Journal articles: 'AA2219 Aluminium Alloys'

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Muneshwar, Pravin, Satish Kumar Singh, K. Naresh Kumar, Bhanu Pant, and K. Sreekumar. "Metallurgical Studies on Explosive Welded Aluminium Alloy-Stainless Steel Bimetallic Plates." Materials Science Forum 710 (January 2012): 644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.710.644.

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Aluminium alloys and austenitic stainless steels are often used for construction of cryogenic pressure vessels owing to their attractive properties at cryogenic temperatures. Indian space programme requires AA2219/ICSS1218-SS321 bimetallic components which are machined from explosive welded plates. Pure aluminium sheet is used as an interlayer between aluminium alloy and steel to achieve a satisfactory bond. Internal soundness of the joint is evaluated through ultrasonic testing (UT). The present paper discusses bonding trials carried out by varying the explosive parameters using facilities and expertise of Terminal Ballistic Research Laboratory (TBRL), Chandigarh and M/s Giridhari Explosives Private Limited (GEPL), Hyderabad. The welded joint is extensively characterised with respect to Lap Shear and Ultimate Tensile Strength at ambient temperature and for metallographic analysis.

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Kaibyshev, Rustam, and I. Mazurina. "Mechanisms of Grain Refinement in Aluminum Alloys during Severe Plastic Deformation." Materials Science Forum 467-470 (October 2004): 1251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.467-470.1251.

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The mechanisms of grain refinement during severe plastic deformation have been studied, by comparing the microstructure evolution in an AA2219 aluminium alloy, containing Al3Zr nanoscale particles, with that in a dilute Al-3%Cu alloy deformed identically by equalchannel angular extrusion (ECAE) at 250oC to a maximum strain of ~12. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used on the AA2219 alloy to reveal the misorientations of deformationinduced boundaries. Microstructural evolution in the Al-3%Cu alloy was studied by electron-back scattering diffraction (EBSD) orientation mapping. It was shown that the mechanism of grain refinement in the AA2219 alloy is continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) consisting of two main elementary processes. In the initial stages of plastic deformation, the formation of threedimensional arrays of low-angle boundaries (LABs) takes place. Further strain results in increasing misorientation of these boundaries providing their gradual transformation into high-angle boundaries (HABs). A fully recrystallized structure with an average grain size of ~0.9 µm is evolved after a total strain of ~12. In the dilute Al-Cu alloy the evolution of ultrafine grains with an average size of ~6 µm is attributed to the formation of deformation bands outlined by HABs and extended medium to high-angle boundaries at moderate strains. The subdivision of these deformation bands into fine grains rarely occurs through the mechanism of geometric recrystallization (GRX). In this alloy the main contribution in the grain refinement gives CDRX occurring within fibrous structural features. At e~12, a partially recrystallized structure is formed in the Al-3%Cu alloy.

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Khan, Noor Zaman, Mohammed Ubaid, Arshad Noor Siddiquee, Zahid A. Khan, Abdulrahman Al-Ahmari, Xizhang Chen, and Mustufa Haider Abidi. "Microstructural features of friction stir welded dissimilar Aluminium alloys AA2219-AA7475." Materials Research Express 5, no. 5 (May 30, 2018): 056531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aac4e1.

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Belov, Nikolay A., and Alex N. Alabin. "Energy Efficient Technology for Al–Cu–Mn–Zr Sheet Alloys." Materials Science Forum 765 (July 2013): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.765.13.

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The possibility of using alloys of the Al-Cu-Mn-Zr system for obtaining cold rolled sheets directly from cast billets (without homogenization) was investigated. The experimental (SEM, TEM, DSC, mechanical tests, etc.) study and Thermo-Calc software simulation were used for alloy composition optimization. It was shown that optimal structure could be developed in alloys of the following compositional range: 1–2% Cu, 1–2% Mn and 0.2–0.6% Zr. The proposed range of compositions can be recommended for development of new aluminium wrought alloys, which will have two main advantages compared with the commercial alloys of the AA2219 type: i) high tolerance to heating up to 300 °C because of the high amount of Al3Zr and Al20Cu2Mn dispersoids; ii) energy efficient processing, in particular due to the elimination of homogenization, solution treatment and quenching.

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Thomas, Shijo, and V. Umasankar. "Influence of MWCNT on Precipitation Hardenable Aluminium Alloy Matrix on Age Hardening and Solutionizing." Advanced Science Letters 24, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): 5805–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.12200.

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MWCNT’s is gaining focus as reinforcement due to its thermo mechanical and electrical properties especially for aluminium alloys. Precipitation hardenable aerospace alloys though have been used for a long time, very few study has been conducted to understand the influence of MWCNT’s for the above properties. This paper presents the influence of MWCNT’s on the precipitation mechanism, electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of AA2219. By heat treatment monolithic alloy achieved 26.66% improvement in hardness by 10 h aging compared with that of sintered one, whereas reinforced sample achieves the same amount hardness in short time of 90 minutes. MWCNT’s helps in achieving peak hardness at low aging time. MWCNT’s accelerates precipitation of Copper atoms which increases hardness. It has been found that the MWCNT’s has considerable influence on precipitation and improving the mechanical and electrical properties.

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Raja, R., A. Parthiban, S. Nandha Gopan, and Derese Degefa. "Investigate the Process Parameter on the Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Aluminium Alloys." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (January 22, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4980291.

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The welding of different materials with an acceptable quality range is an emerging study area; engineers and scientists worldwide have long been concerned with dissimilar welding materials. This study focuses on determining the friction stir welding of different aluminuim alloys; an experimental investigation was conducted (AA7475-T651 and AA2219-O). It also describes the FSW process parameters and response measurement for defining weld quality and the procedure for measuring them. Taguchi L27, orthogonal array method, is preferred for optimizing FSW parameters such as shoulder diameter, tool rotational speed, and traverse speed. The effect of welding parameters is investigated through the ANOVA table and graphs. The SEM analysis investigates the fracture and micrographic analysis in the heat-affected zone and thermo-mechanically affected zone.

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Roy, Shibayan, B. R. Nataraj, Satyam Suwas, S. Kumar, and K. Chattopadhyay. "Microstructure and texture evolution during accumulative roll bonding of aluminium alloys AA2219/AA5086 composite laminates." Journal of Materials Science 47, no. 17 (May 26, 2012): 6402–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-6567-z.

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Refaai, Mohamad Reda A., R. Meenakshi Reddy, A. Radha, and David Christopher. "The Influence of Process Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir-Welded Dissimilar Aluminium Alloys AA2219 and AA7068." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (March 29, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3104199.

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A practical solution is friction stir welding (FSW) of heterogeneous alloys in industrial applications. The welded joint’s mechanical strength has been improved by combining two different alloys (AA2219 and AA7068). The focus of this study was on friction stir-welded heterogeneous metals’ microhardness and material properties. It is possible to work with either hot or cold aluminium alloy, as it is heat treatable. Revitalizing and precipitation hardening follow the heat treatment. The welded joints’ hardness was assessed in several locations. Different joints’ tensile characteristics are compared. According to the stress-strain curve, the FSW settings’ mechanical properties were spread throughout the material flow. In terms of tool profiles, the cylindrical threaded profile is critical. One-third of the efficiency is due to it. A 195 MPa strength was reached in the cylindrical threaded pin profiled tool. In a new study, researchers discovered that cylindrical threads have faster rotary motion, transversal, and D/d speeds. The cylindrical threaded tool provided the highest tensile strength and was superior to other materials. This phase of the material characterization included measurements of tensile strength and hardness.

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Koilraj, M., A. Sathesh Kumar, D. L. Belgin Paul, and S. R. Koteswara Rao. "Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Friction Stir Welded Dissimilar Aluminum Alloys 2219 to 5083." Applied Mechanics and Materials 813-814 (November 2015): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.813-814.203.

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In this paper, 6 mm thickness dissimilar aluminium alloys of 5083 (H321) and 2219 (O) butt joints were fabricated successfully by friction stir welding process. The quality joints were obtained for the welding parameters of 35 mm/min and 650 rpm with the shoulder diameter to pin diameter ratio as 3. Macrostructure study shows that the interface between the weld nugget and TMAZ is smooth and clear with a flow arm extending towards the top surface of the weld in the 2219 side. The boundary on the 5083 side between the weld nugget and the TMAZ was irregular. The obtained joint efficiency is around 92.57% based on the UTS of the softer material (AA2219). The tensile test results showed that the specimens failed in the heat affected zone of the softer base material 2219. The hardness values in the stirred zone are higher than the softer base material of alloy 2219. The friction stir welded dissimilar joint 2219-5083 exhibited better general corrosion characteristics than the 2219-2219 weld and 2219 base material.

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Manikandan, P., T. Antony Prabhu, Sushant K. Manwatkar, G. Sudarshan Rao, S. V. S. Narayana Murty, D. Sivakumar, Bhanu Pant, and M. Mohan. "Tensile and Fracture Properties of Aluminium Alloy AA2219-T87 Friction Stir Weld Joints for Aerospace Applications." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 52, no. 9 (June 4, 2021): 3759–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06337-y.

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Khan, Noor Zaman, Arshad Noor Siddiquee, Zahid A. Khan, and Ashim K. Mukhopadhyay. "Mechanical and microstructural behavior of friction stir welded similar and dissimilar sheets of AA2219 and AA7475 aluminium alloys." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 695 (February 2017): 2902–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.11.389.

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DING, Ji-kun, Dong-po WANG, Ying WANG, and Hui DU. "Effect of post weld heat treatment on properties of variable polarity TIG welded AA2219 aluminium alloy joints." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 24, no. 5 (May 2014): 1307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(14)63193-9.

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Malarvizhi, Sudersenan, and Visvalingam Balasubramanian. "Influences Of Welding Processes And Post- Weld Ageing Treatment On Mechanical And Metallurgical Properties Of Aa2219 Aluminium Alloy Joints." Welding in the World 56, no. 9-10 (September 2012): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03321386.

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Mastanaiah, P., Abhay Sharma, and G. Madhusudhan Reddy. "Dissimilar Friction Stir Welds in AA2219-AA5083 Aluminium Alloys: Effect of Process Parameters on Material Inter-Mixing, Defect Formation, and Mechanical Properties." Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 69, no. 7 (December 28, 2015): 1397–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12666-015-0694-6.

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15

Kamal Babu, Karupannan, Kavan Panneerselvam, Paulraj Sathiya, Abdul Haq Noorul Haq, Srinivasan Sundarrajan, Potta Mastanaiah, and Chunduri Venkata Srinivasa Murthy. "Effects of various tool pin profiles on mechanical and metallurgical properties of friction stir welded joints of cryorolled AA2219 aluminium alloy." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 2 (2018): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2017100.

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Friction stir welding (FSW) process was conducted on cryorolled (CR) AA2219 plate using different tool pin profiles such as cylindrical pin, threaded cylindrical pin, square pin and hexagonal pin profiles. The FSW was carried out with pairs of 6 mm thick CR aluminium plates with different tool pin profiles. The different tool pin profile weld portions' behaviors like mechanical (tensile strength, impact and hardness) and metallurgical characteristics were analyzed. The results of the mechanical analysis revealed that the joint made by the hexagonal pin tool had good strength compared to other pin profiles. This was due to the pulsating action and material flow of the tool resulting in dynamic recrystallization in the weld zone. This was confirmed by the ultra fine grain structure formation in Weld Nugget (WN) of hexagonal pin tool joint with a higher percentage of precipitate dissolution. The fractograph of the hexagonal tool pin weld portion confirmed the finer dimple structure morphology without having any interior defect compared to other tool pin profiles. The lowest weld joint strength was obtained from cylindrical pin profile weld joint due to insufficient material flow during welding. The Transmission Electron Microscope and EDX analysis showed the dissolution of the metastable θ″, θ′ (Al2Cu) partial precipitates in the WN and proved the influence of metastable precipitates on enhancement of mechanical behavior of weld. The XRD results also confirmed the Al2Cu precipitation dissolution in the weld zone.

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Lee, Ho Sung, Koo Kil No, Joon Tae Yoo, and Jong Hoon Yoon. "A Study on Friction Stir Welding Process for AA2219/AA2195 Joints." Key Engineering Materials 762 (February 2018): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.762.339.

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The object of this study was to study mechanical properties of friction stir welded joints of AA2219 and AA2195. AA2219 has been used as an aerospace materials for many years primarily due to its high weldability and high specific strength in addition to the excellent cryogenic property so to be successfully used for manufacturing of cryogenic fuel tank for space launcher. Relatively new Aluminum-Lithium alloy, AA2195 provides significant saving on weight and manufacturing cost with application of friction stir welding. Friction stir welding is a solid-state joining process, which use a spinning tool to produce frictional heat in the work piece. To investigate the effect of the rotation direction of the tool, the joining was performed by switching the positions of the two dissimilar alloys. The welding parameters include the travelling speed, rotation speed and rotation direction of the tool, and the experiment was conducted under the condition that the travelling speed of the tool was 120-300 mm/min and the rotation speed of the tool was 400-800 rpm. Tensile tests were conducted to study the strength of friction stir welded joints and microhardness were measured with microstructural analysis. The results indicate the failure occurred in the relatively weaker TMAZ/HAZ interface of AA2219. The optimum process condition was obtained at the rotation speed of 600-800 rpm and the travelling speed of 180-240 mm/min.

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Srinivasa Rao, G., V. V. Subba Rao, and S. R. Koteswara Rao. "Microstructure and Salt Fog Corrosion Behaviour of AA2219 Friction Stir Welded Aluminium Alloy." METALLOFIZIKA I NOVEISHIE TEKHNOLOGII 37, no. 4 (August 17, 2016): 539–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mfint.37.04.0539.

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No, Kookil, Joon-Tae Yoo, Jong-Hoon Yoon, and Ho-Sung Lee. "Effect of Process Parameters on Friction Stir Welds on AA2219-AA2195 Dissimilar Aluminum Alloys." Korean Journal of Materials Research 27, no. 6 (June 30, 2017): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3740/mrsk.2017.27.6.331.

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Kotyk, Maciej, and Dariusz Boroński. "Investigation of Material Properties of Layered Al-Ti Material with the Use of Microspecimens." Solid State Phenomena 224 (November 2014): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.224.216.

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The article presents a monotonic tensile test of two materials: aluminum alloy AA2519 and titanium alloy Ti6A14V joined by means of explosive welding. The specimens were cut out in such a way that some consisted of only titanium alloy some were made of only aluminum alloy, whereas the third series were specimens consisting of both material alloys together with the bonding layer. The main goal of the research was to compare changes in the materials fatigue properties caused by explosion welding of these two alloys.

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BABU, K. KAMAL, K. PANNEERSELVAM, P. SATHIYA, A. NOORUL HAQ, S. SUNDARRAJAN, P. MASTANAIAH, and C. V. SRINIVASA MURTHY. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON FRICTION STIR WELDING OF CRYOROLLED AA2219 ALUMINUM ALLOY JOINTS." Surface Review and Letters 24, no. 01 (December 22, 2016): 1750001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x17500019.

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In this paper, experimental investigation on cryorolled aluminum AA2219-T87 plate by using friction stir welding (FSW) process is carried out. AA2219-T87 plates with a size of 200[Formula: see text]100[Formula: see text]22.4 mm were rolled and reduced to 12.2[Formula: see text]mm thickness (more than 45% of reduction in total thickness of the base material) at cryogenic temperature (operating temperature range [Formula: see text]90–[Formula: see text]30[Formula: see text]C). The cryorolled (CR) plates have reduced grain size, improved hardness and increased corrosion resistance property compared with the uncryorolled AA2219-T87 plates. FSW joints of cryorolled AA2219-T87 plates were prepared using cylindrical threaded FSW tool pin profile. Mechanical and metallurgical behaviors of friction stir welded joints were analyzed and the effects of the FSW process parameters are discussed in this paper. The variation of microhardness in the FSW joint regions were correlated with the microstructure of FSW joints. Cryorolled plate and FSW joints were tested for corrosion resistance using potentiodynamic polarization test. FSW joints shows better result during the corrosion resistance analysis compared to base AA2219-T87. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) test results showed that fine [Formula: see text]-Al grains with eutectic phase (Al2Cu) were present in the weld nugget (WN). The large clusters of strengthening precipitates were reduced in size and merged with the weld nugget portion.

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Chinnasamy, Rajendran, Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai, and Tushar Sonar. "Investigation on Microstructure and Tensile Properties of High-Strength AA2014 Aluminium Alloy Welds Joined by Pulsed CMT Welding Process." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (October 23, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8163164.

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High-strength AA 2014 aluminium alloys are broadly employed for many applications because of their good mechanical properties, high strength-to-weight ratio, and better resistance to corrosion and are recyclable. The major problems in welding of AA 2014 aluminum alloy using a traditional joining process are partially melted zone, hot cracking, and alloy segregation. Cold metal transfer-welding (CMT) process is an advanced variant of gas metal arc welding process characterized by reduced heat input in which the welding wire is retracted during the short circuit which allows sufficient time for the weld to cool before placing each drop. In this investigation, the pulsed CMT welding process was chosen to weld high-strength AA2014 aluminium alloy under T6 condition. The joint tensile properties were compared with the parent material and correlated to the microstructural features. The defect-free weld was achieved at constant welding speed of 450 mm/min, welding current of 110 A, and electrode feed rate of 5550 mm/min. The joint weld using pulsed CMT yields a maximum strength of 303 MPa, extending joint efficiency up to 67%. It mainly refers to the beneficial effects of welding wire pulsing and dip and retreat motion which causes refining of dendritic grains in weld metal and enhances the strength of joints.

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Senthilkumar, R., N. Arunkumar, and M. Manzoor Hussian. "Effects of Micro and Nano-Size Al₂O₃ Particle Reinforcement on Mechanical Behaviour of Extruded Aluminum Alloy Matrix Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.617.

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Aluminum alloy (AA2014) matrix composites reinforced by different weight percentage of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) in micro and nano sizes were fabricated through powder metallurgy route followed by hot extrusion process. Seven different aluminium composites with varying percentages of nano and micron sized alumina particles varying from 1% to 10% were evaluated in addition to monolithic alloy. The microstructure of nano-composite and monolithic alloys were examined by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). In addition, the effects of weight fraction of the reinforcement matrix on mechanical properties were evaluated. The results have indicated that, a significant improvement in hardness of the nano composite was found in case of nano-composite with 8% of micro Al2O3 and 2% of nano Al2O3 particles by the addition of reinforcement.

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Vijayakumar, M., M. Pradeep Rai, M. Muthukrishnan, and N. Gnanakumar. "Stir Casting and Successive Rolling of Aluminium Alloy 2218 MMCs Reinforced by High-Entropy Alloy Particles." Key Engineering Materials 935 (November 30, 2022): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-4o2q09.

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Al0.5CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEAp) reinforced AA2218 metal matrix composites (MMCs) by stir casting and successive rolling. Mechanical characteristics of the AA2218 HEAp MMCs are analysed. The stir-casted AA2218 HEAp MMCs' ultimate tensile strength rose by 74.3 percent when HEAp was added at a weight percentage of 4 wt percent. When the MMCs were made by rolling, they had greater mechanical qualities than those made by RTR. Higher rolling deformation and lower HEAp mass fraction led to greater mechanical characteristics discrepancies between the AA2218 HEAp MMCs formed by CR and RTR. In the AA2218 HEAp MMCs after RTR, there were voids that were not present in the CR MMCs. Micro holes and the mechanical properties of metal matrix composites were also discussed in detail.

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Ch, Shashikanth, G. Venkateswarlu, and Davidson M J. "Optimization of Process Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Semi-Solid Extruded AA2017 Alloy Rods." International Journal of Materials Forming and Machining Processes 6, no. 2 (July 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmfmp.2019070101.

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The extrusion of copper-based aluminium alloys is difficult in the cold state. Extruding these alloys between the solidus and liquidus temperatures offer preferred properties on these alloys. In the present work, AA2017, a copper-based aluminium alloy has been extruded in the semi-solid state. The mechanical and metallurgical properties of the alloy vary at different temperatures between the solidus and liquidus temperatures. The aim of the present work is to optimize the process parameters, namely, temperature of billet, strain rate, approach angle and percentage reduction in area on the semi-solid extrusion of AA2017 alloy. Experiments were designed according to Taguchi experimental design and L9 orthogonal array was used to conduct the experiments. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) method was used to find the significance of every process parameter on the thixo-extrusion process responses. The results indicate that percentage reduction area is the most important factor influencing the mechanical properties of thixo-extrusion specimen followed by temperature and strain rate.

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Li, Xin, Tian Gan, Zhong Qi Yu, and Yi Xi Zhao. "Tensile Deformation Behaviors of Aluminum Alloy 2219 at High Temperatures from 415°C to 515°C." Defect and Diffusion Forum 385 (July 2018): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.385.403.

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This study is carried out to provide detailed hot deformation information on aluminum alloy AA2219-O. The uniaxial tensile tests are carried out to study the hot deformation behaviors. The test temperature ranges from 415°C to 515°C, and the strain rates are 0.001s-1 and 0.01s-1. Additionally, the analysis of the strain rate sensitivity coefficient indicates that the AA2219-O exhibits the trend of superplasticity at temperatures above 475°C.

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Olasumboye, A., G. Owolabi, A. Odeshi, A. Zeytinci, and N. Yilmaz. "Dynamic Response and Microstructure Evolution of AA2219-T4 and AA2219-T6 Aluminum Alloys." Journal of Dynamic Behavior of Materials 4, no. 2 (February 13, 2018): 162–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40870-018-0141-y.

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Rajnaveen, Boddu, Govada Rambabu, Kollabothina Prakash, and Kotipalli Srinivasa Rao. "Establishing optimal friction stir welding parameters for AA2219-T87 Al-alloy using comprehensive RSM and GA approach." Engineering Research Express 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 045054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ac41b5.

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Abstract AA2219-T87 aluminium alloy has been used in aerospace applications because of its high strength, low density and resistance to corrosion. The copper in the alloy improves the hardness and lowers melting point, which makes two sections easily joined with a process called friction stir welding of aluminium alloy. In the present work, heat-treated AA2219 alloy was butt welded by solid-state friction stir welding process. This work aims to develop a suitable combination of welding parameters for producing defect-free weld joints of AA2219 alloy to improve tensile and corrosion properties. The most influencing control parameter for optimising the friction stir welding responses was determined using sophisticated design of experiments (DOE) techniques. Ultimate tensile strength and corrosion resistance are observed as responses in this study. To achieve the desired weld responses, a three-factor, three-level Box-behneken design was used. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was carried out to examine the interaction effect and significant welding parameter to set the optimal level of welding conditions. Multi-response regression equations have been developed using response surface methodology (RSM) to estimate the output characteristics of weld. The Genetic algorithm (GA) was used to optimise the predicted mathematical model under given optimization constraints. The results shown that the optimum responses are obtained at input factors rotational speed 300 rpm, welding speed 80 mm min−1, and axial force of 10kN.

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Płonka, B., M. Rajda, Z. Zamkotowicz, J. Żelechowski, K. Remsak, P. Korczak, W. Szymański, and L. Snieżek. "Studies of the AA2519 Alloy Hot Rolling Process and Cladding with EN AW-1050A Alloy." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0070.

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The objective of the study was to determine the feasibility of plastic forming by hot rolling of the AA2519 aluminium alloy sheets and cladding these sheets with a layer of the EN AW-1050A alloy. Numerous hot-rolling tests were carried out on the slab ingots to define the parameters of the AA2519 alloy rolling process. It has been established that rolling of the AA2519 alloy should be carried out in the temperature range of 400-440°C. Depending on the required final thickness of the sheet metal, appropriate thickness of the EN AW-1050A alloy sheet, used as a cladding layer, was selected. As a next step, structure and mechanical properties of the resulting AA2519 alloy sheets clad with EN AW-1050A alloy was examined. The thickness of the coating layer was established at 0,3÷0,5mm. Studies covered alloy grain size and the core alloy-cladding material bond strength.

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Khalid, Hamza, and A. A. Gomez-Gallegos. "Substituting Ti-64 with Aa2099 as Material of a Commercial Aircraft Pylon." Advances in Materials Science 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/adms-2021-0012.

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Abstract The aircraft industry is striving to reduce the weight of aircraft to save fuel and hence reduce total cost. New alloys and composites with properties such as low weight and high strength are continuously developed. Titanium alloys have the best strength-to-weight ratio among metals which makes them very suitable for aircraft applications. Ti-64 is the most common Titanium alloy used in aircraft. AA2099 is a 3rd generation Al-Li alloy and has the lowest density among all Aluminium alloys making it very attractive for aircraft applications. Pylons of commercial aircraft are currently made primarily with Ti-64 and this study focused on the replacement of Ti-64 with AA2099. Loading conditions, operating temperature, corrosion resistance, manufacturability and recyclability of the pylon were analysed of both Ti-64 and AA2099. Three critical scenarios were chosen for the loading conditions of the pylon. These were simulated using finite element analysis first using Ti-64 and then AA2099. From the results, it is evident that using AA2099 as the material of the pylon instead of Ti-64 offered weight savings. The operating temperature, manufacturability and recyclability also showed advantages when using AA2099 whereas corrosion factors favoured Ti-64, since AA2099 was found to be very prone to galvanic corrosion.

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Gupta, R. K., and S. V. S. Narayan Murty. "Analysis of crack in aluminium alloy AA2219 weldment." Engineering Failure Analysis 13, no. 8 (December 2006): 1370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2005.10.009.

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Jeganlal, G., H. M. Umer, and K. Thyagarajan. "Effects of Porosity on Strength of Aluminum Alloy 2219." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 618–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.618.

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This paper gives the effects of single and multiple pore on the strength of AA2219 welds. Single and double pores are created on welded specimens and tested to study the effects. Also finite element analysis carriedout to correlate the experimental results with theory

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Sysoev, O. E., D. G. Kolykhalov, E. A. Kuznetsоv, and S. V. Belykh. "Forecasting Durability and Cyclic Strength of Aluminum Alloy AA2219 Using Fractal Analysis of Acoustic Emission." KnE Materials Science 1, no. 1 (October 12, 2016): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kms.v1i1.579.

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<p>Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring was used to examine the fatigue failure of aluminum alloy AA2219 under cyclic loading. AE fractal analysis revealed separate sources of elastic waves on the macro-, meso-, and micro-levels of the deformed material. The correlation between the number of AE hits, revealed during the first loading cycle, from the AE sources was shown on the macrolevel and the number of loading cycles, leading to the destruction of the sample. Results achieved allow forecasting durability of materials made of AA2219 alloy right after the first loading half-cycle.</p>

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Agilan, M., R. Anbukkarasi, T. Venkateswran, Paul G. Panicker, Sathish V. Kailas, D. Sivakumar, and Bhanu Pant. "Studies on Friction Stir Welding of Al-Cu-Li (AA2195) Alloy." Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.274.

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For aerospace applications, Al-Cu-Li alloys are more attractive than conventional aluminum alloys due to their low density, high modulus and high strength. AA2195 is a third generation Al-Li alloy, developed with improved weldability. In this study, AA2195 alloy of 5mm thick sheets were welded by friction stir welding process (FSW). Tool rotational speed was varied from 400 rpm to 1000 rpm at constant travel speed of 60mm/min. Optimum tool rotation speed was identified and defect free weld coupons were processed with optimized parameter. Mechanical properties and micro structural characterization have been conducted on FSW welds.

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He, Yan Hong, Zhen Duo Cui, Xian Jin Yang, Sheng Li Zhu, Zhao Yang Li, and Yan Qin Liang. "Corrosion Behavior and Microstructure of Pd Ions Doped Cerium Conversion Coating on AA2219-T87 Aluminum Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 1090 (February 2015): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1090.79.

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In this paper, Pd ions doped cerium conversion coating (CeCC/Pd) was deposited on AA2219-T87 aluminum alloy by electroplating. The microstructure and composition of the coating were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Corrosion behavior of AA2219-T87 aluminum alloy with the coating was investigated in 3.5wt.% NaCl solution at the room temperature. XRD and XPS results indicate the existence of cerium-oxide and palladium-oxide in the CeCC/Pd. Polarization curves show that the CeCC/Pd exhibits excellent corrosion resistance. The corrosion current density of the CeCC/Pd decreases by two orders of magnitude compared with the CeCC. The improvement of corrosion resistance would be attributed to the small grain size, good compactness and adhesive strength of the composite coatings.

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Santhana Babu, A. V., P. K. Giridharan, P. Ramesh Narayanan, and S. V. S. Narayana Murty. "Microstructural Investigations on ATIG and FBTIG Welding of AA 2219 T87 Aluminum Alloy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.489.

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Limitation in penetration depth is a concern in conventional TIG welding process. To improve penetration capability of TIG process, both Activated TIG (ATIG) and Flux Bounded TIG (FBTIG) are investigated in aluminum alloy AA 2219 T87. Undesirable arc wandering and cracking tendency are observed in ATIG welds. Microstructural investigation reveals ATIG welds are prone for liquation cracks. Morphology of the cracks along with the attributable factors are explained with optical and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) micrographs. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) results are also presented to explain the solute enrichment in the grain boundaries of the ATIG welds. FBTIG is found to produce good quality welds and is more suitable for welding aluminum alloys. Key words: Flux Assisted TIG; ATIG; FBTIG; Penetration Improvement; Microstructure; AA2219.

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Ramesh, R., S. Suresh Kumar, and R. V. Srinivasan. "Effect of Process Parameters on Mechanical Characterization of Dissimilar Friction Stir Welded Aluminium Alloys." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 701–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.701.

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Aluminum alloys exhibit poor weldability by conventional fusion welding process. The heat treatable aluminum alloy AA2014 is extensively used in the aircraft industry because it has good ductility and high strength to weight ratio. In this paper the effects of welding parameters and tool profile on the mechanical properties of friction stir welded butt joints of dissimilar aluminum alloy sheets AA6082 and AA2014. The process parameters such as rotational speed, transverse speed and axial forces were considered. The effect of parameters on weld quality was analyzed. Hardness and tensile tests are carried out at room temperature to examine the mechanical properties of the welded joints. The joints produced with straight square tool pin profile have higher ultimate tensile strength, whereas the straight cylindrical tool pin profile results in lower tensile strength.

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Rajendran, C., K. Srinivasan, V. Balasubramanian, H. Balaji, and P. Selvaraj. "Influences of post weld heat treatment on tensile strength and microstructure characteristics of friction stir welded butt joints of AA2014-T6 aluminum alloy." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 25, no. 3-4 (August 28, 2016): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2016-0011.

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AbstractFriction stir welded (FSWed) joints of aluminum alloys exhibited a hardness drop in both the advancing side (AS) and retreating side (RS) of the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) due to the thermal cycle involved in the FSW process. In this investigation, an attempt has been made to overcome this problem by post weld heat treatment (PWHT) methods. FSW butt (FSWB) joints of Al-Cu (AA2014-T6) alloy were PWHT by two methods such as simple artificial aging (AA) and solution treatment followed by artificial aging (STA). Of these two treatments, STA was found to be more beneficial than the simple aging treatment to improve the tensile properties of the FSW joints of AA2014 aluminum alloy.

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Gupta, R. K., R. Panda, A. K. Mukhopadhyay, V. Anil Kumar, P. Sankaravelayutham, and Koshy M. George. "Study of Aluminum Alloy AA2219 After Heat Treatment." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 57, no. 5-6 (September 2015): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11041-015-9888-0.

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Carrick, David M., Simon C. Hogg, and Geoffrey D. Wilcox. "Influence of Li Additions on the Microstructure and Corrosion Response of 2XXX Series Aluminium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 794-796 (June 2014): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.794-796.193.

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This paper discusses two Al-Cu alloys for aerospace applications, one of which has an addition of between 1.6 and 2.0 wt.% of Li. The alloys are AA2024-T3 (Al-Cu) and AA2099-T8E77 (Al-Cu-Li). Microstructural analysis via Field Emission Gun Transmission Electron Microscope (FEGTEM) and Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscope (FEGSEM) utilising Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Electron Backscatter Detector (EBSD) techniques have been used to characterise the two microstructures and phases contained within them. Anodic polarisation and immersion testing in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution have been carried out and a comparison of the corrosion mechanisms has been made. AA2024-T3 had a fine, equiaxed grain structure, whereas AA2099-T8E77 had a substantial amount of recrystallized grains. Finer grains were also observed on AA2099-T8E77, however, the vast majority were larger than the maximum detection limit of the EBSD technique. Intergranular and pitting corrosion were observed on both alloys following immersion testing, however, the intergranular corrosion (IGC) was more prominent on AA2099-T8E77. Anodic polarisation indicated that AA2024-T3 was more noble, highlighting that the Li-containing AA2099-T8E77 alloy was more susceptible to corrosion. The T1(Al2CuLi) phase within AA2099-T8E77 was seen to be highly active following immersion and anodic polarisation tests. The corrosion pits on AA2099-T8E77 were seen to propagate to a depth of ~ 80 to 100 μm, with a maximum of 126 μm recorded. For AA2024-T3 the maximum depth recorded was 77 μm and the average depth was between 60 and 70 μm.

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LAKSHMINARAYANAN, A. K., S. MALARVIZHI, and V. BALASUBRAMANIAN. "Developing friction stir welding window for AA2219 aluminium alloy." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 21, no. 11 (November 2011): 2339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(11)61018-2.

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Ma, Yan Long, and Yi Liao. "Visual Detection of Machining Damage on Aerospace Aluminium Alloys during Manufacturing Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 252 (December 2012): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.252.302.

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In aerospace industry, chromic acid anodizing (CAA) has been traditionally used as a non-destructive testing (NDT) technique to detect flaws in aluminium alloys. However, with the increasing restriction on the use of chromic acid and the application of lithium-containing aluminium alloys to aircraft structures, the capability of anodizing as a NDT method is challenged. In this work, machining damage was deliberately introduced to an Al-Li-Cu alloy AA2099-T8. Then, the visibility of the machine damage after tartaric-sulphuric acid anodizing (TSAA), which is an environmentally friendly anodizing process, was studied. It is suggested that, with proper lighting condition, it is possible to replace CAA with TSAA for detecting machining damage on lithium-containing aluminium alloys during manufacturing.

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Ji, Kang, Guanfeng Li, Yongbao Sun, Jia Xu, Hui Chen, Kaiyan Chen, Yan Zhu, and Yong Li. "A Constitutive Model for Yield Strength and Work Hardening Behaviour of Aluminium Alloys during Artificial Ageing." Metals 10, no. 8 (August 13, 2020): 1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10081094.

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In this study, a unified constitutive model has been developed for both yield strength and work hardening behaviour prediction of aluminium alloys with different types of precipitates during and after artificial ageing. The different type and dimensions of general precipitate shapes (sphere, plate, rod) have been classified and modelled by a primary dimension and aspect ratio, with which a general set of equations has been utilised to model the precipitates evolutions during ageing of various aluminium alloys. In addition, the effects of main microstructures on not only yield strength but also work-hardening behaviour of artificially aged aluminium alloys have been considered and modelled, based on which, a whole set of unified constitutive model considering both micro- and macro-properties for long-term artificial ageing of aluminium alloys has been proposed. Artificial ageing of two representative aluminium alloys (an Al-Mg-Si alloy AA6063 and an Al-Cu-Li alloy AA2198) has been adopted to show the capability and effectiveness of the developed model. The results show that the model can successfully predict the microstructures, yield strength and work hardening behaviour of various aluminium alloys with different precipitate types after long-term artificial ageing process, e.g., from 0 h to 500 h. It is believed that the model can be used for ageing of other aluminium alloys with dominant sphere, plate or rod-shaped precipitates.

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Findik, Tayfun. "Investigation of wear and microhardness behaviors of AA2196 matrix composite materials reinforced with ceramics produced by powder metallurgy method." Science of Sintering, no. 00 (2023): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos230417030f.

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This study aims to investigate the microhardness and wear properties of AA2196 alloy, one of the new generation aluminum-lithium (Al-Li) alloys, reinforced with single and dual (hybrid) ceramic composites. The produced materials were evaluated to improve their properties. The microhardness and wear tests were conducted to assess the mechanical properties of the materials. The results indicate that the dual ceramic reinforced composite materials with AA2196 matrix exhibit superior performance compared to the single compositions. The 12% reinforced hybrid composite alloy (Alloy13) demonstrated the highest microhardness result, while the 2% and 4% reinforced hybrid composite materials exhibited the highest wear resistance. These findings suggest that the microhardness and wear properties of AA2196 alloy can be enhanced through the use of ceramic composites.

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Zuiko, Ivan, Marat Gazizov, and Rustam Kaibyshev. "Superplasticity of an AA2519 Aluminum Alloy." Materials Science Forum 838-839 (January 2016): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.838-839.278.

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A commercial AA2519 alloy with a chemical composition of Al-5.64Cu-0.33Mn-0.23Mg-0.15Zr (in wt. %) was subjected to two-step thermomechanical processing (TMP) providing the formation of fully recrystallized structure with an average grain size of ~7 mm in 3 mm thin sheets. Superplastic tensile tests were performed in the temperature interval 450-535°C and initial strain rates ranging from ~2.8 x 10-4 to ~6.0 x 10-1 s-1. The highest elongation-to-failure of ~750% appears at a temperature of ~525°C and an initial strain rate of ~1.4 × 10-4 s-1 with the corresponding strain rate sensitivity coefficient of ~0.46.

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Gałka, A., and M. Najwer. "Explosive Cladding of Titanium and Aluminium Alloys on the Example of Ti6Al4V-AA2519 Joints / Wybuchowe Platerowanie Stopów Tytanu I Aluminium Na Przykładzie Połączenia Ti6Al4V-AA2519." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 2985–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0477.

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Explosive cladding is currently one of the basic technologies of joining metals and their alloys. It enables manufacturing of the widest range of joints and in many cases there is no alternative solution. An example of such materials are clads that include light metals such as titanium and aluminum. ach new material combination requires an appropriate adaptation of the technology by choosing adequate explosives and tuning other cladding parameters. Technology enabling explosive cladding of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy and aluminum AA2519 was developed. The clads were tested by means of destructive and nondestructive testing, analyzing integrity, strength and quality of the obtained joint.

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Lee, Ho Sung, Jong Hoon Yoon, Joon Tae Yoo, and Kyung Ju Min. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded AA2195-T0." Materials Science Forum 857 (May 2016): 266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.266.

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Aluminum-copper-lithium alloy is a light weight metal that has been used as substitute for conventional aerospace aluminum alloys. With addition of Li element, it has lower density but higher strength. However these aluminum alloys are hard to weld by conventional fusion welding, since they often produce porosities and cracking in the weld zone. It is known that solid state welding like friction stir welding is appropriate for joining of this alloy. In this study, friction stir welding was performed on AA2195 sheets, in butt joint configuration in order to understand effects of process parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties in the weld zone. The results include the microstructural change after friction stir welding with electron microscopic analysis of precipitates.

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MALARVIZHI, S., and V. BALASUBRAMANIAN. "Effect of welding processes on AA2219 aluminium alloy joint properties." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 21, no. 5 (May 2011): 962–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(11)60808-x.

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Qian, Dai Shu, and Zhu Liu. "Comparative Study of Microstructural and Corrosion Characteristics of Excimer Laser-Melted AA2124-T4 and AA6061-T4 Alloys." Materials Science Forum 794-796 (June 2014): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.794-796.235.

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A KrF excimer laser was introduced for laser surface melting (LSM) of the aluminium alloys AA2124-T4 and AA6061-T4. The microstructural and compositional analysis was conducted using SEM, low-angle XRD, and TEM; the corrosion behaviour of as-received (AR) and laser-treated (LT) samples was evaluated by electrochemical techniques and immersion test in a 3.5% NaCl solution. A melted layer consisting of a re-solidified layer with refined microstructure and dissolution of intermetallic particles (IMPs), and a thin film of aluminium oxides at the top, was formed after LSM for both alloys. The corrosion resistance of both alloys was improved after LSM. The results of immersion test showed different corrosion behaviour for LT AA2124 and LT AA6061. The delamination of the melted layer was observed for AA2124 but was not observed for AA6061 after exposure to 3.5% NaCl solution for 24 h. This was attributed to the formation of copper-rich segregation bands in the melted layer of AA2124 due to higher content of copper in AA2124 than AA6061. A significant number of micro-pores were present in the melted layer for AA2124 treated with high number of laser pulses, leading to the decrease of the corrosion resistance.

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Manuel, Neves, Ivan Galvão, Rui M. Leal, José D. Costa, and Altino Loureiro. "Nugget Formation and Mechanical Behaviour of Friction Stir Welds of Three Dissimilar Aluminum Alloys." Materials 13, no. 11 (June 11, 2020): 2664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13112664.

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The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of the properties of the base materials and welding speed on the morphology and mechanical behavior of the friction stir welds of three dissimilar aluminum alloys in a T-joint configuration. The base materials were the AA2017-T4, AA5083-H111, and AA6082-T6 alloys in 3 mm-thick sheets. The AA6082-T6 alloy was the stringer, and the other alloys were located either on the advancing or retreating sides of the skin. All the T-joint welds were produced with a constant tool rotation speed but with different welding speeds. The microstructures of the welds were analyzed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, and the electron backscatter diffraction technique. The mechanical properties were assessed according to micro-hardness, tensile, and fatigue testing. Good quality welds of the three dissimilar aluminum alloys could be achieved with friction stir welding, but a high ratio between the tool’s rotational and traverse speeds was required. The welding speed influenced the weld morphology and fatigue strength. The positioning of the skin materials influenced the nugget morphology and the mechanical behavior of the joints. The joints in which the AA2017 alloy was positioned on the advancing side presented the best tensile properties and fatigue strength.

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Mallieswaran, K., C. Rajendran, R. Padmanabhan, and S. Rajasekaran. "Evaluation of nickel shot peening process on strength of friction stir welded AA2014-T6 aluminum alloy joints." Practical Metallography 60, no. 7 (June 30, 2023): 442–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pm-2022-1038.

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Abstract The best aluminum alloys for construction are those that incorporate copper. However, welding engineers find it difficult to join aluminium and its alloys as a result of cracking. One of the popular methods for joining nonferrous materials, especially aluminum alloys, is friction stir welding (FSW). A tensile strength of 75 % to 85 % of the basic material strength is produced by FSW joints. The majority of studies have documented a reduction in strength as a result of incomplete melting, creating a soft region at the boundary between the thermo – mechanically influenced zone and the stir zone. The current effort has focused on using the shot peening method to reduce the softness at the interface. According to the test findings, the nickel shot-peened joint produced a stronger joint than the traditional FSW joint. The shot-peened joint has gained 7 % additional strength compared to untreated joint.

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Journal articles on the topic 'AA2219 Aluminium Alloys'

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