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陳明昕 and Ming-yan Chan. "Sheung Shui abattoir." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31982256.
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Chan, Ming-yan. "Sheung Shui abattoir." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25949469.
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Thesis (M. Arch.)--University of Hong Kong, 1995.Includes special study report entitled: Odour pollutant emissions control methodologies: for an abattoir and other applications. Includes bibliographical references.
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Brady, A.-M. B. "Protein products enzymatically derived from abattoir waste." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370344.
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Lau, Chi-yung, and 劉智勇. "Need assessment for relocation of Cheung Sha Wan Abattoir." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31258013.
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Lau, Chi-yung. "Need assessment for relocation of Cheung Sha Wan Abattoir /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13357803.
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Kossen, James. "Techno economic assessment of abattoir waste treatment using microalgae." Thesis, Kossen, James (2016) Techno economic assessment of abattoir waste treatment using microalgae. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/33941/.
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Wastewater from Abattoir systems is highly concentrated with nutrients from the processes that occur in the day to day operation of the facilities. The current systems in place to treat this wastewater are usually lacklustre in regards to Nitrogen and Phosphorous reduction. The following thesis investigates the Techno Economics of installing a microalgae treatment system in order to reduce the overall Nitrogen and Phosphorous levels effectively. Microalgae growth has been shown to lower the levels of these nutrients as they are key growth components of biomass.
In order to find the Techno Economics a treatment system must first be designed for the abattoir waste. There is an extensive literature published in regards to abattoir waste loading including case studies from real abattoir systems. This literature data as well as the data from a local abattoir was used to find the total potential biomass that can be generated from the Nitrogen and Phosphorous loadings. With the total potential biomass calculated the land area required to generate the biomass was calculated using a specific microalgae growth rate in unit (g/m2/day). Once the land size was calculated the total pond system design began.
Using the literature data supplied by Meat and Livestock Australia (MLA) and the Australian Meat Processor Corporation (AMPC) unique systems were designed for three different size abattoirs. The data supplied was analysed on Pre AD data as well as simulated Post AD data as it was not recorded by the abattoirs. The total scale of these abattoirs ranged from a large scale (>2000 kL/day) to a small scale family run abattoir (<200 kL/day). The potential of these systems to generate biomass vary greatly from case to case. Biomass generation is important, as this will account for a large portion of the revenue needed for the profits generation.
The techno economics for these systems increase as the systems get larger however the initial Capital Investment and annual Operational Expenditure do not rise greatly as the systems get larger. Several break even schemes were solved, by altering the price/kg of biomass, for each system in order to find the minimum biomass sale price. This value greatly increases as the size of the abattoir goes down, as expected due to the lower biomass generation as well as the similar system CAPEX and OPEX. For the largest abattoir the minimum sale price was $0.82/kg and for the smallest system it was $5.85/kg. The largest abattoir case is an achievable sale price requiring only a small margin commodity as opposed to the smallest scale which would require more expensive biomass to grow.
The second case study supplied only the Post AD data which required no manipulation. The supplied data was taken over a 5 year period so the minimum, average and maximum waste loading cases, over this period, were analysed. The variation from the minimum case to the maximum case is ~830 kg potential biomass daily generated. This equates to a substantial difference in system design ranging from a 2 ha minimum system to a 9 ha pond system. As in Case Study one three break even schemes were solved for each individual case, the range of the sale data was $0.94/kg biomass for the minimum case and $0.89/kg biomass for the maximum case. These are achievable values depending on which microalgae strain will grow.
From the analysis performed microalgae growth in Raceway ponds using feed from the abattoir wastewater is an economically viable project. The more biomass generated the lower minimum biomass sale price for break even as well as raise the NPV of the project. The market demand and specific microalgae strain that will grow in the effluent will determine the economic viability of raceway pond installation; however with the required $/kg being low, the system should be viable for most large scale abattoirs.
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Foster, Louise. "Microalgae culture to treat anaerobic digestion abattoir effluent (ADAE)." Thesis, Foster, Louise (2019) Microalgae culture to treat anaerobic digestion abattoir effluent (ADAE). Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2019. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51443/.
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Current abattoir wastewater treatment options involving aerobic and anaerobic digestion systems are relatively inefficient in reducing the inorganic nutrient load (i.e. ammonium and phosphate) of the effluent. With anaerobic lagoons favoured in Australia resulting in large land footprint, loss of environmental and economic value in the form of water and nutrient recovery. The cultivation of microalgae on undiluted anaerobic digestion abattoir effluent (ADAE) offers many potential benefits such as the bioremediation of waste nutrients typically found in the effluent and simultaneous production of valuable algal biomass which represents the conversion of waste-to-profit. Microalgal culture on undiluted ADAE require minimal to no freshwater input and does not compete for arable land, it has the potential to play an important remediation role particularly during the final (tertiary) treatment phase. The generated biomass can also be a source of revenue for the targeted abattoir.
To the best of my knowledge, to date, there has been no attempt on testing the growth of algae to treat undiluted ADAE. In this study, the growth, biomass productivity, photo physiology and nutrient removal rates of mono and mixed culture of Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp. were evaluated in unfiltered and undiluted ADAE. Chlorella sp. showed the highest ammonium removal rate of up to 11.93±1.14 mgL-1 d-1 as well as the highest biomass productivity of 31.52±0.81 mgL-1 d-1 when compared to the other treatments. Phosphate removal rates were highest in the Scenedesmus cultures while the mixed cultures varied amongst other parameters measured (COD, Nitrite and Nitrate). Chlorella sp. with a specific growth rate of 0.260±0.047 d-1 and mixed Chlorella sp. within consortium (0.294±0.024 d-1) were the dominant species when compared to Scenedesmus sp. (0.062±0.011 d-1). Overall, Chlorella sp. was identified as the most efficient microalgal species capable of growing on undiluted ADAE with the potential to generate a waste-to-profit system.
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Fredriksson, Jonathan, and Wilhelm Lindberg. "Optimization model to improve the planning of a mobile abattoir." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-139943.
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Today the planning of the transports at Hälsingestintan is done without any tools. Every year the problem regarding the planning is getting more complex and complicates the logistics of the transports. The purpose with the study is to investigate the logistics related to the mobile abattoir and the refrigerated truck in Hälsingestinans process flow. This is relevant due to identify if an optimization model has potential to reduce the transport costs when using this concept. Furthermore, the difference between the used planning strategies of the model and Hälsingestintan will be compared to identify if there are any clear differences between the methods.
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Harmse, JL, JC Engelbrecht, and JL Bekker. "The Impact of Physical and Ergonomic Hazards on Poultry Abattoir ProcessingWorkers: A Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2016. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001981.
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Abstract: The poultry abattoir industry continues to grow and contribute significantly to the gross
domestic product in many countries. The industry expects working shifts of eight to eleven hours,
during which workers are exposed to occupational hazards which include physical hazards ranging
from noise, vibration, exposure to cold and ergonomic stress from manual, repetitive tasks that
require force. A PubMed, Medline and Science Direct online database search, using specific keywords
was conducted and the results confirmed that physical and ergonomic hazards impact on abattoir
processing workers health, with harm not only to workers’ health but also as an economic burden
due to the loss of their livelihoods and the need for treatment and compensation in the industry.
This review endeavours to highlight the contribution poultry processing plays in the development of
physical agents and ergonomic stress related occupational diseases in poultry abattoir processing
workers. The impact includes noise-induced hearing loss, increased blood pressure, menstrual
and work related upper limb disorders. These are summarised as a quick reference guide for
poultry abattoir owners, abattoir workers, poultry associations, occupational hygienists and medical
practitioners to assist in the safer management of occupational health in poultry abattoirs.
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GRABIAUD, MARIE-HELENE. "Campylobacter pylori : etude seroepidemiologique chez les employes d'abattoir." Lille 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL2M353.
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Verhoef, Geoffrey D., and mikewood@deakin edu au. "An experimental study of abattoir wastewater treatment from an economic perspective." Deakin University. School of Ecology and Environment, 2002. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20060728.094000.
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The most cost effective treatment scheme for effluent from Midfield Meats, an abattoir in Warrnambool, Australia, was evaluated via a series of laboratory and commercial scale experiments. Effectiveness was measured in terms of suspended solids (SS) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) reduction. Economic assessment was based on predicted reduction in trade waste charges versus infrastructure and running costs. From the range of potential treatment technologies, those deemed most appropriate for trialling included pre-screening, sedimentation, coagulation and flocculation treatment and dissolved air floatation (DAF). Prior to evaluation of treatment types, flow, loads and contaminant characterisation of the waste streams was conducted to aid in selection of treatment type and capacity. Prescreening was found to be the most cost effective, followed by sedimentation, coagulation and flocculation treatment and finally DAF. The most economical treatment scheme that satisfied the requirements of Midfield Meats included a combination of prescreening and sedimentation. DAF and coagulation and flocculation treatment satisfactorily treated the wastewater, however were not cost effective under the current trade waste agreement.
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Wagude, Bethsheba Emily Akinyi. "Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) in a red meat abattoir." Diss., University of Pretoria, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28615.
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Pujol-Dupuy, Céline. "Analyse et modélisation des données d’inspection en abattoir dans l’objectif de contribuer à la surveillance épidémiologique de la population bovine." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10335/document.
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L'abattoir est un observatoire privilégié de la santé des bovins, permettant d'envisager une surveillance de la population bovine à partir des données d'inspection sanitaire qui y sont collectées. Mais la valorisation épidémiologique de ces données fait face à des difficultés (complexité des données, nombreux mouvements des bovins de leur naissance à l'abattoir). Afin de gérer cette complexité, une approche statistique (analyse multifactorielle et classification mixte) associée à des avis d'experts ont permis d'établir une typologie des lésions observées à l'abattoir. Une dizaine de groupes lésionnels ont été identifiés qui relèvent de divers domaines tels que la santé animale, la protection animale ou la santé publique. Les données d'abattoir peuvent être utilisées pour la surveillance de maladies ciblées telles que la cysticercose bovine. Des indicateurs de surveillance robustes ont été élaborés pour permettre la comparaison des prévalences de cette zoonose dans le temps et l'espace. Une méthode innovante de prise en compte de l'incertitude liée au lieu d'infestation des animaux a été mise en oeuvre pour identifier les zones à risque plus élevé d'infestation. Un tel outil sera mobilisable pour la mise en oeuvre ultérieure d'une inspection basée sur le risque visant à améliorer l'efficience de l'inspection en abattoir. L'utilisation des données d'abattoir pour la mise en place d'un dispositif de surveillance syndromique a par ailleurs été investiguée par modélisation de la proportion hebdomadaire de bovins ayant fait l'objet d'une saisie totale. Une évaluation des performances de plusieurs algorithmes de détection d'anomalies temporelles a été menée sur données simuléesThe slaughterhouse is a unique dedicated vantage point from which to observe bovine health, making it possible to consider implementation of bovine surveillance based on meat inspection data. But the exploitation of these data for epidemiological purposes is not without difficulties (data complexity, large number of cattle movements from birth to slaughter). In order to deal with the data complexity issue, a statistical approach (multiple factor analysis in combination with clustering methods), in addition to the gathering of expert opinions, enables us to create a typology of the lesions detected at the slaughterhouse. Approximately ten lesion groups were identified which cover various areas including animal heath, animal welfare and public health. Meat inspection data can be used for the surveillance of targeted diseases such as bovine cysticercosis. Robust surveillance indicators have been created to enable prevalence comparisons of this zoonosis over time and space. An innovative approach that takes into account uncertainty regarding the location where the animal became infected was implemented to identify areas of higher risk of infection. A similar method could be used for the implementation of a future risk-based meat inspection initiative so as to improve meat inspection efficiency. The use of meat inspection data for the implementation of a syndromic surveillance system was investigated using a temporal analysis of the weekly proportion of whole carcass condemnations, and assessment of the performance of several algorithms for temporal aberration detection was conducted on simulated data
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Shange, Nompumelelo. "Contamination of game carcasses during harvesting and slaughter operations at a South African abattoir." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/98112.
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Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The consumption of game meat and its by-products is increasing locally and internationally. The increase in consumption requires research that is focused on the microbiological quality of game meat. The harvesting and slaughter process of springbok carcasses revealed the presence of bacterial contamination. Swab samples taken after skinning portrayed a presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enterobacteriaceae. Springbok carcasses swabbed after chilling indicated aerobic bacteria, Clostridium spp. and lactic acid bacteria. In contrast, swab samples taken at the evisceration’s incision area tend to be lower in counts when compared to swab samples taken after skinning and after chilling. Bacterial contamination was linked to poor hygienic practices during the harvesting and slaughter process. Results showed a need for the investigation of the slaughter process. To evaluate the slaughter process’s impact on the microbial quality of game carcasses, black wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou) carcasses were sampled throughout the slaughter process. Before skinning, aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and E. coli were enumerated from hide samples, counts ranged from 0.92 to 7.84 log cfu/g. after skinning, bacterial counts ranged from 0.93 to 6.12 log cfu/g and further decreased after chilling. Clostridium spp. counts increased after skinning, however, statistical analysis detected no significant differences between counts. Salmonella spp. was not detected. The results indicate that bacterial contamination does occur during the slaughter process. Hygienic status during the production of game meat products was also determined. Bacterial counts from raw game meat ranged from 2.37 to 5.37 log cfu/g. Counts as high as 6.16 log cfu/g were enumerated from retail products. Aerobic plate counts (APC) from ≤ 2.62 log cfu/cm2 to ≤ 6.3log cfu/cm2 were enumerated from surfaces, hands and equipment during production. Results highlighted the inefficiency of cleaning procedures and revealed that contaminated meat can allow for bacterial contamination. To determine if muscle pH influences colour stability and microbial spoilage of game meat, normal (n=6) and dark, firm and dry (DFD) (n=6) black wildebeest Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscles were studied. pH affected colour, as initial (day 0) L*,a*,b*,C* and Hab values from Normal pH samples were significantly higher than values reported for DFD samples. Initial APC and Enterobacteriaceae counts from samples with Normal pH were not significantly different from counts reported for DFD samples. Initial contamination was linked to the harvesting and slaughter process. Further refrigeration (5±1ºC) for 12 days in an aerobic environment and analyses of samples every third day revealed that pH did not affect lightness and brownness as L* and b* values for DFD samples did not significantly differ overtime, the same trend was seen for samples with Normal pH. Normal pH samples showed a significant increase in a* and C* values until day 12, whilst Hab values decreased until the 12th day. The same trend was seen for a* and C* values for DFD samples until the 9th day as on the 12th day values increased. Similarly, Hab values for DFD samples decreased until the 9th day, then increased on the 12th day. Using the microbial spoilage limit of 6 log cfu/g, it was seen that DFD meat reached this limit earlier than samples with Normal pH. Overall, the study provides baseline information on the microbiological quality of game meat harvested in South Africa and slaughtered at a South African abattoir.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die plaaslike en internasionale verbruik van wildsvleis en wildsvleisprodukte is aan’t toeneem. Hierdie toename in verbuik vereis navorsing wat gefokus is op die mikrobiese kwaliteit van wildsvleis. Die oes-en slagproses van springbok karkasse het die teenwoordigheid van bakteriese kontaminasie aan die lig gebring. Monsters geneem met ʼn depper na afslag van karkasse het ʼn teenwoordigheid van Escherichia coli (E. coli) getoon. Springbok karkasse wat getoets is na verkoeling het hoë vlakke van die aërobiese bakterium Clostridium spp. en van melksuurbakterieë getoon. In teenstelling hiermee is getalle laer rondom die ontweidings insnyding. Bakteriese kontaminasie was gekoppel aan swak higiëne gedurende die oes- en slagproses. Hierdie resultate het ʼn ondersoek van die slagproses aangemoedig. Om die impak van die slagproses op die mikrobiese kwaliteit van wildskarkasse te evalueer, is monsters regdeur geneem van swartwildebees (Connochaetes gnou). Getalle van aërobiese bakterieë, Enterobacteriaceae, en E. coli was bepaal op vel monsters voor afslag; getalle het gewissel tussen 0.92 en 7.84 log cve/g. Getalle van bakterieë na afslag het gewissel tussen 0.93 en 6.12 log cfu/g, en het verder afgeneem na verkoeling. Clostridum spp. het toegeneem na afslag, maar statistiese analises het geen beduidende verskille getoon nie. Monsters het negatief getoets vir Salmonella spp. Die resultate toon aan dat bakteriese kontaminasie wel plaasvind gedurende die slagproses. Die higiëniese status gedurende die produksie van wildsvleis is ook vasgestel. Bakteriegetalle van rou wildsvleis het gewissel tussen 2.37 log cve/g en 5.37 log cve/g. Getalle van handelsprodukte het getalle getoon van soveel as 6.16 log cve/g. Aërobiese plaat telling tussen ≤2.62 cve/cm2 en ≤ 6.3log cve/cm2 is vasgestel vanaf oppervlakte, hande en toerusting gedurende produksie. Resultate beklemtoon die ondoeltreffendheid van skoonmaakprosedures en wys dat aangetaste vleis bakteriese kontaminasie kan toelaat. Om te bepaal of die kleurstabiliteit en mikrobiese bederf van wildsvleis geaffekteer word deur spiere se pH, is normale (n=6) en donker, ferm, en droë (DFD) (n=6) Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) spiere van die swartwildebees bestudeer. Kleur was geaffekteer deur vleis pH, siende dat die aanvanklike waardes (dag 0) vir L*, a*, b*, C* en Hab aansienlik hoër was vir monsters met normale pH as DFD monsters. Aanvanklike getalle van aërobiese plaat telling en Enterobacteriaceae telling van monsters met Normale pH het nie beduidend verskil van DFD monsters nie. Aanvanklike besmetting was gekoppel aan die oes- en slagproses. Verdere verkoeling (5±1ºC) vir 12 dae in ʼn aërobiese omgewing en analise van monsters wys dat pH nie ligtheid en bruinheid affekteer nie; waardes vir L* en b* vir DFD monsters het nie beduidend verskil oor tyd nie. Dieselfde geld vir monsters met Normale pH. Monsters met Normale pH het ʼn beduidende toename in a* en C* getoon tot en met dag 12, terwyl waardes vir Hab afgeneem het tot en met dag 12. Dieselfde patroon is waargeneem by waardes vir a* en C* vir DFD monsters tot en met dag 9, terwyl dit toegeneem het op die 12de dag. Soortgelyk het Hab waardes vir DFD monsters afgeneem tot n met dag 9, en toegeneem op die 12de dag. Dit is ook gevind dat DFD vleis die limiet vir mikrobiese bederf (6 log cve/g) vroeër bereik as monsters met Normale pH. Die studie voorsien basis inligting oor die mikrobiese kwaliteit van wildsvleis wat geoes is in Suid Afrika, en geslag is by Suid Afrikaanse slagpale.
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Karama, Musafiri. "The microbial quality of ostrich carcases produced in a export-approved South African abattoir." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23373.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial quality of ostrich carcases produced in a South African export-approved ostrich abattoir. Ninety surface samples were collected on 30 ostrich carcases at three processing points in the abattoir: post-flaying, post-evisceration and post-chilling. Carcase samples were evaluated for the Aerobic Plate Count (APC), Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus and for the presence of Escherichia coli and presumptive Salmonella spp. One hundred isolates obtained from the APC were identified. The mean log CFU/cm2 and standard deviations for surface counts at post-flaying, post-evisceration and post-chilling processing points respectively were: 4.32 ±0.62, 4.21 ±0.63 and 4.57 ±0.48 for the APC; 2.82 ±1.65, 2.86 ±1.53 and 3.75 ±0.94 for Pseudomonas spp.; 2.89 ±0.78, 2.90 ±0.53 and 2.38 ±0.67 for S. aureus and 2.55 ±1.53, 2.78 ±1.31 and 2.73 ±1.46 for Enterobacteriaceae. No significant differences were detected between the mean log counts of the post-flaying and post-evisceration processing points for the above-mentioned bacterial counts. However, statistically significant differences were detected between the mean log CFU/cm2 counts for post-flaying and post-chilling and between the counts for the post-evisceration and the post-chilling processing points for the APC, Pseudomonas spp. and S. aureus. The trend was towards a marginal increase for the APC, and a negligible decrease for S. aureus counts obtained on samples collected post-chilling. However, there was an increase of practical significance for Pseudomonas spp. counts obtained post-chilling. Seventeen out of 90 (18.8%) samples were positive for E. coli in terms of samples collected and 13 out of 30 (43%) in terms of carcases sampled. Log CFU/cm2 counts for E. coli positive samples ranged from 1.0 to 3.79, with a mean log count of 2.15. Most of the samples, which were positive for E. coli were collected post-evisceration. The prevalence rate for presumptive Salmonella spp. on both Brilliant Green Agar and Xylose Lysine Desoxycolate Agar was 15.5% in terms of samples collected and 23.3% in terms of carcases sampled. Most of the positive samples were collected post-evisceration. The proportional distribution of one hundred (100) bacterial isolates identified was Enterobacteriaceae: 57%, Acinetobacter spp.: 24 %, Pseudomonas spp.: 11%, Aeromonas spp.: 3%, Micrococcus spp.: 3%, Staphylococcus spp.: 1% and yeasts: 1%. Enterobacteriaceae were the predominant bacteria in terms of the total number of isolates identified per processing point and for the whole study.Dissertation (MMedVet (Hyg))--University of Pretoria, 2001.
Paraclinical Sciences
unrestricted
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Karama, Musafiri. "The microbial quality of ostrich carcases produced at an export-approved South African abattoir." Electronic thesis, 2001. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03232005-134430/.
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Mazeri, Stella. "Improved use of abattoir information to aid the management of liver fluke in cattle." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28869.
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Fasciolosis, caused by the trematode parasite Fasciola hepatica, is a multi-host parasitic disease affecting many countries worldwide. It is a well-recognized clinically and economically important disease of food producing animals such as cattle and sheep. In the UK, the incidence and distribution of fasciolosis has been increasing in the last decade while the timing of acute disease is becoming more variable and the season suitable for parasite development outside the mammalian host has been extended. Meanwhile control is proving increasingly difficult due to changing weather conditions, increased animal movements and developing anthelmintic resistance. Forecasting models have been around for a long time to aid health planning related to fasciolosis control, but studies identifying management related risk factors are limited. Moreover, the lack of information on the accuracy of meat inspection and available liver fluke diagnostic tests hinders effective monitoring of disease prevalence and treatment. So far, the evaluation of tests available for the diagnosis of the infection in cattle has mainly been carried out using gold standard approaches or under experimental settings, the limitations of which are well known. In cattle, the infection mainly manifests as a sub-clinical disease, resulting in indirect production losses, which are difficult to estimate. The lack of obvious clinical signs results in these losses commonly being attributed to other causes such as poor weather conditions or bad quality forage. This further undermines establishment of appropriate control strategies, as it is difficult to convince farmers to treat without demonstrating clear economic losses of sub-clinical disease. This project explores the value of slaughterhouse data in understanding the changing epidemiology of fasciolosis, identifying sustainable control measures and estimating the effect of infection on production parameters using data collected at one of the largest cattle and sheep abattoirs in Scotland. Data used in this study include; a) abattoir data routinely collected during 2013 and 2014, b) data collected during 3 periods of abattoir based sampling, c) data collected through administration of a management questionnaire and d) climatic and environmental data from various online sources. A Bayesian extension of the Hui Walter no gold standard model was used to estimate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of five diagnostic tests for fasciolosis in cattle, which were applied on 619 samples collected from the abattoir during three sampling periods; summer 2013, winter 2014 and autumn 2014. The results provided novel information on the performance of these tests in a naturally infected cattle population at different times of the year. Meat inspection was estimated to have a sensitivity of 0.68 (95% BCI 0.61-0.75) and a specificity of 0.88 (95% BCI 0.85-0.91). Accurate estimates of sensitivity and specificity will allow for routine abattoir liver inspection to be used as a tool for monitoring the epidemiology of F. hepatica as well as evaluating herd health planning. Linear regression modelling was used to estimate the delay in reaching slaughter weight in beef cattle infected with F. hepatica, accounting for other important factors such as weight, age, sex, breed and farm as a random effect. The model estimated that cattle classified as having fluke based on routine liver inspection had on average 10 (95% CI 9-12) days greater slaughter age, assuming an average carcass weight of 345 kg. Furthermore, estimates from a second model indicated that the increase in age at slaughter was more severe for higher fibrosis scores. More precisely, the increase in slaughter age was 34 (95% CI 11-57) days for fibrosis score of 1, 93 (95% CI 57-128) days for fibrosis score 2 and 78 (95% CI 30-125) days for fibrosis score 3. Similarly, in a third model comparing different burden categories with animals with no fluke burden, there was a 31 (95% CI 7-56) days increase in slaughter age for animals with 1 to 10 parasites and 77 (95% CI 32-124) days increase in animals with more than 10 parasites found in their livers. Lastly, a multi-variable mixed effects logistic regression model was built to estimate the association between climate, environmental, management and animal specific factors and the risk of an animal being infected by F. hepatica. Multiple imputation methodology was employed to deal with missing data arising from skipped questions in the questionnaire. Results of the regression model confirmed the importance of temperature, rainfall and cattle movements in increasing the risk for fasciolosis, while it indicated that the presence of deer can increase the risk of infection and that male cattle have a reduced risk of infection. Overall, this project has used slaughterhouse data to fill important knowledge gaps regarding F. hepatica infection in cattle. It has provided valuable information on the accuracy of routine abattoir meat inspection, as well as other diagnostic tests. It has also provided estimates of the effect of infection on the time cattle take to reach slaughter weight at different levels of infection and identified relevant risk factors related to the infection. In conclusion, knowledge of the effect of infection on slaughter age, as well as regional risk factors for F. hepatica infection, along with an improved use of abattoir inspection results in the evaluation of treatment strategies, can provide farmers and veterinarians with better incentives and tools to improve their herd health strategies and in the longer term help reduce the incidence of liver fluke in cattle.
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Katsande, T. C., and R. Govender. "A microbiological survey of fresh meat processed at abattoirs in Gauteng, South Africa." Journal for New Generation Sciences, Vol 12, Issue 2: Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/659.
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Published ArticleThe abattoir Hygiene Management System (HMS) was regulated in South Africa under the Meat Safety Act 40 of 2000. Presently, there is no national regulated microbiological standard to compare against meat tested at abattoirs as an indicator of good hygiene practices. The aim of the study was to establish a provincial guideline for a microbiological baseline. This may be used to verify the performance of the implemented HMS. Thirty red meat and twenty-two poultry abattoirs were sampled to determine baseline Total Bacterial Counts (TBCs). The results of this study were compared to standards presently used in the United Kingdom (UK). The results compared favourably.
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Bond, Alison Louise. "Farm and abattoir assessment of pig welfare and the effect on carcass and meat quality." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.541602.
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Wang, Zhengjian. "Evaluation of a two stage anaerobic digestion system for the treatment of mixed abattoir wastes." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.561416.
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Gautier, Amandine. "Douleurs en chaîne : une approche multi-niveaux de la santé au travail des agents de l’État en abattoir." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2141.
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Cette thèse examine la question de la santé au travail des agents publics en abattoir dans sa multi-dimensionnalité. Elle livre une analyse du travail dans le secteur public non seulement à partir de son cadre institutionnel, mais aussi des multiples interactions, souvent interdépendantes, entre l’activité, les organisations et la trajectoire de la politique du contrôle en abattoir. Elle bat en brèche à la fois la présomption de qualité au travail dans le secteur public et la forte étanchéité de ce secteur. Elle montre comment les douleurs sont négociées, entre activité quotidienne et dispositifs de déclaration en maladie professionnelle et de reclassement. A partir des années 2000, une part croissante des agents de l’Etat en abattoir souffrent de troubles musculo-squelettiques. Les TMS sont l’occasion pour l’encadrement intermédiaire de négocier avec les abattoirs mais aussi d’énoncer le « vrai travail » des agents en abattoir. La mise sur l'agenda de la santé au travail des agents affectés dans les abattoirs surgit dans le contexte de redéfinition des missions de l'Etat et les évolutions de la politique du contrôle en abattoir contribuent tantôt à faire émerger la santé au travail, tantôt à l’occulter en laissant de côté la question du devenir des agents dont les missions évoluent et dont le métier est susceptible de disparaître. Au croisement de la sociologie des groupes professionnels, de la santé au travail et de la sociologie de l’action publique, le cadre d’analyse propose d’articuler les régulations liées à la santé et aux conditions de travail à celles de l’activité et du métier d’inspecteur lui-mêmeThis thesis considers the occupational health of public officials in slaughterhouses in its multi-dimensionality. It provides an analysis of work in the public sector, not only from its institutional framework, but also from the many interactions, often interdependent, between the activity, the organizations and the trajectory of food safety policy. It undermines both the presumption of quality at work in the public sector and the strong tightness of this sector. It shows how pain is negotiated, between daily activity and occupational disease reporting and reclassification schemes. From the 2000s, a growing proportion of officials in slaughterhouses suffered from musculoskeletal disorders. MSDs are an opportunity for middle management to negotiate with slaughterhouses, but also to state the "real work" of slaughterhouse agents. The agenda setting of the occupational health of the agents affected in the slaughterhouses arises in the context of redefining the missions of the State and the evolutions of the food safety policy contribute sometimes to make emerge health at work, to overshadow it by leaving aside the question of the future of those officials whose missions evolve and whose profession is liable to disappear. At the crossroads between the sociology of professions, occupational health and the sociology of public action, the analysis framework proposes to articulate the regulations related to health and working conditions to those of the activity and the profession of inspector himself
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Midzi, Emmanuel Muchimbidziki. "Cadmium and lead concentrations in livers and kidneys of cattle slaughtered at Grootfontein abattoir in Namibia." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26332.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to determine the levels of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in livers and kidneys of cattle slaughtered at Grootfontein abattoir in Namibia. The study design was based on the epidemiological principles to detect a single animal whose kidneys or liver contained Cd or Pb residues. The Grootfontein area of Namibia has extensive base-metal ore reserves, which were and are still extracted and processed in localities used as livestock pastures. Namibia is also an arid country which predominantly uses borehole water for livestock and human consumption. These underground water bodies share the same space as base-metal ores. The anthropogenic activities in this area under the existing geological and hydrogeological circumstances offer opportunities for Cd and Pb to enter the food chain. Entry of Cd and Pb in the food chain leads to bioaccumulation in cattle kidneys and livers to concentrations above Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) standards, creating a possible public health risk. The CAC withdrew the maximum limit (ML) of 1mg kg-1 Cd in bovine kidneys and liver, but it has a provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) of 0.025mg kg-1 human body weight. This CAC PTMI translates to a total exposure of 1.5mg Cd for a 60kg body weight person. The CAC ML for Pb in bovine offal is 0.5mg kg-1, while its provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of 0.025mg kg-1 human body weight is under review. This investigation intended to establish if Cd and Pb in the livers and kidneys of cattle slaughtered in the study area exceeded CAC human exposure limits. Liver and kidney specimens were collected from 31 randomly sampled mature cattle (estimated over five years old based on incisor teeth examined post slaughter). The specimens were analysed at a local mine laboratory, which was the only facility available and capable of performing the tests. They were digested using wet-ashing (the oxidation procedure). All liver digestates were analysed, while one kidney analyte was insufficient. Cd and Pb were measured using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). The detection limit (DL), which was the minimum metal concentration FAAS could measure was 0.2mg kg-1 for Cd and 1.1mg kg-1 for Pb. The laboratory could not refine the Pb DL which was more than twice the CAC ML. All livers had Cd concentrations below 0.2mg kg-1. One discarded kidney specimen was assigned a concentration below DL for analysis purposes. The Cd concentrations in 12 kidney specimens were below 0.2mg kg-1, between 0.288 and 1.221mg kg-1 in 16 and above 1.5mg kg-1 (2.6 - 3.64mg kg-1) in 3 specimens. The mean renal Cd concentration for the population (0.71±0.96mg kg-1) was statistically lower than 1.5mg kg-1 (p <0.05). Cd was therefore shown to be a chemical hazard for consumers of kidneys and a potential environmental hazard in the study area. Pb was negative in all of the 31 liver specimens, while in all the 30 kidney specimen digestates it was detected at concentrations below 1.1mg kg,-1. This result confirmed the presence of Pb as a potential chemical hazard found in bovine kidneys. However, a more sensitive analytical method was required to assess Pb food chain and public health hazard parameters in the study area. An epidemiological investigation of the study area using geographical information systems (GIS) to explore geographical factors that could have influenced exposure to Cd and Pb was done. While proximity to operational and decommissioned mining ventures appeared to result in higher mean renal Cd concentrations, the influence was not statistically significant. Feedlot rearing also appeared to cause higher mean renal Cd concentrations but the impact was also not statistically significant. It was concluded that Cd and Pb were chemical environmental contaminants which enter the animal and human food chain in the study area. A kilogram of bovine kidney-meat from approximately one in ten cattle (9.7%) carried more than 1.5mg Cd, exceeding the recommended CAC total dietary exposure for a 60-kg man. A mathematical model was used to estimate the risk of cattle with renal Cd concentration exceeding 1.5mg kg,-1, the expected number of cattle affected and the weight of meat entering the food chain. The estimated cattle population affected monthly was 5.95%, with a range of between 5 and 11 (mean = 8±4) cattle. These cattle were estimated to yield 8 to 18 (mean 13±6) kg bovine kidney-meat per month. A WHO standard-weight man who consumes a kilogram of kidney meat in this category in a month risks exposure to Cd doses beyond the CAC PTMI. The epidemiological triad of interactions between the host (cattle), agent (Cd and Pb) and the environment (proximity to mines) was used in order to suggest risk mitigation options. Recommendations from this study included advocacy on Cd and Pb in the food chain and developing partnerships with mining entities so that risk mitigation and communication can be better coordinated. Consumers are advised to reduce their monthly intake of kidney meat as this organ tissue has higher levels that those in other bovine organs and tissues. The cattle in the study were mature breeding animals (>5 years) and it is likely that this factor increased the risk of higher levels in kidneys as temporal determinants for bioaccumulation of Cd are important. The kidneys of younger animals would thus be less likely to contain significant Cd levels. Lastly, use of mathematical modelling, to translate research findings into quantitative estimates useful for public health safety programs, is recommended.Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Paraclinical Sciences
unrestricted
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Lin, Chih-Hsien. "Contamination of chicken carcasses and the abattoir environment with Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in Taiwan." Thesis, Lin, Chih-Hsien (2021) Contamination of chicken carcasses and the abattoir environment with Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in Taiwan. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2021. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/64239/.
Full textAbstract:
Contaminated poultry and poultry products are the main food sources for human salmonellosis and listeriosis, with these contaminations predominantly occurring in abattoirs during the slaughtering and processing stages. Although poultry is the most commonly consumed meat in Taiwan, the epidemiological characteristics of contaminations during processing were not known prior to the studies described in this thesis.
A nationwide survey of 362 batches of broiler carcasses (1810 individual carcasses) processed at 45 abattoirs in Taiwan found that 56.4% (95% CI: 51.1-61.5) were positive for Salmonella. The results of a multivariable logistic regression analysis found that contamination was significantly associated with: season of sampling (warm season > cooler season, OR = 1.95; 95% CI: 1.2-3.2); location of the abattoir (southern region < northern region, OR = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.3-0.8); duration of scalding (scalding times longer than 90 seconds < shorter scalding times, OR = 0.2; 95% CI: 0.1-0.3); and bird type (commercial white broiler < Taiwan native chickens, OR = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.1-0.4).
Salmonella were detected in 156 of 622 samples (25.1%; 95% CI: 21.7-28.7) collected from a more intensive study undertaken at six abattoirs. The prevalence of Salmonella varied between sampling sites with 5.8, 17.6, 31.3 and 35.5% of cloacal swabs, environmental samples prior to processing, environmental samples during processing and carcass rinse samples, respectively, being positive. These 156 isolates represented 50 PFGE types. The presence of the same PFGE type at multiple stages during processing highlighted that the abattoir environment and intestinal contents are important sources of Salmonella in abattoirs. Listeria monocytogenes was not detected in any cloacal swabs (n = 120) or environmental (n = 256) samples collected before and during processing, but 28 of 246 (11.4%; 95% CI: 7.7-16.0) rinse samples collected from carcasses post-evisceration were positive. These 28 isolates represented 5 PFGE types, confirming the presence of cross-contamination during processing.
An intensive study undertaken at one abattoir on 12 consecutive processing days involving repeated sampling of chickens from 12 farms detected Salmonella in 83.3, 22.9, 35.4, 34.4, 19.8 and 21.9% of carcass samples at post exsanguination, post plucking, post evisceration, post inside-outside bird washer, post wash tank, and post air-chilling, respectively. Fifty-seven PFGE types were characterized from the 223 isolates, and confirmed that Salmonella-infected flocks are important sources of contamination in the abattoir resulting in subsequent cross-contamination of carcasses. Distribution biomaps were developed in combination with Salmonella PFGE profiles to identify potential sources of cross-contamination in the abattoir.
Overall a total of 968 isolates belonging to 33 serotypes of Salmonella were detected in the three studies, with S. Albany (30.9%), S. Enteritidis (16.5%), S. Schwarzengrund (9.7%), and S. Typhimurium (6.7%) being most frequently isolated. These results demonstrate that the Salmonella serotypes commonly isolated from chicken carcasses and the abattoir environment were also those frequently affecting humans in Taiwan, supporting the belief that contaminated chicken meat is one source of human salmonellosis. The 28 isolates of L. monocytogenes were serotyped as either 1/2a (82.1%) or 1/2b (14.3%), with one isolate non-typeable (3.6%). These serotypes were the same as those causing the majority of human listeriosis cases in Taiwan and other countries of the world.
It is concluded that the information obtained from this research can be used to assess control measures to minimize the contamination of chickens processed at abattoirs in Taiwan with potentially pathogenic bacteria.
24
Oguttu, James Wabwire. "Antimicrobial drug resistance of enteric bacteria from broilers fed antimicrobial growth enhancers and exposed poultry abattoir workers." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07162008-133245/.
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Govender, R., and E. M. Genis. "Advancing the hygiene management system at red meat abattoirs in Gauteng." Journal for New Generation Sciences, Vol 8, Issue 1: Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/550.
Full textAbstract:
Published ArticleDirect control by government over abattoirs shifted in the late 1980s through privatisation. The legislated food safety system, namely the Hygiene Management System (HMS), coupled with the Hygiene Assessment System (HAS) attempted to address problems of control. The responsibility to implement and maintain these systems is now the responsibility of abattoir operators who must ensure that meat is processed within the risk-based HMS. However requirements for the HMS are scattered throughout legislation, government policies and guideline documents. The research aim was to suggest themes toward the development of an implementation guideline document for HMS implementation by conducting gap assessment audits at abattoirs using the Hygiene Assessment System (HAS).
26
Maluta, Renato Pariz [UNESP]. "Escherichia coli potencialmente patogênica isoladas de ovinos saudáveis criados extensivamente e de carcaças em matadouros-frigoríficos no Estado de São Paulo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103929.
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maluta_rp_dr_jabo.pdf: 440520 bytes, checksum: 3c6ccf7fa3a09af508156250e6a377c0 (MD5)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Canadian Bureau For International Education (Cbie)
Os ruminantes são reservatórios de cepas de Escherichia coli envolvidas na etiologia de doenças graves em humanos. Nesse estudo, a freqüência de E. coli Shigatoxigênica (STEC), E. coli enteropatogênica (EPEC) e E. coli enterotoxigênica (ETEC) foi determinada em fezes e carcaças de ovinos em três fazendas e um matadouro-frigorífico localizados no Estado de São Paulo e as cepas encontradas foram caracterizadas. A freqüência de STEC nas três fazendas foi similar, enquanto a freqüência de EPEC foi variável. Não foram encontradas amostras contendo ETEC. As cepas de STEC stx1- stx2+ revelaram-se geneticamente heterogêneos, possuindo freqüentemente as variantes Stx2a ou Stx2dact, as quais são relacionadas à doenças mais severas em humanos e ademais eles foram freqüentemente originados de amostras colhidas do matadouro-frigorífico. Adicionalmente, algumas cepas desse grupo possuíram novas variantes de Stx2 ou o subtipo Stx2e, que é relacionado à doença do edema em suínos. As cepas de STEC stx1+ stx2+ e stx1+ stx2- mostraram-se geneticamente mais homogêneas, a maioria possuindo os genes lpfAO113, iha e ehxA. As cepas de STEC stx1+ stx2- apresentaram comumente o gene relacionado à ExPEC tsh. As estirpes de EPEC foram heterogêneas, muitas possuíram os genes efa1, ehxA, lpfAO113 ou paa, que são associados à diarréia em humanos. As cepas de STEC e EPEC demonstraram-se geneticamente diversas quando analisadas por PFGE. Esses resultados demonstram que cepas de E. coli potencialmente patogênica para humanos estão presentes na microbiota intestinal de ovinos, com potencial de contaminar carcaças em abatedouro e conseqüentemente serem transmitidas por via alimentar
Ruminants are a reservoir of Escherichia coli which may cause severe disease in humans. Pathotypes related to intestinal disease include Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). In this study, the prevalence of these pathotypes was examined in sheep feces and carcasses on three farms and at an abattoir. The strains were then characterized. The prevalence of STEC on the three farms was similar, whereas that of EPEC varied between farms. No ETEC were detected. STEC stx1- stx2+ strains were genetically heterogeneous, more frequently possessing Stx2 variant Stx2a or Stx2dact related to more severe disease in humans, and often originated from the abattoir rather than the farms. In addition, some strains of this group possessed new Stx2 variants or Stx2e, the subtype related to porcine edema disease. STEC stx1+ stx2+ and stx1+ stx2- strains were genetically more homogeneous, mostly possessed the genes lpfAO113, iha and ehxA. The STEC strains stx1+ stx2- commonly harbored ExPEC-related gene tsh. The EPEC strains were heterogeneous, several possessing efa1, ehxA, lpfAO113 or paa, genes associated with diarrhea in humans. STEC and EPEC strains were genotypically diverse by PFGE. These results demonstrate that E. coli potentially pathogenic for humans are present in the sheep intestinal microflora, particularly at the abattoir, underlining the potential for foodborne transmission
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Govender, R. "Advancing the hygiene management system at poultry abattoirs in Gauteng, South Africa." Journal for New Generation Sciences, Vol 10, Issue 3: Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/618.
Full textAbstract:
Published ArticleThe Meat Safety Act, Act 40 of 2000 compels all registered abattoirs in South Africa to implement and maintain a Hygiene Management System (HMS) to ensure the safe processing of meat. The HMS is a basic food safety system that focuses on process standards that are designed to reduce the risk of contamination of meat and meat products during processing. Part of the Poultry regulations provide the requirements of HMS and were published by government on the 24th of February 2006. However, no guidelines were published or made available to poultry abattoir operators on how to interpret and implement the requirements of the HMS. The aim of this research was to determine the extent of HMS implementation at poultry abattoirs in Gauteng. The intention was to identify short comings, if any, within implemented HMSs with the intention of promoting compliance. This was achieved by developing common themes from research audit findings. These themes were then used to suggest critical areas that should be addressed during the development of an HMS implementation guideline document.
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Peyrat, Marie-Bénédicte. "Etude de l'influence du nettoyage et de la désinfection et des procédés d'abattage en abattoir de volaille sur le niveau de résistance aux antibiotiques des campylobacters." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00288961.
Full textAbstract:
Les campylobacters sont des bactéries zoonotiques responsables d'entérites chez l'homme. La viande de volaille est considérée comme une source importante de contamination. Il a été suggéré que les désinfectants et les stress subis par les bactéries au cours des procédures de nettoyage et désinfection et des procédés d'abattage des volailles puissent favoriser la sélection de gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques. Afin d'explorer cette hypothèse, des prélèvements dans 4 abattoirs de volailles ont été réalisés au cours de 9 visites. Les niveaux de résistance des campylobacters isolés ont été déterminés par la méthode de dilution en milieu gélosé pour 6 antibiotiques et 2 substances actives entrant dans la composition de désinfectants. Des souches isolées dans l'environnement des abattoirs après nettoyage et désinfection et sur les carcasses de volailles avant l'entrée en salle de ressuage, ont été génotypées avec la technique de PCR-RFLP des gènes pfla/gyrA et flaA. Nos résultats montrent d'une part que les campylobacters sont capables de survivre aux opérations de nettoyage et de désinfection dans les abattoirs de volailles, et que ces souches sont susceptibles de contaminer les carcasses de volailles. D'autre part, nos résultats indiquent que les opérations d'abattage et les procédures de nettoyage et désinfection dans les abattoirs de volailles ne semblent pas favoriser la sélection de souches de campylobacter résistantes aux antibiotiques.
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Kawadza, Tonderayi David. "An evaluation of the microbial contamination of carcasses at a local red meat type C abattoir / Tonderayi David Kawadza." Thesis, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/3819.
Full textAbstract:
The hygiene practices at a local abattoir were monitored.
The main microbial spoilage organisms associated with red meat carcasses were enumerated and characterized from ten bovine carcasses. Instead of evaluating the final product
only, samples were taken at regular positions (four)
along the carcass processing/dressing line from just
after skin removal (flaying) until after a chilling
period of between eighteen and twenty four hours.
Total aerobic plate counts, Gram-negative counts and lactic
acid bacterial counts were determined. The highest
microbial numbers were consistently obtained from the
total aerobic plate counts (approximately 3 log10 numbers
per cm2
) followed by the Gram negative counts
(approximately 2 log10 numbers per cm2
) and there were no
growths observed on the lactic acid bacteria agar.
Characterization of the 104 predominant bacterial isolates
from total aerobic plate counts of the carcasses
indicated the presence of Pseudomonas spp. (25%), Aeromonas
spp (13%), Acinetobacter and Micrococcaceae (10%
each) and fewer amounts of species of Moraxella(8%) , Alteromonas
(5%) , Brochothrix and Corynebacterium (4% each), Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus (3% each).
The microflora from the Gram-negative counts of the carcasses
was also dominated by the Pseudomonas spp. (50%),
Enterobacteriaceae (15%), Aeromonas spp. (10%) the
Moraxella group (5%) and non-reculturable (20%).
The possible effects of the carcass dressing procedures
and the chilling process on the bacterial counts were
determined. Despite the apparent observable trends where the bacterial numbers seemed to decrease after the chilling process they were of no statistical significance.Thesis (MSc (Microbiology)--PU for CHE, 1997.
30
Peyrat, Marie-Bénédicte. "Étude de l’influence du nettoyage et de la désinfection et des procédés d’abattage en abattoir de volailles sur le niveau de résistance aux antibiotiques des campylobacters." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S038.
Full textAbstract:
Les campylobacters sont des bactéries responsables d’entérites chez l’homme. La viande de volaille est une source de contamination. Les stress subis par les bactéries au cours des procédures de nettoyage et désinfection et des procédés d’abattage des volailles pourraient favoriser la sélection de gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques. Afin d’explorer cette hypothèse, des prélèvements dans 4 abattoirs de volailles ont été réalisés. Les niveaux de résistance des campylobacters isolés ont été déterminés pour 6 antibiotiques et 2 substances actives entrant dans la composition de désinfectants. Des souches isolées dans l’environnement des abattoirs après nettoyage et désinfection et sur les carcasses de volailles avant l’entrée en salle de ressuage, ont été génotypées avec la technique de PCR-RFLP des gènes Pfla/gyrA et flaA. Nos résultats montrent d’une part que les campylobacters survivent aux opérations de nettoyage et de désinfection. D’autre part, les opérations d’abattage et les procédures de nettoyage et désinfection dans les abattoirs de volailles ne semblent pas favoriser la sélection de souches de campylobacter résistantes aux antibiotiquesCampylobacter is a common cause of human bacterial enteritis and consumption of poultry products is a major source of human infection. It has been suggested that disinfectants and environmental stress can lead to changes in the nature and scale of antibiotic resistance expressed by bacteria. In order to investigate this hypothesis, sampling of poultry and environment in 4 unrelated slaughterhouses were conducted. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against 6 antibiotics and 2 disinfectants were measured for all the isolates collected. Genotype profile of selected isolates collected after cleaning and disinfection and from poultry carcasses was done by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism of P/fla///gyr/A and /fla/A genes. Our results indicate that campylobacter is able to survive overnight on surfaces of poultry slaughterhouses and that these strains may contaminate carcasses during the slaughter process. Our results also suggest that cleaning and disinfection procedures and shlaughter procces don’t lead to increase antibiotic resistance in campylobacter
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Njisane, Yonela Zifikile. "Avoidance-related behaviour, bleeding times and the quality of meat from sheep slaughtered at a commercial and a municipal abattoir." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1004195.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of the study was to determine the avoidance-related behaviour, bleeding times and the quality of meat from sheep of different gender, breed (Dorper, Merino, and their crosses) and age groups, slaughtered at a commercial and municipal abattoir. Castrates and ewes of different age groups (1= <10months, 2= 11-12months, and 3= >12months) and breeds were used. From the commercial abattoir, 90 castrates and 110 ewes were used, while 66 castrates and 19 ewes were obtained from the municipal abattoir. Meat samples were obtained to determine meat colour, ultimate pH, temperature, cooking loss and tenderness. Correlations between bleeding times and meat quality variables were also determined. The two abattoirs differed in terms of technology and the procedures used, and this brought about different response behaviours in sheep at slaughter, bleeding times at exsanguination and the quality of meat produced. Animal-related factors (breed, gender and age classes) had no effect on the avoidance-related behaviour of sheep slaughtered at the commercial abattoir, while these factors affected those sheep slaughtered at the municipal abattoir. These factors also had an effect on the quality of meat produced at both abattoirs. Gender and weight of the animals had effects on the bleeding times at exsanguination at both abattoirs. Bleeding times did no correlate with any of the meat quality variables, but correlations among meat quality variables were observed. Avoidance-related behaviour, bleeding times, and the quality of mutton from sheep slaughtered at a commercial and a municipal abattoir was affected by breed, age, and gender.
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Maluta, Renato Pariz. "Escherichia coli potencialmente patogênica isoladas de ovinos saudáveis criados extensivamente e de carcaças em matadouros-frigoríficos no Estado de São Paulo /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103929.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Fernando Antônio de ÁvilaBanca: Beatriz Ernestina Cabilio Guth
Banca: Ariel Eurides Stella
Banca: Hélio José Montassier
Banca: José Moacir Marin
Resumo: Os ruminantes são reservatórios de cepas de Escherichia coli envolvidas na etiologia de doenças graves em humanos. Nesse estudo, a freqüência de E. coli Shigatoxigênica (STEC), E. coli enteropatogênica (EPEC) e E. coli enterotoxigênica (ETEC) foi determinada em fezes e carcaças de ovinos em três fazendas e um matadouro-frigorífico localizados no Estado de São Paulo e as cepas encontradas foram caracterizadas. A freqüência de STEC nas três fazendas foi similar, enquanto a freqüência de EPEC foi variável. Não foram encontradas amostras contendo ETEC. As cepas de STEC stx1- stx2+ revelaram-se geneticamente heterogêneos, possuindo freqüentemente as variantes Stx2a ou Stx2dact, as quais são relacionadas à doenças mais severas em humanos e ademais eles foram freqüentemente originados de amostras colhidas do matadouro-frigorífico. Adicionalmente, algumas cepas desse grupo possuíram novas variantes de Stx2 ou o subtipo Stx2e, que é relacionado à doença do edema em suínos. As cepas de STEC stx1+ stx2+ e stx1+ stx2- mostraram-se geneticamente mais homogêneas, a maioria possuindo os genes lpfAO113, iha e ehxA. As cepas de STEC stx1+ stx2- apresentaram comumente o gene relacionado à ExPEC tsh. As estirpes de EPEC foram heterogêneas, muitas possuíram os genes efa1, ehxA, lpfAO113 ou paa, que são associados à diarréia em humanos. As cepas de STEC e EPEC demonstraram-se geneticamente diversas quando analisadas por PFGE. Esses resultados demonstram que cepas de E. coli potencialmente patogênica para humanos estão presentes na microbiota intestinal de ovinos, com potencial de contaminar carcaças em abatedouro e conseqüentemente serem transmitidas por via alimentar
Abstract: Ruminants are a reservoir of Escherichia coli which may cause severe disease in humans. Pathotypes related to intestinal disease include Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). In this study, the prevalence of these pathotypes was examined in sheep feces and carcasses on three farms and at an abattoir. The strains were then characterized. The prevalence of STEC on the three farms was similar, whereas that of EPEC varied between farms. No ETEC were detected. STEC stx1- stx2+ strains were genetically heterogeneous, more frequently possessing Stx2 variant Stx2a or Stx2dact related to more severe disease in humans, and often originated from the abattoir rather than the farms. In addition, some strains of this group possessed new Stx2 variants or Stx2e, the subtype related to porcine edema disease. STEC stx1+ stx2+ and stx1+ stx2- strains were genetically more homogeneous, mostly possessed the genes lpfAO113, iha and ehxA. The STEC strains stx1+ stx2- commonly harbored ExPEC-related gene tsh. The EPEC strains were heterogeneous, several possessing efa1, ehxA, lpfAO113 or paa, genes associated with diarrhea in humans. STEC and EPEC strains were genotypically diverse by PFGE. These results demonstrate that E. coli potentially pathogenic for humans are present in the sheep intestinal microflora, particularly at the abattoir, underlining the potential for foodborne transmission
Doutor
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Bouvet, Jérôme. "Identification du danger lié aux Escherichia coli vérotoxiques (VTEC) et à Escherichia coli O157-H7 en abattoir et découpe de porc." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10062.
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Les Escherichia coli verotoxiques (VTEC), et plus particulièrement le sérotype O157:H7, sont aujourd'hui des agents pathogènes d'origine alimentaire considérés comme importants en santé publique. La viande de porc n'est qu'exceptionnellement impliquée dans les accidents alimentaires dus aux VTEC. Cependant, la prévalence des VTEC dans la viande de porc n'est pas connue en France. Il est donc important de disposer de données sur l'épidémiologie de ces germes en abattoir et découpe de porc, afin d'évaluer l'importance du risque et de le maîtriser efficacement. Notre étude a été réalisée dans trois ateliers d'abattage et de découpe de porc. Sur les 4 469 échantillons analysés par PCR (produits carnés, fèces, environnement) aucun n'a été détecté positif en E. Coli O157:H7 verotoxique et 16 % ont été détectés positifs en VTEC (présence des gènes stx). Sur 2 800 échantillons de couenne et viande prélevés par excision (NF V04-501) sur carcasses réfrigérées et pièces de découpe, 12 % sont positifs en VTEC par PCR. Les porcs vivants sont des sources d'introduction de VTEC à l'abattoir. Un tiers (56/182) des porcs est détecté porteur fécal et près de la moitié des carcasses (83/182) est contaminée en surface. Au cours des opérations d'abattage la contamination de surface des carcasses diminue, elle reste stable lors du ressuage. La moitié des carcasses réfrigérées est contaminée en VTEC (75/150), mais la contamination n'est pas massive. Les pièces de découpe sont peu contaminées en VTEC, 12 % en moyenne, les pièces brutes l'étant davantage (19 %) que les pièces découennées désossées (5 %). La contamination des locaux d'abattage et de découpe augmente significativement au cours de l'activité d'où le rôle vraisemblable de l'environnement dans les contaminations croisées et la nécessité d'un nettoyage-désinfection efficace en fin d'activité. A partir de 598 échantillons positifs en VTEC par PCR, 116 isolats ont été obtenus par hybridation sur boîtes. Un seul semble potentiellement pathogène au vu de l'analyse de ses facteurs de virulence. En conséquence, les VTEC dont E. Coli O157:H7 ne représentent pas un risque sanitaire majeur en abattage-découpe de porc. Outre les bonnes pratiques hygiéniques habituellement préconisées en abattage-découpe de porc, aucune mesure préventive spécifique à ce danger microbiologique ne semble nécessaire.
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Jonsson, Linda. "Control of sludge bulking in an SBR-plant treating slaughterhouse wastewater." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-88898.
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Sedan december 2003 har Kalmar läns slakteris (KLS) nya reningsverk varit i drift. Entreprenör för det nya reningsverket samt driftansvariga under det två första åren är Läckeby Water Group. Verket är av SBR-typ (Sekventiell Biologisk Rening) med biologisk kväverening och kemisk fällning av fosfor med hjälp av järnklorid. Från slakteriet leds avloppsvattnet genom en 2 km lång ledning ner till reningsanläggningen. Verket hade under 2004 problem med höga halter fosfor i utgående vatten, flertalet mekaniska haverier samt två perioder av slamsvällning. Slamsvällningen orsakades av filamentösa (trådformiga) bakterier, första gången av Thiothrix spp. och andra gången av Typ 021N. Syftet med examensarbetet var att finna orsaken till den senare slamsvällningen samt att söka förebyggande åtgärder mot Typ 021N. Examensarbetet utfördes genom litteraturstudier, laboratorieförsök, fullskaleförsök, genomgång av driftsdata samt mikroskopering av aktivt slam vid verket.
Utifrån litteraturstudier konstaterades att filamentösa bakterier kan gynnas under perioder av låga syrehalter samt av låg näringstillförsel eftersom dessa bakterier har en högre tillväxthastighet vid låga substratkoncentrationer än flockbildande bakterier. Specifikt för Typ 021N är att dessa har möjlighet att utnyttja reducerat svavel som energikälla samt gynnas vid tillgång på korta lättnedbrytbara kolföreningar. Laboratorieförsök visade inte entydigt att låga fosfor eller syrehalter gynnade de filamentösa bakterierna. Inverkan av FeCl3, Ecofloc, PAXXL60, NaOCl och H2O2 studerades under korttids laboratorieförsök och effekten utvärderades i mikroskop. I några fall hämmades filamenten men aldrig utan att även påverka övriga mikroorganismer negativt. PAX-XL60 hämmade filamentförkomsten mest och påverkade andra organismer förhållandevis lite. Tillsats av PAX i filamenthämmande och flockbildande syfte utfördes därefter i fullskala. Effekten av tidigare tillsatser av NaOCl och H2O2 i filamenthämmande syfte studerades och visade sig ha givit varierande resultat. NaOCl visade sig effektivt bekämpa filamentösa bakterier i processen då inblandning skedde under rätt förutsättningar.
Processdata för våren 2004 jämfördes med data från en period under hösten, vilken följdes av en slamsvällning. Perioderna visade stora skillnader m.a.p. syrehalt, temperatur, dosering av järnklorid och organisk belastning. En on-line mätning i inkommande vatten visade på mycket höga halter av svavelväte. Svavelväte bildas under anaeroba förhållanden t.ex. i stillastående avloppsvatten. Orsaker till slamsvällningen i september-oktober 2004 tros vara höga halter av svavelväte, perioder med låga syrehalter, höga vattentemperaturer samt tillgång på lättnedbrytbart organiskt material. Svavelvätet kan förslagsvis elimineras genom en tidsstyrd dosering av CaNO3 i inkommande ledning. Noggrann övervakning av syre samt tillgång på syre måste garanteras i processen. Det inkommande vattnets mikroflora kan förändras genom installation av en aerob selektor för att gynna de flockformande bakterierna. För att sänka fosforhalterna i utgående vatten samt att inte riskera fosforbrist i processen har en tillfällig efterfällning med extra tillsats av FeCl3 och polymer installerats.
In December 2003 the new plant treating slaughterhouse wastewater from KLS was taken into operation. Läckeby Water Group was entrepreneur and responsible for the maintenance during the following two years. The treatment plant is of SBR-type and has biological nitrate removal and chemical precipitation of phosphate with iron chloride. The wastewater from the slaughterhouse passes a 2 km long pipeline before entering the treatment plant. During 2004, the plant had problems with high levels of phosphorous in the effluent, several mechanical problems and two occasions of sludge bulking caused by filamentous bacteria. The first incident was caused by Thiothrix spp. and the second by Type 021N. The aim with the thesis was to find causes for the latest period of sludge bulking as well as investigate preparatory actions against Type 021N. The thesis included literature studies, laboratory and full-scale tests, evaluation of prior process data and continuous microscopic analysis of the activated sludge at the plant.
The literature study showed that filamentous bacteria are favoured by low oxygen and low nutrient concentrations due to their possibly higher growth rate during low substrate concentrations. Type 021N, specifically, can use reduced sulphides as energy source and benefits from an excess of low molecular substrates. Laboratory experiments did not verify that the filamentous bacteria were favoured by low oxygen concentration or low phosphate levels. The effect of FeCl3, Ecofloc, PAX-XL60, NaOCl and H2O2 added to a bulking sludge was evaluated by microscopic analysis. No chemical was found to suppress the filamentous bacteria without also affecting the floc-forming bacteria negatively. PAX-XL60 showed the largest negative effects on filamentous bacteria and only a minor impact on other microorganisms. Full-scale tests with PAX were thereafter performed in order to suppress filamentous bacteria as well as flocculate particulate solids. The effect of earlier additions of NaOCl and H2O2 into the process gave varied results. NaOCl was efficient against filamentous bacteria when addition was made during correct circumstances.
Process data from two separate periods during 2004 was compared. One period was followed by good effluent values and another period by a sludge bulking period. Large differences between the two periods were seen in oxygen conditions, temperature, FeCl3 dosage and organic load. Measurements on influent wastewater showed high levels of hydrogen sulphide, which can be produced during anaerobe conditions i.e. in stagnant sewage pipes. Likely causes for the sludge bulking in September-October 2004 were high levels of hydrogen sulphide in the influent, periods of insufficient oxygen concentrations, high water temperatures and access to easy degradable substrate. The hydrogen sulphide can be eliminated through time-controlled dosage of CaNO3 in influent pipeline. Sufficient oxygen levels must be guaranteed in the process. The microbiological fauna in influent can be changed by installation of an aerobe selector to benefit floc-forming bacteria. To lower the phosphorous levels in effluent water and not risk phosphorous deficiency in the process a post-precipitation have been installed. The post-precipitation include extra dosage of FeCl3 and polymer and a drum screen to minimize suspended solids.
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Dugué, Bernard. "Intervention ergonomique dans un abattoir multi espèces : de l'état des lieux à la conduite de projets : les apports de l'ergonomie à l'analyse des processus de négociation collective d'entreprise /." Bordeaux : Université Victor Segalen-Bordeaux 2-ISPED, Laboratoire d'ergonomie des systèmes complexes, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37652541v.
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Reinert, Hugo. "The corral and the slaughterhouse : knowledge, tradition and the modernization of indigenous reindeer slaughtering practice in the Norwegian Arctic." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/214796.
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This dissertation is a contribution to the ethnography of contemporary indigenous reindeer pastoralism in Norway: specifically, to the study of the neglected fields of reindeer killing and slaughtering practice. Its central contention is that in recent decades, the proliferation of human powers vested in the conduct of reindeer slaughter has created new conditions for practice, placing the identities of reindeer and herders at stake in new and still only dimly conceptualized ways. By exploring these, the dissertation aims to broaden existing debates concerning the so-called modernization of pastoral practice in Norway, drawing attention to some of its neglected aspects and inscribing them in a new register. Two principal strands inform the theoretical framework: one, approaches to the social study of knowledge that emphasise its practical, non-verbal and material aspects; and two, Foucauldian concepts of biopower as these may or may not be applicable to the human management of animal life. Individual chapters examine, in turn: the local politics of space on the Varanger peninsula, focusing particularly on links between the spatial management and the killing of reindeer; the practices and social relations of slaughter as it is conducted at the round-up corral; the social effects of the introduction of slaughterhouses, and of the regime of which they form a part; controversies surrounding specific slaughtering techniques and instruments, particularly the curved knife; and the politics of animal welfare discourse and practices in their application to reindeer herding. Finally, using the figure of animal sacrifice as a guiding trope, the concluding chapter attempts to situate some key aspects of the modernization of reindeer slaughter in relation to the operation of broader sacrificial economies that regulate the destruction of life at aggregate or populational levels.
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Maurer, Patric, Ernst Lücker, and Katharina Riehn. "Slaughter of pregnant cattle in German abattoirs – current situation and prevalence." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-205242.
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Background: The slaughter of pregnant cattle and the fate of the foetuses are relatively new subjects in the field of animal welfare. The Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures relating to Public Health (SCVPH), however, does not believe this topic to be a critical issue because of the hitherto supposed rare occurrence of this practice. Some previous studies though, contradict this assessment, emphasising its relevance to animal welfare. With regard to the heterogeneous study design of previous investigations, the objective of this study is to evaluate the current situation concerning the slaughter of pregnant cattle in different German abattoirs. Additionally, the prevalence was assessed semi-quantitatively on the basis of a cross-sectional, voluntary and anonymous survey that was conducted amongst senior veterinary students of the University of Leipzig from 2010 until 2013. Results: Of 255 evaluable questionnaires, 157 (63.6 %) mention the slaughter of pregnant cattle, corresponding to 76.9 %
of all visited abattoirs. Slaughter of pregnant cattle is reported often (>10 % of females) in 6 (3.8 %), frequently (1–10 % of females) in 56 (35.7 %), and rarely (<1 % of females) in 95 (60.5 %) of all cases (n = 157) respectively. About 50 % of these animals were reported to be in the second or third stage of gestation. 15 (10.6 %) of 142 questionnaires providing information about the foetus, state that the foetus showed visible vital signs after the death of the mother, but in one case the foetus was euthanized subsequently. Conclusions: The results show that the slaughter of pregnant cattle is a common and widespread practice in German abattoirs. The SCVPH’s assumption that pregnant cattle are only slaughtered in rare exceptional cases can no longer be maintained. The high proportion of foetuses in the second and third gestational stage must also be considered. In this context the implementation of suitable studies and detailed analysis of the current situation is indispensable to ensure the high standards in animal welfare in Germany and Europe.
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Delport, Riëtte. "An investigation into the occurrence of major abscess causing bacteria at the law meat exporting abattoir in the Northern Cape province of South Africa." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/249.
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The main objectives of this study can be divided into four categories: a) The determination of the presence of abscesses in carcasses. b) The determination whether the abscesses are area bound. c) The determination of the causative bacteria which is responsible for abscess formation. d) The determination of the economic impact due to carcass rejections and trimmings. The research area consists of the biggest part of the Northern Cape province, which can further be divided into three main production areas, namely Groblershoop, Gordonia and Hantam. The Groblershoop area includes Groblershoop and the surrounding districts. The Gordonia area includes Upington and the Kalahari. The Hantam area includes Calvinia, Springbok and the other districts bordering the areas. All the carcasses were slaughtered at an export abattoir, namely LAW, which is situated in Groblershoop. The Upington veterinary laboratory bacteriologically cultured the abscess material and the results were processed and noted. The following results were prominent: a) It was determined that abscesses did occur in carcasses. b) It was determined that in the Hantam main production area the prevalence of abscesses is the highest, although the slaughter numbers are the lowest. c) It was determined that the bacterium that was responsible for most of the abscesses was Escherichia coli. d) It was determined that the total occurrence of bacteria did not have a significant economic impact, because there were not many carcass rejections due to abscesses. The economic impact, however, of the value of the total rejections, might become a problem.
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Morrigan, Jane. "The welfare of cull Holstein cows in an abattoir, testing the effects of reduced noise in the chute and a workshop on humane handling." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ49413.pdf.
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Fernandes, Eder de Sousa. "Avaliação de fatores que afetam a qualidade de farinha de vísceras na indústria de subprodutos avícola." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/6226.
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In order to characterize the possible variations in the chemical composition of the viscera meal was carried out this work to study the possible variables that can cause variations and affect the final quality of poultry by products focusing on their use in the feed industry broilers. For this experiment was chosen a large commercial poultry abattoir processing viscera immediately after slaughter of birds in a processing plant poultry meal, unit is located in central Goiás state. The samples were collected and analyzed weekly for a period of twelve months between June 2014 and June 2015. in order to characterize the possible variations in the chemical composition of the viscera flour were studied the effect of temperature, pressure, humidity, weight and processing time and to assess the flours obtained the parameters were qualitative tests (acidity index, peroxide index and Eber test), the proximal evaluation (ether extract, crude protein, moisture, calcium and phosphorus), and this grading tests were performed, color texture and odor. For such an assessment adopted the statistical program R using the statistical method of Pearson correlations.
Com o objetivo de caracterizar as possíveis variações na composição química das farinhas de vísceras foi realizado este trabalho para estudar as possíveis variáveis que podem provocar variações e afetar a qualidade final da farinha de vísceras de aves tendo como foco a sua utilização na indústria de rações para frangos de corte. Para tal experimento foi escolhido um abatedouro avícola comercial de grande porte que processa as vísceras imediatamente após o abate das aves em uma planta processadora de farinha de vísceras, unidade esta localizada na região central do estado de Goiás. As amostras foram coletadas e analisadas semanalmente durante um período de doze meses compreendido entre junho de 2014 e junho de 2015. Para caracterizar as possíveis variações na composição química das farinhas de vísceras foram estudas o efeito da temperatura, pressão, umidade, peso e tempo de processamento e para avaliar as farinhas obtidas os parâmetros utilizados foram os testes qualitativos (índice de acidez, índice de peróxido e teste de Éber), a avaliação proximal (extrato etéreo, proteína bruta, umidade, cálcio e fósforo), além deste foram realizados testes de granulometria, cor textura e odor. Para tal avaliação adotou-se o programa estatístico R utilizando-se o método estatístico de correlações de Pearson.
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Reinert, Hugo. "The Corral and the Slaughterhouse: Knowledge, tradition and the modernization of indigenous reindeer slaughtering practice in the Norwegian Arctic." Diss., University of Cambridge, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71622.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation is a contribution to the ethnography of contemporary indigenous reindeer pastoralism in Norway: specifically, to the study of the neglected fields of reindeer killing and slaughtering practice. Its central contention is that in recent decades, the proliferation of human powers vested in the conduct of reindeer slaughter has created new conditions for practice, placing the identities of reindeer and herders at stake in new and still only dimly conceptualized ways. By exploring these, the dissertation aims to broaden existing debates concerning the so-called modernization of pastoral practice in Norway, drawing attention to some of its neglected aspects and inscribing them in a new register. Two principal strands inform the theoretical framework: one, approaches to the social study of knowledge that emphasise its practical, non-verbal and material aspects; and two, Foucauldian concepts of biopower as these may – or may not – be applicable to the human management of animal life.Individual chapters examine, in turn: the local politics of space on the Varanger peninsula, focusing particularly on links between the spatial management and the killing of reindeer; the practices and social relations of slaughter as it is conducted at the round-up corral; the social effects of the introduction of slaughterhouses, and of the regime of which they form a part; controversies surrounding specific slaughtering techniques and instruments, particularly the curved knife; and the politics of animal welfare discourse and practices in their application to reindeer herding. Finally, using the figure of animal sacrifice as a guiding trope, the concluding chapter attempts to situate some key aspects of the modernization of reindeer slaughter in relation to the operation of broader sacrificial economies that regulate the destruction of life at aggregate or populational levels.Research Council of Norway
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Vimiso, Peter. "Effects of marketing channel on bruising, ultimate pH and colour of beef, and stakeholder perceptions on the quality of beef from cattle slaughtered at smallholder abattoir." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1001009.
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Njisane, Yonela Zifikile. "Farm to abattoir conditions and their subsequent effects on behavioural and physiological changes and the quality of beef from extensively-reared Nguni and non-descript steers." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/3143.
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The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of farm to abattoir environmental conditions and their subsequent effects on behavioural and physiological responses, as well as the quality of meat from Nguni (NG) and non-descript (ND) beef steers reared extensively on natural pastures. The forty 16 – 19 months old steers (20 ND and 20 NG) used in the current study were grouped together, medically treated, allowed three weeks acclimatizing period and were used in this trial over a four-month period. The weather and periodical variations influence on time budgets and body weights of these steers were determined. Furthermore, the effects of on-farm successive handling on behavioural scores and physiological responses of the same steers were determined. Later in the trial, some pre-slaughter effects on response-behaviour, bleed-out times and selected blood physiological responses were determined. Finally, the effect of genotype, muscle type, lairage duration, slaughter order and stress responsiveness on pH24, temperature, colour (L*, a*, b*, C, HA), thawing (TL) and cooking (CL) losses and Warner Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF) of the meat harvested from the same steers were determined. The daily time budgets of steers in natural pastures changed with temperature, humidity, observation week and time of the day. The grazing behaviour was observed throughout the observation days (> 37 percent); though it was reduced (26.9±2.64 percent) on days with higher temperatures and low humidity. Higher proportions of drinking (1.5±1.04 percent) and standing (20.8±4.63 percent) behaviours prolonged in such weather conditions, which were mostly during midday. The avoidance-related behaviour of the steers during handling varies, with the steers showing more avoidance and aggression in other weeks than some. These variations could however be traced back to the events of that particular day/time of handling. Only Weighing Box (WBS) and stepping (SS) scores differed (P<0.05) with genotype; with more calm NG steers (> 40 percent) and not kicking than the ND steers that were more vocal (20–60 percent) and kicking (> 5 percent). In addition, the weekly behavioural responses were reflected (P<0.05) in the measured cortisol, glucose and lactate. However, regardless of the prominent negative behaviour seen over time, the levels of the measured blood constituents continued to drop. Furthermore, steers of different genotypes displayed similar (P>0.05) response to the identical pre-slaughter conditions they were exposed to. However, steers that were Transport Group 1 (TG1) showed more avoidance (63.2 percent) pre-slaughter than those in TG2 (23.9 percent). Furthermore, all the steers that were in slaughter Group 2 (SG2) showed less avoidance behaviour than those in other groups. Vocalization was observed only for ND steers (5 percent), in TG1 and SG2. Some connections between the observed pre-slaughter activities and some behavioural and physiological changes of these steers were established; with TG1 and SG1 steers showing higher cortisol (140±14.50 and 175.9±17.24 nmol/L, respectively) and lactate (12.4±0.83 and 13.5±1.12 mmolL) levels than the other groups. Lastly, the muscle type, genotype, lairage duration, slaughter order and stress responsiveness have an effect on some meat quality characteristics of the two genotypes; with the L. dorsi muscle having highest WBSF (38.0±1.35N) than the Superficial pectoral muscle (Brisket muscle) (30.7±1.35N). Additionally, steers lairaged for a shorter time produced a L. dorsi with higher WBSF (41.6±2.34N) and a Brisket with lower TL (2.7±0.24 percent). It can therefore be concluded that the conditions and activities at the farm, during transportation, lairaging and slaughter at the abattoir have an influence on some behavioural and physiological changes and the quality of beef harvested from the Nguni and non-descript steers that were extensively-reared in natural pastures. However, the relationship patterns between these different conditions are not clear.
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Scheinert, Jan. "Nephropathien beim Schlachtschwein - Prävalenz und Charakterisierung." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-171831.
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Aufgrund einer hohen Rate von Nierenveränderungen in einem bayrischen Schlachtunternehmen, welche jedoch nicht immer zum Ausschluss des jeweiligen Organs führten, war das Ziel dieser Arbeit, den Anteil an makroskopisch veränderten bzw. unveränderten sowie für untauglich zum menschlichen Verzehr bewerteten Nieren von Schlachtschweinen im Rahmen der Fleischuntersuchung zu erheben. Darüber hinaus sollten die Veränderungen sowohl der tauglichen als auch der untauglichen Nieren mittels pathologisch-anatomischer Untersuchung charakterisiert werden. Um zukünftige Entscheidungen bezüglich „tauglich/untauglich“ am Schlachtband zu erleichtern, erfolgte an ausgewählten typischen Läsionen eine histopathologische Untersu-chung zur Verifizierung der makroskopischen Diagnose. Des Weiteren sollte eine makroskopische und histo-logische Charakterisierung des „Status quo“ einer Schweineniere im Jahre 2012 anhand dieser Stichprobe unternommen und mit Beschreibungen in der Literatur verglichen werden.
Im Untersuchungszeitraum (zwei mal fünf Tage im Juli und August 2012) wurden die Nieren von insgesamt 6235 Schlachtschweinen (120-130 kg) aus dem „Einzugsgebiet Oberbayern“ untersucht. Weitere 98 Nieren dienten als Kontrolle und der Charakterisierung einzelner Veränderungen. Am Schlachtband wurden 12 237 Nieren nach äußerer Adspektion in die Gruppen „ohne besonderen makroskopischen Befund“ (o.b.B.), „Ein-ziehungen im Bereich der Nierenrinde mit und ohne Beteiligung der Kapsel“ (E.R.m./o.K.) ohne Berücksichti-gung weiterer, eventuell zusätzlich vorliegender Befunde, „Vorliegen einer persistierenden fetalen Lappung“ (p.f.L.) und „sonstige Befunde“ unterteilt. Eine ausführliche pathologisch-anatomische Untersuchung erfolgte an insgesamt 2010 von den amtlichen Fachassistenten untauglich bewerteter Nieren. 400 Proben wurden histopathologisch mittels H.-E.-Färbung und teils unter Anwendung von Spezialfärbungen (PAS-Reaktion, Movat-Versilberung, Azan-Färbung) sowie immunhistochemischer Methoden (CD3, CD79a, MAC387, Lami-nin, PCV-2-Antigen) beurteilt. Dabei erfolgte sowohl die Charakterisierung der makroskopisch sichtbaren Läsionen, als auch die Befundung angrenzender, makroskopisch unauffälliger Parenchymanteile. Daneben standen die Daten über Konfiskatabzüge bei Lungen, Herzen und Lebern der Tiere zur Verfügung.
An 75,35 % aller Nieren konnten makroskopische Befunde erhoben werden, wobei 16,91 % der Organe un-tauglich beurteilt wurden. 70,52 % der 10 168 tauglichen Nieren zeigen bei der äußeren Adspektion Läsionen (64,93 % E.R.m./o.K.; 3,10 % p.f.L.; 2,49 % sonstige Befunde). Während die Rate untauglicher Nieren zwi-schen den Untersuchungswochen (UW) vergleichbar war (15,96 % bzw. 17,90 %) traten zwischen den Un-tersuchungstagen (UT) deutliche Abweichungen (9,70 %–26,96 %) auf. Ähnliches wurde bei den tauglichen Nieren ohne einen makroskopischen Befund beobachtet (17,67 %–37,59 % pro UT bzw. 28,33 % 1. UW und 19,81 % 2. UW). Der Anteil an Schweinen mit zusätzlichen Konfiskatabzügen bei Lunge, Herz und/oder Le-ber war bei Tieren mit mindestens einer untauglichen Niere bzw. zwei tauglichen Organen nahezu gleich groß (25,62 % bzw. 23,72 %), bei solchen mit zwei tauglichen o.b.B.-Nieren betrug er 29,19 %. 2010 näher unter-suchte Nieren wiesen in 0,35 % keinen, in 21,59 % einen bzw. in 78,26 % mehr als einen (bis zu sechs) unterschiedliche Befunde auf. Bis auf das Vorliegen von Nephrosen, akuter Glomerulonephritiden sowie einiger Entwicklungsstörungen konnten alle in der Literatur beschriebenen Nephropathien der Schweineniere nachgewiesen werden. Trotz identischem makroskopischem Bild variierten die histologischen Befunde bei ausgewählten Veränderungen. Die häufigsten Läsionen untauglicher Nieren waren E.R.m.K. (bei 72,09 %), welche sich histologisch als in Binde- und Fettgewebe eingebettete arterielle, venöse und Lymphgefäße dar-stellten und am ehesten als Missbildungen zu betrachten sind. Die bei 33,88 % beobachteten E.R.o.K. zeig-ten histologisch eine Fibrose oder eine chronische interstitielle (interst.) Nephritis, wobei vermutlich prä- und postnatale Insulte an der Entstehung beteiligt waren. An schlachtungsbedingte Petechien erinnernde Herde auf der Rindenoberfläche stellten sich in 96,8 % als entzündungsassoziierte Blutungen um teils alterierte Gefäße dar. Die unterschiedlichen Formen einer nicht-eitrigen interstitiellen Nephritis (multifokal, diffus, teils mit Fibrose) konnten makroskopisch bei ca. 13,5 % der untauglichen Nieren beobachtet werden, wobei histo-logisch teils die in der Literatur beschriebenen „Entzündungspattern“, aber auch teilweise kein histomorpho-logisches Korrelat nachgewiesen werden konnte. Während die makroskopische Diagnose einer embolisch-eitrigen Herdnephritis (0,1 %) und Pyelonephritis (0,2 %) sicher gestellt werden konnte, bereitete die einer solitären Pyelitis Schwierigkeiten. Makroskopisch als akute/subakute sowie chronische „infarktähnlich“ ange-sprochene Läsionen (bei insgesamt 9,66 %) wiesen nicht das klassische histologische Bild eines Infarktes auf, sondern passen zum Teil zu vaskulopathiebedingten „Subinfarkten“ oder stellten sich als fokale interst. Nephritiden dar. In makroskopisch unveränderten Nieren (Kontrollnieren) bzw. in unveränderten Bereichen veränderter Nieren (untaugliche, taugliche veränderte Nieren) zeigten über 96 %, unabhängig vom makro-skopischen Befund, eine graduell variable mononukleäre interstitielle Nephritis. Der Nachweis von tertiärem lymphatischen Gewebe („Follikel“) schwankt, abhängig vom makroskopischen (Haupt-)Befund der Niere, zwischen 0 % und 85 % (Kontrollnieren 30 %). Darüber hinaus zeigten ca. 78 % aller Proben eine Proliferation der Mesangiumzellen und/oder Endothelzellen sowie 100 % aller Proben eine graduell variable Sklerose und/oder Hyalinose („Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome“).
Es kann festgestellt werden, dass das in der anatomischen Literatur beschriebene makroskopische Bild der Schweineniere nur in ca. 25 % aller Nieren an diesem Schlachthof vorliegt. Bezüglich der Entscheidung „tauglich/untauglich“ am Schlachtband erweist sich die pathologisch-anatomische Untersuchung als ausrei-chend und nötig. Hinsichtlich einer exakten pathologischen und ätiologischen Diagnose sind dieser Methode jedoch Grenzen gesetzt. Die histologischen Untersuchungen zeigen, dass von dezenten nicht-eitrigen interst. Nephritiden und Pyelitiden in nahezu jeder Niere am Schlachthof auszugehen ist, was, zusammen mit den glomerulären Veränderungen und dem Auftreten des tertiären lymphatischen Gewebes, für eine chronische Immunstimmulation bzw. für subklinische Infektionen der untersuchten Schweine spricht. Von einem Ge-sundheitsrisiko für den Verbraucher dürfte beim Großteil der Läsionen nicht auszugehen sein, doch zeigt die Unsicherheit in der fleischhygienerechtlichen Bewertung angeborener oder degenerativer Defekte die Not-wendigkeit eines „Positivkataloges“ für Organe von Schlachttieren. Ob und inwieweit diese interst. Nephritis in Zukunft lebensmittelrechtlich relevant wird, bleibt abzuwarten. Diese Arbeit sollte Anlass zu aktuellen ver-gleichenden Studien geben, um regionale, epidemiologische und genetische Einflüsse auf bestimmte Läsio-nen zu untersuchen, wie sie durch NIEBERLE und COHRS (1970) vor Jahrzehnten durchgeführt wurden.
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Aiassa, E. "RISK ASSESSMENT FOR BOVINE WELFARE AT SLAUGHTER. A COMPARISON BETWEEN A RISK ASSESSMENT BASED ON EMPIRICAL DATA AND A RISK ASSESSMENT BASED ON EXPERT OPINION." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/155485.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Risk assessment is a systematic process that uses modelling to estimate the likelihood of adverse effects occurring from exposure to hazards. While risk assessment is widely used to support decision making in many areas of food and feed safety (e.g. veterinary epidemiology, toxicology, eco-toxicology), it is a relatively new concept for animal welfare. Currently there are no standardised guidelines for animal welfare risk assessment. Furthermore, very little research has been conducted to assess the reliability of the existing methods, which mostly rely on qualitative data and are based on expert opinion. Objectives. The objectives of this research project were to assess the scientific robustness of existing risk assessment methods for animal welfare and identify any potential methodological flaws of these processes. Methods. The currently available methods for animal welfare risk assessment were analysed in detail. Two risk assessments for beef cattle at slaughter (in northern Italy) were performed and compared. One based on empirical data (i.e. collected in slaughterhouses) and one based on expert opinion (gathered via a questionnaire submitted to a group of 11 experts).
The two new risk assessments were structured to be as similar as possible to the animal welfare risk assessments under appraisal. A list of 56 hazards potentially relevant to beef cattle at slaughter was produced via a literature review. The relevance of such hazards was assessed by a series of preliminary observations in abattoirs and by asking the 11 experts to assess it. Fourteen hazards were excluded from the subsequent analyses as never being observed during the on-site observations and indicated as not relevant by at least 5 out 11 experts.
For the risk assessment based on empirical data, a novel method for performing on-site exposure assessment and likelihood of the adverse effects (by severity levels) was developed. The method was based on a precise definition of the hazards and a differentiation between adverse welfare effects and measurable indicators of adverse effects. The latter were associated to different severity classes defined qualitatively on the basis of the intensity of the behavioural responses of the animals.
In the second risk assessment the approach to eliciting expert opinion was different from the existing animal welfare risk assessments (based on consensus opinion) as the experts answered the questionnaire independently. Thorough a series of risk assessment-tailored questions, the experts were asked to assess hazard exposure (for beef cattle at slaughter in northern Italy), characterise the adverse effects resulting from the exposure to the hazards and indicate the related uncertainty.
Exposure assessment based on empirical data and on expert opinion was compared for 42 hazards. As 18 hazards were never detected during the on-site observations (or the number of animals exposed was < 5), adverse effect characterisation and final risk were estimated and compared for 24 hazards. Results. The results of exposure assessment based on empirical data and on expert opinion were inconsistent for 24 out of 42 hazards. Consistent results for all possible adverse effects resulting from the exposure to a hazard never occurred. Often the variability between the experts’ responses on exposure assessment and adverse effect characterisation was high. In line with the results of exposure assessment and adverse effect characterisation, the two risk estimates rarely produced comparable results. Discussion. The analysis of the available methods for animal welfare risk assessment performed in this study, the discordance of the results of the two risk assessments and the variability between the experts’ responses highlighted some inherent flaws and requirements of existing risk assessments for animal welfare. A more detailed and measurable description of the hazards should be available. Further, a clear understanding of the animal welfare outcomes and their measurement is paramount. In addition, while performing the on-site observations it was clear that interactions between hazards and different hazards intensities and durations need more consideration. The method developed for performing on-site exposure assessment and estimating the likelihood of the adverse effects proved to be very valuable to solve most of the highlighted limitations of existing animal welfare risk assessments. Conclusions. A unique and useful approach to defining the hazards for animal welfare and to assessing animal welfare in a measurable and quantifiable way was developed. In particular the method for assessing animal welfare was based on a clear differentiation between adverse welfare effects and measurable indicators of poor welfare (classified by severity levels). This approach to hazard description and welfare outcome definition and assessment is recommended for enhancing empirical research on animal welfare especially when there is a lack of empirical data for risk assessment. Furthermore, this method can lead to a standardised and harmonised approach for the evaluation of hazards and adverse effects between experts, leading to more robust risk assessments. This study also proposed an alternative method for eliciting expert opinion based on independent scoring of the risk assessment parameters. The approach showed very useful implications for identifying sources of uncertainties that are normally overlooked in existing risk assessments for animal welfare, such as difficulties in assessing the risk assessment parameters, disagreements between the experts or lack of expert knowledge.
Finally this study highlighted that, independently of the data used for the risk assessment (i.e. empirical data or expert opinion), the method for either reviewing the literature or gathering expert opinion should be chosen in light of the best available practices. The process and any decisions taken should be documented to ensure greater transparency and reproducibility.
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Bartkowiak-Higgo, Antje. "A survey of post-evisceration contamination of broiler carcasses and ready-to-sell livers and intestines (mala) with Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in a high throughput South African poultry abattoir." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02272006-101843/.
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Loukiadis, Estelle. "Facteurs de virulence et dissémination dans l'environnement via les effluents d'abattoirs d'animaux de boucherie d'Escherichia coli entérohémorragiques (EHEC)." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/83/.
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Les Escherichia coli entérohémorragiques (EHEC) sont des pathogènes majeurs en santé publique. Les Shiga-toxines et l'intimine sont leurs principaux facteurs de virulence mais d'autres, comme Cif, pourraient intervenir. Les animaux de boucherie constituent un réservoir important d'EHEC et la contamination des effluents des abattoirs reste à déterminer. Des souches d'EHEC potentielles ont été isolées dans les effluents des abattoirs étudiés. La diversité des facteurs de virulence détectés suggère que l'environnement interviendrait dans l'émergence de nouvelles souches EHEC. L'étude de la distribution, de la fonctionnalité et de l'organisation génétique de Cif a montré que cif est disséminé dans les populations d'E. Coli mais est souvent non fonctionnel. La caractérisation précise des souches devrait être inclue dans l'estimation de la virulence des EHEC. L'adoption de mesures d'hygiène peut réduire le risque de transmission d'EHEC de l'animal à l'homme via les effluents des abattoirsEnterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are major human pathogens. Shiga-toxins and intimin are key virulence factors but others, such as Cif, could be involved. Livestock is the main reservoir of EHEC but contamination of sewage from slaughterhouses has to be checked. Sewage samples from slaughterhouses were tested for the presence and characteristics of putative EHEC. Potentially pathogenic strains were detected in the samples collected. The diversity observed among virulence factors suggests that the environment could play an important role in the emergence of EHEC strains. The study of distribution, functional expression and genetic organization of Cif has shown that cif has been spread within the natural population of E. Coli but was often not functional. Precise characterization of the strains should be included in the assessment of EHEC pathogenicity. Applying hygiene rules could reduce the risk of environmental transmission of EHEC from livestock to humans
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Tessele, Bianca. "Lesões encontradas em bovinos abatidos para consumo." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4124.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThe data presented in this thesis resulted from the gross and histopathological interpretation of lesions found in cattle slaughtered for human consumption. The survey for lesions in slaughtered cattle was started in 2011. During the two years of the M.Sci. program the survey was focus in parasitic lesions, which were reported and discussed in the M.Sci. dissertation. The remaining lesions are included in the present thesis and were surveyed in a prospective study (2011-2016) carried out at the Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária at the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (LPV-UFSM). The purpose of the study describe the gross and microscopical morphology lesions found in cattle in slaughterhouses in order to help veterinary meat inspectors and pathologists alike in identifying lesions found in the carcass and viscera of cattle at meat inspection. During the survey, 540 lesions were observed in cattle at slaughterhouses from different locations in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Seventeen of those were toxic lesions; 65 were neoplastic; 117 were parasitic and 164 were classified as sundry, which included, among others, lesions provoked by improper proceedings during the slaughter (so called technopathies ), lesions with little or no clinical importance. The current study resulted in four scientific papers which are included in the thesis: (1) Atypical cases of actinomycosis in cattle; (2) Granulomatous lesions found in cattle slaughtered for meat production; (3) Mixed apocrine adenocarcinoma of the tail in a cow and (4) Tumors found in cattle from slaughterhouses.
Esta tese envolveu o estudo das lesões macro e microscópicas encontradas em bovinos abatidos para consumo e é o resultado de colheita e interpretação de lesões iniciadas em 2011. Durante o período de mestrado (2012-2014) realizou-se o levantamento das lesões parasitárias, que foram abordadas na Dissertação. As demais lesões serão abordadas nesta tese. Esse estudo prospectivo (2011-2016) foi realizado no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (LPV-UFSM) e teve como objetivo descrever macro e microscopicamente as lesões de bovinos encontradas em abatedouros frigoríficos, a fim de auxiliar médicos veterinários responsáveis pelo serviço de inspeção, bem como patologistas veterinários, a identificar lesões encontradas em carcaças e vísceras dos bovinos abatidos. Durante esse período, 540 lesões foram observadas em bovinos de abatedouros frigoríficos de diferentes regiões do Rio Grande do Sul. Dessas, 17 foram lesões de origem tóxica; 65 neoplásicas; 117 parasitárias; 177 infecciosas e 164 foram classificadas como outras lesões , que incluíam lesões ocasionadas por falhas durante o abate (tecnopatias), lesões sem significado clínico importante, entre outras. Este estudo resultou em quatro trabalhos científicos: (1) Actinomicose atípica em bovinos; (2) Lesões granulomatosas encontradas em bovinos abatidos para consumo; (3) Mixed apocrine adenocarcinoma of the tail in a cow e (4) Tumores em bovinos encontrados em abatedouros frigoríficos. Esses quatros trabalhos estão anexados a esta tese.
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Diallo, Alpha Amadou. "Escherichia coli pathogènes et résistantes aux antibiotiques dans les effluents d'origine humaine et animale : prévalence et caractérisation avant et après traitement épuratoire." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2112/.
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Les souches de Escherichia coli se trouvent dans le tractus gastro-intestinal de nombreux animaux à sang chaud, y compris les humains, où ils jouent généralement le rôle de bactéries commensales. Cependant, par acquisition et combinaison de gènes de virulence et de résistance aux antibiotiques, ces souches commensales normalement inoffensives peuvent devenir des agents pathogènes très adaptés capables de causer une variété de maladies, de la gastro-entérite (EHEC, EPEC, EAEC. . . ) à des infections extra-intestinales de l'appareil urinaire, du sang ou du système nerveux central (ExPEC). La recherche des gènes de virulence associés aux EHEC et aux ExPEC et la production de BLSE a été réalisée sur une collection de souches isolées d'effluents d'origine humaine ou animale. La prévalence des gènes de virulence associés aux ExPEC était plus élevée au niveau des effluents urbains (26,9%) et dans les effluents traités (13,2%) que dans les effluents d'abattoir (2,6%). Par contre, les gènes associés aux EHEC étaient plus souvent retrouvés dans les effluents d'origine animale. Par ailleurs, les souches E. Coli productrices de BLSE ont été principalement détectées dans les effluents humains (1,7%). Malgré le traitement en station d'épuration, des E. Coli potentiellement pathogènes et résistantes aux antibiotiques étaient rejetées dans l'environnement qui constitue une source potentielle de contamination des humains et des animaux. La comparaison des résultats obtenus en France et au Sénégal montre que les prévalences de souches E. Coli potentiellement pathogènes étaient plus élevées dans les effluents rejetés en FranceStrains of Escherichia coli are found in the gastrointestinal tract of many warm-blooded animals, including humans, where they commonly play the role of commensal bacteria. This normally harmless commensal needs only to acquire a combination of virulence factors to become a highly adapted pathogen capable of causing a range of diseases, from gastroenteritis (EHEC, EPEC, EAEC. . . ) to extraintestinal infections of the urinary tract, bloodstream or central nervous system (ExPEC). Genes associated with EHEC and ExPEC and ESBL producing strains were sought in E. Coli strains isolated from human or animal effluent. Prevalence of genes associated with ExPEC was higher in urban effluents (26. 9%) and in the treated effluent (13. 2%) than in the effluents from livestock (2. 6%). In contrast, the genes associated with EHEC were higher in animal waste. Moreover, ESBL-producing E. Coli were mainly detected in human waste. The treatment at the WWTP had not completely eliminated the pathogenic E. Coli and / or ESBL-producing E. Coli. These strains will eventually end up in the watercourse to become a source of human and animal contamination. The comparison of results obtained in France and Senegal shows that the prevalence of potentially pathogenic E. Coli was higher in the effluents in France
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Monaghan, Áine Marie. "Investigations on the serotypes and virulence profiles of non-O157 Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) isolated from bovine farms and abattoirs." Thesis, Ulster University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.695311.
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This study focuses on emerging E. coil serotypes and has developed methods for the isolation and identification of non-0157 STEC and EPEC. A basal medium for the isolation of these pathogens was developed as well as a serogroup specific PCR assay for the detection of the 02 serogroup. These culture and molecular based techniques have proven to be valuable in the detection, identification, and epidemiological investigation of these groups of emerging pathogens. These methods were applied to 1) a farm study, whereby samples (faecal and soil) and 2) an abattoir study, whereby samples (hide and carcass) were analysed for the presence of non-0157 STEC and EPEC. Isolates were subsequently characterised in terms of serotype/serogroup and virulence markers. The data generated by this work has illustrated the extent of non-0157 STEC and EPEC contamination in the farm and abattoir environments, thus providing scientific background upon which control strategies may be based.