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Chiluwal, Shailandra. "Comparative Study on Physical Fitness between Indigenous and Non-indigenous Students." Interdisciplinary Research in Education 5, no. 1-2 (February 4, 2021): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ire.v5i1-2.34737.
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Physical fitness is essential for all. This is comparative cum cross-sectional study dealing with the physical fitness of students. It was conducted in the secondary schools of Lamjung district with the objective to compare the physical fitness between indigenous and non- indigenous students. Altogether 150 secondary level male students were selected as the respondents consisting 75 for each group. Five schools were selected using purposive sampling method whereas, the respondent students were selected using purposive cum random sampling method. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation (AAHPER) Youth Physical Fitness Test was used to compare the physical fitness of indigenous and non-indigenous students. The test battery included six test items i.e. pull-ups, sit-ups, standing broad jump, shuttle run, 50-yard dash and 600-yard run-walk. For the comparison of fitness score, mean, SD, CV and Z-test were applied. Fitness status was found better among indigenous students in comparison to non-indigenous students.
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CHNGU, Pak Kwong. "Curl-Up Test: A New Abdominal Muscular Endurance Test." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 1, no. 2 (December 1, 1995): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.11160.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Sit-up is a popular exercise for both athletes and health fitness participants. It is almost universally accepted as an effective training method of abdominal strength and endurance. The 1-minute timed sit-up (modified sit-up) test, modified from the straight-legged sit-up with hands locked behind the head, is widely used in the health fitness testing such as Physical Best of AAHPERD, National Children and Youth Fitness Study (NCYFS & NCYFS II) of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and Survey of Health Related Fitness & Lifestyle of Working Population Aged 20-39 in Hong Kong conducted by Hong Kong Physical Fitness Association etc. Although the modified sit-up was assumed to be a safer test than the straight-legged sit-up, researchers are still not satisfied with it. Are there any problems with sit-up test? Is the curl-up test developed by Robertson and Magnusdottir (1987) safer and more valid and reliable than the modified sit-up test? All such queries are being discussed in this article.
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Kerner, Matthew S., Michael Kalinski, Anthony B. Kurrant, Eric Small, Eugene Spatz, and Stacy Gropack. "Leisure-Time Internet Use Does Not Correlate with Physical Activity or Physical Fitness Level of Ninth Grade African-American Girls." Pediatric Exercise Science 13, no. 4 (November 2001): 402–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.13.4.402.
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We assessed leisure-time Internet use (IU) and its relationship to physical fitness (PF) and leisure-time physical activity (PA) among 295 adolescent African-American girls. In addition, scales measuring variables in the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) were administered to elucidate PA data. Based on responses to the IU Questionnaire, participants were placed into either an Internet Nonuser (n = 184) or Internet User (n = 111) group. PF was assessed using body mass index (BMI) and AAHPERD Youth Fitness Tests. There were no correlations found between the fitness test scores and IU, PA, or BMI. No correlation was found between IU and PA, and similar findings were noted between PA and each variable constituting the TRA. As expected, within the TRA variables studied, significant moderate to high correlations were found between both Attitude to Exercise and Subjective Norm with Intention to Exercise, r = .43 and r = .53, respectively. The remarkably low scores among participants on the fitness tests and TRA scales suggest that IU would have no appreciable influence on the PF of this population, irrespective of IU.
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Cureton, Kirk J., Ted A. Baumgartner, and Beth G. McManis. "Adjustment of 1-Mile Run/Walk Test Scores for Skinfold Thickness in Youth." Pediatric Exercise Science 3, no. 2 (May 1991): 152–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.3.2.152.
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The purposes of this study were (a) to describe the relation of 1-mile run/walk time (MRWT) to skinfold thickness measures in a national probability sample of students 8 to 18 years of age (NCYFS I and II, n = 11,123) and (b) to evaluate the impact of adjusting MRWT scores for the effect of skinfold thickness on the classification of scores using percentile ranks and criterion referenced standards (CRS). MRWT was significantly related to the sum of subscapular and triceps skinfolds in all age-gender groups. In 12-year-olds, MRWT scores adjusted for sum of skinfolds by regression analysis resulted in individual percentile ranks that differed by more than 10 from percentile ranks of unadjusted scores in 29% of girls and 39% of boys, and altered classifications on the Fitnessgram and AAHPERD mile run/walk time CRS in 11-14% of boys and girls. It is concluded that the relation between MRWT and skinfold thickness is strong enough, and the impact of adjusting MRWT scores for skinfold thickness sufficient, to justify using adjusted scores for classification of cardiorespiratory capacity as part of the assessment of health related physical fitness in youth. Additional research is needed to cross-validate the equations developed in this study.
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Guimarães, Eduardo, Adam Baxter-Jones, José Maia, Pedro Fonseca, Américo Santos, Eduardo Santos, Fernando Tavares, and Manuel Janeira. "The Roles of Growth, Maturation, Physical Fitness, and Technical Skills on Selection for a Portuguese Under-14 Years Basketball Team." Sports 7, no. 3 (March 8, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7030061.
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This study investigated the roles of growth, maturation, physical fitness, and technical skills on selection onto an under-14 years basketball team. The sample consisted of 150 male players, aged 13.3 ± 0.7 years, divided into selected (SE—top players chosen by coaching staff to form an elite regional team) and non-selected (NSE—remaining players) groups. Anthropometry, body composition, biological maturation, and training experience data were collected using standard procedures. Physical fitness was assessed using the Yo-Yo IE2, sit-ups, handgrip, squat jump, countermovement jump, 3 kg medicine ball throw, 20 m sprint, and T-Test. Technical skills were acquired using the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance (AAHPERD)’s basketball-specific test battery. Groups were compared using a Student’s t test and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), with training experience and biological maturation as covariates. A forward stepwise discriminant function analysis was employed to identify variables that maximized the separation between groups. The results showed that SE players were taller, had greater fat-free mass, greater strength, power, and agility, and were technically more skillful compared with NSE players (p < 0.05) when controlling for training experience and maturation. It was also found that players were best discriminated by the 3 kg medicine ball throw and control dribble, revealing the importance of qualified training to achieve excellence in youth basketball. 92.7% of the basketballers were correctly classified into their original groups. It is therefore confirmed that the additional effects of training experience and biological maturation positively influenced the performance of young basketball players. We recommend that coaches focus not only on players’ body sizes, but also on their skill level, especially during adolescence, when selecting teams in order to promote sustainable long-term development.
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Walleck, Brittany N. "Sprint Speed And Musculoskeletal Fitness Test Performance In Youth." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 52, no. 7S (July 2020): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000670664.44290.94.
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Kirk, TN, Justin A. Haegele, and Xihe Zhu. "Performance calibration among youth with visual impairment on a 6-minute endurance run test." British Journal of Visual Impairment 38, no. 3 (April 12, 2020): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0264619620912768.
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Physical activity and fitness have long been associated with health, yet youth with visual impairments tend to be less active and less fit than their sighted peers. Performance calibration (i.e., the degree to which predictions about performance reflect actual performance) may be a useful conceptual framework to investigate the relationships between perceptions of health-related fitness and measured fitness performance among youth with visual impairments. The purpose of this study was to examine the predictive and postdictive performance calibration of youth with visual impairments on a test of cardiovascular fitness. Twenty-five participants (12 female, 13 male, aged 10–17 years) completed a 6-min endurance run test. Before and after the test, participants estimated how far they would run. Based on these data, performance calibration scores were calculated, and variables were correlated. Gender and visual impairment level-based differences were compared using t tests. Participants were generally overconfident in their predicted run scores but underconfident in their postdictions. Results of the present study suggest that youth with visual impairments are generally poorly calibrated with regard to cardiovascular fitness.
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Lang, Justin J. "Exploring the utility of cardiorespiratory fitness as a population health surveillance indicator for children and youth: An international analysis of results from the 20-m shuttle run test." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 43, no. 2 (February 2018): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0728.
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Emerging evidence has demonstrated the strong link between cardiorespiratory fitness and multiple aspects of health (i.e., physiological, physical, psychosocial, cognitive), independent of physical activity, among school-aged children and youth. Cardiorespiratory fitness is a trait that does not vary substantially from day-to-day, and provides an indication of recent physical activity levels, making it an important possible indicator of population health. Thus, the objective of this dissertation was to investigate the utility of cardiorespiratory fitness, measured using the 20-m shuttle run test, as a broad, holistic health indicator for population health surveillance among children and youth. To achieve this objective we completed 7 manuscripts, all prepared for submission to peer-reviewed, scientific journals: (1) Systematic review of the relationship between 20-m shuttle run performance and health indicators among children and youth. (2) Review of criterion-referenced standards for cardiorespiratory fitness: what percentage of 1 142 026 international children and youth are apparently healthy? (3) Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with physical literacy in a large sample of Canadian children aged 8 to 12 years. (4) International variability in 20-m shuttle run performance in children and youth: Who are the fittest from a 50-country comparison? A systematic review with pooling of aggregate results. (5) Making a case for cardiorespiratory fitness surveillance among children and youth. (6) International normative 20-m shuttle run values from 1 142 026 children and youth representing 50 countries. (7) Temporal trends in the cardiorespiratory fitness of children and adolescents representing 19 high-income and upper middle-income countries between 1981 and 2014. Combined, this dissertation provides support for the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness for health surveillance among school-aged children and youth. Results from the international analysis highlighted the variability across countries, with countries in north-central Europe and Africa having the highest cardiorespiratory fitness, and countries in South America having the lowest cardiorespiratory fitness. The results indicated that declines in cardiorespiratory fitness may have stabilized in recent years in some high- and middle-income countries. This dissertation also identified 2 methods (criterion- and normative-referenced standards) to interpret cardiorespiratory fitness levels among children and youth, methods that could be used to inform future consensus, surveillance, and cardiorespiratory fitness guidelines.
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Armstrong, Neil. "Fact and Fiction in youth Cardiorespiratory Fitness." International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports 8, no. 2 (June 6, 2019): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/ijpefs1922.
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Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) reflects the integrated ability to deliver oxygen from the atmosphere to the skeletal muscles and to utilize it to generate energy to support muscle activity during exercise. Peak oxygen uptake (V?O2) is internationally recognized as the criterion measure of youth CRF. It is well-documented that in youth peak V?O2 increases with sex-specific, concurrent changes in a range of age- and maturity status-driven morphological and physiological covariates with the timing and tempo of changes specific to individuals. However, a recent resurgence of interest in predicting peak V?O2 from field test performances and the persistence of fallacious interpretations of peak V?O2 in 1:1 ratio with body mass have obfuscated general understanding of the development of CRF. Moreover, as spurious relationships arise when ratio-scaled data are correlated with health-related variables the use of this scaling technique has confounded the relationship of youth CRF with indicators of current and future health. This paper reviews the extant evidence and concludes that the interpretation of youth CRF and the promotion of young people’s health and well-being should be founded on scientific facts and not on fictions based on flawed methodology and specious interpretation of data.
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Lehnhard, Robert A., Holly R. Lehnhard, Stephen A. Butterfield, Corey Parker, and Richard Young. "Selected Health-Fitness Rankings of Low-Income Youth." Perceptual and Motor Skills 81, no. 3_suppl (December 1995): 1187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.81.3f.1187.
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Two parameters, tricep skinfold and one-mile walk/run, from the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance health-related fitness test were assessed in 226 low-income children, ages 10 through 14 years. Group means by age and sex were compared with state and national norms. As a whole, on both fitness parameters, this low-income sample fell in the bottom quartile for the state of Maine. The group's national ranking was even lower. Not only are low-income families burdened financially, it appears from this study that the children are also at health risk.
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Welk, Gregory J., Jodee A. Schaben, and Mack Shelley. "Physical Activity and Physical Fitness in Children Schooled at Home and in Public Schools." Pediatric Exercise Science 16, no. 4 (November 2004): 310–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.16.4.310.
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Homeschooling is increasingly popular, but little is known about how homeschooling affects physical activity patterns or fitness levels. This study compares patterns of physical fitness, physical activity, and psychosocial correlates of physical activity in homeschooled youth and youth attending public school. Fitness levels were obtained using the PACER aerobic fitness test, physical activity levels were assessed with 3 days of accelerometry, and psychosocial correlates were assessed with the Children’s Physical Activity Correlates scale. There were no significant main effects for fitness comparisons, but significant age and gender interactions indicate that variability exists within these samples for fitness. No school type effects were evident for the physical activity measures or the psychosocial correlate measures, but trends in the data suggest the possibility of age-related interactions for the psychosocial measures. Additional research on possible differences between homeschooled youth and youth attending public school is needed to better understand these trends.
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Millard-Stafford, Mindy, Jeffrey S. Becasen, Michael W. Beets, Allison J. Nihiser, Sarah M. Lee, and Janet E. Fulton. "Is Physical Fitness Associated With Health in Overweight and Obese Youth? A Systematic Review." Kinesiology Review 2, no. 4 (November 2013): 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/krj.2.4.233.
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A systematic review of literature was conducted to examine the association between changes in health-related fitness (e.g., aerobic capacity and muscular strength/endurance) and chronic disease risk factors in overweight and/or obese youth. Studies published from 2000–2010 were included if the physical activity intervention was a randomized controlled trial and reported changes in fitness and health outcomes by direction and significance (p< .05) of the effect. Aerobic capacity improved in 91% and muscular fitness improved in 82% of measures reported. Nearly all studies (32 of 33) reported improvement in at least one fitness test. Changes in outcomes related to adiposity, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, metabolic, and mental/emotional health improved in 60%, 32%, 53%, 41%, and 33% of comparisons studied, respectively. In conclusion, overweight and obese youth can improve physical fitness across a variety of test measures. When fitness improves, beneficial health effects are observed in some, but not all chronic disease risk factors.
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Belanger, Kevin, Peter Breithaupt, Zachary M. Ferraro, Nick Barrowman, Jane Rutherford, Stasia Hadjiyannakis, Rachel C. Colley, and Kristi B. Adamo. "Do Obese Children Perceive Submaximal and Maximal Exertion Differently?" Clinical Medicine Insights: Pediatrics 7 (January 2013): CMPed.S12524. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/cmped.s12524.
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We examined how obese children perceive a maximal cardiorespiratory fitness test compared with a submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness test. Twenty-one obese children (body mass index ≥95th percentile, ages 10–17 years) completed maximal and submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness tests on 2 separate occasions. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and overall perceived exertion (Borg 15-category scale) were measured in both fitness tests. At comparable workloads, perceived exertion was rated significantly higher ( P < 0.001) in the submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness test compared with the maximal cardiorespiratory fitness test. The submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness test was significantly longer than the maximal test (14:21 ± 04:04 seconds vs. 12:48 ± 03:27 seconds, P < 0.001). Our data indicate that at the same relative intensity, obese children report comparable or even higher perceived exertion during submaximal fitness testing than during maximal fitness testing. Perceived exertion in a sample of children and youth with obesity may be influenced by test duration and protocol design.
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Aaberge, Kari, and Asgeir Mamen. "A Comparative Study of Fitness Levels among Norwegian Youth in 1988 and 2001." Sports 7, no. 2 (February 22, 2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7020050.
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We compared the fitness levels of cohorts of 15-year-old youth in 1988 and 2001 to ascertain whether there was a negative trend in fitness. The subjects were 15-year-old boys and girls from the same geographical area, n = 192 in 1988 and n = 191 in 2001. They participated voluntarily and could leave the project whenever they wished. The following variables were used to assess fitness: Maximal oxygen uptake, jump height, shoulder flexibility, and hamstring flexibility. Maximal oxygen uptake was estimated with submaximal ergometer cycling, jump height by the Sargent jump-and-reach test, shoulder flexibility as the distance between thumbs when doing straight-arm backwards circling while holding a broomstick, and hamstring flexibility by an active straight-leg-raise test. Differences between groups and quartiles were analyzed by Gosset’s (Student’s) t-test, using a significance level of 0.05. The two cohorts did show different levels of physical fitness. The 1988 group was 3.9 cm better on jump height and 4.2 cm better on shoulder flexibility, while the 2001 group had 3.3° better hamstring flexibility. The lowest performing quartile did less well in 2001 on oxygen uptake and jump height. We recommend an increased focus on improving fitness in low-performing adolescents.
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O’Keeffe, Brendan T., Ciaran MacDonncha, and Alan E. Donnelly. "Students’ attitudes towards and experiences of the Youth-fit health-related fitness test battery." European Physical Education Review 27, no. 1 (April 24, 2020): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356336x20917416.
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The aim of this study was to examine secondary school students’ attitudes towards and experiences of a student-centred health-related fitness test battery. A total of 795 adolescents (403 boys, 50.7%; 392 girls, 49.3%) aged 13.2 years (±0.39) from 20 secondary schools in the Republic of Ireland participated in the study. Schools were stratified for gender, location and educational (dis)advantage. Students completed the test battery in small groups ( n = ≤6) and each test item was administered by a trained senior student facilitator. Testing took place during physical education lessons. Test items included: body mass index; 20 m shuttle run; back-saver sit and reach; hand-grip strength; standing long jump; isometric plank-hold; 90° push-up; 4×10 m shuttle run; and blood pressure. Following participation in the test battery, students completed an instrument with valid scores for measuring attitudes towards fitness tests. Students’ experiences of each test item were also analysed. Overall, students had a positive attitude towards fitness testing ( M = 3.9, ±0.59) on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Although both positive, the mean attitude score for boys ( M = 4.05, ±0.59) was significantly higher than girls ( M = 3.79, ±0.59; p < 0.01, t-test). Most students ( n = 690, 86.8%) agreed or strongly agreed that the senior student facilitator made it easier for them to perform the tests. In conclusion, students had positive attitudes towards and experiences of the Youth-fit test battery. Physical education teachers should consider implementing a small-group and senior student-facilitated approach when administering fitness tests.
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Pitetti, Kenneth H., Daniel A. Yarmer, and Bo Fernhall. "Cardiovascular Fitness and Body Composition of Youth with and without Mental Retardation." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 18, no. 2 (April 2001): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.18.2.127.
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The purpose of this study was to compare the aerobic fitness and body mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents (8-18 yr) with and without mild mental retardation (MR). Sample size of participants with MR but without Down syndrome was 169 males and 99 females. Sample size of participants without MR was 289 males and 317 females. Analysis was made by gender and age: children (8-10 yr); early adolescents (11-14 yr); and late adolescents (15-18 yr). The 20-m shuttle run test (20 MST) was used to assess field test performance and predicted aerobic fitness. For all age groups, females and males without MR ran significantly more laps and had a significantly higher predicted aerobic fitness (V̇O2peak: ml $$ kg-1 $$ min-1) than their peers with MR. Additionally, participants with MR tended to have higher BMI than their peers without MR. The results of this study indicate that children and adolescents with MR have lower exercise capacity, lower aerobic fitness, and higher BMIs than their peers without MR.
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Keating, Xiaofen, Xiaolu Liu, Rachyl Stephenson, Jianmin Guan, and Michael Hodges. "Student health-related fitness testing in school-based physical education: Strategies for student self-testing using technology." European Physical Education Review 26, no. 2 (September 16, 2019): 552–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356336x19874818.
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If used appropriately in schools, youth fitness testing can play a significant role in promoting a physically active lifestyle among school-age children. Unfortunately, many issues exist when testing students’ health-related fitness (HRF) components, such as privacy concerns, misuse of testing results, and time-consuming test procedures. This paper provides an alternative approach to implementing youth fitness testing, attempting to solve some of these long-standing problems. Contextual information concerning global youth fitness testing practices is first introduced, followed by strategies for fitness self-testing using emerging technologies instead of more traditional testing methods conducted in a physical education (PE) setting. We also address how a self-testing approach could be used as part of a fitness education programme where students learn about HRF components, develop competence, and learn how to improve their HRF over time, absent of an expert evaluator to monitor their own HRF. The potential role of modern technology in solving some of the seemingly unsolvable problems with youth fitness testing in schools worldwide and facilitating the implementation of self-testing HRF in school-based PE programmes is also presented. More effort should be given to the development of technology-based HRF self-testing and empirical research.
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Bartkowiak, Sylwia, Jan M. Konarski, Ryszard Strzelczyk, Jarosław Janowski, Małgorzata Karpowicz, and Robert M. Malina. "Physical Fitness of Rural Polish School Youth: Trends Between 1986 and 2016." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 18, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 789–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2020-0712.
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Background: The objective of the study was to evaluate secular changes in the physical fitness of rural school youth, 7–15 years, in west-central Poland between 1986 and 2016. Methods: The fitness of cross-sectional samples of school youth resident in the same 10 communities was evaluated in 4 decennial surveys: 1986—1417 boys/1326 girls; 1996—979 boys/947 girls; 2006—871 boys/843 girls; and 2016—1189 boys/1105 girls. Five tests evaluated speed (5-m run), agility (figure 8 run), explosive power (vertical jump), flexibility (stand and reach), and cardiovascular fitness (modified Harvard step test). Age- and sex-specific descriptive statistics were calculated by survey, while differences among surveys were compared in 3 broad age groups (7–9, 10–12, and 13–15 y) using analysis of variance with age and age squared as covariates. Results: Speed and flexibility declined, while the jump and step test index changed variably across surveys. Although agility improved across surveys, the major improvement occurred between 1986 and 1996. Conclusions: Performances of rural school youth on 5 tests of physical fitness changed significantly, but, variably, between 1986 and 2016. The results were generally consistent with other studies of Polish school youth that spanned a similar interval.
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Pate, Russell R., Stewart G. Trost, Marsha Dowda, Alise E. Ott, Dianne S. Ward, Ruth Saunders, and Gwen Felton. "Tracking of Physical Activity, Physical Inactivity, and Health-Related Physical Fitness in Rural Youth." Pediatric Exercise Science 11, no. 4 (November 1999): 364–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.11.4.364.
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This study examined the tracking of selected measures of physical activity, inactivity, and fitness in a cohort of rural youth. Students (N = 181, 54.7% female, 63.5% African American) completed test batteries during their fifth- (age = 10.7 ± 0.7 years), sixth-, and seventh-grade years. The Previous Day Physical Activity Recall (PDPAR) was used to assess 30-min blocks of vigorous physical activity (VPA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), TV watching and other sedentary activities, and estimated energy expenditure (EE). Fitness measures included the PWC 170 cycle ergometer test, strength tests, tnceps skinfold thickness, and BMI. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for VPA, MVPA, and after-school EE ranged from 0.63 to 0.78. ICCs ranged from 0.49 to 0.71 for measures of inactivity and from 0.78 to 0.82 for the fitness measures. These results indicate that measures of physical activity, inactivity, and physical fitness tend to track during the transition from elementary to middle school.
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Castro-Piñero, José, Carmen Padilla-Moledo, Francisco B. Ortega, Diego Moliner-Urdiales, Xiaofen Keating, and Jonatan R. Ruiz. "Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Fatness Are Associated With Health Complaints and Health Risk Behaviors in Youth." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 9, no. 5 (July 2012): 642–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.9.5.642.
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Background:We examined the association of cardiorespiratory fitness and fatness with health complaints and health risk behaviors in 691 (323 girls) Spanish children aged 6 to 17.9.Methods:Health complaints and health risk behaviors were self-reported using items of the Health Behavior in School-aged Children questionnaire. Weight and height were measured and body mass index was computed. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by the 20-m shuttle-run test, and youth categorized as fit/unfit.Results:Unfit youth were more likely to report health complaints sometime (OR: 2.556, 95% CI: 1.299–5.031; and OR: 1.997, 95% CI: 1.162–3.433, respectively) and health risk behaviors such as drinking alcohol sometime (OR: 5.142, 95% CI: 1.214–21.783; and OR: 2.413, 95% CI: 1.484–3.923) than their fit counterparts. Overweight-obese youth were more likely to report health complaints (OR: 1.732, 95% CI: 1.019–2.945; and OR: 1.983, 95% CI: 1.083–3.629, respectively). The analysis of the combined influence of fitness and fatness revealed that fit youth had lower health complaints index than the fat-unfit and unfat-unfit groups (all P < .05).Conclusions:Low fitness and overweight-obesity increased the risk of having health complaints in youth, yet high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness might overcome deleterious effects of overweight-obesity on health complaints.
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Göksu, Ömer Can, Selami Yüksek, Vedat Ayan, and Mehmet Şirin Güler. "The Importance of Sport in Aging Process." Journal of Education and Training Studies 7, no. 9 (June 27, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v7i9.4350.
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The goal of the current study is to investigate the effects of past and current participation in sport and exercise on physical fitness levels of the elderly.In the current study, the participants were 849 males over the age of 60 who do daily life activities independently and do not have any serious health problems. Participants in the study were divided into 4 groups; those who did sports in their youth and now; (YYOY), those who did sports in theır youth, but now don’t do it now; (YYON), those who didn’t do sports in their youth but now do; (YNOY), and those who have never done any sports; (YNON). A personal information form was used for determine their relationships with sport earlier in life and and now. The protocol of Senior Fitness Test (SFT) consisting of 6 different stations was used to determine of physical fitness levels of participants. The One Way Anova and LSD test was used to analyse variables of differences between groups according to participation in sport early in life and now and the threshold for significance level was 0.05.There was statistically significant differences between physical fitness parameters of the groups “those who did sports in their younth, but now don't" (YYON) and ““Those who didi sports in their youth and now" (YYOY), only. The groups of “those who did sports, but now don't" (YYON) and “have never done sports" (YNON) have the lowest physical fitness levels (p<0,05).Physıcal exercise in terms of sports and exercises have positive effects on physical fitness levels but if the sport is not a life style, physical fitness levels from the exercise will be lost over time. Starting from this point of view, the expression “It doesn't matter what you did yesterday, what you’re doing today matters" is extremely important in relation to exercise and sport.
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Krawczyk, Krzysztof. "Assessing selected parameters of targeted fitness among youth training handball." Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences 30, no. 91 (September 30, 2020): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8130.
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Study aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate parameters of targeted fitness among youth training handball, within the framework of the project - Handball Training Centres. Furthermore, an attempt was made at quantitative assessment of youth obtaining the best results regarding targeted fitness parameters. Material and methods: The study participants comprised 294 girls (mean age 14.1 ± 0.29 years), and 304 boys (mean age-15.2 ± 0.31 years), practicing handball at 16 voivodeship Handball Training Centres in 2015-2018. The mean value of the girls’ body mass was - 56.38 ± 7.03 kg, body height - 165.59 ± 6.22 cm, while for boys - 71.87 ± 7.66 kg and 182.68 ± 5.47 cm, respectively. The mean BMI value for girls was -19.94 ± 1.7, and boys-- 21.06 ± 1.97. The girls’ training experience was 4.5 years, and for boys - 5.5 years. The study was based on trials of targeted fitness tests for young people training handball at Handball Training Centres. Results: The average values from the 30-m run for boys totalled 4.35 ± 0.23 s; while for girls, the values equalled - 4.7 ± 0.25 s. Average values from the envelope run with ball dribbling among boys - 24.13 ± 1.73 s; girls - 26.02 ± 1.66 s. Average value for the Beep-test among boys – 2,288 ± 165.99 m; girls - 1,805 ± 125.25 m. These are adequately estimated VO2max values of: 55.7 and 48.9 ml O2/kg/min. Conclusions: The best results of targeted fitness parameters were obtained by 22.7% of boys and 15.7% of girls. The subjects obtained the highest results in the following tests: vertical jump, supported push-up and the Beep-test. The worst results were noted for the following trials: 30-m run, envelope run with ball dribbling and 10x30-m shuttle run.
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Carvalho, Humberto M., Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva, Joey C. Eisenmann, and Robert M. Malina. "Aerobic Fitness, Maturation, and Training Experience in Youth Basketball." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 8, no. 4 (July 2013): 428–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.4.428.
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Relationships among chronological age (CA), maturation, training experience, and body dimensions with peak oxygen uptake (VO2max) were considered in male basketball players 14–16 y of age. Data for all players included maturity status estimated as percentage of predicted adult height attained at the time of the study (Khamis-Roche protocol), years of training, body dimensions, and VO2max (incremental maximal test on a treadmill). Proportional allometric models derived from stepwise regressions were used to incorporate either CA or maturity status and to incorporate years of formal training in basketball. Estimates for size exponents (95% CI) from the separate allometric models for VO2max were height 2.16 (1.23–3.09), body mass 0.65 (0.37–0.93), and fat-free mass 0.73 (0.46–1.02). Body dimensions explained 39% to 44% of variance. The independent variables in the proportional allometric models explained 47% to 60% of variance in VO2max. Estimated maturity status (11–16% of explained variance) and training experience (7–11% of explained variance) were significant predictors with either body mass or estimated fat-free mass (P ≤ .01) but not with height. Biological maturity status and training experience in basketball had a significant contribution to VO2max via body mass and fat-free fat mass and also had an independent positive relation with aerobic performance. The results highlight the importance of considering variation associated with biological maturation in aerobic performance of late-adolescent boys.
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Bujnovsky, David, Tomas Maly, Kevin Ford, Dai Sugimoto, Egon Kunzmann, Mikulas Hank, and Frantisek Zahalka. "Physical Fitness Characteristics of High-level Youth Football Players: Influence of Playing Position." Sports 7, no. 2 (February 16, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7020046.
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The aim of this study was to determine whether the speed, agility, aerobic and anaerobic capacities of football players varied by playing positions. Elite youth football players (n = 123, age = 15.7 ± 0.5 years) who played in six different positions, as goalkeepers (GK), full backs (FB), central defenders (CD), wide midfielders (WM), central midfielders (CM), and attackers (AT), were assessed. Multivariate analysis of variances was used to compare the following variables: Linear running sprint for 5 m (S5) and 10 m (S10), flying sprint for 20 m (F20), agility 505 test with turn on the dominant (A505D) and non-dominant leg (A505N), agility K-test, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery (YYIR1) test and repeat sprint ability (RSA) test. The results showed significant influence of playing positions on linear-running sprint performance (F1,123 = 6.19, p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.23). Midfielders reached significantly higher performance levels (CM = 2.44 ± 0.08 s, WM = 2.47 ± 0.13 s) in the A505N test compared to GK (2.61 ± 0.23 s). Outfield players had significantly higher performance in both YYIR1 and RSA tests compared to GK (p < 0.01). The results of this study may provide insightful strategies for coaches and clinical practitioners for developing position-specific conditioning programs.
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Clennin, Morgan N., and Russell R. Pate. "The Association Between Neighborhood Socioeconomic Deprivation, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Physical Activity in US Youth." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 16, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2019-0039.
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Background: Growing evidence suggests that the broader neighborhood socioeconomic environment is independently associated with cardiometabolic health. However, few studies have examined this relationship among younger populations. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to (1) investigate the association between neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation (SED) and cardiorespiratory fitness and (2) determine the extent to which physical activity mediates this relationship. Methods: Data from 312 youth (aged 12–15 y) were obtained from the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey National Youth Fitness Survey. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured using a standard submaximal treadmill test, and maximal oxygen consumption was estimated. Physical activity was self-reported time spent in moderate to vigorous activity. Neighborhood SED was measured by a composite index score at the census tract of residence. Logistic regression analyses examined relationships between neighborhood SED, physical activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness, adjusting for individual-level characteristics and the complex sampling design. Results: Neighborhood SED was not significantly associated with cardiorespiratory fitness or physical activity among youth in the study sample. Conclusions: While not significant, cardiorespiratory fitness levels were observed to decrease as neighborhood SED increased. Future research is needed to better understand this relationship and to identify underlying mechanisms beyond fitness or physical activity that may drive the relationship between neighborhood SED and health.
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Wilkinson, Susan, Kay M. Williamson, and Ruth Rozdilsky. "Gender and Fitness Standards." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 5, no. 1 (April 1996): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.5.1.1.
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Issues concerning children’s fitness levels and fitness tests have been prevalent in the literature. Topics include whether fitness levels of American youth have declined and whether fitness tests are reliable, valid, and appropriate. Schools have questioned the merit of fitness tests, as opposed to fitness as an activity toward a healthy lifestyle. Absent from discussion are various moral and ethical implications embedded in the differential performance criteria set for boys and girls of the same age. Given the physiological similarity between boys and girls until age 12, this study was conducted to determine if there was a significant difference between fitness scores of boys and girls aged 10 through 13 years on the Physical Best test battery to warrant differential performance criteria. Girls were found to be significantly more flexible than boys on the sit and reach test, while boys performed significantly more pull-ups on the pull-up test. Prior to age 13 there were no statistically significant differences between mean fitness scores of girls and boys of the same age, even though established performance criteria are lower for girls than for boys. It is apparent that potential gender bias exists in the determination of Physical Best’s performance criteria for boys and girls. The consequences of differential expectations are discussed and a call for the re-evaluation of fitness standards are included.
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D’Agostino, Emily M., Sophia E. Day, Kevin J. Konty, Michael Larkin, Subir Saha, and Katarzyna Wyka. "The Association of Health-Related Fitness and Chronic Absenteeism Status in New York City Middle School Youth." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 15, no. 7 (July 1, 2018): 483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2017-0388.
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Background: Extensive research demonstrates the benefits of fitness on children’s health and academic performance. Although decreases in health-related fitness may increase school absenteeism, multiple years of prospective, child-level data are needed to examine whether fitness changes predict subsequent chronic absenteeism status. Methods: Six cohorts of New York City public school students were followed from grades 5–8 (2006/2007–2012/2013; N = 349,381). A longitudinal 3-level logistic generalized linear mixed model with random intercepts was used to test the association of individual children’s changes in fitness and 1-year lagged chronic absenteeism. Results: The odds of chronic absenteeism increased 27% [odds ratio (OR) 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.25–1.30], 15% (OR 95% CI, 1.13–1.18), 9% (OR 95% CI, 1.07–1.11), and 1% (OR 95% CI, 0.98–1.04), for students who had a >20% decrease, 10%–20% decrease, <10% increase or decrease, and 10%–20% increase in fitness, respectively, compared with >20% fitness increase. Conclusion: These findings contribute important longitudinal evidence to a cross-sectional literature, demonstrating reductions in youth fitness may increase absenteeism. Given only 25% of youth aged 12–15 years achieve the recommended daily 60 minutes or more of moderate to vigorous physical activity, future work should examine the potential for youth fitness interventions to reduce absenteeism and foster positive attitudes toward lifelong physical activity.
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Lang, Justin J., Richard Larouche, and Mark S. Tremblay. "The association between physical fitness and health in a nationally representative sample of Canadian children and youth aged 6 to 17 years." Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada 39, no. 3 (March 2019): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.39.3.02.
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Introduction This study explored the relationship between physical fitness and indicators of physical and psychosocial health in a nationally representative sample of Canadian children and youth aged 6–17 years. Methods We conducted a secondary data analysis of Canadian Health Measures Survey (Cycles 1 and 2; 2007-2011) data. The physical fitness measures included cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF; modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test), strength (handgrip strength), flexibility (sit-and-reach), and muscular endurance (partial curl-ups). The physical health indicators included directly measured biomarkers (total and HDL [high-density lipoprotein] cholesterol, C-reactive protein, glucose, and HbA1c [glycohaemoglobin]) and measures of adiposity, resting heart rate, and blood pressure. Psychosocial health was assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Multiple linear regressions were used to determine the association between variables, stratified by age groups and sex. Results 3,800 (48.9% female) children and youth were retained for this analysis. CRF displayed significant favourable associations with most physical health indicators in male and female participants. There were less significant favourable associations with flexibility and muscular endurance compared with CRF across age and sex groups. Strength was associated with higher adiposity in males and females, and lower heart rate in male children (β = −1.9; 95% CI: −2.9, −1.0) and female youth (β = −2.0; 95% CI: −2.7, −1.2). There were few significant favourable associations between measures of physical fitness and psychosocial health in this sample of children and youth. Conclusion These findings suggest that physical fitness, and especially CRF, is a significant indicator of physical health among Canadian children and youth aged 6–17 years.
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Nalbant, Ö., and K. Özer. "Evaluation of the relationship between body composition and aerobic fitness in youth soccer players." Physical education of students 22, no. 5 (September 30, 2018): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2018.0505.
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Background and Study Aim: The purpose of the study was to make an evaluation between aerobic fitnes (VO2max) and body composition in youth soccer players. Material and Methods: U19, U17, U16 and U15 age groups participated in the study. Twenty-eight U19 (average age 18,03±0,58), twenty-three U17 (average age 16,72±0,30), twenty-seven U16 (average age 15,79±0,23) and twenty-one U15 (average age 14,67±0,31) totally ninety-nine athletes voluntarily participated in the study. The subjects’ body weight and fat percentage were estimated by bioelectrical impedance. VO2max was determined by YOYO Intermittan Recovery test protocol. Shapiro-wilk test, Independent t test, hierarchical regression and analysis of covariance were used to compare the relationships between aerobic fitness and body composition. Additionally, Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the relationships between variables. The level of significance for all statistics was set at p<0.05. SPSS 23 software was used to calculate the data. The total value of all estimators is f = 18,001 and p <0.0001. Results : Although all variables were included in the model, the BMI was considered the greatest explanatory factor for fatness. Aerobic endurance was assessed in direct proportion to age, sit and reach test, crunch test, plank, and long jump test. As the distance increased, the% fat ratio decreased (p <0.001), and the fat ratio decreased with the decrease in the T test (p <0.001). Conclusions: In this study, it was determined that body fat ratio determined by BMI, body fat percentage decreased with increasing aerobic endurance, body fat ratio was negatively correlated with aerobic fitness and lean body ratio. It was also determined that aerobic fitness was positively correlated with age, sit and reach, crunch test, plank, standing long jump and T test.
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Teixeira, Anderson S., Juliano F. da Silva, Lorival J. Carminatti, Naiandra Dittrich, Carlo Castagna, and Luiz G. A. Guglielmo. "Reliability and Validity of the Carminattiʼs Test for Aerobic Fitness in Youth Soccer Players." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 28, no. 11 (November 2014): 3264–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000000534.
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Gilic, Barbara, Jelena Kosor, David Jimenez-Pavon, Josko Markic, Zeljka Karin, Daniela Supe Domic, and Damir Sekulic. "Associations of Vitamin D Levels with Physical Fitness and Motor Performance; A Cross-Sectional Study in Youth Soccer Players from Southern Croatia." Biology 10, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10080751.
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Vitamin D level is known to be a factor potentially influencing physical fitness, but few studies have examined this phenomenon among youth athletes. We aimed to evaluate the associations of vitamin D levels (as measured by 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations—25(OH)D) with various physical fitness and motor performance tests in youth football (soccer) players. This cross-sectional study included a total of 52 youth soccer players (15.98 ± 2.26 years old) from Southern Croatia. The participants were evaluated at the end of the winter period and data were collected of anthropometric measures (body mass and body height), vitamin D status (25(OH)D levels), physical fitness tests (sprints of 10 and 20 m, 20 yards test, the countermovement jump, the reactive strength index (RSI)) and motor performance tests (the soccer-specific CODS, the soccer-specific agility, and static balance). Among the studied players, 54% had 25(OH)D insufficiency/deficiency, showing a lack of 25(OH)D is widespread even in youth athletes living at a southern latitude. The 25(OH)D level was correlated with sprint 20 m, 20 yards tests, and RSI, showing a greater role of 25(OH)D in physical fitness tests where energetic capacity is essential than in sport-related motor performance tests where skills are crucial. Our results support the idea that vitamin D can play a determinant role in physical fitness tests with a clear physiological component, but is not crucial in motor performance tests related to specific sports where skills are a key component. Future studies should investigate the effects of vitamin D supplementation on the performance in physical fitness and motor performance tests among youth athletes.
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Jopkiewicz, Andrzej, and Stanisław Bogdan Nowak. "BMI INDEX AND LEVEL OF DIFFERENT MOTORITY CHILDREN AND YOUTH KIELCE." Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences 28, no. 81 (March 30, 2018): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7983.
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The Aim: Evaluation of relationships between the level of various motor skills of Kielce children and adolescents and their relative body mass. Material and methods. The research covered 1737 Kielce girls and boys aged 7-16. In the assessment of the BMI index, the Cole classification was taken into account, which is an international standard of the International Obesity Task Force, enabling the evaluation of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. In the assessment of various motor skills, the tests included in the International Physical Fitness Test were taken into account, namely: long jump from the place, 4x10m swing course, sit down from the back in 30 seconds, run on 50m, right hand grip, torso slope forward. In the statistical calculations, the analysis of variance (ANNOVA) and the NIR test were used.Results. BMI in the Cole classification is a factor strongly differentiating the level of motor skills of girls and boys. It has been observed that overweight and obesity are factors strongly disturbing the motoric efficiency of children and adolescents, causing a decrease in the level of various motor skills (except for flexibility in girls and handshake in both genders).Conclusions. Correct BMI values are associated with better results in different fitness tests, assessing the level of both fitness and adjustment capacities, which demonstrate greater potential for achieving biological potential, both boys and girls.
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McClain, James J., Gregory J. Welk, Michelle Ihmels, and Jodee Schaben. "Comparison of Two Versions of the PACER Aerobic Fitness Test." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 3, s2 (January 2006): S47—S57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.3.s2.s47.
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Background:The PACER test is a valid and reliable assessment of aerobic capacity in children. However, many schools lack adequate space to administer the test. This study compared the utility of the standard 20m PACER test with an alternative 15m PACER protocol in 5th and 8th grade students.Methods:A total of 171 students completed both PACER protocols in a counterbalanced design. Agreement between the two protocols was assessed with correlations, repeated-measures ANOVA, and classification agreement into the FITNESSGRAM® healthy fitness zones.Results:The difference in estimated VO2max between the two tests was slightly larger for boys (5th grade, 1.32 ml/kg/min; 8th grade, 1.72 ml/kg/min) than girls (5th grade, 0.14 ml/kg/min; 8th grade, 1.11 ml/kg/min), but these differences are probably not of practical significance. Classification agreement was 88% for boys and 91% for girls.Conclusions:Collectively, the results suggest that the 15m and 20m PACER provide similar information about aerobic fitness in youth. The 20m test is recommended when possible, but the 15m provides a useful alternative for schools with smaller gymnasiums.
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Aires, Luisa, Pedro Silva, Gustavo Silva, Maria Paula Santos, José Carlos Ribeiro, and Jorge Mota. "Intensity of Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Body Mass Index in Youth." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 7, no. 1 (January 2010): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.7.1.54.
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Background:The purpose of this study was to analyze the relation between body mass index (BMI), Cardiorespiratory Fitness (CRF), and levels of physical activity (PA) from sedentary to very vigorous intensities, measured by accelerometry, in students from a middle and high school.Methods:This cross-sectional study included 111 children and adolescents, age 11 to 18 years. PA was assessed with an accelerometer for 7 consecutive days (1 minute epoch) using specific cut-points. PA components were derived using special written software (MAHUffe). CRF was assessed by maximal multistage 20m shuttle run. T-test was used to test differences between BMI groups, Pearson’s correlation, to analyze correlations between all variables and multinomial logistic regression, and to predict the value of BMI categories.Results:This paper provides evidence that BMI was inversely and significantly correlated with CRF. Only CRF was correlated with Vigorous and Very Vigorous PA levels and total amount of PA. Children with Overweight/Obesity were less likely to perform more laps than normal weight counterparts. The total amount or intensity level of PA did not show any influence on BMI level.Conclusions:Low CRF is strongly associated with obesity, which highlights the importance of increasing CRF for a protective effect even in youth. No associations were found for PA and BMI.
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Chen, Senlin, Yang Liu, and Jodee Schaben. "To Move More and Sit Less: Does Physical Activity/Fitness Knowledge Matter in Youth?" Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 36, no. 2 (April 2017): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2016-0137.
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Purpose:The purpose of this study was to examine physical activity (PA)/fitness knowledge and its association with PA and sedentary behavior in youth.Method:Eighth grade students from five schools (N = 660) in a midwestern state completed a PE Metrics written test and the Youth Activity Profile to assess PA/fitness knowledge, PA (at school and after school) and sedentary behavior, respectively.Results:Participants were clustered into high, medium, and low knowledge groups. Students in the high knowledge group reported higher level of PA after school (p < .05, d = .28) but lower level of sedentary behavior than the low knowledge group (p = .001, d = -.45). The low knowledge group also reported higher PA at school (p < .05, d = .25). PA/Fitness knowledge significantly predicted sedentary behavior, particularly in the low knowledge group (β = -.32, t = -2.46, p < .05, R2 = .105), after controlling for gender and race/ethnicity.Conclusion:Physical education focused on conveying PA/fitness knowledge is warranted to educate youth to move more and sit less.
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Leuciuc, Florin Valentin. "Effect of 12 Weeks Workout on Women’s Physical Fitness." GYMNASIUM XXI, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.29081/gsjesh.2020.21.2.06.
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The aim of this research is to determine the students physical fitness level by using Eurofit test battery. The research subjects are students from the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, ”Stefan cel Mare” University of Suceava. The applied tests to the subjects are from the EUROFIT test battery. It is observed that not all fitness components have been improved in the same way. The best effect was obtained for the following components: balance test (Flamingo balance test), static muscular strength (handgrip test), dynamic strength (sit ups), speed segmental (plate tapping) where progress was over 7%. A good progress was recorded for: running speed (10x5m shuttle run), strength endurance (bent arm hang), cardio-respiratory endurance (20m endurance shuttle run), lower limb explosive strength (standing long jump). To attract youth for practicing regular physical activity it is needed to find attractive sports or activities and motivate them to develop their physical fitness.
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Arregui-Martin, Markel A., Ibai Garcia-Tabar, and Esteban M. Gorostiaga. "Half Soccer Season Induced Physical Conditioning Adaptations in Elite Youth Players." International Journal of Sports Medicine 41, no. 02 (December 16, 2019): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1014-2809.
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AbstractThis study aimed to investigate training-induced fitness changes and their relationship with training-competition load during half a soccer season (18 wks). Training load [heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)] and match time were monitored, including 108 training (3 223 individuals) and 23 match sessions, in 38 youth elite male soccer players. Fitness variables were assessed before and after the study. Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test 1 (Yo-Yo IRT1) improved (P<0.001; 90%CI: 418–632 m; ES: 2.14). Anthropometrical, jump, sprint, and change-of-direction measures remained unchanged. Jump test correlated with sprint (r=0.74; P<0.001; SEE=3.38 m·s−1) and Yo-Yo IRT1 (r=−0.58; P=0.005; SEE=4.11 m) tests. Initial sum of 6 skinfolds was associated with changes in this same measure (r=−0.51; P<0.001; SEE=21%). Initial Yo-Yo IRT1 results were related to changes in Yo-Yo IRT1 (r=−0.84; P<0.001; SEE=10%) and match time played (r=0.44; P=0.033; SEE=445 m). Mean RPE records were related to training spent within 75–90% maximal HR (r=0.54; P<0.001; SEE=4%). The half-season was beneficial for endurance running performance but not for lower-limb strength-velocity production capacity. The more aerobically deconditioned players played fewer minutes of match, although they showed the greatest improvements in endurance performance. Non-soccer-specific, scientifically based, and individualized fitness programs in addition to soccer-specific training are recommended.
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Spencer, Matt, David Pyne, Juanma Santisteban, and Iñigo Mujika. "Fitness Determinants of Repeated-Sprint Ability in Highly Trained Youth Football Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 6, no. 4 (December 2011): 497–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.6.4.497.
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Variations in rates of growth and development in young football players can influence relationships among various fitness qualities.Purpose:To investigate the relationships between repeated-sprint ability and other fundamental fitness qualities of acceleration, agility, explosive leg power, and aerobic conditioning through the age groups of U1 1 to U18 in highly trained junior football players.Methods:Male players (n = 119) across the age groups completed a fitness assessment battery over two testing sessions. The first session consisted of countermovement jumps without and with arm swing, 15-m sprint run, 15-m agility run, and the 20-m Shuttle Run (U11 to U15) or the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, Level 1 (U16 to U18). The players were tested for repeated-sprint ability in the second testing session using a protocol of 6 × 30-m sprints on 30 s with an active recovery.Results:The correlations of repeated-sprint ability with the assorted fitness tests varied considerably between the age groups, especially for agility (r = .02 to .92) and explosive leg power (r = .04 to .84). Correlations of repeated sprint ability with acceleration (r = .48 to .93) and aerobic conditioning (r = .28 to .68) were less variable with age.Conclusion:Repeated-sprint ability associates differently with other fundamental fitness tests throughout the teenage years in highly trained football players, although stabilization of these relationships occurs by the age of 18 y. Coaches in junior football should prescribe physical training accounting for variations in short-term disruptions or impairment of physical performance during this developmental period.
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Leuciuc, Florin Valentin. "Effect of 12 Weeks Workout on Women’s Physical Fitness." GYMNASIUM XX, no. 1 (September 18, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29081/gsjesh.2019.20.1.05.
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The aim of this research is to determine the students physical fitness level by using Eurofit test battery. The research subjects are students (female) from the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava. The applied tests to the subjects are from the EUROFIT test battery. It is observed that not all fitness components have been improved in the same way. The best effect was obtained for the following components: balance test (Flamingo), static muscular strength (handgrip test), dynamic strength (sit ups), speed segmental (plate tapping) where progress was over 7%. A good progress was recorded for: running speed (10x5m shuttle run), strength endurance (bent arm hang), cardio-respiratory endurance (20m endurance shuttle run), lower limb explosive strength (standing long jump). To attract youth for practicing regular physical activity it is needed to find attractive sports or activities and motivate them to develop their physical fitness.
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Bruggink, Stephanie M., Lauren Berger Shomaker, Nichole R. Kelly, Bart E. Drinkard, Kong Y. Chen, Robert J. Brychta, Omni Cassidy, et al. "Insulin Sensitivity, Depression/Anxiety, and Physical Fitness in At-Risk Adolescents." Sports Medicine International Open 03, no. 02 (June 17, 2019): E40—E47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0889-8653.
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AbstractPoor physical fitness contributes to the early progression of cardiometabolic disease, yet the physiological and psychological factors underpinning poor fitness in at-risk adolescents are not well understood. In this study, we sought to determine the relationship of physical fitness with two developmental phenomena of adolescence, insulin resistance and depression/anxiety symptoms among at-risk youth. We conducted secondary data analyses of 241 overweight or obese adolescents (12–17 years), drawn from two study cohorts. Insulin sensitivity index was derived from oral glucose tolerance tests. Adolescents self-reported depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms on validated surveys. A walk/run test was administered to determine perceived exertion and physical fitness (distance traveled). Insulin sensitivity was positively associated with walk/run distance (b=0.16, P<0.01), even after accounting for all covariates. Anxiety symptoms were inversely related to perceived exertion (b=–0.11, P<0.05), adjusting for covariates. These findings suggest that insulin resistance and anxiety symptoms are associated with different dimensions of physical fitness in overweight or obese adolescents and could both potentially contribute to declining fitness and worsening metabolic outcomes in at-risk youth.
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Bloemen, Manon A. T., Janke F. de Groot, Frank J. G. Backx, Joyce Benner, Cas L. J. J. Kruitwagen, and Tim Takken. "Wheelchair Shuttle Test for Assessing Aerobic Fitness in Youth With Spina Bifida: Validity and Reliability." Physical Therapy 97, no. 10 (August 3, 2017): 1020–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzx075.
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Bongers, Bart C., Ester B. G. Rijks, Arjan G. J. Harsevoort, Tim Takken, and Marco van Brussel. "10-m Shuttle Ride Test in Youth With Osteogenesis Imperfecta Who Use Wheelchairs: Feasibility, Reproducibility, and Physiological Responses." Physical Therapy 96, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 679–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20150082.
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Background Physical fitness levels in youth with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) who use wheelchairs are unknown. The 10-m Shuttle Ride Test (SRiT) has recently been introduced as a field test to determine cardiorespiratory fitness in children with cerebral palsy who self-propel a wheelchair. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility and reproducibility of the SRiT, as well as the physiological responses to the SRiT, in youth with moderate-to-severe OI between 8 and 25 years of age who self-propel a wheelchair at least for long distances. Design A test-retest design was used. Methods Thirteen patients with OI (8 boys, 5 girls; mean±SD values for age=15.5±6.4 years) using a manual wheelchair performed 2 SRiTs within 2 weeks. Adverse events, reached stage, peak heart rate (HRpeak), peak respiratory exchange ratio (RERpeak), peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak), and peak minute ventilation (V̇epeak) were the main outcome parameters. Results and Discussion All participants performed a maximal effort at both SRiTs (mean±SD values for HRpeak of 195±9 beats per minute [bpm], RERpeak of 1.32±0.16, V̇o2peak of 25.4±5.6 mL·kg−1·min−1, and V̇epeak of 47.9±18.6 L·min−1), without adverse events. The intraclass correlation coefficient of the reached stage showed excellent reliability (.95). Limits of agreement (LoA) analysis revealed acceptable LoA for reached stage (mean bias=−0.58, range=−2.50 to +1.35). There was a low correlation between reached stage and V̇o2peak (r=.61 and r=.45 for the first and second SRiTs, respectively). Limitations The influence of wheelchair properties and individually adjusted wheelchair designs was not examined. Conclusions The SRiT appears to be a feasible, safe, and reproducible maximal field test in youth with OI using wheelchairs at least for long distances. This field test might be useful to provide an indication of physical fitness and to assess the efficacy of interventions on physical fitness in these patients.
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Lang, Justin J., Emily Wolfe Phillips, Matt D. Hoffmann, and Stephanie A. Prince. "Establishing modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test (mCAFT) cut-points to detect clustered cardiometabolic risk among Canadian children and youth aged 9 to 17 years." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 45, no. 3 (March 2020): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2019-0303.
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The objective of this study was to establish cut-points to identify potential clustered cardiometabolic risk among children (aged 9–13 years) and youth (aged 14–17 years) using the modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test (mCAFT). Nationally representative cross-sectional data were obtained from cycles 1 and 2 (2007–2011) of the Canadian Health Measures Survey. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured using the mCAFT, which was used to estimate peak oxygen consumption. Clustered cardiometabolic health was identified as the mean of 4 standardized variables: sum of 4 skinfolds; total cholesterol–to–high-density lipoprotein ratio; and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In total, 2106 (49% female) participants were retained for this analysis. The optimal mCAFT cut-point for males was 49 and 46 mL·kg–1·min–1 among children and youth, respectively. Among females, the mCAFT cut-point was 46 and 37 mL·kg–1·min–1 among children and youth, respectively. In 2016–2017, 83% of females and 71% of males met the new mCAFT cut-points. The mCAFT cut-points can help identify children and youth at potential risk of poor cardiometabolic health in public health surveillance, clinical, and school-based settings. Novelty We developed new mCAFT cut-points to identify potential clustered cardiometabolic risk among Canadian children and youth. These mCAFT cut-points can be used to inform national health surveillance efforts.
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Gaya, Anelise Reis, Cézane Priscila Reuter, Éboni Marília Reuter, Silvia Isabel Rech Franke, Daniel Prá, Adroaldo Cezar Araújo Gaya, Leandro Tibiriçá Burgos, Jorge Mota, and Miria Suzana Burgos. "Cumulative incidence of youth obesity is associated with low cardiorespiratory fitness levels and with maternal overweight." Motriz: Revista de Educação Física 21, no. 4 (December 2015): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-65742015000400010.
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Abstract This longitudinal study evaluated the association between the incidence of youth overweight/obesity (Ow/Ob) and low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) over 4 years and youths' and their parents' demographic and nutritional characteristics. The randomized sample comprised 398 youth, aged 7-17 years at baseline, from a city in southern Brazil. Subjects were classified as being Ow/Ob according to international body mass index (BMI) parameters. Parental weight and height were determined by direct questioning. Youth CRF was measured by a 9-minute walk-and-run test. The cumulative incidences of Ow/Ob and of low CRF levels were 25.1% and 20.5%, respectively. Relative to other youth, youth who were classified as "unhealthy" at baseline (with respect to CRF) and by the fourth year were more likely to be classified as Ow/Ob (relative risks: 1.12 and 1.10, respectively). Youth whose mothers were categorized as Ow/Ob were at higher risk of being classified as Ow/Ob than youth whose mothers had normal BMIs (relative risks: 1.19 at baseline and 1.20 in the fourth year). The incidence of Ow/Ob among the former youth was associated with low CRF levels and with maternal Ob.
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Buchan, Duncan S., John D. Young, Lynne M. Boddy, Robert M. Malina, and Julien S. Baker. "Fitness and Adiposity Are Independently Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk in Youth." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/261698.
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Purpose. The purpose of the study was to examine the independent associations of adiposity and cardiorespiratory fitness with clustered cardiometabolic risk.Methods. A cross-sectional sample of 192 adolescents (118 boys), aged 14–16 years, was recruited from a South Lanarkshire school in the West of Scotland. Anthropometry and blood pressure were measured, and blood samples were taken. The 20 m multistage fitness test was the indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). A clustered cardiometabolic risk score was constructed from HDL-C (inverted), LDL-C, HOMA, systolic blood pressure, and triglycerides. Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and adiponectin were also measured and examined relative to the clustered cardiometabolic risk score, CRF, and adiposity.Results. Although significant, partial correlations between BMI and waist circumference (WC) and both CRF and adiponectin were negative and weak to moderate, while correlations between the BMI and WC and CRP were positive but weak to moderate. Weak to moderate negative associations were also evident for adiponectin with CRP, IL-6, and clustered cardiometabolic risk. WC was positively associated while CRF was negatively associated with clustered cardiometabolic risk. With the additional adjustment for either WC or CRF, the independent associations with cardiometabolic risk persisted.Conclusion. WC and CRF are independently associated with clustered cardiometabolic risk in Scottish adolescents.
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Padilla-Moledo, Carmen, Jorge DR Fernández-Santos, Rocio Izquierdo-Gómez, Irene Esteban-Cornejo, Paula Rio-Cozar, Ana Carbonell-Baeza, and Jose Castro-Piñero. "Physical Fitness and Self-Rated Health in Children and Adolescents: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (April 2, 2020): 2413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072413.
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Self-rated health (SRH) is an independent determinant for all-cause mortality. We aimed to examine the independent and combined associations of components of physical fitness with SRH at baseline (cross-sectional) and two years later (longitudinal) in children and adolescents. Spanish youth (N = 1378) aged 8 to 17.9 years participated at baseline. The dropout rate at 2-year follow-up was 19.5% (n = 270). Participants were categorized as either children (8 to 11.9 years age) or adolescents (12 to 17.9 years age). The ALPHA health- related fitness test battery for youth was used to assess physical fitness, and SRH was measured by a single-item question. Cumulative link, ANOVA and ANCOVA models were fitted to analyze the data. Cardiorespiratory fitness, relative upper body isometric muscular strength, muscular strength score, and global physical fitness were positively associated with SRH in children (OR, 1.048; 95% CI, 1.020–1.076; OR, 18.921; 95% CI, 3.47–104.355; OR, 1.213; 95% CI, 1.117–1.319, and OR, 1.170; 95% CI, 1.081–1.266, respectively; all p < 0.001) and adolescents (OR, 1.057; 95% CI, 1.037–1.076; OR, 5.707; 95% CI, 1.122–29.205; OR, 1.169; 95% CI, 1.070–1.278, and OR, 1.154 95% CI, 1.100–1.210, respectively; all p < 0.001); and motor fitness was positively associated with SRH only in adolescents at baseline (OR, 1.192; 95% CI, 1.066–1.309; p < 0.01). Cardiorespiratory fitness and global physical fitness were positively associated with SRH in children two years later (OR, 1.056; 95% CI, 1.023–1.091; p < 0.001; and OR, 1.082; 95% CI, 1.031–1.136; p < 0.01; respectively). Only cardiorespiratory fitness was independently associated with SRH in children and adolescents at baseline (OR, 1.059; 95% CI, 1.029–1.090; and OR, 1.073; 95% CI, 1.050–1.097, respectively; both p < 0.001) and two years later (OR, 1.075; 95% CI, 1.040–1.112; p < 0.001; and OR, 1.043; 95% CI, 1.014–1.074; p < 0.01, respectively). A high level of cardiorespiratory fitness at baseline or maintaining high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness from the baseline to 2-year follow-up were associated with a higher level of SRH at 2-year follow-up in children (p < 0.01) and adolescents (p < 0.05). These findings emphasize the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness as strong predictor of present and future SRH in youth. Intervention programs to enhance cardiorespiratory fitness level of the youth population are urgently needed for present and future youth’s health.
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Wasiluk, Agnieszka, and Jerzy Saczuk. "PHYSICAL FITNESS OF BOYS PERTAINING TO UNDERWEIGHT, OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY." Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fupes200407020w.
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Together with the changing socio-economic status of the Polish society, differences in the nutritional status of children and youth and their lower physical fitness levels are becoming more noticeable. The aim of this research was to define changes that occurred over a 10-year period regarding physical fitness of boys with proper weight-height proportions and of their underweight, overweight and obese counterparts. In 2004/05, somatic features and physical fitness were examined in 16116 and 9507 boys, respectively, aged 10-18. Ten years later somatic features and physical fitness assesmensts were repeated in 6972 and 6834 boys aged 10 to 18. The participants performed Eurofit tests and their body height and body mass were measured in order to calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI). The ten-year differences in physical fitness were expressed on a T point scale, while their extent was estimated with the Student’s t-test for independent data. The frequency of occurrence of underweight and overweight was expressed in percentage values and verified with the use of the χ² test. In the analysed decade, an increase in the frequency of occurrence of both overweight and serious underweight was noted. It resulted in a lower level of physical fitness in children and youth belonging to the aforementioned groups. The most serious negative changes were noted in boys aged 13-15. It can be concluded that unless remedial programmes are implemented, the young generation will experience biological deterioration in the decades to come, which may result in an epidemic of lifestyle diseases in younger and younger individuals.
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Ferguson, Robert H., Xiaofen D. Keating, Dwan M. Bridges, Jianmin Guan, and Li Chen. "California Secondary School Physical Education Teachers’ Attitudes Toward the Mandated Use of the Fitnessgram." Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 26, no. 2 (April 2007): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.26.2.161.
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This study aimed to determine how California secondary physical education teachers perceive the state mandated youth fitness testing for the 5th, 7th, and 9th grades using Fitnessgram. The participants were secondary school physical education teachers (N = 323). A previously validated attitudinal instrument (Keating & Silverman, 2004a) was used to collect the data. The means and standard deviations for each attitude subdomain and the overall attitudes were computed. MANOVA and ANOVA were employed to test the differences in attitudes by demographic and profession-related variables. Teachers’ overall attitudes toward the Fitnessgram were slightly higher than a neutral attitude, indicating slightly positive attitudes on a 7-point Likert scale (M = 4.47, SD = 1.06). The mean scores for the attitude subdomain of cognitive (i.e., usefulness of fitness test results) and the affective (i.e., enjoyment of implementing fitness tests, and enjoyment of using fitness test results) components were 4.25 (SD = 1.38), 4.90 (SD = 1.15), and 4.39 (SD = 1.17), respectively. The data from the study suggested that teachers marginally agreed that the test results were useful and that they somewhat enjoyed implementing the test. Class size and student grade levels taught were important profession-related variables to consider regarding teacher attitudes toward the Fitnessgram.
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Borremans, Erwin, Pauli Rintala, and Jeffrey A. McCubbin. "Physical Fitness and Physical Activity in Adolescents With Asperger Syndrome: A Comparative Study." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 27, no. 4 (October 2010): 308–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.27.4.308.
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While physical activity is beneficial for youth with developmental disabilities, little is known about those individuals’ fitness profile and levels of activity. Therefore the purpose of this study was to investigate the physical fitness profile and physical activity level of 30 adolescents with and without Asperger syndrome (AS). Evaluations were done using the Eurofit physical fitness test and the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity questionnaire. A 2 × 2 MANOVA indicated that adolescents with AS scored significantly lower than the comparison group on all physical fitness subtests, including balance, coordination, flexibility, muscular strength, running speed, and cardio-respiratory endurance (p < .001). Adolescents with AS were also less physically active (p < .001). Engagement in physical activities is therefore recommended.
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Drenowatz, Clemens, Klaus Greier, Gerhard Ruedl, and Martin Kopp. "Association between Club Sports Participation and Physical Fitness across 6- to 14-Year-Old Austrian Youth." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18 (September 12, 2019): 3392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183392.
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Changes in social and built environments most likely contribute to a decline in physical activity (PA) and physical fitness in children and adolescents. Organized sports may be an important component in ensuring adequate fitness, which is an important aspect in general health and well-being. The present study examines differences by club sports participation in cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, power, speed, agility, flexibility and balance in 3293 (55.1% male) Austrian children and adolescents between 6 and 14 years of age. Anthropometric measurements (height and weight) were taken and participants completed the German motor test during regular class time. Even though there was no significant difference in body weight between club sports participants and non-club sports participants, club sports participation was associated with higher physical fitness, particularly regarding endurance, strength, power, and agility. Differences by club sports participation, however, declined during the elementary school years (6–10 years of age), while they became more pronounced during middle school years (10–14 years of age). Club sports participation, therefore, may be a viable option in the promotion of physical fitness, particularly during adolescence. At younger ages, other sources of PA, such as physical education and free play, however, should be considered to ensure sufficient fitness levels that contribute to a healthy and active lifestyle.