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El-Halaby, Sherif, Hesham Albarrak, and Rihab Grassa. "Influence of adoption AAOIFI accounting standards on earning management: evidence from Islamic banks." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 11, no. 9 (July 1, 2020): 1847–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-10-2019-0201.
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Purpose The economic consequence for adopting accounting standards is one of the growing and valuable topics in accounting research. The purpose of this paper is to address the question whether the adoption of Islamic standards that are issued by Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFIs) has a positive effect on the level of earnings management (EM) in the Islamic banks (IBs) setting. The authors measure, in general, the impact of AAOIFI for adopter and non-adopter banks. This paper furthermore investigates whether IBs adopting AAOIFI as compulsory or as voluntary adopters, in general, are being less engaged in earnings manipulation. Design/methodology/approach Using empirical data from 143 IBs across 26 different countries from 2014 to 2018, the paper uses a linear regression model and probit regression analysis that group the banks investigated in this paper into adopters and non-adopters. Additional probit regressions were performed to test to what extent the status of AAOIFI adoption (compulsory or voluntary adopters) has an impact of EM. Findings The adoption of AAOIFI generally is associated with a reduction in the EM level. Furthermore, adopter IBs for AAOIFI is least involved in EM as compared to non-adopter IBs. In addition, the findings of this paper indicate that IBs across countries that mandate AAOIFI standards are less engaged in earnings manipulation as compared to other IBs in countries that adopt AAOIFI as voluntary standards. Research limitations/implications The results reported in this paper provide insights to central banks and regulators regarding the prominence of mandates of AAOIFI standards for IBs to enhance the trust level of stakeholders by reducing the unethical behavior (EM). In addition, this paper supports the applicability of AAOIFI standards for IBs rather than the conventional standards such as IFRS or local GAAP. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the findings are unique at two levels. First, the paper provides evidence on the economic consequences of using AAOIFI in the context of IBs which was not explored by previous research. Second, the paper extends the investigation of the impact of AAOIFI adoption for adopters verses non-adopters, as well as for mandatory verses voluntary adoption of AAOIFI.
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Mnif, Yosra, and Marwa Tahari. "Corporate governance and compliance with AAOIFI governance standards by Islamic banks." International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 13, no. 5 (August 31, 2020): 891–918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imefm-03-2019-0123.
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Purpose This study aims to examine the effect of the main corporate governance characteristics on compliance with accounting and auditing organisation for Islamic financial institutions’ (AAOIFI) governance standards’ (GSs) disclosure requirements by Islamic banks (IB) that adopt AAOIFIs’ standards in Bahrain, Qatar, Jordan, Oman, Syria, Sudan, Palestine and Yemen. Design/methodology/approach The sample consists of 486 bank-year observations from 2009 to 2017. Findings The findings reveal that compliance with AAOIFIs’ GSs’ disclosure requirements is positively influenced by the audit committee (AC) independence, AC’s accounting and financial expertise and industry expertise, auditor industry specialisation, IB’s size and IB’s listing status. On the other hand, it is negatively influenced by the ownership concentration. Research limitations/implications This study has only examined compliance with AAOIFI’s GSs’ disclosure requirements and has focussed on one major sector of the Islamic financial institutions (which is IB). Practical implications The findings are useful for various groups of preparers and users of IBs’ annual reports such as academics and researchers, accountants, management of IBs and some organisations. Originality/value While the study of the AAOIFIs’ standards has grown contemporary with considerable contributions from scholars, however, the majority of these studies are descriptive in nature. Indeed, the existing literature that has explored the determinants of compliance with AAOIFI’s standards is in the early research stage. To the best of the knowledge, there is a paucity of empirical research testing this issue.
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El-Halaby, Sherif, Sameh Aboul-Dahab, and Nuha Bin Qoud. "A systematic literature review on AAOIFI standards." Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting 19, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 133–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfra-06-2020-0170.
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Purpose This paper aims to systematically review the existing studies for Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) standards which include different tracks of researches and then identify the gaps to propose opportunities for future research. Design/methodology/approach By adopting a systematic literature review approach, 46 papers that were published between 2000 and 2020 from 23 journals concerned with AAOIFI were selected for review and analysis. Findings The authors combine electronic searches to identify relevant studies using keywords such as “AAOIFI” or and “Islamic standards.” In light of the existing studies’ limitations, this paper derives and summarizes five leading future research tracks: identifies the research gaps in AAOIFI and then suggests that AAOIFI still requires more empirical analyses; identifies the alternative analytical methods as meta-analysis; identifies additional measurements for macro and microeconomics factors; identifies recent tracks as corresponding to Covid-19 pandemic; and future studies should consider the role of central banks and positive criticism for AAOIFI. Practical implications This analysis address the literature gaps on measuring compliance, determinants and consequences of AAOIFI adoption as this study serves as a guide for the researchers, regulators and Islamic financial institutions in research associated with this area. The findings would support AAOIFI, regulators and related authorities across jurisdictions with suggestions on improving the current AAOIFI practices. Originality/value This literature review is a historical record and guidance for researchers who seek to examine and explore several questions about AAOIFI. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper that applies systematic literature review over AAOIFI research field.
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Ahmed, Habib, Faruq Arif Tajul Ariffin, Yusuf Karbhari, and Zurina Shafii. "Diverse accounting standards on disclosures of Islamic financial transactions." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 32, no. 3 (March 18, 2019): 866–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-10-2015-2266.
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Purpose Since International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are not primarily meant for the accounting needs of Islamic banks, the Accounting and Auditing Organisation for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) was established to develop specific accounting standards for Shari’ah compliance. The purpose of this paper is to assess the de jure harmonisation between the disclosure requirements of the IFRS-based Malaysian Accounting Standards (MAS) and those of the AAOIFI. Design/methodology/approach Using Malaysia as a case study, the paper examines the extent of the de jure congruence between the IFRS-based MAS and AAOIFI’s Financial Accounting Standard No 1 (FAS1), which is considered to be one of the key disclosure standards for Islamic banks. We employ leximetrics and content analysis to analyse these accounting standards and the additional guidelines introduced by the Malaysian Accounting Standards Board (MASB) and the Central Bank of Malaysia (Bank Negara Malaysia, BNM) to identify the gaps between different tiers of MAS and FAS1. Findings The study finds that de jure congruence between the IFRS-based MAS and AAOIFI standards has improved through the introduction of additional accounting guidelines by both the MASB and the banking regulator, BNM. However, some gaps remain between the two standards. These gaps may be difficult to completely eliminate due to differences in the fundamental principles underlying the development of both standards. Originality/value While some studies have explored the de facto congruence between AAOIFI accounting standards and others, this paper is the first, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, to examine the de jure congruence between those standards with the IFRS-based MAS.
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Wasim, Mustanir Hussain, and Hassnian Ali. "Comparison and Analysis on Shariah Standards of AAOIFI & BNM For Mudarbah Product." COMSATS Journal of Islamic Finance 5, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26652/cjif.5202023.
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Comparison and Analysis on Shariah Standards of AAOIFI & BNM For Mudarbah Product There are two main international standard setting bodies which provide shariah, accounting and auditing standards for global Islamic financial industry. These two institutions are the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) and Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM). The objective of the current study is to provide an analysis of Mudarbah financing by comparing the standards of the AAOIFI and BNM. Qualitative method of research is used to analyze the content from archival sources. It is established that there are a lot of clauses between the two standards which need to be highlighted for the development of a comprehensive and uniform Islamic financial system. This study will help to achieve this goal by minimizing the gap between AAOIFI and BNM. Keywords: Mudarbah financing, AAOIFI, BNM, Shariah Standards
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Vinnicombe, Thea. "AAOIFI reporting standards: Measuring compliance." Advances in Accounting 26, no. 1 (June 2010): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adiac.2010.02.009.
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Ullah, Md Hafij, Ruma Khanam, and Tabassum Tasnim. "Comparative compliance status of AAOIFI and IFSB standards." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 9, no. 4 (July 9, 2018): 607–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-11-2014-0040.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the compliance status of Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) Financial Accounting Standards-1 and Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB) Standard-4 by Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL), recognizing the regulatory influence for complying with AAOIFI and IFSB standards and identifying the factors influencing the compliance with these standards. Design/methodology/approach The present study used content analysis approach for investigating the compliance status. The study considered IBBL as the only sample because it is the only Islamic bank in Bangladesh which is the member of both AAOIFI and IFSB. Hence, this paper investigated the compliance status of IBBL as a member of AAOIFI and IFSB. The study examined the annual reports of 2008-2012 as these were the latest and contemporary reports in 2013 when the study was conducted. SPSS software version 22.0 was used to analyze the data. A total of 203 items under 13 categories of AAOIFI standard and 133 items under 17 categories of IFSB standard were considered. Ordinary least squares was run to test the hypotheses of the study. Findings The study found that IBBL on an average complied 46.31 per cent of AAOIFI and 52.50 per cent of IFSB standards during the period, and importantly, IBBL did not comply some of the categories of required disclosures. The study also observed that size, as measured by total asset and number of branches, has a significant influence on compliance with IFSB standard, but not AAOIFI. The findings of the study depicted that IBBL did not reasonably recognize the importance of complying with AAOIFI and IFSB standards. Poor compliance or non-compliance with AAOIFI and IFSB accounting and reporting standards by IBBL exposed that the bank is not efficient in managing Shari`ah compliance risks, operational risks and transparent financial reporting. Therefore, recognition of the Shari`ah standards by the respective IFIs and a “regulatory push” is vital for improving the level of compliance with these standards. Research limitations/implications The study considered IBBL as the only sample of the study because it is the only Islamic bank in Bangladesh which holds the membership of both AAOIFI and IFSB. The fiscal years 2008-2012 only were selected to evaluate the compliance status of the AAOIFI and IFSB standards in preparation and presentation of the financial statements of IBBL for comparative analysis because IFSB standard for accounting and disclosure was formulated in 2007; hence, the study could not evaluate the compliance status before 2008. Practical implications The study will help IBBL in identifying their limitations in complying AAOIFI and IFSB standards and also the regulators in designing the accounting and reporting frameworks in regulating Islamic banks in Bangladesh. The study would help IBBL in identifying the reasons for non-compliance, how improvement in compliance level may help the bank in mitigating Shari`ah compliance and operational risk and how new legal and institutional framework may improve the level of compliance with those standards. Social implications The study observed that the AAOIFI and IFSB standards were set for increasing the level of Shari`ah compliance, but the compliance status showed that different classes of accounting and reporting were ignored from compliance by IBBL. This study will benefit the stakeholders in choosing a Shari`ah-compliant bank. Originality/value This is a unique study which considered both AAOIFI and IFSB accounting and reporting standards in evaluating the reporting compliance status of an Islamic bank and identified the influence of reporting compliance on managing Shari`ah compliance risks, operational risks and transparency. This study expects to instigate the Islamic banks in complying accounting and reporting standards for being Shari`ah-compliant.
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Alqaraleh, Mithkal Hmoud, Nawaf Samah Mohammad Thuneibat, and Abdulnaser Ibrahim Nour. "The factors affecting the adherence of Islamic accounting standards AAOIFI in Jordan." Journal of Governance and Regulation 9, no. 4 (2020): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgrv9i4art6.
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The aim of this paper is to knowledge the problems faced by Islamic banks in Jordan towards the adherence to AAOIFI accounting standards. And to study the problems faced with adherence to AAOIFI accounting standards, a meticulous market survey was conducted from banking (employees of the financial department) in Islamic banks in Jordan – their number 4 – banks. A structured questionnaire was designed and distributed in person among respondents – their number 80 – employees in the financial departments. We are found towards adherence to AAOIFI accounting standards. Internal and external problems are found to adherence Islamic banks to AAOIFI accounting standards. The sample is limited to Islamic banks in Jordan. This is necessitated by the lack of adaptation elsewhere. Also, there is little research in Jordan on adherence to AAOIFI accounting standards developed by this body. This paper, along with the previous study, helps to address this gap.
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Al-Sulaiti, Jabir, A. A. Ousama, and Helmi Hamammi. "The compliance of disclosure with AAOIFI financial accounting standards." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 9, no. 4 (July 9, 2018): 549–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-10-2017-0144.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the compliance of disclosure with the financial accounting standards of the Accounting and Auditing Organisation for Islamic Financial Institutions’ (AAOIFI) related to Islamic financing products by Islamic banks in Bahrain and Qatar. Design/methodology/approach The study measures compliance using disclosure indexes. The disclosure indexes include the three financial accounting standards of Murabaha, Mudaraba and Musharaka. The data are collected from the annual reports of 24 Islamic banks in Bahrain and Qatar over a period of 2012-2015. Findings The paper found that Islamic banks in Bahrain and Qatar comply with AAOIFI financial accounting standards related to Murabaha, Mudaraba and Musharaka. However, there was a level of non-compliance in both countries. In addition, it found that the extent of compliance had increased over the 2012-2015 period. Also, the Murabaha standard had the highest mean of compliance. Moreover, the results showed that the Islamic banks in Qatar tend to have more compliance of overall Murabaha and Mudaraba disclosures compared to the Islamic banks in Bahrain. Research limitations/implications The findings are preliminary and highlight that the issue is of high interest to Islamic banks and AAOIFI. Hence, it requires a detailed follow-up to form a complete picture that would assist AAOIFI and regulators gear their policies toward better quality disclosure by Islamic financial institutions. Even though the findings are encouraging, future research is recommended to enforce compliance with the AAOIFI financial accounting standards. Originality/value This is a pioneer empirical study that focuses on the level and trend of compliance with AAOIFI financial accounting standards related to the Islamic financing products of Murabaha, Mudaraba and Musharaka standards, especially in Qatar. Additionally, it is the first study comparing between the only two Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, i.e. Bahrain and Qatar, that mandatory apply the AAOIFI standards.
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Saleem, Shujaat, and Fadillah Mansor. "Exploring Compliance of AAOIFI Shariah Standard on Ijarah Financing: Analysis on the Practices of Islamic Banks in Malaysia." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 13, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13020029.
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This paper aims to explore whether the practices of Ijarah financing by Islamic banks in Malaysia are in line with the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) Shariah Standard No: (9) on Ijarah financing. Semi- structured interviews based on open-ended questionnaires were conducted, recorded verbatim, and transcribed for content analysis. Our study revealed flaws in the contemporary practice of Ijarah financing and indicated that it was slightly out of line with the AAOIFI Shariah standard. The study will not only help the Islamic banking industry of Malaysia to reduce, if not eliminate the gap between the practices of Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) and AAOIFI Shariah standards pertaining to Ijarah financing but also create novel literature due to the fact that, no study has been undertaken to date, which analyzes the practices of Ijarah financing by Malaysian Islamic banks in the light of the AAOIFI Shariah standards.
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El-Halaby, Sherif, and Khaled Hussainey. "Determinants of compliance with AAOIFI standards by Islamic banks." International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 9, no. 1 (April 18, 2016): 143–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imefm-06-2015-0074.
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Purpose The authors explore the level and determinants of compliance with Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institution’s (AAOIFI) financial and governance standards by Islamic banks (IBs). Design/methodology/approach The sample consists of 43 IBs across eight countries. The authors use ordinary least squares regression analyses to examine the impact of bank-specific characteristics and corporate governance (CG) mechanisms concerned with Board of Directors (BOD) and Sharia Supervisory Board (SSB) on the levels of compliance with AAOIFI standards. Findings The paper finds that the average compliance level based on AAOIFI standards concerning the SSB is 68 per cent; corporate social responsibility (CSR) is 27 per cent; and presentation of financial statements (FSs) is 73 per cent. The aggregate disclosure based on the three indices is 56 per cent. The analysis also shows that size, existing Sharia-auditing department, age and CG of SSB are the main determinants of compliance levels. Originality/value The determinants of compliance with AAOIFI standards for IBs around the world have not been explored before, and therefore, this paper is the first of its kind to this issue.
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Sarea, Adel Mohammed. "The impact of AAOIFI accounting standards on earnings quality: The case of Islamic banks in Bahrain." Corporate Ownership and Control 13, no. 4 (2016): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv13i4c1p1.
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The purpose of this paper is to examine the change in earnings quality after the adoption of AAOIFI Accounting Standards in Islamic Banks of Bahrain. In this paper, we hypothesize that, adoption of AAOIFI accounting standards could lead to high level of earnings quality. However, data were collected from the annual reports of 5 Islamic banks in Bahrain during 2002-2011. The findings indicate that the change in earnings quality after the adoption of AAOIFI in Islamic Banks of Bahrain is higher due to the improvement of the quality of financial reporting. The Adoption of AAOIFI accounting standards is expected to lead to high level of earnings quality among Islamic Financial Institutions and play a significant role in attracting global investors’ interest in the local markets, especially in a developing country like Bahrain.
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Harahap, Sofyan Syafri. "KRITIK TERHADAP PSAK PERBANKAN SYARIAH IAI DAN AAOIFI." Media Riset Akuntansi, Auditing dan Informasi 1, no. 3 (May 5, 2017): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/mraai.v1i3.1768.
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<p class="Style1">The Conceptual framework for presentation of financial statement of Islamic bank and Accounting standards for Islamic banking have been formulated by Indonesian Asso-ciation of Accountants (cooperated with Bank Indonesia, Indonesia central bank.. The standards are called PSAK (Pemyataan Standard Akuntansi Keuangan). The frame-work and the standards, mainly, has refered to the MOIFI standard for Islamic bank-ing. This paper discusses the the content of the those two promulgations (MOIFI and PSAK) and also criticizes the lack of lawhid" concept in those two. The author argues that those two standards still based on the conventional accounting philosophy in which the capitalist interest is mainly the focus of the information disclosure.</p><p class="Style1">Keywords: <em>Islamic accounting, accounting standard, Islamic banking, Indonesian </em><em>accounting standard (PSAK)</em></p>
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Andari, Dian. "Harmonization of Accounting Standards for Islamic Financial Institutions: Evidence of the Adoption of FAS No. 17 in Indonesia." Jurnal Dinamika Akuntansi dan Bisnis 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jdab.v6i1.10861.
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ABSTRACTIndonesia as a country with dual-banking system applies local accounting standards for conventional and Islamic financial institutions named SAK (Standar Akuntansi Keuangan or Generally Accepted Accounting Standard) which may raise the question of accounting harmonization with Financial Accounting Standards (FAS) issued by Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI). This study aims to analyze the harmony level of Islamic accounting in Indonesia to FAS issued by the AAOIFI. The analysis covers de jure (formal or regulatory) harmonization and de facto (practical) harmonization. It involves content analysis utilizing FAS no. 27 of investment accounts to Indonesian PSAK at de jure analysis, and to thirteen of Indonesian Islamic banks annual report in 2016 for de facto analysis. Wilcoxon signed rank test is conducted to measure the significance of harmony to AAOIFI standards. The result shows that there is no harmony in de jure and de facto level. ABSTRAKIndonesia sebagai negara dengan dual-banking system memiliki standar akuntansi keuangan (SAK) yang digunakan oleh lembaga keuangan konvensional dan syariah. Hal ini dapat menimbulkan pertanyaan tentang harmonisasi SAK dengan Financial Accounting Standards (FAS) yang dikeluarkan oleh Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat keharmonisan akuntansi syariah di Indonesia terhadap FAS yang dikeluarkan oleh AAOIFI. Analisis ini mencakup harmonisasi de jure (formal atau secara regulasi) dan harmonisasi de facto (praktis). Penelitian ini melibatkan analisis konten menggunakan FAS no. 27 akun investasi ke PSAK Indonesia pada analisis de jure, dan tiga belas laporan tahunan bank syariah Indonesia pada tahun 2016 untuk analisis de facto. Tes peringkat uji Wilcoxon dilakukan untuk mengukur signifikansi keselarasan dengan standar AAOIFI. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada harmonisasi antara FAS dan SAK dalam tingkat de jure dan de facto.
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Albarrak, Hesham, and Sherif El-Halaby. "AAOIFI governance standards: Sharia disclosure and financial performance for Islamic banks." Journal of Governance and Regulation 8, no. 1 (2019): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v8_i1_p2.
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The uniqueness of Islamic banks (IBs) is shown through compliance with Islamic law (Sharia) which is approved through Sharia Supervisory Board (SSB) and presented for stakeholders by Sharia Supervisory Board Report (SSBR). This study seeks to achieve three main objectives as follows: (1) it identifies the degree of IBs’ transparency in compliance with Sharia and their commitment with the governance standards that issued by Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI); (2) it aims to measure the impact of adoption AAOIFI on the degree of Sharia disclosure; and (3) it seeks to test the economic consequences of Sharia disclosure based on its impact on financial performance. We analyse content of annual reports and websites of 120 IBs across 20 different countries for year 2016. Regression analysis shows compliance level for Sharia disclosure based on our index for SSBR is 53% with higher level compliance for IBs that apply AAOIFI standards comparing with banks that adopting International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Therefore, adopting AAOIFI has a positive effect on enhancing the degree of Sharia disclosure. Moreover, Sharia compliance has a positive influence on financial performance based on both Returns on Assets (ROA) and Tobin’s Q as a robustness test. This study adds value to Islamic accounting literature by being a primary study. There is a lack of research on the topic and this paper measures the consequences of Sharia disclosure over the financial performance of IBs as well as the role of Islamic standards (AAOIFI) in enhancing the image of Islamic banks through supporting their compliance with Sharia.
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Bechihi, Oumayma, Salem Lotfi Boumediene, and Olfa Nafti. "Compliance and Determinants of the AAOIFI Financial Standards: Evidence from the MENA Region." Asia-Pacific Management Accounting Journal 16, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 207–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/apmaj.v16i1-09.
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This paper analyses the level of compliance of financial disclosure with accounting standards of the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) and its determinants in Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) Islamic banks. Based on 40 Islamic banks in seven MENA countries over the period 2010-2016, the authors used a disclosure index to measure the compliance level and the effect of governance characteristics and the Sharia Board on the extent of compliance with the AAOIFI accounting standards. Results show a high level of compliance (67%). Using the Feasible General Least Square Regression, we found that the presence of women on the board of directors, the reputation of the Sharia Board, and the cross membership of Sharia Board members are key determinants of compliance. While independence of board of directors is significantly associated to reduced financial disclosure. The research contributes to the literature on accounting and the Islamic banking sector. These findings will be useful for regulatory authorities to better- understand the accounting disclosure practices of Islamic banks. Although findings are encouraging, the sample is limited only to banks. Future researches could deal with a larger sample and review other disclosure items to ensure compliance with the AAOIFI standards. Few empirical studies have explored the determinants of compliance with the AAOIFI standards for Islamic banks in MENA countries. Therefore, this work complements and enriches the research in the field in the MENA region. Keywords: financial disclosure, AAOIFI compliance, Islamic banks, governance characteristics, Sharia board
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Mohd Zain, Fahru Azwa, Wan Amalina Wan Abdullah, and Majella Percy. "Voluntary adoption of AAOIFI disclosure standards for takaful operators: the role of governance." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 12, no. 4 (June 19, 2021): 593–622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-08-2018-0119.
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Purpose This paper aims to determine the role governance plays in the voluntary adoption of Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) Disclosure Standards by Islamic insurance (takaful) operators in the Southeast Asia (SEA) and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) regions. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a sample of 44 takaful operators in the SEA and the GCC regions. While corporate governance (CG) strength is measured by the use of the frequently examined variables of the board of directors and audit committee, Shari’ah governance strength is measured by the characteristics of the Shari’ah Supervisory Board (SSB). Content analysis is used to extract disclosure items from the 2014 annual reports. Agency theory, stakeholder theory and political economy theory are argued to support the hypotheses. Findings The results show that CG strength has a positive and significant effect on the voluntary adoption of AAOIFI Disclosure Standards by takaful operators, indicating that CG plays an important role in the disclosure of information in the annual reports of takaful operators. However, the results show a lack of association between SSB strength and voluntary adoption of AAOIFI Disclosure Standards. Our results suggest that the SSBs may not be as involved as the other CG mechanisms (such as a board of directors and audit committees) in reviewing financial reports. On another note, the level of the political right and civil liberties has a negative and significant effect on the voluntary adoption of AAOIFI Disclosure Standards, providing an indication that stakeholders in a community with greater freedom tend to be more active in pressuring takaful operators to provide more information to justify their existence in the community. Similar to SSB strength, the legal system is also found to have no significant association with the voluntary adoption of the AAOIFI disclosure standards. Practical implications This study provides stakeholders with a tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the governance role in increasing the transparency of takaful operators by examining the governance factors using a self-constructed disclosure index. Originality/value Our study is among the first to provide an in-depth analysis of voluntary adoption of AAOIFI Disclosure Standards for takaful operators in these two regions; therefore, this study has implications for regulators and standard setters. The findings of this study are expected to provide information to regulators and standard setters on the role of governance in improving the transparency of takaful operators.
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Ajili, Hana, and Abdelfettah Bouri. "Comparative study between IFRS and AAOIFI disclosure compliance." Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting 15, no. 3 (October 2, 2017): 269–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfra-03-2016-0023.
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Purpose This study measures and compares the level of compliance with the disclosure requirements provided by the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI). This study also aims to investigate the factors associated with this compliance in a sample of Islamic banks (IBs) in Gulf Cooperation Council member states. Design/methodology/approach The sample consists of 39 IBs between 2010 and 2014. Among the selected IBs, 23 banks were complying with the AAOIFI standards and 16 banks were complying with the IFRS standards. An unweighted disclosure index was used to measure the level of compliance with IFRS/AAOIFI disclosure requirements. Findings It was found that the level of compliance with IFRS is higher than that of compliance with AAOIFI. In addition, the results reveal that compliance with IFRS/AAOIFI disclosure requirements is higher for larger and older IBs. Finally, it was observed that compliance was more noticeable for IBs having a higher leverage and multinational subsidiaries. Originality value These findings would be of great help to regulators and policymakers to better understand the accounting disclosure practices of IBs.
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Ben Abd El Afou, Rym. "Knowledge of Islamic accounting among professionals: evidence from the Tunisian context." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 8, no. 3 (June 12, 2017): 304–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-03-2015-0008.
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Purpose The paper is intended as an extension of the literature dealing with the Islamic accounting standards issued by the Accounting Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) and still not adopted in Tunisia. Its major aim is to investigate the Tunisian accountants’ basic knowledge and perceptions of Islamic accounting. The study has been designed for the sake of the Tunisian accountants’ predisposition to adhere to the AAOIFI standards, as a population directly concerned by an eventual adoption of such standards. Design/methodology/approach The paper opted for an exploratory study using a questionnaire survey based on the relevant literature. The questionnaire has included items pertaining to demographic areas, information sources, basic knowledge, key differences, valuation concepts, obstacles and advantages, educational and training needs regarding Islamic accounting. The conducted study has involved data collected from the part of 200 practitioners across a number of organizations and audit firms, sited at different regions and locations of the country, employing accounting graduates. Findings The reached findings suggest that even though Tunisian practitioners are not well aware of most of the AAOIFI standards’ pertaining topics, proponents of stand-alone AAOIFI standards, apart from IFRS, appear to outnumber its opponents. In this context, lack of training programs arranged by professional bodies is considered as the most serious impediment facing the implementation of the standards. Research limitations/implications In addition to the usual limitations associated with any survey research (particularly non-response bias and desirability bias), there, also, lies a sample related limitation, as the sample turns out to involve, essentially the private/corporate sector. Pertinent organizations, as the IFI’s, appear to be not well represented in the sample. Practical implications The results reached through this study would have some implications on the regulatory bodies, academicians and professionals. Thus, for the AAOIFI standards to be successfully implemented in Tunisia, entirety of concerned parties should take part in improving and consolidating the situation. Social implications Ultimately, studying differences in the views of jurisdictions, either those who have adopted the AAOIFI standards or those who have not, might provide certain guidelines to standard setters for potential revisions. Originality/value Few short articles have previously exanimate the perceptions and knowledge of accounting professionals on Islamic accounting issues, there is a scarcity of research regarding the subject. To the author’s knowledge, this paper is one of the rare studies of Islamic accounting in Tunisia.
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Mohammed, Nor Farizal, Fadzlina Mohd Fahmi, and Asyaari Elmiza Ahmad. "The need for Islamic accounting standards: the Malaysian Islamic financial institutions experience." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 10, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-12-2015-0059.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine views of financial statements preparers with regard to the practices in reporting Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs), thereby contributing to answer whether there is indeed a need for a separate set of Islamic accounting standards for IFIs. Design/methodology/approach Drawing upon seven in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted with IFIs’ leading officers who are highly involved in preparing financial statements in Malaysia, the paper offers evidence on the current stance of reporting the operation of IFIs, the influence of AAOIFI accounting standards and the feasible application of IFRSs in reporting IFIs. Findings While it is shown that most of the interviewees admit the feasibility of IFRSs in reporting IFIs, many interviewees placed greater emphasis on the spirit of Islam based on Islamic contract. In that case, the findings show that to convince the public that they offer Shariah compliance products approved by Shariah Advisory Council, there is a need for specificity guidelines or standards for IFIs within the IFRS framework. The main concern raised in the paper is that separate Islamic accounting standard is not needed, instead the option needs to be within the IFRS framework with the collaboration work of Accounting and Auditing for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) and the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB). Originality/value With the recent rapid growth of IFIs, this paper contributes regarding the inconclusive stance on the need for specificity accounting standards for IFIs such as the ones issued by AAOIFI. It adds to the current body of knowledge by highlighting the collaboration of the AAOIFI and the IASB for the intended specific guidelines for IFIs to be accepted globally.
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Raja, Khurram Parvez. "Analysing the AAOIFI Sharīʿah standard on zakat." Journal of Money Laundering Control 24, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 446–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-10-2020-0117.
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Purpose The Sharīʿah Standard No. (35) issued by the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) aims to identify the zakāt base for institutions (including Islamic insurance companies) as well as the subsidiary and the mother company of the institution (the company). By zakāt base, the standard means the items of financial statements that should or should not be included in the calculation of the zakāt base, and the liabilities or allocations that should or should not be deducted from zakatable assets. The standard also covers payable zakāt rates, disbursement of zakāt funds on the eight categories of zakāt recipients and the rulings pertaining to disbursement. The focus then is on companies or corporations. There is no indication in the aims as to who owns the wealth of the corporation, that is, whether it is the company itself or it is the shareholders and whether it is treated as a joint wealth of the shareholders or of a single individual in the form of the company. The author will rely on this issue as one factor on the basis of which the standard is to be judged. Design/methodology/approach Quran and hadith. Works of earlier jurists. Findings In this study, the author has summarized the provisions of zakāt according to the traditional law, but only those that are relevant for the financial institutions and the standard issued by the AAOIFI. After that, the author mentioned the major points that have been addressed by the standard. In the last section, the author has shown that the rulings of the Islamic Fiqh Academy and the AAOIFI on zakāt are totally confusing and merely a reproduction of the rulings of traditional law. The main reason for this confusion is that the nature and entity of a corporation have not been addressed and have been treated like a partnership, thus, jumbling up the entire issue of zakāt through banks. Originality/value The main purpose in undertaking this original work is to examine the AAOIFI Sharīʿah Standards from the perspective of traditional Islamic law, that is, the law of the senior schools as laid down in their authentic manuals. If there is an extensive deviation from this law, then this must be pointed out in the hope that it will be corrected by the concerned institution and the banks that adopt these standards. Neglecting such a corrective action for long will result in damage not only to these institutions in the long run but also to the law of Islam that has been so carefully crafted over centuries. The purpose is to show how far this standard deviates from traditional Islamic law and claims to be called the authentic view on a particular subject. Nevertheless, it is not the purpose of this work to explain and elaborate on the meaning and utility of these standards.
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Mohammed Sarea, Adel, and Mustafa Mohd Hanefah. "The need of accounting standards for Islamic financial institutions: evidence from AAOIFI." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 4, no. 1 (April 12, 2013): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17590811311314294.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine the need of Islamic Accounting Standards – a review of the literature – for Islamic financial institutions (IFIs).Design/methodology/approachThe basis of the paper was stakeholder theory to analyse the need of accounting standards and to design the conceptual framework as evidenced from Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI). The evidence reviewed suggests the need for Islamic accounting standards to fill the gap in accounting practice among Islamic financial institutions.FindingsThe AAOIFI accounting standards serve as a guideline that may reflect the unique characteristics of IFIs and become a useful tool to meet the various needs of IFIs. Currently, one of the major challenges facing IFIs lies in the preparation of the financial statements under different accounting standards and which may lead to problems of comparability, reliability and compliance level measurement. This has resulted in a heated debate among scholars which has hitherto translated to the evolving existing literature surrounding the interpretation of the level of compliance with the Islamic accounting standards. The paper concludes with various recommendations for future research, the most important of which is the need for future studies on how AAOIFI accounting standards can be made mandatory in all Muslim countries.Originality/valueThis paper contributes towards a better understanding and acceptability of the need of Islamic Accounting Standards.
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Elgattani, Tawida, and Khaled Hussainey. "The determinants of AAOIFI governance disclosure in Islamic banks." Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting 18, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfra-03-2019-0040.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of corporate governance mechanisms on Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institution (AAOIFI) governance disclosure in Islamic Banks. Design/methodology/approach To test the research hypotheses, the authors created a comprehensive AAOIFI governance disclosure index and used regression analysis for a sample of Islamic banks for the financial years within the period 2013-2015. Findings The authors found that audit committee size is the main determinant of the AAOIFI governance disclosure. Research limitations/implications This study has a number of limitations that could be taken as avenues for a future study such as, the study used the six variables of CG and the four variables of firm characteristics, based on available data. This research is limited to just Islamic banks. Originality/value The research contributes to Islamic accounting literature by identifying the driver for the AAOIFI governance disclosure for Islamic banks that mandatorily adopt AAOIFI standards.
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Mnif Sellami, Yosra, and Marwa Tahari. "Factors influencing compliance level with AAOIFI financial accounting standards by Islamic banks." Journal of Applied Accounting Research 18, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaar-01-2015-0005.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the compliance level of Islamic banks with disclosure accounting standards in some Middle East and North African countries, and most importantly to analyse the factors associated with compliance. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a self-constructed checklist of 203 items to measure the compliance of 38 Islamic banks with disclosure accounting standards during the 2011-2013 period. A multivariate regression analysis is used to determine significant factors influencing the extent of this compliance. Findings The results show a wide variation in compliance levels among the disclosure accounting standards and reveal that compliance is positively related to the listing status, the existence of an audit committee, the bank’s age and the country of domicile. Research limitations/implications This study analyses the compliance level with only disclosure accounting standards. It remains to future research to examine compliance with all Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions’ Financial Accounting Standards (AAOIFI FAS). Moreover, the explanatory power of the model remains modest. This connotes the existence of omitted variables that could be explored in future research. Practical implications The research contributes to the international financial accounting literature about the banking industry. The results are relevant for researchers, accounting professionals, stakeholders, standard-setters and regulatory bodies that are concerned with Islamic banks’ disclosures. Originality/value Although AAOIFI was established since 1991, very few empirical studies about compliance with the FAS have been undertaken. To the authors’ knowledge, there are no studies that investigated the determinants of compliance level with AAOIFI FAS. Then, this study concentrates on disclosure accounting standards (FAS 1 and FAS 5) with a high risk of non-compliance.
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Brahim, Nouha Ben, and Mounira Ben Arab. "Social disclosure: compliance of Islamic banks to governance standards No. 7 of AAOIFI (2010)." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 11, no. 7 (February 14, 2020): 1427–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-12-2018-0199.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the compliance of Islamic banks (IBs) with the AAOIFI standard No. 7, in Middle East and North Africa area during the period 2010-2014. The authors seek to identify, among the 15 countries and 72 banks, those which conform more to this standard. The level of compliance is expected to be more stringent in countries where AAOIFI standards are made mandatory. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses the unweighted disclosure method which measures the corporate social report disclosure (CSRD) score of a bank as additive. Each country and bank are assessed according to two obligatory and voluntary CSRDs. Findings The empirical results indicate that even though the global disclosure index has been improved over the observation period, it has remained relatively low. The results also allowed us to see that the global, mandatory and voluntary societal disclosures vary according to the country and banks. Further, it has been seen that banks allow more attention to the mandatory disclosure recommendations of AAOIFI Governance Standard No. 7, in comparison with the voluntary CSRD. Research limitations/implications One limitation of this study is that the sample is restricted to only the Islamic banking sector. Future research could include other Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) such as insurance companies. Second, the study could be extended to other countries to better control the religious system and cultural effects. Because in our modern era, traditional laws in the Muslim world have been widely replaced by statutes inspired by European models, the authors suggest then to apply a new classification that separates, for instance, countries that rely on an Islamic model from those with a western model, and national banks from those allied with western banks. Finally, the paper’s data collection relies solely on annual reports and does not include publications from bank sites. Future research could consider all these limitations. Another possible avenue could examine the determinants of such disclosure level. Practical implications Almost no study has been limited to the text of the AOIFFI. This detail is important for some countries where the AAOIFI standards are mandatory. Social implications The findings may be of interest to shareholders and all those who deal with IBs that have religious expectations. Originality/value Despite the fact that most studies investigated compliance of IB Sharia law, almost no study has been limited to the text of the AOIFFI. This detail is important for some countries where the AAOIFI standards are mandatory. The findings may be of interest to shareholders and all those who deal with IBs that have religious expectations.
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Mohammed Sarea, Adel, and Mustafa Mohd Hanefah. "Adoption of AAOIFI accounting standards by Islamic banks of Bahrain." Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting 11, no. 2 (October 21, 2013): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfra-07-2012-0031.
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Ahmad, Nassr Saleh Mohamad, and Abdu Samia Daw Ben Daw. "Compliance with AAOIFI guidelines in general presentation and disclosure by Libyan Islamic banks." World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 11, no. 2 (May 11, 2015): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjemsd-06-2014-0015.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to reveal the level of compliance with Accounting and Auditing Organisation for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) guidelines in general presentation and disclosure in the financial statements of Fashlowm Islamic branch of the Gumhouria Bank as the biggest bank in Libya. Design/methodology/approach – The study used two-dimensional analysis, which combines a questionnaire with content analysis. It allowed a better understanding of the picture than would have been provided by the questionnaire alone. Findings – The results of this study indicate that the level of compliance with AAOIFI guidelines regarding general presentation and disclosure in the financial statements is low. Many reasons were identified as being behind such a low level. The lack of training programmes on AAOIFI standards was at the forefront of these reasons. Research limitations/implications – The sample is limited to the Fashlowm Islamic branch of Gumhouria Bank. This is may not be true for other branches and banks. Further research is needed in this area. Originality/value – The AAOIFI has existed for over 20 years, but little empirical research has been conducted into compliance with the standards developed by this body in the Libyan context. This paper helps to address this gap and provide a foundation for future research and development in this area. Moreover, the findings of this study may be useful to policy makers and legislators.
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Ahmed, Mezbah Uddin, Ruslan Sabirzyanov, and Romzie Rosman. "A critique on accounting for murabaha contract." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 7, no. 3 (June 13, 2016): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-04-2016-0041.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the accounting treatment and reporting of a murabaha contract and its implication to the financial statements of Islamic banks. In addition, the paper also explains the implication of time value of money on the measurement of a murabaha contract and the concept of substance over form in recognising financial transactions. Design/methodology/approach This study reviews the accounting treatment and reporting for a murabaha contract as stated in the Financial Accounting Standards (FAS) of the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) and the application of a murabaha contract as a financial instrument based on International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Findings The paper finds that, while IFRS-based financial reporting primarily focuses on economic consequences of financial instruments, AAOIFI further takes into consideration the legal structure of the instruments, which are based on Shari’ah precepts. The paper also finds that IFRS-based financial reporting cannot always capture the distinctive structure of the murabaha and, hence, may lack representational financial reporting. However, the IFRS recognizes the substance of a murabaha contract as financing, and the majority of Islamic banks in Malaysia report it as one of financing and not as a trading contract. For measurement, IFRS adopted the concept of time value of money where the profit allocation is based on amortized cost, which is similar to the measurement of conventional loan transactions that apply the concept of effective interest rate. Meanwhile, AAOIFI uses a straight-line basis to allocate the profit of a murabaha contract. Practical implications The forthright discussion and the observations of the paper are expected to assist regulators and standard setters in developing accounting standards that are in convergence but also cater to the unique characteristics of Islamic financial transactions. Originality/value The paper criticizes both accounting treatment of a murabaha contract based on the AAOIFI and IFRS and then suggests an extension of these treatments to be adopted to improve the reporting.
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Basyariah, Nuhbatul. "Analisis Implementasi Pembiayaan Musyarakah Mutanaqishah Pada Perbankan Syariah di Indonesia." Muqtasid: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Perbankan Syariah 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/muqtasid.v9i2.120-133.
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AbstractThis article aims to analyze the implementation of musyarakah mutanaqishah financing on Islamic banking in Indonesia, especially in facing the existence of three issues available in contract implementation (sharia issues, legal issues, and operational issues). The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method with an inductive analysis approach. The method of analyzing the date is based on Law of Republic of Indonesia Number 21/2008 concerningSharia Banking, DSN-MUI, Fatwa Number 73/2008 concerning Musyarakah Mutanaqishah, and AAOIFI Sharia Standards. The research findings showed that the implementation of MMQ on some points is not based on sharia law. In terms of legal and operational analysis based on BI rules on banking laws, there are indications of a discrepancy between the basic rules and its implementation in the field. The operational assignment of all payment obligations for fees deviates from AAOIFI standards and DSN fatwas, and there are no specific accounting standards related to MMQ.AbstrakArtikel ini bertujuan menganalisis implementasi pembiayaan musyarakah mutanaqishah pada perbankan syariah di Indonesia, terutama dalam menanggapi keberadaan tiga isu yang melekat pada implementasi akad (isu syariah, isu legal, dan isu operasional). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan analisis induktif. Analisis dilaksanakan berdasarkan Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 21 Tahun 2008 Tentang Perbankan Syariah, Fatwa DSN-MUI Nomor 73/2008 tentang Musyarakah Mutanaqishah, dan Standar Syariah AAOIFI. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa implementasi MMQ pada beberapa point belum sesuai syariah. Dari sisi analisis legal dan operasional berdasarkan aturan BI tentang undang-undang perbankan terindikasi adanya ketidaksesuaian antara dasar aturan dengan implementasi di lapangan.Terkait operasional adanya pelimpahan semua kewajiban pembayaran atas biaya yang muncul menyimpang dari standar AAOIFI dan fatwa DSN dan belum ada standar akuntansi khusus terkait MMQ.
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Fakhruddin, Iwan, Mohd Abdullah Jusoh, and Norlia Mat Noerwani. "Influence Cross Membership and Qualifications of The Shari’ah Supervisory Board’s Towards The Shari’ah Compliance related SSB Information." ADVANCES IN BUSINESS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 6, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/abrij.v6i1.9953.
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The purpose of this paper to analyze the influence of Shari’ah Supervisory Board Cross Memberships and Shari’ah Supervisory Board Qualification toward Shari’ah compliance related SSB information. In addition, this paper also explains the variable firm size as a control variable. The use of control variables so that the influence of SSB on compliance does not depend on other variables. This study reviews the Shari’ah compliance related SSB information as stated in the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) standard, primarily compliance level with AAOIFI standards No 1 and No 5 related to Shari’ah Supervisory Board (SSB). This paper finds that’s the coefficient estimates variable of SSB Cross membership is positive significant at the 10% level. The coefficient estimates on SSB Qualification is negative significant at the 5% level. Furthermore, we also find that the bank size as a control variable has a significant positive effect at 1% level.
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Gupta, Namrata. "Differences in accounting treatment of Ijarah: a case study of UAE Islamic banks." International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 8, no. 3 (August 17, 2015): 369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imefm-01-2015-0009.
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Purpose – This paper aims to discuss the accounting treatment of one of the most popular instruments of financing in Islamic banks, which is Islamic leasing or Ijarah. This research undertakes an empirical investigation of the accounting practices of Ijarah followed by UAE’s Islamic banks. The main objective of this paper is to compare the accounting practices followed by UAE Islamic banks and accounting practices recommended by Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) for the accounting treatment of Ijarah. Design/methodology/approach – This study also aims to examine the justification and explanation behind this practice and clarify the accounting treatment of Ijarah as defined in the regulatory framework and standards. Findings – The author has found that the accounting treatment of Ijarah practiced by four UAE Islamic banks, it is clear that all of them are following IAS-17 and not FAS-8 of AAOIFI. The main difference is: FAS-8 issued by AAOIFI suggests that the accounting treatment for both Ijarah and Ijarah Muntahia Bittamleek be similar to operating lease transactions with certain exceptions. On the other hand, these Islamic banks are accounting for Ijarah as a financing transaction, just like finance lease – in accordance with IAS-17. Research limitations/implications – Taking out the right information from banks officials regarding Ijarah was a big hassle. Practical implications – After considering the above-mentioned points, according to the researcher, Western accounting standards are not appropriate to be applied in Islamic financial institution because of their different nature and treatment of financial instruments. Therefore, Islamic banks and other Islamic finance professionals should consider making the standards of AAOIFI mandatory, and they should stick to these standards for information disclosure, building investors’ confidence, monitoring and surveillance. These standards would also ensure the integration of Islamic financial markets with international markets. Social implications – This study also aims to examine the justification and explanation behind this practice of bankers when the researcher approached these four banks, their officials mentioned that Ijarah contracts are similar to conventional form of financing, and it does not involve the central tenet of Islamic capitalism, i.e. to share risk and profit; therefore, they are justified and convinced to adopt IAS-17 in accounting for Ijarah transactions. Originality/value – It is an original case study based on secondary research data.
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Sakib, Nazmus. "Conformity Level of AAOIFI Accounting Standards by Six Islamic Banks of Bangladesh." International Journal of Excellence in Islamic Banking and Finance 5, no. 1 (September 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0024875.
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Haliding, Safri. "The Critical Aspect on Fair Value Accounting and its Implication to Islamic Financial Institutions." Global Review of Islamic Economics and Business 1, no. 3 (May 5, 2015): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/grieb.2014.013-05.
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Recently, fair value measurement and its implication in accounting standards have been increasing (Ramanna, 2006). One of the important aspects of financial reporting is measurement (Barth, 2007). Barlev and Haddad (2003) state that the fair value accounting(FVA) paradigm replaced the historical cost accounting (HCA) in the development of accounting standards that FVA is more value relevant that HCA probably did not provide the real financial information and income. However, previously studies mention that fair value accounting suffers from some serious limitations and disadvantages such as issues in market approach, income approach, and cost approach. Al-Yassen and Al-Khadash (2011) argue that accounting standard setters such as the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) UK and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) U.S as well as other national accountingstandard setters provide high attention and long-term ambition to use fair value accounting as full measurement in all financial instruments. Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs) that have different objectives and principles as well as have different financial products with conventional financial institution. This paper tries to explore critical aspects of the fair value accounting andits implications to Islamic Financial Institutions implications. This study concludes that that fair value accounting measurement provides many critical aspects to be implemented to Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs). Additionally, AAOIFI proposed cash equivalent value as respond to fair value measurement that cash equivalent value when the attribute condition are present such as the relevance, reliability and understandability of the resulting information. Furthermore, fully adopting International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) issued by IFRSIASB, there will no specific standards for unique functions of Islamic Financial Institutions. Inaddition, the paper may be recommended to work together among Muslim countries to unity the potential harmonizing one set accounting standards for Islamic Financial Institutions such as AAOIFI?s standards.
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., Fitriani. "The Differences Of Ijarah Financing and Conventional Lease On Islamic Law and Accounting Perspectives." IQTISHADUNA 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/iqtishaduna.v8i2.689.
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The main objective of this study is to explore the nature of accounting for Ijarahfinancing and its differences with conventional lease financing from the Islamic law and accounting perspectives.The study makes a comparison between the International Accounting Standard on leasing (IAS 17); the accounting standard for Ijarah (FAS 8) as developed by the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI); and Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (Pernyataan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan/PSAK 107). The study found that there are major differences as to the nature of leasing and Ijarah, and as a result accounting principles that have driven all the three standards as well as accounting techniques developed for leasing and Ijarah are significantly different.
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Sarea, Adel, and Monsurat Ayojimi Salami. "Does social reporting matter? Empirical evidence." Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 29, no. 4 (May 20, 2021): 353–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfrc-09-2020-0088.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the level of Islamic social reporting (ISR) disclosure of Islamic banking in Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC) countries using a checklist based on Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institution (AAOIFI) standards. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative method – Tobit Model – is adopted in this study. The unweighted disclosure method used to measure the ISR disclosure checklist consist of 51 items in Islamic banks (IBs) in the GCC countries. The stakeholder theory and legitimacy theory are used to investigate the possible banking performance factors affecting the accounting practices such as ISR disclosure in IBs. Findings The findings show that the ISR disclosure index is linked to the IBs’ performance indicators in GCC countries. The result indicates both Islamic banking profitability and age establish positive and statistically significant relationship with ISR disclosure while leverage establishes significant negative relationship with ISR disclosure. This implies that Islamic banking profitability, leverage, and age are essential bank performance indicators that make ISR disclosure worthy of doing even in the presence of Islamic bank stakeholders in GCC countries. This finding linked compliance with the mandatory disclosure recommendations of AAOIFI Standard No. 7, as well as voluntary disclosure. Research limitations/implications This study used cross sectional data for the year 2019, which is considered more recent despite its being a year data analysis. However, future research should consider mix method as well as more analysis tools provided their number of observations are sufficient enough. Social implications The study identifies the factors that may enhance Islamic financial institutions, including Islamic banking in GCC countries, to comply with ISR disclosure. The application of this study supports Accounting standards setters to consider standards that support ISR disclosure in Islamic banking in different countries. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is novel in exploring the level of ISR disclosure in Islamic banking in GCC countries by using a checklist based on AAOIFI standard No. 7 and establishes the relationship between ISR disclosure index and IBs profitability, leverage, as well as age of Islamic banking in operation.
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Mohammed, Nor Farizal, Fadzlina Mohd Fahmi, and Asyaari Elmiza Ahmad. "The Influence of AAOIFI Accounting Standards in Reporting Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia." Procedia Economics and Finance 31 (2015): 418–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)01216-2.
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Vinnicombe, Thea. "A study of compliance with AAOIFI accounting standards by Islamic banks in Bahrain." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 3, no. 2 (September 21, 2012): 78–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17590811211265902.
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Sarea, Adel Mohammed. "The Move towards Global Accounting Standards for Islamic Financial Institutions : Evidence from AAOIFI." Journal of Islamic Economics Banking and Finance 9, no. 4 (2013): 152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0031381.
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Ehsan, Asim, Syed Kashif Saeed, Muhammad Asghar Shahzad, and Hafiz Rauf Iqbal. "Compliance of Financial Statements of Islamic Banks of Pakistan with AAOIFI Guidelines in General Presentation and Disclosure." SEISENSE Journal of Management 2, no. 1 (December 14, 2018): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33215/sjom.v2i1.53.
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Objective - This study intends to investigate the extent of voluntary financial reporting compliance made by Islamic banks of Pakistan as suggested by Islamic accounting standards (i.e. AAOIFI).
Design/Methodology - The study is based on an empirical evaluation of financial statements of Islamic banks of Pakistan. Data sample consists of financial statements for the years 2009, 2015, 2016 and 2017 relating to of all four full-fledged Islamic banks in Pakistan. The first standard in Islamic accounting standards suggests a total of 111 items for compliance while preparing a financial statement of Islamic Banks. As per existing regulatory requirements, Islamic banks in Pakistan are required to adopt International Financial Reporting Standards while preparing their financial statements.
Findings - However, the analysis suggests Islamic banks in Pakistan are in compliance of more than 50% of requirements as suggested by Islamic accounting standards.
Implications – The insights will help the industry decision makers to increase the voluntary disclosures by the Islamic banks.
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M A Zaaba, Nurul 'Iffah, and Rusni Hassan. "Calculation, Distribution and Disclosure of Zakat in Malaysian Islamic Banks (Pengiraan, Pengagihan, dan Pendedahan Zakat di Bank-Bank Islam di Malaysia)." Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN 2289-8077) 17, no. 2 (September 17, 2020): 162–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/jia.v17i2.959.
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Zakat information in annual reports is one of the main attributes that differs Islamic banks from conventional banks. Thus, this study focuses on the zakat information that can be found in Islamic banks financial statements in comparison to the available standards. Reporting standards and guidelines from BNM, AAOIFI, JAWHAR and MASB were used by these banks as guidelines in calculating, distributing and reporting zakat. Due to the absence of standardized accounting standard, certain zakat information was not found in the financial statements. Compared to previous literatures, Islamic banks are moving towards increasing their zakat information disclosure. Based on the analysis of selected Islamic banks’ annual reports, this study concludes by suggesting establishment of standardized zakat distribution framework for Islamic banks. Keywords: Zakat, Reporting Standards, Disclosure, Financial Statement, Islamic Banks. Abstrak Maklumat tentang zakat dalam laporan tahunan adalah salah satu sifat utama yang membezakan bank Islam daripada bank konvensional. Oleh itu, kajian ini memberikan tumpuan kepada maklumat zakat yang boleh didapati dalam penyata kewangan bank-bank Islam dibanding dengan piawaian yang ada. Piawaian pelaporan dan garis panduan dari BNM, AAOIFI, JAWHAR dan MASB digunakan oleh bank-bank ini sebagai garis panduan dalam pengiraan, pengagihan pelaporan zakat. Oleh kerana tiada piawaian perakaunan yang selaras, maklumat zakat tertentu tidak boleh didapati dalam penyata kewangan. Berbanding dengan literatur terdahulu, bank-bank Islam bergerak ke arah meningkatkan pendedahan maklumat zakat mereka. Berdasarkan analisis laporan tahunan bank-bank Islam yang dipilih, kajian ini menyimpulkan dengan mencadangkan penubuhan kerangka pengedaran zakat yang selaras untuk bank-bank Islam. Kata Kunci: Zakat, Piawaian Pelaporan, Pendedahan, Penyata Kewangan, Bank-Bank Islam.
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Sultoni, Akhmad, Rahmat Mulyana, and Saiful Anwar. "Impact of Working Capital and Leverage on Profitability: A Comparison between Indonesia Ulama Council Fatwa and AAOIFI Sharia Standards." Accounting Journal of Binaniaga 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33062/ajb.v6i1.433.
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Purpose – This study aims to provide empirical evidence regarding the restrictions on the sharia stock criteria, by observing the impact of working capital and leverage on the profitability of companies listed in Indonesia Sharia Stock Index. There are some differences between Indonesia Ulama Council’s fatwa and AAOIFI sharia standards regarding the restrictions on the sharia stocks, particularly on the riba based leverage compared to the total assets of the companies regarded as having sharia stocks. The objective of this paper is to compare and analyze which restrictions serves companies better.Design/methodology/approach – The research was done to companies listed in Indonesia Sharia Stock Index from 2012 until 2018. Panel data regression was applied to analyze the significance of the result. For comparison purpose of the fatwa and the AAOIFI sharia standards, samples were divided into three different groups based on the debt to assets ratio as an indicator of the riba based leverage (≤30%, 30%-45% and>45%). Variables of cash conversion cycle and debt to assets ratio are used to measure the impact of the working capital and leverage on the return on assets as indicator or profitability.Findings – The result suggests that there are differences in the impact of working capital and leverage on the profitability for the three groups of leverage. In favor of the AAOIFI sharia standards, the result of this study shows that in the group where the leverage is 30% at maximum, the profitability is not affected by the working capital and leverage of the company. Meanwhile, in the group where the leverage is more than 30%, the impact of working capital and leverage on the profitability of the company is found to be significant.Research limitations/implications – This study is limited to the companies listed in Indonesia Sharia Stock Index, with variables of cash conversion, debt to assets ratio and return on assets.Practical implications – This study provide an empirical evidence that can be used to revisit the restrictions applied by Indonesia Ulama Council regarding the sharia stocks.Originality/value – To the best of authors’ knowledge, this paper provides important findings in the sharia finance dynamic in Indonesia.Keyword working capital, leverage, profitability, sharia stocks.Paper type research paper
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Siswantoro, Dodik, and Shahul Hameed Mohamed Ibrahim. "SHOULD ISLAMIC ACCOUNTING STANDARD FOLLOW TO INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS (IFRS)? A LESSON FROM MALAYSIA." Media Riset Akuntansi, Auditing dan Informasi 13, no. 1 (May 3, 2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/mraai.v13i1.1736.
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<p>It has been clearly shown that financing based Islamic teaching has inherent<br />characteristics as well as its accounting. For that reason, it may not be so easy to<br />convert Islamic accounting standard into International Financial Reporting<br />Standard (IFRS) as it may violate some basic principles of Islamic teaching.<br />Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institution (AAOIFI)<br />still commits to have different accounting standard as it is based on the fiqh<br />(maxims). Furthermore, some countries adopt directly or indirectly the concept in<br />IFRS, for example, in Malaysia. This paper tries to show some evidences on<br />accounting standard which does not have a strong foundation of Islamic teaching<br />would like probably to change by its milieu, especially in the IFRS convergence<br />trend. This is because Islamic accounting standard itself merely based on “the<br />convention” of the so called Islamic scholars.<br />Keywords : Islamic Accounting, IFRS, and standard</p>
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Mohamed Naim, Asmadi, Mohamad Yazid Isa, and Mohd Liki Hamid. "The effects of new AAOIFI standards on Sukuk in choosing the most authentic Islamic principles." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 4, no. 1 (April 12, 2013): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17590811311314302.
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Ur Rehman, Zia, Muhammad Zahid, Haseeb Ur Rahman, Muhammad Asif, Majed Alharthi, Muhammad Irfan, and Adam Glowacz. "Do Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosures Improve Financial Performance? A Perspective of the Islamic Banking Industry in Pakistan." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 18, 2020): 3302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083302.
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This study aims to investigate the impact of corporate social responsibility disclosures (CSRD) on the financial performance of the Islamic banking industry of Pakistan. The study employed the method of content analysis for collecting the required data from annual reports of all four full-fledged Islamic banks operating in Pakistan from 2012 to 2017. The study developed a novel comprehensive CSRD index by using the “Global Reporting Initiative” (GRI) and “Accounting and Auditing Organization of Islamic Financial Institutions” (AAOIFI). This index consists of five dimensions and 105 sub-dimensions of CSRD. The use of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Panel Corrected Standard Errors (PCSEs), and Generalized Least Squares (GLS) using random-effect (RE) and fixed-effect (FE) estimators revealed a significant negative relationship between CSRD and the financial performance of the sample firms. Regarding separate dimensions, the relationship of the Environmental and Economic dimensions of CSRD is significantly positive with current performance, but it is insignificant for the relationships of Legal, Philanthropic, and Ethical dimensions of CSRD with the current financial performance. In addition to contributing to the scarce literature in the Islamic banking industry of a developing country like Pakistan, the study will also help the policymakers and other stakeholders, including the AAOIFI, to develop a comprehensive CSRD policy or index and further improve the already established standards for CSRD.
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Fakhfakh, Mondher. "The harmonization of audit reports of Islamic banks." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 8, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 203–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-05-2014-0016.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the level of harmonization of auditors’ reports issued by independent auditors of Islamic banks. Design/methodology/approach The homogenization of the auditors’ reports of Islamic banks has been statistically measured. Supranational auditing standards on auditors’ reports (ISA 700 and AAOIFI standard) are used as the control. Findings The results show lack of harmonization in several elements related to the form of the auditor’s report and in all elements related to the content of the auditor’s report among the Islamic banks. Originality/value This paper provides new empirical evidence about the measurement of harmonization in the form and content of the auditors’ reports of Islamic banks. It discusses the level of compliance with the elements enumerated by the standards issued by the International Federation of Accountants and the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions.
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Ercanbrack, Jonathan. "The Standardization of Islamic Financial Law: Lawmaking in Modern Financial Markets." American Journal of Comparative Law 67, no. 4 (December 2019): 825–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcl/avz010.
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Abstract The project to standardize the commercial elements of the sharia as undertaken by standard-setting bodies, such as the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI), is a lawmaking effort that is incentivized by market forces and the interaction of municipal legal systems. This Article examines the ways in which these factors contribute to the development of private Islamic legal standards, and in doing so, contribute to an emergent legal architecture that is integrated within the global economy. Contrary to the primary role assigned in existing analyses to sharia scholars and sharia supervisory boards, the Article shows that the processes that determine the composition of Islamic financial law (IFL) highlight the starkly reduced role of jurists in developing law in accordance with the traditional methodology (usul al-fiqh). Such analyses have failed to consider the standardization effort as a lawmaking project driven by market forces, which must be realized if authentic sharia principles are to be given effect. Therefore, examination of these market-led processes and their contribution to the creation of Islamic standards is essential for understanding what standardization means in relation to the fulfillment of Islamic principles and whether a high degree of standardization is desirable. First, the Article examines the role of interpretation, which highlights the methodological challenges of the standardization project. Second, the Article investigates the AAOIFI’s standard-setting efforts, including the methods of standardization, its market- and law-driven incentives, and the status of standardization efforts including the madhahib (schools of law)’s differences of legal thought. Third, an analysis of the interaction of IFL and the law of municipal legal systems (the United Arab Emirates, England and Wales, and Malaysia) highlights the legal incentivization for developing sharia standards. Finally, an analysis of the commercial practice of IFL, particularly in retail markets, demonstrates commercial law’s trend toward standardized contractual practices. Market forces compel the use of standard-form documentation, comprising standards that reflect the commercial practice of law firms and corporations.
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El-Halaby, Sherif, and Khaled Hussainey. "A holistic model for Islamic accountants and its value added." Corporate Ownership and Control 12, no. 3 (2015): 164–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv12i3c1p5.
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The core objective for this study is introduce the holistic model for Islamic accountants through exploring the perspectives of Muslim scholars; Islamic sharia and AAOIFI ethical standards. The study also contributes to existing literature by exploring the main added value of Muslim accountant towards stakeholders through investigates the main roles of an Islamic accountants. Design/methodology/approach – The paper critically reviews historical debates about Islamic accounting and the characteristics and roles of Islamic accountants. The paper also explores AAOIFI ethics standards to build a holistic model for Islamic accountants. Findings – The main novel findings for the study is that, the characteristics of accountant from the Islamic view should contains personal, ethical, religion and professional qualifications which indicates the holistic approach for Islamic sharia related to Islamic accountants. There is a role for accountant towards investor’s thorough good disclosure in the annual reports and guaranty the compliance of IFI’s working with sharia. These characteristics and roles support the significance of Islamic accountant’s position in the IFI. Originality/value – The paper develops the existing research that linking the Islamic banking with Islamic accountants. The paper novel to contribute by introducing benchmark for Islamic accountants which depends on Islamic holistic model through exploring the Islamic Accountant’s characteristics, we enable academics and researchers to consider the impact of these appointment qualifications on teaching and researching international accounting issues and explore for what extent the Islamic professional’s certificates as CIPA comply with this benchmark
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Fakhfakh, Mondher. "The Islamic harmonization of consolidated auditors’ reports." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 11, no. 3 (January 2, 2020): 647–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-08-2017-0114.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the level of harmonization of consolidated auditors’ reports issued by the independent auditors of Islamic banks. Design/methodology/approach A statistical measurement of the homogenization of the consolidated auditors’ reports of Islamic banks. International and Islamic auditing standards on consolidated auditors’ reports are used as the control (ISA 700 and AAOIFI standard-IAS2). Findings The results show a lack of harmonization among the Islamic bank’s groups in several elements related to the form of the consolidated auditor’s report and in all elements related to the independent auditor’s report. Originality/value This paper provides new empirical evidence about the measurement of harmonization in the form and content of the consolidated auditors’ reports of Islamic banks groups. It discusses the level of compliance with the consolidated elements enumerated by the standards issued by the International Federation of Accountants and the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions.
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Abozaid, Abdulazeem. "Shortcomings and proposed reforms in the existing shariah governance of islamic banking." Indonesian Journal of Islamic Economics Research 2, no. 1 (August 26, 2020): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/ijier.v2i1.3638.
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Since its inception a few decades ago, the Islamic banking and finance industry has been self-regulated with regards to Shariah governance. Despite the existence of certain regulatory authorities from within the industry, such as Accounting and Auditing for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) and Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB), none of their resolutions or standards are effectively binding. Few countries have enforced some rules related to Shariah-governance. Still, in most cases, these rules did not go beyond the requirement of formulating Shariah controlling bodies, which is practically left to the banks themselves. Islamic banks are almost left to choose or dismiss their Shariah controllers, and no clear criteria are set by any authority to ascertain the proper qualifications of the Shariah controllers. Moreover, some of the Shariah standards and fatwas are found to conflict with the established resolutions issued by Fiqh academies. These matter point to the deficiencies in the existing Shariah governance and hence the need to address them.
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Majid, Jamaluddin, and Safri Haliding. "The Critical Aspect on Fair Value Accounting And Its Implication To Islamic Financial Institutions." Al-Iqtishad: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Syariah 6, no. 2 (July 29, 2014): 283–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/aiq.v6i2.1236.
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The Critical Aspect on Fair Value Accounting And Its Implication To Islamic Financial Institutions. Fair value accounting (FVA) paradigm replaced the historical cost accounting (HCA) in the development of accounting standards that FVA is more relevant that HCA probably did not provide the real financial and income information. This paper tries to explore critical aspects of the fair value accounting and its implications to Islamic Financial Institutions implications. This study concludes that that fair value accounting measurement provides many critical aspects to be implemented to Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs). AAOIFI proposed cash equivalent value as respond to fair value measurement that cash equivalent value when the attribute condition are present such as the relevance, reliability and understandability of the resulting information DOI:10.15408/aiq.v6i2.1236