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Journal articles on the topic 'Abkhazian'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Hewitt, George. "History in the Context of the Georgian-Abkhazian Conflict." IRAN and the CAUCASUS 18, no. 3 (August 21, 2014): 289–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20140305.

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The 2014 disturbances in the Ukraine occasioned renewed discussion of the 2008 Russo- Georgian War. As the situation continued to worsen in eastern Ukraine, US President Obama announced on a visit to Poland at the start of June that the US and NATO would strengthen ties even with the non-NATO-member-states of the Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia. This last has aspirations of membership, even though it does not control the republics of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, which most of the world nevertheless regards as integral parts of Georgia. As long as the Georgian-Abkhazian dispute remains unresolved, there will be problems regarding inter-state relations with/for western Transcaucasia. And there can be no resolution of the Abkhazian issue without a proper understanding of Abkhazia’s history (both ancient and more recent); it was to try to ensure that the debate is not based on misconceptions, unsubstantiated assertions or even plain errors that this article was written. It is grounded on a consideration of a range of materials (from Agathias’ Greek text through relevant discussions in Georgian, Russian and English). The toppling of Abkhazia’s democratically elected president (Aleksandr Ankvab) at the end of May 2014 makes the question of Abkhazia even more topical.

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2

Matsaberidze, David. "Conflict over Abkhazia: To be continued?" Journal of Regional Security 8, no. 2 (2013): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.11643/issn.2217-995x131ppm26.

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This paper analyzes the potential for maintaining the post-August War 2008 status quo in Abkhazia and explores possible transformation scenarios of the existing situation. The present study will attempt to investigate the remaining seeds of prospective conflict, as the current reality might contain some potential for the eruption of violence; namely: the construction of the Sochi Olympic complex which irritates Georgians and Circassians as well as portion of Abkhazians; the North Caucasian new policy line, initiated and followed by the central Georgian authorities: and Georgia's recognition of the Russian Genocide of Circassians in the 19th century, which should become leverage against the Russian Federation in the wider Caucasus region. All of these aspects make up the present security dilemma in the region. It is interesting to see whether changes in the Abkhazian-Georgian and Abkhazian-Russian relations could be expected in the foreseeable future.

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3

Skakov, А. Yu, and V. М. Мukhanov. "Abkhazia: preliminary socio-political results of 2017." Journal of International Analytics, no. 3 (September 28, 2017): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2017-0-3-43-55.

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The article analyses the political situation in Abkhazia in 2017, namely, the activities of the government and the opposition, parliamentary elections, their results and the power balance in the new legislative body. It also studies the existence of the third force, which is a topical issue in Abkhazian society. The author examines the grave socio-economic situation in the Republic this year, which continues to worsen, and comes to the conclusion that the reasons for this deterioration are the failure of the tourist season and catastrophic Abkhazian reputation losses. Besides, the article scrutinizes the main problems in Russian-Abkhazian relations, the aggravation of the crime situation in Abkhazia, the current church footing (splits in church congregations) and issue regarding the Gali residents’ status.

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4

Endoltseva, E. Yu. "The Lashkendar Church and the Alan-Abkhazian Cultural Contacts: Prospects of Studying." Observatory of Culture 15, no. 3 (August 19, 2018): 298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2018-15-3-298-308.

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The article studies the Alan-Abkhazian cultural contacts by analyzing architectural decorations of these peoples. Actuality of the study is determined by considering the architectural decorations as a cultural marker of Abkhazians and Alans in the period of the 8th—10th centuries. This point of consideration is primarily important for studying the material culture of the ethnic groups living in close proximity to the route of the Silk Road, which is regarded as a powerful catalyst for cultural exchange between the numerous tribes and peoples each having its own unique and diverse artistic skills. The article compares a number of artifacts: some fragments of the altar barrier from Anacopia (Republic of Abkhazia, New Athos) and some fragments of the altar barrier from the Ilyichevskoe Hillfort (Krasnodar Region, Otradnensky District). This allows the author to state that there existed common ornamental schemes in the monumental art of those peoples in the period preceding the 13th—14th centuries. The article analyzes the patterns and zoomorphic images of “animals in a heraldic pose” from the church on Mount Lashkendar (Republic of Abkhazia, Tkuarchalsky District), and a dog from the Alan tomb of the Kyafarskoe Hillfort (Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Zelenchuksky District), providing additional arguments for the animals’ identifi cation. The author explores the system of images of the Alan tomb to determine the semantics of the dog’s image in the Christian church’s decoration and comes to the conclusion that the symbolism of the dog’s image originates from pre-Christian beliefs (namely, those Zoroastrian). The article emphasizes the fruitfulness of studying the Alan-Abkhazian contacts using the example of architectural decoration: it makes possible to identify some images and specify their dates. The author offers a variant of identifi cation of the relief from Mount Lashkendar; defi nes the place of this unique monument in the course of formation of the original artistic culture of the Abkhazian Kingdom; notes the heterogeneous infl uences on this process, coming both from the territories of different regions of the Byzantine Empire (Constantinople, Cappadocia, etc.) and from Transcaucasia (Armenia, Georgia). The Alan-Abkhazian layer of cultural contacts is highlighted.

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5

Khotko, Bella Stanislavovna. "Traditional religious practice of Abkhazians as the way to preserve ethnos in the conditions of globalization." Человек и культура, no. 5 (May 2020): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8744.2020.5.31528.

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This article examines the phenomenon of preservation of the traditional cult practices of Abkhazians in the current context. The key tasks of this research include studying ritualism in terms of the traditional beliefs (religion) of Abkhazians, creation of the “scenario” of ritual practice, and assessment of the relevance and role of this phenomenon in life of the modern Abkhazian ethnos. The conclusion that the cult practice manifests as a form of Abkhazians’ identity, a so-called cultural core, and allows the ethnos to preserve itself in the conditions of globalization and multiple destructive modern trends that  destructive for the ethnos.  The main results of the conducted research consists in the statement that the modern Abkhazian society marks dominance of the traditional values and beliefs (religion), against the background of which are implemented Christian or Islamic practices. Traditional religion is perpetuated, holistic, regulated by the institution of priests and the true faith of the entire Abkhazian ethnos. Reliability of the research is substantiated with the author's expedition materials, acquired as a result of expedition work in 2013-2017.

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6

Novikov, V. "Abkhazia in 2014—2017 (The Internal Political Crisis Dynamics)." Journal of International Analytics, no. 1 (March 28, 2018): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2018-0-1-101-112.

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The article explores the political crisis in Abkhazia in 2014 -2017. The author analyzes its visible preconditions, as well as the reasons that are beyond the political situation (nation building, Abkhazian society’s attitude to sovereignty, the political system reform). The author also considers the issue of forming mechanisms for protecting Abkhazian political system from crises. In conclusion, a preliminary analysis of the events of January, 2018 is given.

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7

Rusetsky, Alexander, and Olga Dorokhina. "Abkhazian crisis: from the Concept of Awareness of Common Threats to the Building of an "Abkhazian Security Community"." Grani 23, no. 3 (March 8, 2020): 118–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172032.

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This article is part of a research conducted as part of the Support Program for Doctoral Studies of Shota Rustaveli Georgian National Science Foundation.This article is part of a research conducted as part of the Support Program for Doctoral Studies of Shota Rustaveli Georgian National Science Foundation.Name of the research – "Interdisciplinary analysis of the complex system of the Abkhazian conflict by the method 4D-RAV-17" (grant number – PHDF‐18‐1147). The method is a combination of well-known and innovative approaches and techniques. This article is part of the abovementioned research. The complex system of the Abkhazian conflict in this article received a conditional definition – the Abkhazian crisis. The political component of the complex system is accordingly called the Abkhazian political crisis and is the main object of research in the framework of the article.The article is aimed at solving a specific scientific and applied task – at determining a scientifically based method for the positive transformation of the Abkhazian political crisis and the transition to a new level of political order – to the Abkhazian security community.The article considers the possibility of carrying out work on the development and implementation of a new, alternative to the existing, peacemaking process, which can be based on the policy of the transition of the Abkhazian political crisis to a new political order.Consecutive transition tools are the following:• building a model of the structure of the Abkhazian political crisis;• The concept of awareness of common threats;• The concept of the Abkhazian security community.The work can be attributed to the following studies: Abkhazian Studies; Conflicts and Peace Studies, Crisis Studies, Security Studies, Political Studies and International Studies.The practical significance of the work and novelty. As a result of a reflective analysis of the past and existing political and scientific discourse, the absence of holistic research and the dominance of reductionism in the perception and description of the Abkhazian crisis and individual conflicts – its components - were first shown. In scientific works, a mostly complex and multi-component conflict is taken down to a hybrid and scientifically unreasonable formulation – "Georgian-Abkhazian" conflict. This wording also dominates in political discourse and even in international documents.As a result of a thoroughful analysis and synthesis of the information received, for the first time a brief and conditional definition was given to the complex system of the Abkhazian conflict – "Abkhazian crisis".As a result of this research, for the first time, at a scientific level, security threats are considered as a resource for peacemaking and the Concept of awareness of common threats is formulated.Also, for the first time (in the case of the Abkhazian crisis), the well-known Theory of the Security Community for International Relations of Karl Deutsch was proposed. It was adapted to the specifics of this conflict, not only related to the dimension of international relations. The political component of the crisis was classified in the research and a model of the Abkhazian political crisis was proposed, which includes both the domestic and international components of the crisis. The presented definition – "mixed conflict" theoretically resolved the conflict between supporters to define this conflict as "internal, local" and those who consider it "international". This is a useful solution for other political conflicts of the post-Soviet Union space, in particular, for the "Donbas crisis".From a theoretical and practical points of view, attention was drawn to the fact that Security Studies are considered a subsystem of studies in the field of International Studies, which does not allow the effective use of existing scientific achievements in these fields for mixed conflicts.The article proposes specific innovative ideas for implementing these approaches and techniques. This article proposes solutions to the problems of increasing the effectiveness of the peacemaking process. The task itself has an innovative character, since basically researches conducted earlier in this area (around the Abkhazian conflict) is more focused on the Conflicts Studies, rather than Peace Studies. In particular, this concerns the lack of research aimed at studying the effectiveness of peacemaking processes.As a result of formalization of the results obtained, the article presents new political concepts – neologisms, which until now have not been used (or not sufficiently used) in relation to this issue. Among them the following may be outlined: "Abkhazian crisis"; "Mixed conflict", "secessionists of Abkhazia"; "unionists of Abkhazia"; "irredentists of Abkhazia"; "Internationalization of the peacemaking process"; "legitimacy of peacemaking formats"; "democratization of the negotiation process"; "Abkhazian Security Community".As a result of the conducted work, an algorithm of stage-by-stage actions is presented, which can lead to a way out of the crisis and a transition to a new level of management culture and political order. It also provides specific practical recommendations that can be used by the participants in the process.Research on improvement of this model is ongoing, the following articles are being prepared, and negotiations are conducted on implementation with representatives of the participating parties at the expert and political levels.This research may be useful for those interested in the Abkhazian issue, as well as for adapting and using the approaches and techniques described in this article to improve the quality of peacemaking processes to resolve other conflicts and crises.

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8

OLSZEWSKI, Paweł. "HISTORICAL CONDITIONS OF ETHNIC AND POLITICAL CONFLICTS IN SOUTH CAUCASUS – SELECTED PROBLEMS." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 164, no. 2 (March 1, 2012): 237–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.2822.

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The main subject of this article is the presentation of the historical backgrounds of the contemporary conflicts over the Mountainous Karabagh, South Ossetia and Abkhazia. The author describes the history of these regions from the beginning of the 19th century till 1992. The conquest of the South Caucasus by Imperial Russia in the 19th century resulted in the immigrations of Armenians to the Mountainous Karabagh, Ossetians to South Ossetia and Georgians to Abkhazia. These immigrations completely changed the ethnic compositions of these region. The Russian authorities supported the immigrations of pro-Russian Armenians and Ossetians.The political situation in these regions changed in 1918, when the independence of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan was declared. South Ossetia and Abkhazia were parts of independent Georgia, and the Mountainous Karabagh was dependent on Azerbaijan. Ossetians and Abkhazians resisted the Georgian authorities and Karabagh Armenians fought against Azerbaijan’s rule.After the conquest of the South Caucasus by Soviet Russia in 1920-1921, the Mountainous Karabagh remained part of Soviet Azerbaijan, and South Ossetia and Abkhazia remained part of Soviet Georgia. The Autonomous Oblast of Nagorno-Karabagh was created in the Mountainous Karabagh in 1923. The authorities of the Mountainous Karabagh were dominated by Karabagh Armenians and this region was practically independent of Soviet Azerbaijan. A similar situation was in South Ossetia and Abkhazia, especially after 1956.The development of Abkhazian and Ossetian national movements at the end of the 1980s led to the situation in which Abkhazians and South Ossetians claimed the political autonomy of Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Georgia, and then the independence of these regions. The Georgian authorities were against these claims, as they considered these regions to constitute the historical parts of Georgia. The political hostility between Georgia and South Ossetia resulted in South Ossetian-Georgian armed fighting in January 1991, and South Ossetia proclaimed its independence in November 1991. Moreover, the political conflict between the Georgian government and the Abkhazian authorities in the first half of 1992 turned into open war in August 1992.Karabagh Armenians claimed the incorporation of the Mountainous Karabagh into Soviet Armenia because of historical, ethnic, cultural and regional connections between the Mountainous Karabagh and Armenia. These claims were very strong from the end of 1980s, but Azerbaijan’s communist authorities and the Azerbaijan anti-communist movement wanted to retain the Karabagh region in Azerbaijan. The hostility between the local Armenian and Azerbaijan population of the Mountainous Karabagh turned into armed fighting in 1989. The Mountainous Karabagh proclaimed its independence in December 1991.

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9

Budzisz-Cysewska, Stanisława. "Swój „Obcy”. Wewnętrzni uchodźcy w Gruzji." Refleksje. Pismo naukowe studentów i doktorantów WNPiD UAM, no. 13 (October 31, 2018): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/r.2016.1.2.

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Strangers in their own country. Internally Displaced Persons After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Georgia participated in the armed conflicts over South Ossetia (1991-1992 and 2008) and Abkhazia (1992-1993). As a consequence, Georgia had to accept forced displaced persons. The following thesis focuses on the Abkhazian conflict, its causes and effects. The thesis is based on the analysis of the specific situation of IDPs which has gone on since 1993. The thesis describes the living conditions and prospects of the group of Abkhazian Georgians who were displaced within the territory of their own country and became internally displaced persons.

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10

Pastor, Rudolf, and Pavel Bučka. "Regional Security - the Dynamics of the Russian Federation Military and Budget Support Provided to Abkhazia in 2008-2009." Security science journal 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37458/ssj.1.2.5.

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Both the Georgian-Abkhazian War of 1992-93 and the five-day War of 2008 led to the subsequent presence of the Russian Federation Armed Forces in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Both de jure internationally unrecognized states without any Georgian governmental administration executive power over them present a major conflict seemingly frozen in time. „Status quo“ is represented on the Abkhazian and the South Ossetia side supported by their Russian patrons and by Georgia on the other side. The Russian Federation military presence prevents Georgia to execute any rights and functions over breakaway states under the Russian protectorate. The military power of the Russian Federation projected in Abkhazia, including aid provided by Russia since 2008 until 2019, is the topic of the following article. Russia is ensuring its dominance over both regions not only through its military presence but also by providing financial and material aid. Approximately 45% of the state budget of Abkhazia provided by Russia in 2019 excluding material support is self-explanatory to understand the strategic importance of both territories located in the Southern Caucasus. Abkhazia is located next to the Black Sea and both close to the Caspian Sea, considered by the Russian Federation the predominant sphere of its strategic interests in this region.

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11

Gagarina, L. V. "New lichen records from Abkhazian Experimental Research Forest Station (Abkhazia)." Novosti sistematiki nizshikh rastenii 49 (2015): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/nsnr/2015.49.239.

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The list of species comprises 25 species reported for the first time for Abkhazian Experimental Research Forest Station. Eleven species are new to Abkhazia — Byssoloma leucoblepharum (Nyl.) Vain., Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) J. R. Laundon, Cladonia macilenta Hoffm., C. parasitica (Hoffm.) Hoffm., Hypotrachyna bahiana (Nyl.) Hale, H. pseudosinuosa (Asahina) Hale, Lecanora argentata (Ach.) Malme, L. chlarothera Nyl., Lecidea albohyalina (Nyl.) Th. Fr., Xanthoria polycarpa (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. and Usnea cornuta Körb. Substrates, collecting sites and herbaria are recorded for each species.

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12

Jakubowski, Andrzej. "Problemy rozwoju gospodarczego państw nieuznawanych na przykładzie Abchazji." Politeja 15, no. 55 (May 22, 2019): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.15.2018.55.08.

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Problems of Economic Development of the Unrecognised State – the Case of AbkhaziaSince its inception as a result of the victorious war with Georgia, the de facto independent Abkhazia has been struggling with a deep economic crisis characterised by war damage, economic blockade and the lack of international recognition. The aim of this paper is to analyse the main problems and challenges of unrecognised states in the field of economic development on the example of the Republic of Abkhazia. The article summarises the economic consequences of the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict, characterises the economic development of Abkhazia in the post-war period and analyses the effects of the economic blockade as well as the economic effects of the support of the external patron (the Russian Federation).

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13

Roman, Dbar, Kiriya Mikhail, and Romanova Natali. "New data on the monitoring of dangerous invasive insect species in Abkhazia." BIO Web of Conferences 35 (2021): 00012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213500012.

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The article presents the monitoring data of the three most dangerous invasive insect species in the territory of Abkhazia: palm borer Paysandisia archon (Burmeister), boxwood moth Cydalima perspectalis (Walker), red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier). All of them penetrated into Abkhazia in the period from 2014 to 2016 from the Russian Federation. The penetration of invasive species is accompanied by serious ecological and economic consequences. Pest populations show resilience and expansion of forage plant infestation zones. To control pest populations, regular pesticide treatments are required for Buxus colchica boxwood stands, as well as for all types of trees used in the green architecture of Abkhazian cities.

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14

Agrba, L. A. "Public speaking skills in the traditional abkhaz society." Concept: philosophy, religion, culture 4, no. 2 (July 31, 2020): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2020-2-14-96-104.

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The article observes public speaking skills as a socio-cultural phenomenon in the traditional Abkhaz society at national and individual levels. The topicality of the study lies in analyzing certain functions and genre modifications of oratory tradition among Abkhazians. In our considered opinion, public speaking is an integral element of the life of Abkhaz people, an essential phenomenon for understanding the Abkhazian worldview, their culture and attitude to reality. Such analysis might be vital for the reconstruction of a holistic «portrait» of the Abkhazian ethnicity, understanding the character, intentions, mentality of its representatives. The aim of the study is to analyze the specific functions of oratory tradition for the Abkhaz society. The task is to classify its main functions; to consider genre modifications of oratory tradition aimed at harmonization of the society; to determine the role and importance of the speaker in the traditional Abkhaz society. On the basis of the research conducted, the author comes to the conclusion that in a traditional Abkhaz society is oratory performed a number of socially significant regulatory and ideological functions, namely, ordered intercultural interactions, coordinated the resolution of political and socially important issues, worked as a value-regulating mechanism. At an individual level, by mastering the art of speaking in public, Abkhazians realized natural social needs, the need for communication, socialization and creative activities.

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Nikoleishvili, Shorena. "Waiting for Abkhazia: Secession and Borders as International Legal Instruments in Contested Sovereignty." Nordic Journal of International Law 89, no. 1 (March 14, 2020): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-bja10001.

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The article explores the contested claims for sovereignty of Abkhazia through the lens of secession. It maps the evolution of the law on secession from the early 20th century to the present, with an attempt to find a doctrinal fit to the claims of Abkhazian secession from Georgia. The article suggests that rather than reflecting any of the existing modalities for legal or legitimate secession, Abkhazia together with other cases stemming from the post-Soviet space constitute a sui generis modality for secession. The article argues that this modality has a particularly tragic outcome for all of its participants, sentencing the secessionist regions in the post-Soviet space to a permanent state of flux.

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Endoltseva, Ekaterina Yu. "A Group of Reliefs from the Village of Mramba (Republic of Abkhazia): Refinement of the Dating." Observatory of Culture 15, no. 6 (December 28, 2018): 719–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2018-15-6-719-728.

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The research is dedicated to the problem of dating refinement for a group of monuments (carved limestone blocks) discovered in church ruins in the village of Mramba (Republic of Abkhazia). The author suggests to consider the reliefs from the Mramba church as a single stylistic group within the context of the art of the Abkhazian Kingdom (8th — 11th centuries). This explains the relevance of the study: previously, these monuments were not treated as a compact stylistic unity and were dated to different times. The author’s contribution to development of this topic is the dating refinement, attribution and correlation of a number of architectural monuments of Abkhazia with the art of the period of the Abkhazian Kingdom (and the General Byzantine context). Their stylistic and iconographic parallels are analyzed and revealed, which became possible only due to the researches of the last 10 years when many medieval monuments from the territory of Abkhazia had been correlated with the period under consideration. First of all, the article deals with the reliefs with zoomorphic images from the church of saint Theodor on Anacopia Mountain and the relief with a bull and a lion near the cross on Sukhum Mountain. Recent studies prove that the reliefs from Anacopia Mountain (those with zoomorphic images) may be dated to the 11th century. This conclusion comes from the fact that the bull and lion relief near the cross was made simultaneously with the inscription on it. The inscription on the relief mentions the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos. Numerous stylistic analogies from geographically more remote regions of the Byzantine Empire also refer to the 10th — 11th centuries. Thus, the author concludes that the stylistic and iconographic analysis of the carved limestone blocks from the Mramba church allows to consider them as a stylistically homogenous group that may be dated to the 11th century.

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Kabachnik, Peter. "Shaping Abkhazia: Cartographic Anxieties and the Making and Remaking of the Abkhazian Geobody." Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 14, no. 4 (December 2012): 397–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2012.736219.

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18

Lundgren, Minna. "Riskscapes: Strategies and Practices Along the Georgian–Abkhazian Boundary Line and Inside Abkhazia." Journal of Borderlands Studies 33, no. 4 (March 29, 2017): 637–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2017.1300778.

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19

Matsuzato, Kimitaka. "Transnational minorities challenging the interstate system: Mingrelians, Armenians, and Muslims in and around Abkhazia." Nationalities Papers 39, no. 5 (September 2011): 811–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2011.599376.

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The collapse of socialist regimes resulted in tremendous regional realignments in the regions surrounding the heartland of Eurasia. Remarkably, not only states, but also transnational actors have played significant roles in this process. This study highlights transnational ethnicities (Mingrelians, Armenians, and Muslims) in Abkhazia, and tries to describe how the involvement of transnational religious organizations (such as the Armenian Apostolic Church and Turkey's Diyanet) affected the politics around these minorities. In the Black Sea rim, interstate and transnational politics are rather autonomous from each other. For example, when scores of powerful countries, such as the United States and European Union member states, desperately tried to ignore Russia's recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, regarding it as a lawless act, Turkey's Diyanet admitted that Russia's recognition of Abkhazia created a new legal situation and began to fulfill its long-dreamed-of desire to help the Abkhazian Muslims. According to political conjuncture in Abkhazia, the same Gali population changes from Georgians to Mingrelians and back. This demonstrates how ethnic categories are used in a constructivist way in the Black Sea rim.

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Smith, Mary Elizabeth. "De Facto State Foreign Policy “Social Moves” in Abkhazia and South Ossetia." Iran and the Caucasus 22, no. 2 (June 22, 2018): 181–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20180208.

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This paper presents “social moves” as a new strategy de facto states can use in their interactions with the international community, with or without the possibility of a formal recognition of sovereignty. Special attention is paid to Abkhazia’s continuing desire for an independent state compared to South Ossetia’s desire for Russian absorption in light of both regions’ ethnic histories and turbulent relationships with Georgia. Key analysis includes discussion of the diplomatic soft power “social moves” the Abkhazian Foreign Ministry has begun in the last two years and the absence of similar “social moves” within the South Ossetian Foreign Ministry.

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21

Rusetsky, Alexander, and Olga Dorokhina. "Nuclear and radiation threats as resources for modeling the security community on the example of the Abkhaz political crisis." Grani 23, no. 4 (July 5, 2020): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172043.

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This article is part of a research conducted as part of the Support Program for Doctoral Studies of Shota Rustaveli Georgian National Science Foundation.Name of the research – “Interdisciplinary analysis of the complex system of the Abkhazian conflict by the method 4D-RAV-17 (grant number – PHDF–18–1147).As part of the study, the task was to assess those political technologies that were not used in the process of resolving the Abkhazian conflict. The study identified that such a peacemaking resource as the recognition by the conflicting parties of “common threats” and the consolidation of common efforts to prevent or eliminate them, was not used to an adequate extent. Based on this, the Concept of Awareness of the Common Threat System (CACTS) were formulated and presented as a methodological basis for reinforcing the Security Community Theory created by Karl Deutsch.CACTS was described in the article “Abkhazian crisis: from the Concept of Awareness of Common Threats to the Building of an “Abkhazian Security Community”” published in the Scientific and Theoretical Almanac "Grani", Volume 23 №3, 2020.As a basis for creating an initial level of trust between the parties to the conflict, we take their policy of recognizing the system of common threats and identifying ourselves (and each other) with possible victims of these threats. The level of trust can grow as both parties gain satisfaction from the process of cooperation.In this article, which is the second of a series of articles devoted to the recognition of common threats and the construction of a security community by the parties to the conflict, we present one of the practical possibilities for strengthening the modeling process of a new multidimensional peacemaking format.In particular, this is the development of cooperation between the participants in the Abkhazian political crisis to reduce nuclear and radioactive threats. The research drew attention not only to physical, but also to psychological dangers posed by nuclear and radiation threats. Based on the analysis, a number of specific initiatives were identified for the possible development of cooperation between participants in the multidimensional Abkhazian political crisis.Particular attention in the article is paid to the role of scientific diplomacy in the positive transformation of the crisis and the integration into the peacemaking process representatives of natural sciences, in particular physicists, power engineers and ecologists.As one of the resources of the peace process, the prospects of cooperation between civil society institutions expressing the interests of victims of nuclear and radiation disasters from different sides of the conflict community are considered.The article focuses on the creation of common approaches on energy policy for the countries of the Caucasus region, especially, regarding nuclear energy. Despite the fact that the initiative is aimed at resolving the Abkhazian conflict, the measures to bring the parties closer, presented in the framework of this project, could positively affect the development of the level of trust in other conflicts of the post-Soviet space.The work is based on a holistic approach, which involves revising the reductionist approach that dominates the scientific and political discourses, distorting the real picture of the conflict and reducing its image to the quasi-scientific concept of the “Abkhaz-Georgian” resolution. Our vision of the complex and multidimensional structure of the Abkhazian political crisis is given in the first article of the mentioned cycle.The structure of this article consists of three main parts.The first part of the article is an introduction, which presents the idea of anti-nuclear and anti-radiation consolidation of participants in the Abkhazian political crisis on the basis of the Concept of Awareness of the Common Threat System (CACTS) and the concept of Karl Deutsch, adapted for the Abkhazian Security Community (ASB). One of the CACTS subsystems (in this article) is nuclear, radiation, and related to them information-psychological threats.The second part of the article presents an analysis of the situation associated with nuclear, radiation, information and psychological threats. This analysis aims to demonstrate the importance of the topic under consideration and the variety of real threats.Nuclear threats. The authors divide them into threats of a military nature, as well as threats associated with the construction, operation, conservation and liquidation of reactors and other nuclear facilities.Radiation threats. Statistics of incidents related to illegal operations in the transportation/sale of radiation/radioactive substances based on open sources are proposed. Examples of threats associated with the illicit trade of irradiated food products are given.Information and psychological threats. When considering information and psychological threats related to nuclear and radiation threats, special attention is paid to such a question as hiding of reliable information from citizens or manipulating information, which is the basis for the formation of distrust towards one’s own state and the psychosomatic problems arising from this.The third part of the article offers a model of a fragment of the peacemaking process to resolve the Abkhazian political crisis, in which a component is involved that includes a discussion of (CACTS) on nuclear and radiation safety and the construction of the Abkhazian Security Community as a subsystem of the Caucasian and Black Sea-Caspian Sea Security Community.

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Kalichman, L., L. Li, V. Batsevich, and E. Kobyliansky. "Hand osteoarthritis in the Abkhazian population." HOMO 60, no. 5 (September 2009): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchb.2009.07.001.

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Endoltseva, Ekaterina. "Architectural decoration in Abkhazian Kingdom (8‒11 centuries). From collection of the state Abkhazian museum in Sukhum." St.Tikhons' University Review. Series V. Christian Art 33 (April 30, 2019): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15382/sturv201933.9-30.

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Kamkiya, F. G. "Criteria of Justiciability in Abkhazian Customary Law." RUDN JOURNAL OF LAW 21, no. 2 (2017): 218–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2017-21-2-218-234.

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Пилипчук, Ярослав Владимирович. "Georgian Statehood in the Early Middle Ages." SCIENTIFIC WORK 62, no. 01 (February 8, 2021): 78–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/62/78-107.

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This paper is devoted to history of Eastern ad Soutthern-Western Georgia in the Early Middle Ages. Kartvelian statehood was quickly restored after a short reign of Persian marzpans. In the era of Arab dominance, Kartli was under the strongest pressure from the Arabs. On the territory of Kartli, the Tbilisi Emirate was formed, which was an important center of Muslim statehood in Georgia in the 9th -12th centuries. The rest of Kartli became an object of rivalry between the Abkhazian kingdom, Tao-Klarjeti and Kakheti. The decisive role in the history of Georgia was played by the Tao-Klarjeti Kurapalate from the Bagrationi dynasty for a long time in the 9th-10th centuries. The apogee of their power, they reached during the Kurropalat David III the Great. With his assistance, the Bagrationi dynasty ascended the Abkhaz throne. Among the East Georgian rulers the leading role was played by the Kakheti kingdom. It became the main rival of the Abkhazian kingdom under Tsar Kvirik III of the Arevmaneli dynasty. Under him, Kakheti subdued Eretia. Under the Kyurikean dynasty, Kakheti continued to oppose the Abkhazian Bagrationi. David IV was able to subjugate Kakheti оnly in 1104. Regarding Eretia, this kingdom was inhabited by the Dagestan-speaking population, which felt Georgian and Armenian influences.

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Hoch, Tomáš. "Legitimization of Statehood and its Impact on Foreign Policy in De Facto States: A Case Study of Abkhazia." Iran and the Caucasus 22, no. 4 (December 4, 2018): 382–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20180406.

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In many respects, de facto states play a highly specific role as actors within the international system of sovereign states. The lack of international recognition has tangible political and economic impacts on the functioning of such states, and so the attempt to persuade domestic actors and the international community of the legitimacy of their claims to independence ranks among the most important components of these states’ policy—not only in foreign policy, but also in domestic policy. The aim of this text is to contribute to our understanding of how internal legitimization strategies for Abkhazian statehood are constructed and how they impact upon the foreign policy of this de facto state. Field research was carried out via interviews with important official state representatives of Abkhazia and important non-state actors—including journalists and representatives of nonprofit organizations, universities, the Church and other key institutions, which influence public opinion within and beyond this de facto state.

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Abramzon, Mikhail. "Ancient Gold Coins in the Abkhazian State Museum." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 10, no. 1-2 (2004): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570057041963985.

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Selifonova, Zhanna P., and Levard M. Bartsits. "FIRST OCCURRENCE OF THE INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES STREBLOSPIO GYNOBRANCHIATA (RICE & LEVIN, 1998) AND POLYDORA CORNUTA BOSC, 1802 (POLYCHAETA: SPIONIDAE) ON THE COAST OF ABKHAZIA (SUKHUM BAY, BLACK SEA)." Ecologica Montenegrina 18 (August 23, 2018): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2018.18.13.

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This study reports the first occurrence of an alien spionid polychaetes Streblospio gynobranchiata (Rice & Levin, 1998) and Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802, in the Abkhazian coast and new locality for distribution of the species in the Black Sea.

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Cherkasov, Aleksandr A., Larisa A. Koroleva, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, and Annick Valleau. "The Abkhazian and Mingrelian Principalities: Historical and Demographic Research." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 63, no. 4 (December 2018): 1001–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2018.402.

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Ankvab, M. F. "Ideal of upbringing of girls in Abkhazian folk pedagogy." Alma mater. Vestnik Vysshey Shkoly, no. 8 (August 2016): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/am.08-16.078.

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Ankvab, Marina Fedorovna. "PECULIARITIES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN THE ABKHAZIAN NATIONAL PEDAGOGY." Pedagogical Education in Russia, no. 2 (2016): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.26170/po16-02-31.

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Pishchulina, Victoria, Vladimir Kotlyar, and Alkhas Argun. "The medieval lime mortars for carrying out dating of monuments (on the example of objects of Abkhazia of the 2-11th c.)." E3S Web of Conferences 91 (2019): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199102006.

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Results of research on development of complex techniques of chemical, petrographic, Xray phase and X-ray diffraction methods of medieval lime mortars studying are presented in the article. 12 samples from New Afon, Abkhazia have been studied. Results of analyses have confirmed estimated dates of the second defense line of Anacopia fortress foundation within 570-580 y., reconstruction of Gate tower in 910 – 930 y. and entrance gate – the 950th y. The analysis of lime mortars from screen church near Anacopia (Akuach’s temple) has given time of 650-680 y. Has been revealed that gate in citadel wall have been constructed at the end of II in AD, western tower of a citadel – 680-690 y., reconstruction of the temple of Feodor has been made in 910-930 y. Data of results of a complex research of lime mortars are supported by the documents of the Roman period (2nd century AD), the Byzantine period of the end of the 6th century, construction activity of Abkhazian archons-tsars in the VII-X centuries. The offered methods of researches allow to reconsider the developed approaches to studying of limy mortars and their dating.

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Chetverikov, Philipp, S. J. Bolton, M. S. Burlakovskiy, C. Craemer, P. G. Efimov, P. Klimov, S. Neser, et al. "Supplementary descriptions and DNA barcodes of two rarely encountered Trisetacus species (Eriophyoidea, Phytoptidae) associated with Tertiary relict conifers from the Mediterranean region." Systematic and Applied Acarology 24, no. 9 (September 13, 2019): 1631–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.24.9.5.

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New records and supplementary morphological descriptions of two rarely encountered Trisetacus species from Pinaceae, T. abietis Postner 1968 and T. cedri (Nalepa 1920), are reported. Trisetacus abietis was found in Abkhazia under the needle epidermis of Abies nordmanniana (Steven) Spach, a conifer endemic to the mountainous Asian coast of the Black Sea. Trisetacus cedri was found in buds of introduced Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don in Abkhazia and South Africa. It is the only member of Trisetacus known from Cedrus spp. For the first time we provide sequences of two genes (COI and D1–D2 28S) of T. abietis (MN022221, MN025333) and T. cedri (MN022222, MN022223, MN025334, MN025335), along with microphotographs of the damage caused by these mites on their coniferous hosts. Sequences of D1–D2 28S of T. cedri from Abkhazian and South African populations are identical; COI sequences from different populations differ by only one synonymous substitution in a codon for asparagine. Females of T. abietis have long asymmetrical 8/7-rayed empodia, whereas males have shorter symmetrical 6/6-rayed empodia and shorter solenidia ω I. Similar sexual dimorphism in tarsal appendages was previously reported in Novophytoptus, representing an endoparasitic lineage of phytoptids on monocots. In T. cedri, a “long form” and a “short form” of both males and females were detected, suggesting a complex life cycle in this species. The evolution of Trisetacus is discussed within the broader context of the molecular phylogenies of Pinaceae and Eriophyoidea, including estimations of divergence times.

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Smirnova, Ia S. "Roles and Statuses of Old People in the Abkhazian Family." Soviet Review 26, no. 4 (December 1985): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/rss1061-1428260437.

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Iskender, H., O. Kaynar, A. Hayirli, and Y. Camadan. "Milk Lipid and Protein Profiles of Abkhazian and Kackar Goats." Tropical Animal Science Journal 41, no. 1 (April 2018): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2018.41.1.60.

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Chirikba, Viacheslav. "Geopolitical Aspects of the Abkhazian Statehood: Some Results and Perspectives." Iran and the Caucasus 8, no. 2 (2004): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384043076117.

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Ankvab, M. F. "PRE-EMPTIVE APPROVAL OF THE DIDACTIC IMPACT IN ABKHAZIAN FOLK PEDAGOGY." Pedagogical Review, no. 6 (2019): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2307-6127-2019-6-185-190.

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38

Tarkhan-Mouravi, George, and Nana Sumbadze. "THE ABKHAZIAN–GEORGIAN CONFLICT AND THE ISSUE OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS." Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 19, no. 3-4 (September 2006): 283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13511610601029847.

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Ilnitskaya, Elena Tarasovna, Marina Victorovna Makarkina, Sergey Vyacheslavovich Tokmakov, and Vakhtang Chuteevich Aiba. "IDENTIFICATION OF THE GENOTYPE OF LOCAL ABKHAZIAN GRAPE CULTIVAR AZHSHKUAKUA (AZHIZHKVAKVA)." Fruit growing and viticulture of South Russia 1, no. 67 (January 20, 2021): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.30679/2219-5335-2021-1-67-91-101.

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40

Hentschel, Uwe, Nana Sumbadze, Shorena Sadzaglishvili, Maia Mamulashvili, and Shorena Ulumberashvili. "Defensive and Affective-Emotional Reactions to War: The Abkhazian War as Reflected in People's Subjective Reactions." Psychological Reports 78, no. 1 (February 1996): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.78.1.135.

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Differences in defensive and affective-emotional reactions of 108 male Georgian subjects who had been confronted with the consequences of the Abkhazian war in different ways (nonwounded soldiers, wounded soldiers, and civilian controls) were significant between groups on all defense scales and four of the 12 Gottschalk-Gleser scales The results are discussed from a perspective with war forming for all three groups an important life event which differentially determined their psychological reactions.

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Toria, Malkhaz, Nino Pirtskhalava, Elene Kekelia, and Konstantine Ladaria. "Trapped in the Past: Memories of Georgian Internally Displaced Persons on the Margins of Society." Nationalities Papers 47, no. 3 (May 2019): 429–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2018.34.

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AbstractFrom the early 1990s through the 2008 “Russo-Georgian war,” waves of armed conflicts in the Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali regions of Georgia forced thousands of residents, mainly ethnic Georgians, to leave their homes. More than two decades of protracted internal displacement, marked by tough economic and social problems, led this vulnerable community to a common trap in reckoning with the past: an overwhelming sense of the fundamental ruptures between the idealized past and current, miserable reality. Failures of the displacement policy and “side effects” of numerous humanitarian aid projects hinder internally displaced persons’ social integration and leave them on the margins of Georgian society with almost a singular option: to constantly recall meaningful life in the lost homeland, which they remember as free of ethnic phobias and economic problems. In this article, we suggest that for persons who are internally displaced, memories are defined not only by their past lived experiences and present hardships, but also by the official historical narratives that argue that Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian “endemic” unity and cohabitation was destroyed by Russian imperial politics. Living in constant pain also narrows the future expectations of the internally displaced persons. However, it is the past and the memories that are supposed to be useful in achieving the utopian dream of a return.

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42

Armarchuk, Ekaterina. "New Finds of Painted Ceramics of the Epoch of the Abkhazian Kingdom." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 1, no. 1 (September 20, 2012): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2012.1.1.8.19.

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43

Gousseinova, Manana. "Russian interests in the Abkhazian conflict and the position of the USA." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 8, no. 3 (September 1995): 470–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518049508430199.

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44

Ilnitskaya, E. T., V. Sh Ayba, M. V. Makarkina, S. V. Tokmakov, and M. A. Avidzba. "DNA-fi ngerprinting of local Аbkhazian grape variety Kachich." Horticulture and viticulture, no. 6 (December 20, 2019): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2019-6-9-13.

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The study of the indigenous gene pool of Vitis vinifera L. of diff erent zones of viticulture with the involvement of molecular genetic methods is an urgent due to the wide diversity of grape varieties. The territory of Abkhazia is a unique zone, one of the hotbeds of the emergence of cultural grapes. «Kachich» is the oldest Abkhazian grape variety, known for the quality of wines obtained from its harvest. The variety is more resistant to fungal diseases compared to popular European varieties cultivated in modern Abkhazia, and is particularly resistant to rot of berries. However, often the local population calls old bushes by the name «Kachich», which give grapes of good quality for making of red wines and not always these forms correspond to the morphological description of the variety. The aim of the research is DNA fi ngerprinting of the «Kachich» grape variety based on the analysis of polymorphism of microsatellite loci. The object of the study was the plants corresponding to the variety description, growing in the collection of the agricultural company “Wines and waters of Abkhazia” (Sukhum, Abkhazia). DNA was isolated from the young leaves of the top of the shoot of typical plants of the variety by the CTAB-method. Genotyping was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with separation of reaction products by capillary electrophoresis. Highly polymorphic SSR-markers recommended for grapes varieties identifi cation were used for study (VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD25, VVMD27, VVMD28, VVMD32, VrZAG62, VrZAG79). The size of amplifi ed fragments was estimated using the automatic genetic analyzer ABI Prism 3130 and special software GeneMapper and PeakScanner. To clarify the size of amplifi ed fragments, the DNA of reference varieties was used. According to the results of microsatellite analysis, the DNA-certifi cate of the genotype of the «Kachich» grape variety was compiled: VVS2153 155 VVMD5234 240 VVMD7239 249 VVMD25239 267 VVMD27186 193 VVMD28234 248 VVMD32262 272 VrZAG62194 196 VrZAG79236 236. The resulting DNA-profi le was checked for matches in the Vitis International Variety Catalogue VIVC. No matches of the obtained DNA-profi le with any other DNA-profi le presented in the Database were found. DNA-certifi cate of genotype «Kachich» can be successfully used for varieties identifi cation of grape plants if necessary to clarify their varietals affi liation.

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Dzidzoev, V. D. "THE FORMATION OF THE STATES OF ABKHAZIA AND SOUTH OSSETIA AS THE EMBODIMENT OF THE SOVEREIGN WILL OF THE ABKHAZIAN AND SOUTH OSSETIAN NATIONS." Law Нerald of Dagestan State University 27, no. 3 (2018): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2224-0241-2018-27-3-26-33.

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46

Chirikba, Viacheslav A. "Abkhaz Personal Names." IRAN and the CAUCASUS 19, no. 4 (December 14, 2015): 343–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20150405.

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The paper presents a study of the Abkhaz personal names. Traditionally, Abkhazians, a Caucasian people living in the Republic of Abkhazia (many Abkhazians live also in Turkey and in some Middle Eastern countries), used a two-name system, consisting, as a rule, of the surname plus the postposed first name. The Abkhaz personal names are analysed with regard to their origin, structure, semantics, and social status. The onomastic system in general, as well as the tradition of naming among the Abkhazians are outlined as well.

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47

Trebeleva, Galina V., Zurab G. Khonziya, and Gleb Yu Yurkov. "RESULTS OF STUDY OF THE GREAT ABKHAZIAN (KELASURI) WALL (2013–2015) AND ISSUES OF BOUNDARIES OF EARLY MEDIEVAL STATE FORMATIONS ON THE TERRITORY OF ABKHAZIA." Journal of historical philological and cultural studies 3, no. 57 (September 2017): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18503/1992-0431-2017-3-57-174-185.

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JÜRGENSON, A. "HISTORY, WAR, WAR OF HISTORY. ON THE INTERPRETATIONS OF THE GEORGIAN–ABKHAZIAN CONFLICT." Acta Historica Tallinnensia 19, no. 1 (2013): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/hist.2013.1.06.

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TESLENKO, VALENTINA A., and DMITRY M. PALATOV. "A new micropterous winter species of Leuctra (Plecoptera: Leuctridae) and little known endemic stoneflies from the Greater Caucasus." Zootaxa 4613, no. 2 (June 5, 2019): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4613.2.7.

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A new micropterous winter emerging stonefly species, Leuctra abkhaziae sp. n. from Abkhazia and western Georgia in the Greater Caucasus is described and illustrated. Descriptions and illustrations are also provided for larvae of the little-known Caucasian endemic species Leuctra simplex and perlodid Bulgaroperla mirabilis caucasica.

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Stewart, Susan. "The role of international and local ngos in the transformation of the Georgian‐Abkhazian conflict1." Global Review of Ethnopolitics 3, no. 3-4 (March 2004): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14718800408405170.

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