Academic literature on the topic 'A valuation using price provision'
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Journal articles on the topic "A valuation using price provision"
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LAU, KA WO, and YUE KUEN KWOK. "VALUATION OF EMPLOYEE RELOAD OPTIONS USING UTILITY MAXIMIZATION APPROACH." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 08, no. 05 (August 2005): 659–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024905003189.
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The reload provision in an employee stock option is an option enhancement that allows the employee to pay the strike upon exercising the stock option using his owned stocks and to receive new "reload" stock options. The usual Black–Scholes risk neutral valuation approach may not be appropriate to be adopted as the pricing vehicle for employee stock options, due to the non-transferability of the ownership of the options and the restriction on short selling of the firm's stocks as hedging strategy. In this paper, we present a general utility maximization framework to price non-tradeable employee stock options with reload provision. The risk aversion of the employee enters into the pricing model through the choice of the utility function. We examine how the value of the reload option to the employee is affected by the number of reloads outstanding, the risk aversion level and personal wealth. In particular, we explore how the reload provision may lower the difference between the cost of granting the option and the private option value and improve the compensation incentive of the option award.
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Shee, Apurba, Carlo Azzarri, and Beliyou Haile. "Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Improved Agricultural Technologies: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Tanzania." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010216.
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Initiatives on the sustainable intensification of agriculture have introduced improved technologies tailored to farmers’ local conditions by trial demonstration with free provision of improved seeds and fertilizers. It is not clear, though, whether smallholder farmers would be willing to pay for these technologies, and what factors determine their informed demand. Using a contingent valuation experiment, combined with information at baseline among 400 households in Northern Tanzania, this study measured farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for hybrid maize seed and local inorganic fertilizer. Farmers’ WTP was estimated using a dichotomous contingent valuation with follow-up model. Results showed that the average WTP was 61% higher for hybrid maize seed, and 15% lower for inorganic fertilizer, than their respective average local market prices during the reference period, suggesting that farmers were willing to pay a premium for hybrid maize seed, while they did not seem to be interested in fertilizer purchase at current market price. Moreover, since improved access to extension services was found to positively affect farmers’ WTP, strengthening extension services could be a suitable policy intervention to increase farmers’ demand for improved technologies. On the other hand, farmers’ risk aversion was negatively correlated with WTP for both technologies. This result suggests that encouraging risk reduction options, such as agricultural insurance, could be a useful policy strategy for boosting farmers’ demand for improved agricultural technologies.
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Banda, B. M., S. Farolfi, and R. M. Hassan. "Estimating water demand for domestic use in rural South Africa in the absence of price information." Water Policy 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2007): 513–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.023.
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The paper applies the travel cost method (TCM) to estimate the value that rural households in the Steelpoort sub-basin of South Africa place on river and collective tap water. While the TCM calculations are based on the opportunity cost of the time household members spend on water collection, the resulting welfare values are close in magnitude to the estimates obtained using a contingent valuation method (CVM) on the same sample. The paper shows that in the absence of price data, the TCM provides satisfactory estimates of benefits where direct estimation of demand elasticity would otherwise be impossible. According to both methods, households consuming river water attribute higher value to the resource than collective tap users. The income elasticity of the trip generating function is much higher than that of the opportunity cost of time (price), implying that household's water use behaviour would be more responsive to factors affecting household income than to price incentives. Comparing the estimated values with actual operating and maintenance cost of water provision in the study area suggests that policies promoting cost-covering water tariffs have a potential to succeed.
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Lóránt, Anna, and Maria Farkasné Fekete. "More insurance subsidies for European farmers – is it needed?" Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 9, no. 4 (December 30, 2015): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2015/4/4.
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In addition to traditional sources of uncertainties, such as market price volatility and animal and plant health-related risks, the impacts of climate change have recently become a major concern in the agricultural sector throughout the world. Insurance has been commonly proposed as a key instrument in farm risk management, and agricultural insurance schemes have become more widespread both in developed and developing countries. We conducted a case study in the UK to investigate farmers’ risk perception and willingness to pay for crop insurance by using contingent valuation method (CVM). Similarly to the experience from developing countries, we found that farmers are less willing to pay for insurance, however they do take actions to reduce their risks. While these results suggest that the provision of premium subsidies to European farmers can be justified; in order to avoid counter-productive policy outcomes, one may consider the introduction of a risk-based approach in agricultural risk management.
JEL classification: Q14
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Kakuru, Willy, Nelson Turyahabwe, and Johnny Mugisha. "Total Economic Value of Wetlands Products and Services in Uganda." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/192656.
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Wetlands provide food and non-food products that contribute to income and food security in Uganda. This study determined the economic value of wetland resources and their contribution to food security in the three agroecological zones of Uganda. The values of wetland resources were estimated using primary and secondary data. Market price, Productivity, and Contingent valuation methods were used to estimate the value of wetland resources. The per capita value of fish was approximately US$ 0.49 person−1. Fish spawning was valued at approximately US$ 363,815 year−1, livestock pastures at US$ 4.24 million, domestic water use at US$ 34 million year−1, and the gross annual value added by wetlands to milk production at US$ 1.22 million. Flood control was valued at approximately US$ 1,702,934,880 hectare−1year−1and water regulation and recharge at US$ 7,056,360 hectare−1year−1. Through provision of grass for mulching, wetlands were estimated to contribute to US$ 8.65 million annually. The annual contribution of non-use values was estimated in the range of US$ 7.1 million for water recharge and regulation and to US$ 1.7 billion for flood control. Thus, resource investment for wetlands conservation is economically justified to create incentives for continued benefits.
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Mellizo, Philip Pablo. "Do consumers value employee ownership? Evidence from an experimental auction." Journal of Participation and Employee Ownership 1, no. 2/3 (September 10, 2018): 162–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpeo-10-2017-0001.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate how the public at large perceives employee ownership, and how public perceptions of employee ownership translate into consumer valuation of goods and/or services produced by employee-owned firms. To the extent that consumer interest regarding the governance and ownership structure of firms matters in their purchasing decision, an employee-owned certification label could be an instrument by firms to segment consumer demand, differentiate products and potentially realize a competitive advantage. Design/methodology/approach Three specific questions are evaluated using the fifth price, experimental Vickrey valuation auction. First, the author obtains estimates of willingness to pay (WTP) premia for a specific item (coffee) differentiated in a controlled setting by the certifications labels that signal various non-market attributes. Specifically, the author examines the WTP premium for coffee that is eligible for the Certified Employee-OwnedSM label, the Fair Trade CertifiedTM Certified label, as well coffee that qualifies for both labels. Second, the author introduces a treatment to evaluate how the provision of information produced by the third party certifiers affects WTP estimates. And third, the author exploits the use of a controlled setting to evaluate how passive sensory information (i.e. taste) may influence the WTP valuation of the labels. Findings WTP premia for coffee carrying only the EO label only increase by 67 cents relative to conventional coffee, which was not significantly different from zero. Bids for both FT and EO&FT labeled coffee were, however, positive ($1.22 and $2.17, respectively) and are also statistically significant. The circulation of information to subjects about the certification programs resulted in increased bids. These bid differences were statistically significant for FT and EOFT coffee, but again, not for EO labeled coffee. Finally, differences in tastes did not appear to drive significant differences in bidding behavior, suggesting that WTP consumer decisions are strongly influenced by non-market attributes. Originality/value Marketers, economists and others have an interest in determining the monetary value individuals place on non-market goods for a variety of reasons; from forecasting new product success to understanding consumer and individual behavior. Unfortunately, many currently available stated preference techniques suffer from hypothetical bias while revealed preference techniques rely on indirect measures. Experimental auctions mitigate some of these issues since they involve individuals exchanging real money for real goods in an active market. WTP valuation has been conducted on a wide variety or products, but none that capture consumer valuation of employee ownership.
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Anderson, Steffen, Glenn W. Harrison, Morten I. Lau, and Rutstrom E. Elisabet. "Valuation using multiple price list formats⋆." Applied Economics 39, no. 6 (April 2007): 675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840500462046.
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Torre, Andrew, and Darryl Whitford Coulthard. "Shadow pricing utilitarian justice: some tentative estimates." International Journal of Social Economics 48, no. 8 (April 29, 2021): 1089–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-07-2020-0463.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to recognise and provide an approach to estimate the value of an institution that produces a public good to the wealth of a nation. Specifically, the authors value utilitarian justice.Design/methodology/approachThe paper employs the classical economic theories of crime and shadow pricing to estimate the total economic value and shadow prices or social productivity of police and higher court deterrence. These measures are estimated using the definitions provided by Dasgupta and by re-engineering key deterrence elasticity estimates gleaned from Australian econometric studies.FindingsThe empirical findings suggest a relatively high social value for police and higher court deterrence. Notwithstanding, addressing socio-economic disadvantage is likely to prevent more subsequent offences than directing more resources to the operation of the criminal justice system.Research limitations/implicationsThe key limitations involve the sensitivity of the estimates to error. Further work is required on all the estimates in the model and in particular the social costs of the serious offences. The next step is to estimate the opportunity cost of supplying police and court deterrence. The cost estimate can then be combined with the estimates of social benefits to estimate a benefit-cost ratio. The model in broad terms demonstrates a way forward to estimating the economic value of and the social productivity of the criminal justice system. The provision of retributive justice is also ignored in this contribution. This requires a separate analysis.Social implicationsThe social implications are that there appears a way to both justify and evaluate the criminal justice system and this methodology may be applied to the operation of other public services.Originality/valueThe originality of this paper lies in suggesting a method to solve the valuation problem for the jointly produced public goods of the higher courts and police.
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Lopes, Ana Isabel, and Laura Reis. "Are provisions and contingent liabilities priced by the market?" Meditari Accountancy Research 27, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 228–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-09-2017-0212.
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PurposeThis paper aims to examine pricing differences regarding contingencies presented in statements of financial position or notes, which are considered an area for creative accounting.Design/methodology/approachThe authors have chosen two countries with different cultural environments to test the exploratory study. The sample includes companies using the International Accounting Standard (IAS) 37, which requires recognition of provisions while contingent liabilities are only disclosed, implying different impacts from underlying judgement related with contingencies. The authors apply a regression model based on the Ohlson equity-valuation framework.FindingsThe most important conclusion is that market participants in both countries follow different patterns when incorporating information about provisions and contingent liabilities. More precisely, the results suggest that provisions are value-relevant, but incrementally less negative in Portugal. Contingent liabilities seem to have no value relevance. However, an exception exists for Portuguese companies having a risk committee board, in which case a significant market valuation of contingent liabilities is found and discounted in share prices. The existence of a risk committee corroborates the value relevance of this board, which is positively valued by market participants in both national cultures.Practical implicationsThe findings may make a contribution to the IASB research project on the IAS 37 and possible amendments to it (suspended until the revisions to the conceptual framework are finalized) and to the IASB prioritization of communication effectiveness of financial statements to all users.Originality/valueValue relevance of contingencies differentiating countries from two different national cultures and firms with a risk committee on the board of directors.
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Ong, Chui Zi, Rasidah Mohd-Rashid, and Kamarun Nisham Taufil-Mohd. "IPO valuation using the price-multiple methods: evidence from Malaysia." Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting 19, no. 4 (February 1, 2021): 540–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfra-05-2020-0128.
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Purpose This study aims to investigate the valuation accuracy of Malaysian initial public offerings (IPOs) by using price-multiple methods. Design/methodology/approach Cross-sectional data including 467 IPOs listed on the Malaysian stock exchange were used for the period of 2000–2017. This study used univariate ordinary least square (OLS) regression to analyse the relationship between IPOs’ price-multiples and comparable firms’ price-multiples. The test of valuation accuracy was conducted via computing valuation errors by segregating the sample into two groups: fixed-price IPOs and book-built IPOs. Furthermore, multiple OLS regression was used to examine the influence of IPO valuation on underpricing. Findings The findings of the results suggested that IPOs price-to-earnings (P/E), price-to-book (P/B) and price-to-sales (P/S) multiples were positively related to the median P/E, P/B and P/S multiples of five comparable firms matched by industry and revenues. The P/S multiple was shown to be the most significant valuation method, specifically in book-built IPOs. The findings indicated that those firms that had a lower valuation in comparison to the comparable firms were inclined to underprice their IPOs to allure investors to subscribe IPOs. In addition, book-built IPOs that had fair valuations were inclined to generate higher initial returns for investors. Practical implications The findings of this study observed implications for underwriters in avoiding the mis-valuation issue by considering the book-building mechanism. Originality/value This study attempted to explore the suitability of the valuation method to value IPOs in Malaysia.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "A valuation using price provision"
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Plachetský, Jiří. "Analýza vlivu podlaží a orientace vůči světovým stranám na cenu vybraných bytových jednotek ve Velkém Meziříčí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232820.
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Master‘s thesis is focused on the analysis of the impact the floors and orientation towards the cardinal points on the price of selected housing units in Velké Meziříčí. The theoretical part defines the basic terms associated with the valuation and describes the valuation methods. In the practical part there is performed the valuation of the selected housing units according to the valid price provision and direct comparison method. There is also described a location and a real estate market. By mutual comparing the observed prices and their analysis proves to extent to which in fact examined parameters affect the real price.
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Vondrová, Monika. "Analýza vybraných faktorů ovlivňujících zjištěnou a obvyklou cenu bytů v Ústí nad Orlicí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232630.
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The aim of this master´s thesis is valuation of 11 real estate propetries of type flat in Ústí nad Orlicí by selected methods of valuation. Subsequently comparison of these methods and analysis of selected factors influencing the ascertained price and the standard price is done.
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Krupař, Petr. "Posouzení rozdílů mezi cenou nabídkovou a cenou zjištěnou podle oceňovacího předpisu u bytů v Karlových Varech." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232816.
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This thesis focuses on the comparison of selected methods of valuation for the property type flat in Karlovy Vary - Stara Role, specifically prefabricated insulated houses. The theoretical part describes the basic concepts associated with the valuation, it describes methods of valuation and detailed description of location . The practical part of the thesis is focused on the valuation of flats according to the current price regulation. Comparative and yield methods are used in this valuation. The conclusion of the final price of these methods is processed and evaluated.
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Vašíčková, Dominika. "Analýza faktorů ovlivňujících obvyklou cenu bytových jednotek na Vsetínsku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377743.
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The thesis is focused on comparing the price of housing units in Vsetín region using different valuation methods. Theoretical part describes the basic concepts related to valuation, individual methods of valuation and description of the region. Practical part is focused on valuation of selected housing unit’s individual methods of valuation, which are the method of valid price provision, the direct comparison method and the yield method for determining the usual price. All these methods will be evaluated and compared in the conclusion of the thesis.
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Bečvářová, Hedvika. "Srovnání vybraných způsobů ocenění pro nemovitost typu byt v lokalitě Písek a okolí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232631.
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This master´s thesis is focused on the comparison of selected methods that the use for evaluation real property type flat. Thesis defines the basic notions connected with valuation and describes the methods of valuation. Valuated flats are situated in Písek and surrounding. Work includes description given to areas and maps local situation in the marketplace with flat unit. Flats were selected with different layout.
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Dufek, Jakub. "Srovnání vybraných způsobů ocenění pro bytové a nebytové jednotky v okrese Žďár nad Sázavou." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233157.
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This diploma thesis is focused on the comparison of selected methods of apartment and commercial units valuation in the district of Žďár nad Sázavou. The theoretical part describes the basic notions connected with valuation, describes the methods of valuation and also the valuated location itself. The practical part deals with the apartment and commercial units valuation using these metods – the metods according to price provision, specifically comparative technice, then the komparative method itself byt not according to price provision and finály using the yield method for an assessment of the current price. In the conclusion there is comparison of all of these used methods.
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Janečková, Magdaléna. "Srovnání vybraných způsobů ocenění pro nemovitost typu byt v lokalitě Otrokovice a Zlín." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232930.
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This diploma thesis deals with the comparison of chosen valuation methods for real estate. The evaluated apartments are located in Otrokovice and Zlin. The theoretical section covers the basic terms associated with the valuation process and it describes the valuation methods which were chosen for this work, as well as the evaluated locations. The practical part is focused on the valuation of the apartments according to valid price provision based on a comparative method, a direct comparison method and yield method for an estimation of the current price.
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Vovsová, Alena. "Srovnání vybraných způsobů ocenění pro bytové jednotky v typových domech v okrajových částech města Brna." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232632.
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This diploma thesis is focused on the comparison of selected methods of apartment valuation in the location of Brno, in specific on the apartment - high-rise block. The theoretical part describes the basic notions connected with valuation, describes the methods of valuation and also the valuated locations itself. The practical part deals with the aparment valuation using these methods - the method according to price provision, specifically comparative technique, then the comparative method itself but not according to price provision and finally using the yield method for an assessment of the current price.
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Barilová, Jitka. "Srovnání vybraných způsobů ocenění bytů v Brně Černých Polích." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232543.
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This diploma thesis is focused on the comparison of selected methods of apartment valuation in the location of Brno - Černá Pole, in specific on the apartment valuation in brick buildings. The theoretical part describes the basic notions connected with valuation, describes the methods of valuation and also the valuated location itself. The practical part deals with the apartment valuation using these methods - the method according to price provision, specifically comparative technique, then the comparative method itself but not according to price provision and finally using the yield method for an assessment of the current price. In the conclusion there is comparison of all of these used methods.
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Yoo, Woosang. "Valuation of metal reserves under price uncertainty by using option pricing model." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10979.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "A valuation using price provision"
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Dunning, Richard, Berna Keskin, and Craig Watkins. "Using Multi Level Modeling Techniques as an AVM Tool: Isolating the Effects of Earthquake Risk from Other Price Determinants." In Advances in Automated Valuation Modeling, 209–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49746-4_13.
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Higano, Yoshiro. "Introduction: Real Estate Tax System and Real Estate Market in Japan." In New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, 115–22. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_8.
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AbstractThis introduction summarizes chapters of Part II. In Chap. 10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_9, Yamamoto (Jpn J Real Estate Sci 31:88–96, 2018) has compared between the street method, the asset valuation adopted for the imposition of property tax in Japan, and the computer-assisted mass appraisal (CAMA) method generally adopted in North America focusing on education and training of valuators. In Chap. 10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_10, Yamazaki (Jpn J Real Estate Sci 31:97–101, 2018) argues that one of the major causes for relatively low density use of land in the city in Japan is the land tax system. He focuses on property tax and examines defects of the tax from view of economist. In Chap. 10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_11, Kobayashi (Jpn J Real Estate Sci 31:129–138, 2018), taking an actual example, has examined difference between precise legal interpretation of ‘exemption from real estate acquisition tax due to purpose of use’ and taxation practices conducted by local administrative bodies. In Chap. 10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_12, Shirakawa and Okoshi (Jpn J Real Estate Sci 31:88–96, 2017) have shown that the real estate companies were committed to transactions as dual agencies to whatsoever degree, and analyzed attributes of real estate brokerage companies which are able to be dual agencies and how such dual agency affects contract price.In Chap. 10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_13, Ueno (Jpn J Real Estate Sci 31:97–105, 2017) has analyzed impacts of the macroeconomic conditions on the land price gradient curves which are estimated using real estate data of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area in 1970, 1976, 1985, 1988, 1994, 2008, 2010, and 2016. In Chap. 10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_14, Komatsu (Jpn J Real Estate Sci 31:110–118, 2017) has analyzed impacts that refurbishment of existing apartment has on possible increase in rent using the multinomial probit model and the Tobit model. In Chap. 10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_15, Hanazato (Jpn J Real Estate Sci 31:119–128, 2017) has shown that around 90% of condominium reconstruction cases are predictable using the estimated discriminant function in terms of objective real estate data only. In Chap. 10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_16, Ota et al. (Jpn J Real Estate Sci 31:109–119, 2018) have analyzed determinants of rent for rental house, office, and shop within 10-min walking distance from Shibuya Station in Tokyo. Multiple regression analyses are conducted and have shown that space syntax (SS) measures (Hillier and Hanson, The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1984) significantly affect rent as well as conventional location attributes.
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Perrings, Charles. "The Valuation of Environmental Goods and Services." In Conservation, 107–39. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190613600.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 introduces the concept of value, and the methods used to obtain estimates of the value of scarce environmental goods and services—particularly the provision, cultural, and regulating ecosystem services. It discusses the concept of social opportunity cost, and shows how the concept informs our understanding of the trade-offs involved in application of the equimarginal principle. It clarifies the relation between the income and substitution effects of changes in value, compensating and equivalent variation, and the willingness to pay or willingness to accept. Valuation methods discussed include both revealed preference (travel cost, averting behavior, hedonic price, production function, replacement cost) and stated preference (contingent valuation, contingent behavior, choice modeling) approaches. The valuation of biodiversity is approached through the regulating ecosystem services, using a portfolio approach to the management of uncertainty. The chapter shows how managers may select which species to conserve so as to balance environmental risk and the benefits from ecosystems.
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Fernández, Pablo. "Error Made with the Share Price Approximation Using the Model H." In Valuation Methods and Shareholder Value Creation, 129–31. Elsevier, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012253841-4.50019-6.
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Zheng, Haixia, Stale Navrud, and Shiran Shen. "What Price for Ecosystem Services in China?" In Advances in Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage, 176–98. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1886-0.ch010.
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Payment for Environmental Services (PES) in the watershed has been widely adopted as an important policy instrument to compensate upstream water users for providing water quality improvement for the whole river basin. In this paper, we use three independent valuation methods to determine the price of ecosystem service (ES), particularly water quality, in Miyun Reservoir, the main surface water source for Beijing. We find that the value of water quality is lowest using opportunity cost of limitation of development rights (OCLDR), highest with contingent valuation method (CVM), and water resources benefits assessment (WRBA) gives an in-between value. OCLDR determines the size of subsidies from those that benefit from water quality improvement from upstream. WRBA is a reference for compensation criteria to the upstream government and farmers when water resources are transferred across jurisdictional boundaries. CVM not only captures the direct value of water quality improvement, but also the indirect value of improvement in other ecosystem services as a result of improvement in water quality. Based on the results, we propose a multi-level ecological compensation system for the Miyun Reservoir river basin. We use OCLDR to determine subsides/ compensation to upstream farmers and other suppliers of the ES; WRBA set the price of water transfer; and CVM to figure out the size of payments for integrated water quality improvement.
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Khai, Huynh Viet. "The Price Insurance Demand of Rice Producers in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta." In Developing Sustainable Food Systems, Policies, and Securities, 73–81. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2599-9.ch005.
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Using the dichotomous choice contingent valuation method, this chapter helps shed light on the potential for marker-based insurance schemes in Vietnam by empirically exploring the demand for minimum price insurance among rice households. The study showed that the majority of rice farmers accepted the guaranteed price of VND 4,500 per kg, and their accepted insurance fee was about 13% of the guaranteed price and 30% of the break-even price. Farmers growing rice under a monoculture system were less likely to pay for the proposed insurance service, while those with access to any formal credits were more likely to pay for it.
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Meißner, Martin, Sören W. Scholz, and Ralf Wagner. "Marketing Research Using Multimedia Technologies." In Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition, 880–86. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1.ch120.
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Marketing research is the process of systematically gathering, analyzing, and interpreting data pertaining to the company’s market, customers, and competitors, with a view to improving marketing decisions. Multimedia technologies and the Internet have created opportunities previously unimagined in marketing research practice. Electronic or online marketing research takes one of two forms: research about the Internet and research on the Internet. Generally, marketing research activities cover the provision of relevant information to identify or solve marketing problems in the areas of market segmentation (e.g., selecting target markets or segments) as well as product (e.g., preference measurement for concept testing or new product development), pricing (e.g., identifying price thresholds), promotion (e.g., media and copy decisions), and distribution (e.g., location of retail outlets) decisions (Malhotra & Birks, 2005). This article aims to: • Review the impact of applying multimedia technologies to classic marketing research problems. • Present the different types of marketing research activities about the Internet as the most prominent application area of multimedia technologies. • Discuss the use of multimedia in online surveys in comparison to the traditional paper-and-pencil approach. The main contribution of the article is a discussion of advantages and challenges provided by innovative multimedia and network technologies for marketing researchers. Moreover, we present cues for improving the quality of surveys. The remainder of the article is structured as follows: First, we present examples of the application of multimedia technologies to illustrate the impact of multimedia on classic marketing research tasks. Subsequently, Web log mining, Web usage mining, and Web content mining are introduced as common marketing research fields directly concerned with research about the Internet. Then, benefits and challenges of online surveys are reviewed. Thereafter, we discuss response errors and ethical questions as crucial issues for the quality of data gained by online surveys. Finally, we draw conclusions and provide a spot on future developments.
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Dasgupta, Prithviraj, Louise E. Moser, and P. Michael Melliar-Smith. "Dynamic Pricing for E-Commerce." In Electronic Business, 393–400. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-056-1.ch025.
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Over the last decade, e-commerce has significantly changed the traditional forms of interaction among humans in conducting business by automating business processes over the Internet. Early seller Web sites consisted of passive text-based catalogs of products that could be manually browsed by potential customers. Online passive catalogs were soon replaced by dynamically updated catalogs containing detailed product descriptions using combinations of text and images that could be searched in various formats and according to different search criteria. E-commerce techniques used by sellers for operations such as price setting, negotiation, and payment have matured from manual off-line processing of sales data to automated algorithms that dynamically determine prices and profits for sellers. Modern e-commerce processes for trading goods between buyers and sellers can be divided into five stages: search, valuation, negotiation, payment, and delivery. Depending on the type of market in which the goods are traded, some of the above stages are more important than others. There are three principal market models that are used for online trading. The most common market model used by online sellers for trading goods over the Internet is the posted-price market model. The other two market models, the auction model (Sandholm, Suri, Gilpin, & Levine, 2002) and the marketplace model (Chavez & Maes, 1996), are used for markets in which niche or specialty items with sporadic or uncertain demand are traded. In the posted-price market model, a seller announces the price of a product on its Web site. Buyers visiting the seller’s Web site request a quote from the seller. The seller responds with a quote in response to the buyers’ requests, and the buyers examine the seller’s quote to make a purchase decision. Unlike auctions and market places, products traded in posted-price markets are no-niche items and exhibit continuous demand over time. The Web site of online book merchant Amazon (http://www.amazon.com) is an example of a posted-price market. A buyer interested in a particular book enters the necessary information through a form on Amazon’s Web site to request the price of the book and receives the price in response. Modern seller Web sites employ automated techniques for the different stages of e-commerce. Intermediaries called intelligent agents are used to automate trading processes by implementing different algorithms for selling products. For example, Web sites such as MySimon (http://www. mysimon.com) and PriceGrabber (http://www. pricegrabber.com) automate the search stage by employing the services of intelligent agents called shopbots. Shopbots enable buyers to make an informed purchase decision by comparing the prices and other attributes of products from thousands of online sellers. Automated price comparison by buyers has resulted in increased competition among sellers. Sellers have responded to this challenge by using intelligent agents called pricebots that dynamically determine the price of a product in response to varying market conditions and buyers’ preferences. Intelligent agents are also used to enable other e-commerce processes, such as supply-chain management and automated negotiation. In this article, we focus on the different algorithms that sellers’ pricebots can use for the dynamic pricing of goods in posted-price markets.
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van Santen, Rutger, Djan Khoe, and Bram Vermeer. "Reaching Everyone." In 2030. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195377170.003.0021.
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The majority of Earth’s inhabitants don’t have a telephone or e-mail, and many places still lie beyond the reach of established communication networks. That severely precludes development, meaning that new insights percolate through slowly and that essential services such as water provision are based on imprecise information. Lack of information exchange is also an obstacle to improving agriculture, education, and many other fields. Even in well-connected areas, networks are less dense than required to improve our safety and well-being. You need a fine-meshed network if you want to keep on top of the genesis of earthquakes, floods, climate change, and many other unstable systems. Sparsity in networks means a lack of control. Making network coverage more complete could help develop and stabilize our world. However, any attempt to extend networks raises significant problems, which we explore in this chapter using the example of radio networks. We should keep in mind, though, that similar phenomena are evident in other networks as well, including the power grid and social networks geared to education. At first sight, radio is an excellent technology for filling the gaps left by other communication technologies. Its capacity is restricted, however, because wireless communication is limited by basic laws of physics, obliging broadcasting and communication companies, for instance, to battle it out for their slice of the ether. The number of radio and TV stations, mobile phones, and satellite connections increases inexorably, filling up every patch of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be used for radio. The historical pattern has been to develop new techniques and then to lay claim to unused spectrum. The old medium-wave bands were the first to be used for radio programs. Broadcasters later adopted FM, exploiting higher frequencies at the price of reduced range. New semiconductor electronics then became faster and brought access to even higher frequencies. Once the first global standard for mobile communication (GSM) slots had been filled, new space was opened up at double the frequency. The latest third-generation (3G) mobile phone technologies—like the universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS)—work with higher frequencies still.
Conference papers on the topic "A valuation using price provision"
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Weitkamp, Alexandra, Matthias Soot, and Hans-Berndt Neuner. "Regression Analysis in Real Estate Valuation - Using Purchase Price Data with Gaps." In 25th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference. European Real Estate Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2018_160.
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Holtzhausen, Stefan, S. Schreiber, Ch Scho¨ne, R. Stelzer, K. Heinze, and A. Lange. "Highly Accurate Automated 3D Measuring and Data Conditioning for Turbine and Compressor Blades." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59902.
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The measurement of compressor or turbine blades is very interesting for quality control and inspection checks. Especially for mechanical wear valuation it is important to inspect the whole geometry of a blade with main focus on the airfoil. This 3D measurement task, which involves many identical components, and high accuracy, as well as high point density in the airfoil edge regions, demands detailed planning of the appropriate 3D-measuring machine, measurement planning, reproducibility as well as analysis and provision of measuring values for the user. Preliminary investigations were carried out to select an appropriate measuring method providing both a complete geometric and as automatic as possible acquisition of blade geometries. Another constraint was that the technique had to make efficient use of time and be accurate. A data processing routine using software developed at TU Dresden is used for automated analysis and provision of measuring values for the user. The approach to linking automated complete 3D data acquisition by means of strip projection with automated analysis of measuring data opens up the option of using it as an efficient 3D-measuring machine for high accuracy requirements and higher quantities. The method shown can be transferred to other objects that need to be scanned in larger quantities.
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MIKUŠOVÁ, Beáta, Nikoleta JAKUŠ, and Marián HOLÚBEK. "Voluntary cooperation of citizens in the community model of public service delivery." In Current Trends in Public Sector Research. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9646-2020-9.
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Most of the developed countries have implemented new principles of public sector reform – new approaches to the management of the public sector. A major feature of the new public management (NPM) is the introduction of market type mechanisms (MTM) to the running of public service organizations: the marketization of the public service. The marketization of public services aims at a continuous increase in public expenditure efficiency, continual improvements in public services quality, the implementation of the professional management tools in the public sector, and last but not least, charge for public services. Price of public services in mainstream economics theory is connected with preference revelation problem. Economic models explain the relationship between consumer behavior (revealed preferences) and the value of public goods, and thus determine the value of the goods themselves. The aim of the paper is to determine the success of the community model of public service delivery based on the demonstrated preferences of individuals in the consumption of public services / public goods. The direct way of determining the preferences of individuals was used in this paper (willigness to pay and willigness to accept). These preferences will be identified based on the crowdfunding campaign as an example of community model of public goods provision by using survey experiment method. The willingness of individuals to pay is dependent on the individual's relationship with the organisation, the organisation's employees, or sympathise with those for whom the collection is, for whom the project is designed.
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Corrigan, Kiara, and Amip J. Shah. "Quantifying Equilibria Shifts due to Externalities." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54828.
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As environmental sustainability becomes increasingly integrated into the mainstream values, previously ignored externalities may be expected to enter into the economic valuation process. This is already evident, as an illustration, in the price that several entities are beginning to attach to carbon (with examples including cap-and-trade, carbon taxes, etc). In this paper, we present a basic economic partial equilibrium model to evaluate such externalities within the context of a particular industry. We begin by discussing how economic values may be attached to different externalities, and focus our analysis on carbon as an example of an environmental impact which may need to get internalized within the cost structure of a given organization. With such a new cost structure in place, we use historical estimates of the elasticity of supply and demand within a given industry to evaluate how the costs may propagate up and down the value chain. For example, how much of the costs are likely to get absorbed internally within a supply chain? What fraction of costs might a manufacturer reasonably expect to pass along to downstream consumers? With such estimates in place, we then predict using microeconomic theory how the supply-demand equilibrium within a particular market may shift. We discuss how such a simple approach to evaluating externalities may be used to simulate the effects of different policy choices, and illustrate the approach through an example case study of the electric utility industry. We conclude with a discussion of future work that seeks to expand considerations beyond the electric utility industry and methods to extend this simplified modeling framework.
Reports on the topic "A valuation using price provision"
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Berlinski, Samuel, María Marta Ferreyra, Luca Flabbi, and Juan David Martin. Child Care Markets, Parental Labor Supply, and Child Development. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002872.
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We develop and estimate a model of child care markets that endogenizes both demand and supply. On the demand side, families with a child make consumption, labor supply, and child-care decisions within a static, unitary household model. On the supply side, child care providers make entry, price, and quality decisions under monopolistic competition. Child development is a function of the time spent with each parent and at the child care center; these inputs vary in their impact. We estimate the structural parameters of the model using the 2003 Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, which contains information on parental employment and wages, child care choices, child development, and center quality. We use our estimates to evaluate the impact of several policies, including vouchers, cash transfers, quality regulations, and public provision. Among these, a combination of quality regulation and vouchers for working families leads to the greatest gains in average child development and to a large expansion in child care use and female labor supply, all at a relatively low fiscal cost.