui permettent de séparer les goûts, tels qu'ils sont capturés par un fonction d'utilitè, et des croyances, souvent capturés par une probabilité déformée. Dans le premier chapitre de cette thèse, nous dérivons une procédure non paramétrique pour tester l'hypothèse de séparabilité des goûts et des croyances et nous l'appliquons aux résultats de deux expériences. Bien que P3 soit rarement violé, notre test révèle des violations généralisées et prononcées de P4, suggérant ainsi que l’hypothèse d'une séparation des goûts et des croyances peut ne pas tenir dans des contextes empiriques. Du côté de la théorie, la question de la séparation des goûts et des croyances a apparemment été clôturée par une série d'articles de Ghirardato et Marinacci sur les préférences biseparables. Inspiré par les conclusions du chapitre précédent, le deuxième chapitre de cette thèse a pour objectif de rouvrir cette question en recherchant si, ou dans quelles conditions théoriques, une telle séparation tient réellement et quelles sont ses implications. En particulier, nous fournirons des conditions de séparabilité en termes de points médians de préférence et le nouveau concept de points médians de vraisemblance. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous utilisons les développements récents dans les critères de prise de décision pour fournir une extension de la configuration des jeux biformes séminaux de Brandenburger et Stuart (2007). Alors que les jeux biformes fournissent la base théorique d'un travail formel en stratégie basée sur les valeurs, notre cadre aide à concilier le comportement observé dans des contextes appliqués avec la théorie. En particulier, nous appliquons les résultats de notre théorie au choix de faire intervenir des substituts aux complémenteurs dans les écosystèmes commerciaux, une décision centrale dans la stratégie concurrentielle. Notre solution présente plusieurs avantages. Tout d'abord, il subsume le cadre de jeux biform original et intègre de manière transparente les travaux connexes récents qui fournissent des limites à la capture de valeur. En outre, il permet de résoudre des problèmes tels que la non-unicité possible des solutions et l'invariance de la structure de l'environnement concurrentiel tout en conservant le rôle de la concurrence dans la détermination de la capture de valeur. Enfin, il permet des représentations de préférences plus riches qui, par exemple, peuvent inclure des distorsions subjectives des chances objectives de capture de valeurThis dissertation explores several intertwined dimensions of decision-making research. In particular, while focusing on decisions under risk and uncertainty, this work illustrates the transversality of approaches that characterize this area of investigation by collecting an experimental study, a theoretical elaboration and an application. The continuous dialogue between these different approaches to decision-making research is critical to its development, as empirical investigations test and inform formal theories and further ensure their meaningful application in theoretical and empirical contexts, thus contributing to virtuous “creative destruction” dynamics in the field. For example, a large body of empirical evidence shows violations of the expected utility theory. In response, decision theory and behavioral economics provided a large variety of nonexpected utility theories. The existing evidence, however, does not clearly discriminate among such theories. Relative to the investigation of the sources of violations, particular attention has been traditionally devoted to testing several variations of the independence axiom. Yet, on the gains domain, many of the most well-known non-expected utility models abide to the minimal behavioral restrictions traditionally known as the axioms P3 and P4 of Savage (1954), that allow to separate tastes, as captured by a utility function on outcomes, and beliefs, as captured by the willingness to bet on events, often a distorted probability. In the first chapter of this dissertation, we derive a non-parametric procedure for testing the separability of tastes and beliefs hypothesis and we apply it to the results of two experiments. While P3 is rarely violated, our test finds widespread and pronounced violations of P4, thus suggesting that the assumption of separation of tastes and beliefs may not hold in empirical settings. On the theory side, the issue of separating tastes and beliefs was apparently closed by a series of papers of Ghirardato and Marinacci on biseparable preferences. Inspired by the findings of the previous chapter, the purpose of the second chapter of this dissertation is to reopen this question by investigating whether, or under what theoretical conditions, such separation actually holds and what its implications are. In particular, we will provide separability conditions in terms of preference midpoints and the novel concept of likelihood midpoints. In the third chapter, we make use of recent developments in decision-making criteria to provide an extension of the seminal biform games setup of Brandenburger and Stuart (2007). While biform games provide the theoretical basis for formal work in value-based strategy, our framework helps reconciling observed behavior in applied contexts with theory. In particular, we apply the results of our setup to the choice of bringing in substitutes to complementers in business ecosystems, a central decision in competitive strategy. Our solution has several advantages. First, it subsumes the original biform games framework and seamlessly integrates recent related work that provides bounds to value capture. Also, it allows solving issues such as the possible non-uniqueness of solutions and invariance to the competitive environment structure while maintaining the role of competition in determining value capture. Finally, it permits richer preferences representations that, for example, can include subjective distortions of objective chances of value capture
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Stubbs, Rochelle L. (Rochelle Lundberg). "Evening Meal Patterns and Meal Management Decisions in Families of Employed and Nonemployed Mothers." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500611/.
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The purpose of this research was to determine if evening meal patterns and meal management decisions are related to the marital and employment status of mothers. Two hundred eighty-two usable questionnaires were completed by mothers who attended elementary school parent-teacher meetings in a suburban city in North Texas. The questionnaire gathered data about family demographics, family evening meal patterns, and factors affecting meal management decisions. Little difference was found between meal patterns of employed and nonemployed mothers in single and two-parent households. Factors found to affect meal pattern decisions were values, traditions, time, energy, nutrition, and family influence. A traditional family evening meal was important to the families studied.
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DeDonno, Michael Anthony. "Time Pressure and Decision Making." Cleveland, Ohio : Case Western Reserve University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1232579823.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2009Title from PDF (viewed on 26 May 2009) Includes abstract Department of Psychology Includes bibliographical references and appendices Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center
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Sun, Jian S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Reputation with stopping time decision." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/129088.
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Thesis: S.M. in Management Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, September, 2020Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 27-28).
This paper studies a long run relationship between two players while one player has reputation concern and the other player's decision is a stopping time. The equilibrium structure depends on the value of the long run relationship: when the value of the relationship is low, a simple threshold equilibrium is the unique equilibrium; when the value becomes higher, a probationary period endogenously arises when reputation is in an intermediate region. Reputation concern also has discipline effect, moral hazard problem is mitigated when player's reputation becomes worse, and the discipline effect is dominating when reputation is sufficiently bad.
by Jian Sun.
S.M. in Management Research
S.M.inManagementResearch Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management
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Binney, Derek James. "Time to adopt knowledge management applications influences that affect individual decisions within a large information technology services organisation /." Phd thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/84346.
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Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Macquarie Graduate School of Management, 2005.Bibliography: p. 241-260.
Introduction -- Literature review -- Development of the KM Spectrum -- Research design and method -- Results -- Discussion of results -- Conclusions and implications.
There is growing consensus in business research and practice that knowledge is increasingly the driver of competitive advantage. This thesis focuses on one aspect of the issue by identifying factors that affect the adoption of Knowledge Management (KM) applications by individuals in an IT Services organisation. The study considers the adoption decision by individuals once senior management have decided to invest in IT enabled KM applications (KMA) and KM systems (KMS). -- In the thesis, a framework, the KM Spectrum, is developed that differentiates between the varying characteristics of KMAs and frames the research. The thesis identifies 32 potential success factors for KM adoption proposed in the reviewed literature. These factors are related to the disciplines of organisational science, diffusion theory and adoption models. -- The methods used in the research: secondary data study, interviews and the electronic survey, combined with the representativeness of the survey sample, triangulate to provide confidence in the empirical understanding of the factors that influenced the adoption of KM within the specific knowledge-based organisation. -- In developing the theoretically-informed view of the factors that affect individual adoption of KMAs the research concludes that studying KM adoption at an individual level and across multiple KMAs identifies influences on adoption masked by adoption research conducted at a KM system and/or organisational level. By studying KM adoption at an individual level this thesis finds that the adoption by individuals of KMAs is primarily a diffusion phenomenon and that the factors that influence KMA adoption vary with the type of KMA being adopted. The empirically identified factors that affect adoption at an individual level build to a staged model of KM adoption, called the enhanced KM adoption (EKMA) model. The EKMA model represents four phases of KM adoption and differential influences that apply across the adoption lifecycle. Additionally, the study provides some indications of further research topics and proposes a checklist to assist practitioners with the deployment of KMAs and KM systems.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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Gravatt, Denise Hunter. "The Impact of Digital Marketing Decisions on Market Outcomes in Residential Real Estate." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7509.
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In the competitive and fast-paced industry of residential real estate, digital marketing strategies must effectively meet the information needs and demands of the industry’s three key stakeholders: buyers, sellers, and agents. Digital house hunting is the predominant search strategy for prospective homebuyers who scour the Internet looking for homes to purchase. Property sellers and real estate professionals, whose shared end-goal is to transact a successful sale, must discern which digital marketing choices are optimal for marketing for-sale properties online in the digital channels where buyers are searching.
A 2008 settlement agreement between the Department of Justice and the National Association of Realtors over concerns of anticompetitive policies relating to virtual office websites (VOWs) led to a shift in responsibility from the agent to the seller regarding which online marketing options will be associated with the online property listings. Real estate agents allocate time and resources to market properties on behalf of sellers, and need strategies that cater to buyers’ search preferences and sellers’ online marketing prerogatives while remaining effective and cost-efficient.
Previous empirical studies using MLS data have considered the effects of seller marketing choices of real estate platforms and types of agents (i.e. full-service, flat-fee, etc.) as well as the impacts of a variety of agent marketing efforts on the market outcomes of sales price, time on the market, and the probability of sale.
This research extends prior work by providing a quantitative analysis of the effects digital marketing choices of sellers (allowing “blogging” or third-party commentary) and digital marketing efforts of the agents (using a virtual tour) have on market outcomes. This analysis also includes a novel inquiry into what, if any, measurable effects the various platforms chosen for the virtual tours have on market outcomes.
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Dickter, David N. "The role of time orientation in decision making under time pressure." Connect to resource, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1250528229.
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Dickter, David Nathan. "The role of time orientation in decision-making under time pressure /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487946103565876.
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Katzler, Sigrid. "Improving strategic decisions for real estate investors : Perspectives on allocation and management." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-207004.
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Real estate is an attractive asset class in the mixed-asset portfolio due to favorable risk return characteristics and low correlations with other asset classes like stock and bonds. Unlike financial assets, real estate is a physical asset where large lot sizes/indivisibility, heterogeneity, low liquidity and high transaction costs make applying financial models like modern portfolio theory (MPT) challenging. Optimal allocations to real estate found in literature are generally lower than actual allocations by investors and portfolio managers indicating there are aspects of the application of MPT to real estate that are not fully understood. Since management of real estate is costly and requires expert skills, the question on whether to outsource property management functions is of paramount interest for the real estate industry. The aim of the thesis is to contribute to the literature on strategic decisions for real estate investors on allocation and management, Apart from reviewing literature relevant for strategic decisions at different levels and using a top-down approach to illustrate how selected allocation and management decisions are connected, four separate empirical studies are made to investigate the nature of selected strategic decisions for real estate investors.QC 20170515
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Ulbricht, Björn [Verfasser], Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Kühn, and Mathias [Akademischer Betreuer] Beiglböck. "Capital gains taxes : modeling in continuous time and impacts on investment decisions / Björn Ulbricht. Gutachter: Christoph Kühn ; Mathias Beiglböck." Frankfurt am Main : Univ.-Bibliothek Frankfurt am Main, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1074192524/34.
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Martinoty, Laurine. "Intrahousehold Allocation of Time and Consumption during Hard Times." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1021/document.
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Les conséquences des chocs économiques négatifs sur les ménages ont été documentés extensivement, mais on en sait beaucoup moins sur la manière dont ces chocs sont transmis aux individus à travers la médiation du ménage. Le ménage contribue-il à modérer l'effet des chocs négatifs ? Dans quelle mesure le choc économique pèse-t-il dans la négociation familiale ? À partir de données sur la crise économique argentine de 2001, je montre d'abord que les femmes en couple ont une plus grande probabilité de devenir actives si leur mari a fait l'expérience d'un choc de revenu. Ensuite, je montre que le cycle économique importe dans les décisions d'investissement en capital humain. Sur le long terme, les profils de salaire et d'employabilité des hommes argentins sont affectés de manière persistante par les conditions économiques initiales au moment de l'obtention du diplôme. Enfin, je considère la dimension “man-cession” de la crise économique de 2009 en Espagne et montre que la part des ressources du ménage reçues par les femmes pour leur consommation privée augmente avec la diminution de l'écart des taux de chômage hommes-femmes, confortant l'hypothèse que les chocs négatifs modifient le pouvoir de négociation des individus au sein du ménageThe consequences of adverse aggregate shocks on households have been repeatedly documented, but far less has been said on the way they are passed over to individuals through the mediation of the household. Does the household contribute in mitigating the effects? Or does the economic shock rather invite itself at the family negociating table? Using the Argentine 2001 economic crisis as a natural experiment, I first show that married women are more likely to enter the labor market if their husband experienced a loss in income, giving credit to the insurance mechanism. Then, I show that the business cycle matters for investments in education, and that long run labor outcomes of Argentine men are persistently affected by the initial conditions upon graduation. Finally, I consider the “Mancession” dimension of the Great Recession in Spain and demonstrate that the resource share accruing to wives for own consumption increases together with the decreasing unemployment gap, which comes in support to the bargaining hypothesis
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Hellman, Niclas. "Investor behaviour : an empirical study of how large Swedish institutional investors make equity investment decisions." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics [Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.] (EFI), 2000. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/543.htm.
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Roßbach, André Christian. "Evaluation of Software Architectures in the Automotive Domain for Multicore Targets in regard to Architectural Estimation Decisions at Design Time." Master's thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-163372.
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In this decade the emerging multicore technology will hit the automotive industry. The increasing complexity of the multicore-systems will make a manual verification of the safety and realtime constraints impossible. For this reason, dedicated methods and tools are utterly necessary, in order to deal with the upcoming multicore issues. A lot of researchprojects for new hardware platforms and software frameworks for the automotive industry are running nowadays, because the paradigms of the “High-Performance Computing” and “Server/Desktop Domain” cannot be easily adapted for the embedded systems. One of the difficulties is the early suitability estimation of a hardware platform for a software architecture design, but hardly a research-work is tackling that. This thesis represents a procedure to evaluate the plausibility of software architecture estimations and decisions at design stage. This includes an analysis technique of multicore systems, an underlying graph-model – to represent the multicore system – and a simulation tool evaluation. This can guide the software architect, to design a multicore system, in full consideration of all relevant parameters and issuesIn den nächsten Jahren wird die aufkommende Multicore-Technologie auf die Automobil-Branche zukommen. Die wachsende Komplexität der Multicore-Systeme lässt es nicht mehr zu, die Verifikation von Sicherheits- und Echtzeit-Anforderungen manuell auszuführen. Daher sind spezielle Methoden und Werkzeuge zwingend notwendig, um gerade mit den bevorstehenden Multicore-Problemfällen richtig umzugehen. Heutzutage laufen viele Forschungsprojekte für neue Hardware-Plattformen und Software-Frameworks für die Automobil-Industrie, weil die Paradigmen des “High-Performance Computings” und der “Server/Desktop-Domäne” nicht einfach so für die Eingebetteten Systeme angewendet werden können. Einer der Problemfälle ist das frühe Erkennen, ob die Hardware-Plattform für die Software-Architektur ausreicht, aber nur wenige Forschungs-Arbeiten berücksichtigen das. Diese Arbeit zeigt ein Vorgehens-Model auf, welches ermöglicht, dass Software-Architektur Abschätzungen und Entscheidungen bereits zur Entwurfszeit bewertet werden können. Das beinhaltet eine Analyse Technik für Multicore-Systeme, ein grundsätzliches Graphen-Model, um ein Multicore-System darzustellen, und eine Simulatoren Evaluierung. Dies kann den Software-Architekten helfen, ein Multicore System zu entwerfen, welches alle wichtigen Parameter und Problemfälle berücksichtigt
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Wilson, Darrin Hugh Eugene. "Local government decisions in a time of economic decline| A study of county government budget policy during the Great Recession." Thesis, Florida Atlantic University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10154944.
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This dissertation examined the literature of cutback management in the context of the Great Recession. Specifically, it studied the relationship between cutback management policies used by county governments during the recession and revenue changes.
The purpose of this dissertation was to test whether or not the percent change in revenue had an impact on the probability that cutback management policies were used in the recession. According to the cutback management literature developed in the 1970s and 1980s, there should be a relationship.
The theoretical framework used for this study was the rational-approach framework, which proposes that every expenditure reducing and revenue increasing policy is enacted based on the percent decrease in revenue the government faces. This suggests that the cutback management policies are a proportional response to revenue decline. The framework was operationalized by using a binary logistic regression that used policy enactment as the dependent variable and the percent change in revenue as the independent variable. Eighty-six counties were sampled and 7 years of each county’s budget book were examined for policies and financial data.
The research found that eleven expenditure policies and three revenue policies had a statistically significant relationship with the percent change in revenues. This resulted in the conclusion that the framework and, therefore, the cutback management literature were useful in explaining primarily expenditure policies.