Academic literature on the topic 'Abortion ; Literature'
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Journal articles on the topic "Abortion ; Literature"
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Barone, María Antonella. "Gestar y abortar para los hombres trans: una revisión de literatura científica." REVISTA CONTROVERSIA, no. 215 (December 18, 2020): 43–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54118/controver.vi215.1209.
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En este artículo se presenta una revisión de las investigaciones disponibles en la literatura sobre procesos de gestación y aborto de los hombres trans, a partir de la búsqueda en bases de datos como PsyeINFO y Scielo, de términos normalizados como pregnancy, aborto, trans men, transgender, transexual. Tal revisión de literatura es parte de mi tesis de doctorado, aun no concluida, titulada “Narrativas transbordantes: experiencias de personas trans, a partir de prácticas de gestación y aborto”, en el marco de una posgraduación en el área de Psicología. En consecuencia, se seleccionan publicaciones que consideran aspectos psicológicos o sociales sobre el tema, con abordajes desde el área de la salud hasta estudios más próximos a las ciencias humanas y sociales, con el fin de identificar los estudios relativos a esta temática. Se observa, de este modo, que la mayoría de las referencias son de los últimos diez años. Sin embargo, cabe destacar un déficit de investigaciones sobre aborto y hombres trans.
Gestating and Aborting for Trans Men: A Review of Scientific Literature
Abstract: In this article, we present a review of the research available in the literature on gestation and abortion processes in trans men, based on a search in databases such as PsyeINFO and Scielo, for standardized terms such as pregnancy, abortion, trans men, transgender, tranny. This literature review is part of my doctoral thesis, not yet completed, entitled "Transborder Narratives: experiences of trans people, from pregnancy and abortion practices", within the framework of a Postgraduate degree in the area of Psychology. In this way, publications are selected that consider psychological or social aspects of the subject, with approaches from the health area to studies closer to the human and social sciences, in order to identify studies related to this subject. In this way, it is observed that most of the references are from the last ten years. However, it is worth noting a lack of research on abortion and trans men.
Keywords: pregnancy; abortion; trans men; transsexuality.
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Lemkau, Jeanne Parr. "Emotional Sequelae of Abortion: Implications for Clinical Practice." Psychology of Women Quarterly 12, no. 4 (December 1988): 461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1988.tb00978.x.
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The literature is summarized on normative reactions to abortion and factors that increase risk of negative emotional sequelae. Four areas of inquiry for identifying psychotherapeutic issues in regard to abortion are elaborated, including: (a) characteristics of the woman prior to and at the time of the abortion, (b) the nature of social support and the cultural milieu around the abortion, (c) characteristics of the medical environment and abortion procedure, and (d) events subsequent to the abortion which may have aroused post-decisional conflict. The implications of the research literature for psychotherapeutic treatment of women who have had abortions are discussed.
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Manski, Ruth, Amanda Dennis, Kelly Blanchard, Naomi Lince, and Dan Grossman. "Bolstering the Evidence Base for Integrating Abortion and HIV Care: A Literature Review." AIDS Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/802389.
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HIV-positive women have abortions at similar rates to their HIV-negative counterparts, yet little is known about clinical outcomes of abortion for HIV-positive women or the best practices for abortion provision. To fill that gap, we conducted a literature review of clinical outcomes of surgical and medication abortion among HIV-positive women. We identified three studies on clinical outcomes of surgical abortion among HIV-positive women; none showed significant differences in infectious complications by HIV status. A review of seven articles on similar gynecological procedures found no differences in complications by HIV status. No studies evaluated medication abortion among HIV-positive women. However, we did find that previously expressed concerns regarding blood loss and vomiting related to medication abortion for HIV-positive women are unwarranted based on our review of data showing that significant blood loss and vomiting are rare and short lived among women. We conclude that although there is limited research that addresses clinical outcomes of abortion for HIV-positive women, existing data suggest that medication and surgical abortion are safe and appropriate. Sexual and reproductive health and HIV integration efforts must include both options to prevent maternal mortality and morbidity and to ensure that HIV-positive women and women at risk of HIV can make informed reproductive decisions.
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Lacoue-Labarthe and Cross. "The Abortion of Literature." CR: The New Centennial Review 15, no. 3 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/crnewcentrevi.15.3.0001.
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Studnicki, James, John W. Fisher, Tessa Longbons, David C. Reardon, Donna J. Harrison, Christopher Craver, Maka Tsulukidze, and Ingrid Skop. "Estimating the Period Prevalence of Mothers Who Have Abortions: A Population Based Study of Inclusive Pregnancy Outcomes." Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology 8 (January 1, 2021): 233339282110349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23333928211034993.
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Introduction: The prevalence of induced abortion among women with children has been estimated indirectly by projections derived from survey research. However, an empirically derived, population-based conclusion on this question is absent from the published literature. Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the period prevalence of abortion among all other possible pregnancy outcomes within the reproductive histories of Medicaid-eligible women in the U.S. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional, longitudinal analysis of the pregnancy outcome sequences of eligible women over age 13 from the 17 states where Medicaid included coverage of most abortions, with at least one identifiable pregnancy between 1999 and 2014. A total of 1360 pregnancy outcome sequences were grouped into 8 categories which characterize various combinations of the 4 possible pregnancy outcomes: birth, abortion, natural loss, and undetermined loss. The reproductive histories of 4,884,101 women representing 7,799,784 pregnancy outcomes were distributed into these categories. Results: Women who had live births but no abortions or undetermined pregnancy losses represented 74.2% of the study population and accounted for 87.6% of total births. Women who have only abortions but no births constitute 6.6% of the study population, but they are 53.5% of women with abortions and have 51.5% of all abortions. Women with both births and abortions represent 5.7% of the study population and have 7.2% of total births. Conclusion: Abortion among low-income women with children is exceedingly uncommon, if not rare. The period prevalence of mothers without abortion is 13 times that of mothers with abortion.
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Holland, Danielle, and Johnathan Sheele. "A Foreign Body in the Cervix after Spontaneous Abortion: A Rare Case of a Traumatic Fetal Decapitation." Case Reports in Emergency Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/327836.
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Although incomplete spontaneous abortions are common in early pregnancy, fetal decapitation does not specifically appear in the medical literature as a known complication of spontaneous abortion. We present a rare and unusual case of an incomplete spontaneous abortion occurring at home with the mother presenting to the emergency department (ED) with a decapitated fetus and a retained fetal head in the cervical os.
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Alam, IP, Z. Pervin, and MA Haque. "Intestinal Perforation as a Complication of Induced Abortion - a Case Report and Literature Review." Faridpur Medical College Journal 7, no. 1 (April 8, 2012): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/fmcj.v7i1.10299.
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Intestinal perforation is a rare complication of induced abortion but it is not rare in our country. It is most commonly seen in countries in which abortions are performed by people without proper training and with sharp pointed instruments without knowledge of anatomy. Bowel perforation occurs when the posterior vaginal wall or uterus is violated, allowing the instrument to pierce underlying structures. The ileum and sigmoid colon are the most commonly injured portions of bowel due to their anatomic location. Here we discussed a woman who sustained a perforation at anterior rectal wall from abortion and was managed successfully.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/fmcj.v7i1.10299Faridpur Med. Coll. J. 2012;7(1): 46-49
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Munro, Sarah, Savvy Benipal, Aleyah Williams, Kate Wahl, Logan Trenaman, and Stephanie Begun. "Access experiences and attitudes toward abortion among youth experiencing homelessness in the United States: A systematic review." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): e0252434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252434.
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Objectives We sought to review the literature on the access experiences and attitudes toward abortion among youth experiencing homelessness in the United States. Methods We conducted a systematic review of peer‐reviewed literature published from 2001 to 2019. We included qualitative studies involving US participants that focused on access experiences, views, or accounts of unintended pregnancy and/or abortion among youth experiencing homelessness. We excluded studies published before 2001 as that was the year mifepristone medication abortion was made available in the US and we aimed to investigate experiences of access to both medical and surgical abortion options. Results Our thematic analysis of the data resulted in five key themes that characterize the abortion attitudes and access experiences of youth experiencing homelessness: (1) engaging in survival sex and forced sex, (2) balancing relationships and autonomy, (3) availability does not equal access, (4) attempting self-induced abortions using harmful methods, and (5) feeling resilient despite traumatic unplanned pregnancy experiences. Conclusions Youth experiencing homelessness experience barriers to abortion access across the US, including in states with a supportive policy context and publicly funded abortion services. In the absence of accessible services, youth may consider harmful methods of self-induced abortion. Improved services should be designed to offer low-barrier abortion care with the qualities that youth identified as important to them, including privacy and autonomy.
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Utami, Tanti Kirana, and Aji Mulyana. "TANGGUNG JAWAB DOKTER DALAM MELAKUKAN ABORSI TANPA SEIJIN IBU YANG MENGANDUNG ATAU KELUARGA DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM POSITIF DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Hukum Mimbar Justitia 1, no. 2 (October 11, 2017): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.35194/jhmj.v1i2.37.
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A doctors liable criminally to do an abortion without any permission orexplanation before an abortion to the pregnant or the family. A doctor’s Criminalliability that does an abortion as a medical indication without any permissionfrom the pregnant mother or the family is considered as a subjection to criminalpenalties if the abortion is not done under emergency situation. Otherwise, doctoris not liable to the law. The writing uses juridical normative approach andobserved using primary, secondary and tertiary literature. The technique ofcollecting data is obtained by researching the literature. After observing, theliterature is analyzed by qualitative method. The result of this research is that anabortion case as a medical indication without any permission from the pregnantmother or the family is subject to criminal penalties, civil liability andadministrative sanctions. It is stipulated in criminal code and civil code, so thatabortion is absolutely prohibited.Keywords: Abortions, Responsibility Doctors, Without Permission Mother orFamily.
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Maano, Nghitanwa Emma, and Hatupopi Saara Kerthu. "Identified need for improving post abortion care in Namibia." Clinical Nursing Studies 8, no. 2 (April 20, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/cns.v8n2p10.
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Globally, about 75 million women have undergone abortions which is either induced or spontaneous and require post abortion care (PAC). Out of the 75 million abortions, 44 million are induced, while 31 million are miscarriages which occur spontaneously. Furthermore, half of the induced abortions are performed by unskilled people in a non-hygienic environment which make them unsafe and dangerous to the women.The World Health Organization recommends that all women who had abortion should receive PAC to prevent ill health and deaths related to complications of abortions. However, in Namibia, the status of PAC is unknown as there is no study conducted in this regard. Moreover, PAC is only conducted by medical doctors in the district hospitals and no nurses or midwives are trained on PAC services. A mini literature review was conducted on PAC globally and in Namibia.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Abortion ; Literature"
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Bigman, Fran Caren. "'Nature's a wily dame' : abortion in British literature and film, 1907-1967." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709361.
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Emerson, Tracey Jane. "Choose me, and, Letting the foetus in." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8738.
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Choose Me is a literary novel about abortion. In the dark basement of an Islington flat, a woman lies chained to a double bed. She is Grace Walker – forty-three, single and childless. Her captor is Anna Carmichael, a nineteen-year old girl with a gun. Anna, the disturbed only child of a wealthy couple, has always been haunted by memories of a past life and believes she is reincarnated. She is certain that Grace is the mother who aborted her twenty years ago and has tracked her down in order to execute her revenge. The novel switches between the viewpoints of mother and daughter as they struggle with their feelings towards each other and confront the day of the abortion and its aftermath. The critical component of the thesis, ‘Letting the Foetus In’, explores the process of writing this novel. It highlights the issues encountered whilst drafting an earlier science fiction version by comparing this version with novels such as Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale, and Doris Lessing’s Memoirs of a Survivor. It then goes on to discuss the transition from using a science fiction premise to one closer to magical realism, looking at issues of voice and character creation. Examples of ‘abortion-literature’, such as Margaret Atwood’s Surfacing and Louise L. Lambrich’s Hannah’s Diary are also analysed. In the final chapter, Toni Morrison’s Beloved is examined to see what narrative and stylistic devices the author employs to realise her premise.
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O'Brien, Emily Jane. "Reclaiming Abortion Politics through Reproductive Justice: The Radical Potential of Abortion Counternarratives in Theory and Practice." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami154363378481013.
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Jones, Natalie Linda. "The abortion trope : a study in contemporary criticism and nineteenth-century poetics." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4419/.
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This thesis argues for the innovative potential of an abortion trope, exploring its capacity for conceptual reformulation in both contemporary criticism and the nineteenth-century poetry of Thomas Hardy and Emily Dickinson. In contemporary deliberations over the ethical and legal legitimacy of abortion, critics will often converge upon aesthetic questions of ‘appropriate analogy’, ‘conceptual errors’ and discursive boundaries. This investigation takes up this point, highlighting its parallel with contemporary anxieties concerning the ‘use’ and ‘autonomy’ of literature. Combining the work of four key critics (Barbara Johnson, Kevin Newmark, Christina Hauck and Maria C. Scott) it will be argued that abortion has already undergone a degree of formulation as a less negative aesthetic, and its manifestation as an aesthetic is presented as governing textual strategies, as well as dynamics between author, reader, and text. The poetry of Hardy and Dickinson offers an invaluable starting-point in which to explore this possibility in practice, clarifying the trope’s characteristics and potential. The abortion trope informing nineteenth-century poetics impacts various aesthetic paradigms during the period, while also shedding light upon conventional perceptions of abortion today. The impetus here is to encourage conceptual expansion and support conceptual change, challenging some of the more debilitating formulations of abortion.
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Feiler, Diane Leslie. "Anti abortion literature : a comparison between the United States and England from 1967 to 1995." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250707.
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Walter, Laura Maylene. "The Virginity Auction." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1432643881.
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Cates, Joel. "Beyond The Hills." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/english_hontheses/5.
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A couple travels through Spain in order to obtain an abortion for an unwanted pregnancy. The couple, an unnamed American man and a woman known only by the nickname Jig, has a much more complicated relationship than first seems and must navigate through complex emotions and gender roles. This story, and elaboration on Hemingway’s well known “Hills Like White Elephants”, attempts to give the characters introduced by Hemingway more depth and back story than the original short story.
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Bergman, Andrew Marlowe. "Vette City." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1469792156.
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Falk, Amanda, and Caroline Lowén. "Kvinnors upplevelser av omvårdnaden i samband med en abort : En litteraturöversikt." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Omvårdnad, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-31699.
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Bakgrund: Globalt genomfördes ungefär 56 miljoner aborter år 2014 och i Sverige genomförs årligen omkring 35–38000 aborter. Det finns olika anledningar till att kvinnorna väljer att avbryta sina graviditeter. Några av sakerna är att det är fel tidpunkt i livet, socioekonomiska faktorer, brist på utbildning och att förhållandet till partnern inte är stabilt. Det finns studier som visat att en av fyra kvinnor och endast hälften av deras partners, varit nöjda med vården vid en abort. Det är därför viktigt att belysa kvinnors upplevelser av omvårdnaden och öka kunskapen hos sjuksköterskor om hur de bäst kan stödja kvinnor som genomgår en abort. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av omvårdnaden i samband med en abort. Metod: Litteraturöversikten baserades på 15 stycken vetenskapliga artiklar från databaserna CINAHL, PubMed och PsycINFO. Resultat: Kvinnors upplevelser av omvårdnaden i samband med en abort var främst att de fick en bristande information och en otillräcklig smärtlindring. Resultatet visade även att det är viktigt att få ett bra stöd och ett neutralt och icke-dömande bemötande från sjuksköterskor och närstående. Det var även viktigt för kvinnor att få bestämma över sin egen abort. Slutsats: En abort är komplex då det innebär både fysisk och emotionell smärta. Det är viktigt att kvinnorna får information om aborten och hur den kan påverka dem fysiskt och emotionellt. Sjuksköterskor måste även vara anpassningsbara och lyhörda för olika behov, samt ge ett professionellt och neutralt stöd. Detta eftersom en abort ofta är fylld av skuld och skam.Background: Globally, approximately 56 million abortions were performed in 2014 and in Sweden about 35–38000 abortions are performed annually. There are various reasons why women choose to end their pregnancies. Some of the things are that there is the wrong time in life, socio-economic factors, lack of education and that the relationship with the partner is not stable. There are studies that show that one in four women and only half of their partners have been satisfied with the nursing care during an abortion. It is therefore important to describe women's experiences of nursing and to increase knowledge about their experiences in how to best support women who undergo an abortion. Aim: The aim of this literature review was to describe women´s experiences of nursing during an abortion. Method: A literature review based on 15 scientific articles from the databases CINAHL, PubMed and PsycINFO. Results: The women's experiences of the nursing care during an abortion were mainly that they received a lack of information and insufficient pain relief. The results also showed the importance of a good support and a neutral and non-judgmental treatment from the nurses and the relatives. It was also important for women being able to decide on their own abortion. Conclusion: An abortion is complex as it involves both physical and emotional pain. It is important that women get information about the abortion and how it can affect them physically and emotionally. Nurses must also be adaptable and responsive for different needs, as well as provide professional and neutral support. This because an abortion is often filled with guilt and shame.
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Engholm, Virginia B. "The Power of Multiplying: Reproductive Control in American Culture, 1850-1930." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/english_etds/6.
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Prior to the advent of modern birth control beginning in the nineteenth century, the biological reproductive cycle of pregnancy, post-partum recovery, and nursing dominated women’s adult years. The average birth rate per woman in 1800 was just over seven, but by 1900, that rate had fallen to just under than three and a half. The question that this dissertation explores is what cultural narratives about reproduction and reproductive control emerge in the wake of this demographic shift. What’s at stake in a woman’s decision to reproduce, for herself, her family, her nation? How do women, and society, control birth?
In order to explore these questions, this dissertation broadens the very term “birth control” from the technological and medical mechanisms by which women limit or prevent conception and birth to a conception of “controlling birth,” the societal and cultural processes that affect reproductive practices. This dissertation, then, constructs a cultural narrative of the process of controlling birth. Moving away from a focus on “negative birth control”—contraception, abortion, sterilization—the term “controlling birth” also applies to engineering or encouraging wanted or desired reproduction. While the chapters of this work often focus on traditional sites of birth control—contraceptives, abortion, and eugenics—they are not limited to those forms, uncovering previously hidden narratives of reproduction control. This new lens also reveals men’s investment in these reproductive practices.
By focusing on a variety of cultural texts—advertisements, fictional novels, historical writings, medical texts, popular print, and film—this project aims to create a sense of how these cultural productions work together to construct narratives about sexuality, reproduction, and reproductive control. Relying heavily on a historicizing of these issues, my project shows how these texts—both fictional and nonfictional—create a rich and valid site from which to explore the development of narratives of sexuality and reproductive practices, as well as how these narratives connect to larger cultural narratives of race, class, and nation. The interdisciplinary nature of this inquiry highlights the interrelationship between the literary productions of the nineteenth and twentieth century and American cultural history.
Books on the topic "Abortion ; Literature"
More sourcesBook chapters on the topic "Abortion ; Literature"
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Bloomer, Fiona, Claire Pierson, and Sylvia Estrada Claudio. "Introduction." In Reimagining Global Abortion Politics, 1–10. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447340430.003.0001.
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This chapter contextualised the politicisation of abortion and sets out the significant gap in the synthesis of the literature examining global trends in abortion politics and the need for a critical, comparative analysis of contemporary issues within the global north and south. The authors each provide a personal perspective on their motivations to write about abortion politics.
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Freidenfelds, Lara. "Imagining the Baby." In The Myth of the Perfect Pregnancy, 137–51. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190869816.003.0007.
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Since the 1960s, public debates about abortion have powerfully shaped how Americans think about pregnancy and miscarriage. Activists have staked out “pro-life” and “pro-choice” positions, neither of which provides comfort to a woman who has chosen to become pregnant but then miscarries the pregnancy. Pro-life activists have argued that embryos are babies from conception, and when they are lost, deserve to be mourned as such, and miscarriage support literature often draws upon pro-life language and imagery. The reality of frequent early miscarriages has been little recognized in the abortion debates.
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MacAskill, William, Krister Bykvist, and Toby Ord. "Practical Ethics Given Moral Uncertainty." In Moral Uncertainty, 179–96. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198722274.003.0009.
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Some philosophers have argued that moral uncertainty has striking implications for issues in practical ethics such as abortion and vegetarianism. In this chapter, we show that the prima facie implications of moral uncertainty for issues in practical ethics are far more wide-ranging than has been noted in the literature so far. We argue for this on two grounds: first, because of interaction effects between moral issues; and, second, because of the variety of different possible intertheoretic comparisons that one can reasonably endorse. Before drawing conclusions from moral uncertainty-based arguments, one first has to do the difficult job of figuring out what one’s credences in different moral viewpoints are or ought to be.
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Borgia, Danielle. "Vampiros Mexicanos." In Vampires and Zombies. University Press of Mississippi, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496804747.003.0006.
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This chapter contrasts best-selling and critically acclaimed twenty-first century Mexican novels about vampires, exploring their conflicting messages about gender and sexuality and comparing this continuum to the history of vampire literature in English and its contemporary influences, such as the Twilight series. It argues that the recent surge of vampire novels in Mexico stems from contemporary struggles to redefine gender and sexuality in the wake of the country’s legalization of abortion in the capital, its LGBT movement, and the strong mandates of the Catholic Church and state governments. The examples of Vampyr (2009) by Carolina Andújar, Amantes de Sangre (2009) by Ramón Obón and La sed (2001) by Adriana DíazEnciso illustrate both the dominant conservative discourses on sexuality and the more recent acceptance of previously marginalized behaviors and identities.
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Miller, Julie. "Harlot’s Fate." In Cry of Murder on Broadway, 147–64. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501751486.003.0010.
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This chapter reviews the later years and final fates of many of the players in Amelia Norman's story, such as Mike Walsh, the Democratic politician and journalist who had championed Amelia. It mentions Amelia's celebrated jail mate, George Wilkes, who capitalized on his experience in the Tombs and produced his prison memoir, Mysteries of the Tombs. It also traces Frederick Tallmadge's reputation after he became the principal judge of the Court of Sessions and struggled in vain to persuade the jurors to ignore the context of Amelia's crime. The chapter points out how Amelia's story is still remembered in studies of abortion, prostitution, seduction in law and literature, the “unwritten law,” female murderers, and in studies and biographies of Lydia Maria Child. It includes Lydia's letter to a friend, indicating Amelia had come to a bad end.
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O’Donnell, S. Jonathon. "Jezebel Assemblages: Witchcraft, Queerness, Transnationality." In Passing Orders, 52–80. Fordham University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823289677.003.0003.
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This chapter explores demonologies of one the most ubiquitous demonic spirits in spiritual warfare literature: the Jezebel spirit. It argues that the figure of Jezebel comes to unify anxieties over the breakdown of “proper” relations between personal and national bodies, conjuring transnational, affective assemblages of religious and political forms that threaten the integrity and reproducibility of a white, cisheteropatriarchal America. It outlines the role of the Jezebel spirit as a gendered nexus uniting evangelical discourses of anti-feminism, anti-abortion, queer- and transphobia, antiblackness, and xenophobia that is enfleshed in “willful” (queer, racialized) subjects. Exploring the image of Jezebel’s witchcraft and her queer partnership with Babylon as symbolizing queer transnational and transcultural bonds “forged” between porous and nomadic non-sovereign bodies, the chapter ultimately frames Jezebel as embodying anxieties over process and flow that unsettle singular concepts of (white, settler) “sovereign man” on which sovereignty is grounded.
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Strub, Whitney. "Modernizing Decency." In Devotions and Desires. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469636269.003.0008.
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Charles Keating, an ambitious young Cincinnati lawyer, founded Citizens for Decent Literature (CDL) in 1955. Though the social origins of CDL were rooted in Cincinnati’s conservative Catholic politics, Keating was able to recast antipornography politics for a national audience. CDL despised the influx of pornography washing over American society in the 1960s. This emphatic proclamation bespoke a comfort with modernity jarringly at odds with midcentury public perceptions of antismut activists—a very productive modernism that CDL harnessed to great effect over the course of the late 1950s and 1960s. Even as CDL pioneered new discursive formations, which often emanated directly out of obsolete earlier movements, it adopted the tropes and trappings of evolving social mores to reposition activism against obscenity and pornography not as retrograde but rather as an integral part of red-blooded, decent American citizenship. While the group faded from view during the 1970s, CDL set an important precedent for conservative groups in forwarding a sexually conservative, religiously motivated politics through modern, secular language. It also provided a model for future religious efforts at mainstreaming activism, such as the antiabortion movement, over a decade before abortion became a fulcrum for the hybrid movement known as the religious (or Christian) right.
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Pong, Beryl. "Psychological Blackout." In British Literature and Culture in Second World Wartime, 55–78. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840923.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 examines the fear of ‘civilians with shell shock’ that pervaded the interwar and early wartime years, through the imagery and metaphor of the blackout. It considers the divided subjectivities and temporalities featured in three novels: Patrick Hamilton’s Hangover Square (1941), Graham Greene’s The Ministry of Fear (1943), and Henry Green’s Caught (1943). Through memory loss or amnesia, these novels create recursive, discontinuous, or abortive narrative temporalities where the past, contrary to how it is portrayed in propaganda, creates problematic legacies for the wartime present. With a particular self-reflexivity about the role of literature and narrative, these novels address and critique how the ideology of the People’s War came to be told and represented.
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Mangham, Andrew. "Charles Dickens." In The Science of Starving in Victorian Literature, Medicine, and Political Economy, 146–86. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850038.003.0005.
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This chapter illustrates how Charles Dickens found the materiality of starvation a powerful method for addressing the social injustices that angered him. Less balanced than Gaskell and less conflicted than Kingsley, he pulled no punches when it came to the ‘Parrots of Society’—those subscribers to hypocritical, dogmatic interpretations of political economy whose efforts to deal with social problems became, he believed, abortive subscriptions to a malicious laissez faire. The chapter argues that we need to understand these red-hot polemics as a response to, and an appropriation of, the scientific registers of men like Thomas Southwood Smith. What Dickens found in science was a materialism that allowed his challenges to the shallow cant of reformers and politicians to morph into an attack on their perceived stupidity: Dickens was able to use the science of starving as a means of grounding a radical position within a thoughtful materialist one.
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Morais, Thawane Georgia Nunes de, Ingrid Gabrielle Ferreira Santos, Francisca Mikaelly Araújo dos Santos, Maria Clara Fernandes de Albuquerque Meneses, Maria Tamires Alves Ferreira, Bruna de Abreu Sepúlveda Reis, Lidyane Rodrigues Oliveira Santos, et al. "PRÁTICAS DE ATENÇÃO AO PARTO E NASCIMENTO: UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA DA LITERATURA." In SAÚDE DA MULHER: PARTO, ALEITAMENTO & ABORTO; CÂNCER DE MAMA & RASTREAMENTO. 2nd ed. EDITORA OMNIS SCIENTIA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47094/978-65-88958-50-6/10-21.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Abortion ; Literature"
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Azevêdo, Sâmya Pires Batista de, Ana Beatriz Silva Barbosa, Raniery Augusto Dos Santos Beserra Nogueira, Thayonara Irineu Da Costa, and Jamile Rodrigues Cosme De Holanda. "UMA REVISÃO DA LITERATURA ACERCA DAS ALTERAÇÕES DA MICROBIOTA VAGINAL NO PERÍODO GESTACIONAL E PARTO." In I Congresso Nacional de Microbiologia Clínica On-Line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/1181.
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Introdução: Durante o período gestacional ocorrem diversas modificações fisiológicas no organismo feminino, e tais modificações são responsáveis por promover alterações no potencial hidrogeniônico (pH) vaginal e no equilíbrio da microbiota local. Nessa fase, as células epiteliais ricas em glicogênio estão abundantes, e como consequência disso vai favorecer a produção de ácido lático pelos lactobacilos, reduzindo ainda mais o pH vaginal. Objetivos: Evidenciar as alterações que ocorrem na microbiota vaginal no decorrer da gestação, e de que forma tais alterações irão influenciar na gravidez e parto. Material e Métodos: O presente estudo consta de uma revisão da literatura, realizada mediante a análise de artigos científicos publicados nas línguas inglesa e portuguesa, entre os anos de 2018 e 2019, por meio de pesquisa nos bancos de dados: Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Utilizando-se os Descritores em Ciência da Saúde: Flora; Microorganismos e Vaginose bacteriana, de forma associada com o operador booleano “AND”. Resultados: Observou-se que o pH garante o equilíbrio da flora vaginal, visto que nela há microrganismos residentes que lá vivem de forma comensal, tais como Gardnerella vaginalis, Megasphaera phylotype, espécies de Moliluncus, Bacteroides, Prevotela, Atopobium, e micoplasmas. Durante a gestação, a mulher passa por várias modificações fisiológicas e hormonais que podem vir a alterar, direta ou indiretamente, o pH vaginal e consequentemente proporcionar um bom ambiente para a proliferação desses microrganismos. Como consequência, temos a instalação da vaginose bacteriana, que é uma das infecções do trato genital feminino mais comuns, que atinge, principalmente, as mulheres no período gestacional. Esta pode causar desde uma simples infecção até um parto prematuro ou aborto, a depender da gravidade, diagnóstico e tratamento precoce. Conclusão: É possível constatar que a alteração da flora vaginal da gestante se apresenta de forma muito variada, o que pode dificultar a detecção da vaginose bacteriana. Os estudos comprovaram que gestantes podem apresentar flora vaginal alterada, mesmo sem apresentar sintomatologia. Devido às consequências danosas para a gestante e para o feto, é importante estabelecer rotinas que permitam diagnosticar, esclarecer e intervir nas alterações de flora vaginal no período gestacional.
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Araujo, Larissa Suellem Matos, Flaviana Lopes da Silva, Deuane Jesus Muniz Morais, and Filipe Augusto de Freitas Soares. "INFECÇÃO POR Toxoplasma gondii EM GESTANTES E COMPLICAÇÕES PARA O RECÉM-NASCIDO: UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA." In I Congresso Brasileiro de Parasitologia Humana On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/705.
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Introdução: O Toxoplasma gondii, agente etiológico da toxoplasmose, é um protozoário intracelular obrigatório que possui ciclo evolutivo dividido em três formas, ambas com poder infeccioso, transmitida principalmente pelas vias oral e congênita. Durante a gravidez a infecção pode provocar aborto espontâneo, anormalidades neurológicas e visuais, ou ser assintomáticos ao nascimento, desenvolvendo manifestações clínicas tardias. Objetivo: Identificar as complicações clínicas provocadas por toxoplasmose para saúde materno-infantil, com base na literatura. Material e métodos: Este estudo constitui-se de uma revisão integrativa com base na literatura presente no PubMed, para busca foram utilizado descritores “toxoplasmose”, “congênita”, “recém-nascidos”, “complicações na gravidez”, foram selecionados 8 estudos para análise, no período de uma década, não havendo critérios de idioma, porém o idioma inglês foi predominante. Resultados: A toxoplasmose é uma zoonose mundial que pode apresentar complicações quando adquirida na gestação, geralmente as gestantes são assintomáticas, porém em um estudo clínico realizado em hospital de referência no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 22,1% das gestantes apresentaram sintomas de febre, cefaleia, linfonodomegalia, astenia, mialgia e odinofagia. Ademais, a doença possui evolução, principalmente, nos neurônios e miócitos, contudo durante o desenvolvimento fetal o sistema nervoso central e os tecidos que possuem as mesmas propriedades embrionárias, ainda encontra-se em estado de fragilidade, explicando a razão das principais complicações no feto, como aumento da pressão intraocular, microftalmia, estrabismo, neurite óptica, catarata e necrose retinal que pode resultar cegueira. No cérebro provoca anormalidades como hidrocefalia, microcefalia e retardo psicomotor, além disso, cerca de 10% da infecção pré-natal resulta em aborto ou morte. As manifestações clínicas podem ter como razão a falta de conhecimento das gestantes e porventura um pré-natal de baixa qualidade. Conclusão: Apesar de a parasitose ser de conhecimento mundial, grande quantidade das gestantes possui escassa compreensão da doença, como também a gravidade. Diante disso, é necessário que durante todo o prénatal, sejam dadas informações pertinentes quanto à prevenção e os fatores de risco para esta protozoonose, realização de sorologias para toxoplasmose conforme protocolos do Ministério da Saúde, tratamento em tempo oportuno com antimicrobianos e encaminhamento da gestante para o pré-natal de alto risco.
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Souza, Janaína da Silva, Isadora Cristina Rodrigues de Amorim Pereira, and Carlos Daniel Passos Lobo. "TROMBOFILIA GESTACIONAL." In I Congresso Brasileiro de Hematologia Clínico-laboratorial On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/624.
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Introdução: Durante o período gestacional o corpo da mulher sofre inúmeras mudanças, que em sua maioria são consideradas fisiológicas. No entanto, algumas dessas adaptações do corpo, em especial no sistema vascular materno, quando ligada a fatores de risco, podem representar risco para a gestante. Um desses é a trombofilia, que é um distúrbio de coagulação que aumenta a chance da ocorrência de trombos, principalmente nas veias uroplacentárias. Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre os impactos da trombofilia na gravidez. Material e métodos: O presente estudo trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Os dados utilizados nesta pesquisa foram coletados na base de dados do PubMed, onde os descritores foram confirmados no MeSH. Para pesquisa foi respeitado um período dos últimos 5 anos nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol. Os descritores usados foram: trombofilia, gravidez e complicações na gravidez. Resultados: A trombofilia pode ser de origem hereditária, quando relacionada a anormalidades ligadas a fatores de oclusão ou adquirida, quando decorre de condições clínicas variáveis. A gestação é um fator pró-trombótico que aumenta ainda mais a chance de formação de trombos. Esses fatores unidos podem causar uma série de complicações gravídicas, entre elas, morte intrauterina, aborto espontâneo precoce ou tardio e deslocamento prematuro de placenta. No entanto, com tratamento adequado as chances de uma gravidez segura, tanto para mãe, quanto para o bebê são mais altas. Conclusão: Para diminuir os impactos da trombofilia na gestação, é importante que sejam realizados estudos avançados sobre tratamentos e exames para diagnóstico específicos para as gestantes. E com isso, realizar a intervenção precoce evitando o desenvolvimento de complicações materno-fetais.
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Barbosa, Lucas Lopes, Giovanna Dos Santos Cunha, and João Felipe Dos Santos Souza. "MALÁRIA DURANTE A GESTAÇÃO E ASPECTOS IMUNOLÓGICOS DO HOSPEDEIRO." In I Congresso Brasileiro de Parasitologia Humana On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/1963.
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Introdução: A vasta disposição territorial do plasmódio, parasito causador da malária, ao redor do mundo faz do parasitismo durante a gestação, um grave problema de saúde pública, na qual as gestantes são em particular, vulneráveis ao parasito pela gestação modificar a imunidade, deixando assim a gestante com maior suscetibilidade à contaminação malárica. Objetivo: Elencar os aspectos imunológicos contra a malária, em particular nas gestantes. Material e métodos: Realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica da literatura disponível, sendo selecionados artigos nas bases de dados SciELO, PUBMED e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), dos últimos 10 anos, utilizando os descritores “malária gestacional” e “aspectos imunológicos na malária”, com artigos em português, empregando critérios de inclusão e exclusão previamente definidos. Resultados: A literatura empregada possibilitou observar a frequência dos casos de malária em mulheres grávidas, na qual confere mudanças na evolução gestacional, causando complicações como hipoglicemias, aborto, parto prematuro, dentre outros. Devido a alteração na imunidade da gestante, a mesma tem uma maior suscetibilidade à infecção, bem como, complicações como a anemia grave e óbito materno, pois diminui a imunidade protetora ao parasito. A defesa contra a malária abrange as respostas celular e humoral, em que linfócitos T são imprescindíveis para estruturação da síntese de anticorpos, o que diminui a suscetibilidade do hospedeiro aos impactos feitos pelos plasmódios, enquanto os linfócitos B secretam anticorpos antimaláricos. Ao longo da sua permanência no sangue, é induzido pelos esporozoítos, uma resposta com produção de anticorpos contra antígenos, na qual a hipergamaglobulinemia se destaca na infecção pelo parasito, por caracterizar um aumento de IgG e IgM. A resposta imune ocorre convenientemente no ciclo eritrocítico, conferindo efetivamente uma resposta contra o parasito. É importante relatar que no baço, fígado e medula óssea acontece o principal mecanismo de combate do organismo, com a fagocitose de merozoítas e eritrócitos parasitados. Conclusão: Existe uma íntima relação entre gestantes e malária devido alteração do seu estado imune, onde essa situação pode ser regulada pela resposta celular ou humoral, sintetizando anticorpos e induzindo mecanismos para combater o parasito, através de linfócitos B e T.
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Veríssimo, Graciete Soares Libório, Ivanize Barbosa De Souza, and Paula Carvalhal Lage Von Buettner Ristow. "BIOFILME: MECANISMO DE VIRULÊNCIA BACTERIANA." In II Congresso Brasileiro de Saúde On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/1503.
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Introdução: Biofilmes são comunidades microbianas complexas associada à superfícies bióticas ou abióticas, circundada por uma matriz extracelular polimérica autoproduzida pelos microrganismos ali presente. A formação de biofilme protege os microrganismos de condições ambientais desafiadoras, tornando a antibioticoterapia e mecanismos de defesa imunológica do hospedeiro ineficazes contra bactérias associadas ao biofilme. Objetivo: Este estudo buscou analisar o papel do biofilme como mecanismo que contribui para virulência bacteriana. Material e métodos: Consistiu-se em uma revisão de literatura, a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa, na base de dados Pubmed, utilizando como termo de busca booleano ((biofilm[Title/Abstract]) AND (virulence mechanism[Title/Abstract])) AND (bacteria*[Title/Abstract]). Foram encontrados 19 artigos, compreendendo o período de 2003 a 2021. Resultados: Por muito tempo acreditava-se que as bactérias viviam isoladas no ambiente, hoje é notório que o fenótipo de biofilme ocorre de forma ubíqua e é a principal forma de vida bacteriana. A formação de biofilme por patógenos oportunistas em implantes biomédicos, é considerado sério problema de saúde pública. Implantes biomédicos colonizados por essas bactérias, são mais resistentes a antibioticoterapia, tempo de internação e gerar maior custo ao sistema. A formação de biofilmes em hospedeiros pode ocorrer também com microrganismos aderindo diretamente a órgãos. Pacientes com fibrose cística, infectados de forma crônica por Pseudomonas aeruginosa com capacidade de formação de biofilme nos pulmões do hospedeiro, são a principal causa de mortalidade em pacientes com esta doença. O desenvolvimento de biofilmes também é um fator relacionado à infecções alimentares. Listeria monocytogenes pode causar gastroenterite, listeriose, septicemia, encefalite, endocardite, meningite e abortos, principalmente quando associado a formação de biofilme. A formação de biofilmes também pode contribuir para a transmissão de genes de resistência a antibióticos em sistemas de distribuição de água potável. Estudos detectaram um aumento da presença de bactérias resistentes à antibióticos em tubulações industriais com presença de biofilmes. Conclusão: Biofilmes compreendem o principal estilo de vida bacteriano. A melhor compreensão do estabelecimento desse fenótipo como um mecanismo de virulência e a sua relevância biológica são essenciais para criar soluções para problemas causados por biofilmes, bem como para aplicar a biossíntese de biofilmes sem situações benéficas.
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Barud, Ana Rebecca Rodrigues, Fernando Maia Peixoto Filho, and Paulo Roberto Nassar de Carvalho. "Infecção fetal pela chikungunya." In 44° Congresso da SGORJ - XXIII Trocando Ideias. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/jbg-0368-1416-2020130254.
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Introdução: Chikungunya é uma doença arboviral, transmitida aos seres humanos pelos mosquitos Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus, e que pode passar verticalmente de mãe para filho, especialmente durante o período perinatal. Os neonatos têm maior probabilidade de serem afetados quanto mais perto do termo. Objetivo: Mães com febre de Chikungunya no período perinatal podem transmitir, em até 85% dos casos, o vírus aos recém-nascidos por transmissão vertical, resultando em infecções graves em 90% dos casos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram revisar os dados disponíveis sobre a doença e apresentar modelo de acompanhamento da gestante e do feto acometidos. Materiais e Métodos: Este trabalho é uma revisão bibliográfica contendo uma avaliação crítica dos dados publicados até a presente data. Na pesquisa, utilizaram-se as bases de dados científicas PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) e Bireme. Os critérios de busca foram: procura, em português e inglês, por Chikungunya em conjunto com termos relacionados à gravidez, como “gravidez”, “grávida”, “neonato”, “perinatal”, “mãe”, “congênita”, “transmissão vertical” e “aborto”. Foram incluídos todos os trabalhos que, em seu título e/ou resumo, abordassem os assuntos infecção por Chikungunya na gravidez, prognóstico e complicações fetais ou neonatais; e foram excluídos os trabalhos não relativos a seres humanos ou que não estavam disponíveis em idioma português, inglês, espanhol ou francês. Resultado e Conclusão: Segundo a literatura, o risco de transmissão fetal antes de 22 semanas parece raro, mas quando ocorre é grave. Em um estudo com 1.400 grávidas, somente a internação diferiu entre as infectadas e não infectadas (40 versus 29%). Desfechos como cesariana, hemorragia, prematuridade, natimortos, peso ao nascer e malformações foram semelhantes. Já em uma revisão da literatura realizada, prematuridade foi um desfecho em 46% dos estudos, podendo ser desencadeada pela infecção viral. Sofrimento fetal foi relatado como causa da indicação de cesárea. A raridade de lesões histológicas da placenta confirmou a ausência de infecção placentária e explicou a raridade de casos de Chikungunya fetal antes do nascimento. Um estudo de coorte avaliou imunoglobulina G e M para vírus da Chikungunya (IgM e IgG VCHIK) dos neonatos para detectar infecção precoce ou tardia e não encontrou evidências de infecção congênita em bebês nascidos vivos assintomáticos expostos ao VCHIK durante a gravidez. As crianças infectadas no período periparto nascem com viremia muito baixa ou mesmo indetectável, o que torna improvável a hipótese de microtransfusão placentária. O mecanismo presumido de transmissão viral é a passagem direta do sangue materno para a circulação fetal por meio de brechas placentárias durante o parto. A Chikungunya é uma doença que pode levar a graves consequências em bebês infectados com possíveis sequelas, principalmente neurológicas, ou óbito fetal. Visto que não há tratamento específico e as graves consequências possíveis para o recém-nascido, as orientações de medidas preventivas são de extrema importância no pré-natal.
Reports on the topic "Abortion ; Literature"
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Viswanathan, Meera, Jennifer Cook Middleton, Alison Stuebe, Nancy Berkman, Alison N. Goulding, Skyler McLaurin-Jiang, Andrea B. Dotson, et al. Maternal, Fetal, and Child Outcomes of Mental Health Treatments in Women: A Systematic Review of Perinatal Pharmacologic Interventions. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer236.
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Background. Untreated maternal mental health disorders can have devastating sequelae for the mother and child. For women who are currently or planning to become pregnant or are breastfeeding, a critical question is whether the benefits of treating psychiatric illness with pharmacologic interventions outweigh the harms for mother and child. Methods. We conducted a systematic review to assess the benefits and harms of pharmacologic interventions compared with placebo, no treatment, or other pharmacologic interventions for pregnant and postpartum women with mental health disorders. We searched four databases and other sources for evidence available from inception through June 5, 2020 and surveilled the literature through March 2, 2021; dually screened the results; and analyzed eligible studies. We included studies of pregnant, postpartum, or reproductive-age women with a new or preexisting diagnosis of a mental health disorder treated with pharmacotherapy; we excluded psychotherapy. Eligible comparators included women with the disorder but no pharmacotherapy or women who discontinued the pharmacotherapy before pregnancy. Results. A total of 164 studies (168 articles) met eligibility criteria. Brexanolone for depression onset in the third trimester or in the postpartum period probably improves depressive symptoms at 30 days (least square mean difference in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, -2.6; p=0.02; N=209) when compared with placebo. Sertraline for postpartum depression may improve response (calculated relative risk [RR], 2.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95 to 5.24; N=36), remission (calculated RR, 2.51; 95% CI, 0.94 to 6.70; N=36), and depressive symptoms (p-values ranging from 0.01 to 0.05) when compared with placebo. Discontinuing use of mood stabilizers during pregnancy may increase recurrence (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.2; N=89) and reduce time to recurrence of mood disorders (2 vs. 28 weeks, AHR, 12.1; 95% CI, 1.6 to 91; N=26) for bipolar disorder when compared with continued use. Brexanolone for depression onset in the third trimester or in the postpartum period may increase the risk of sedation or somnolence, leading to dose interruption or reduction when compared with placebo (5% vs. 0%). More than 95 percent of studies reporting on harms were observational in design and unable to fully account for confounding. These studies suggested some associations between benzodiazepine exposure before conception and ectopic pregnancy; between specific antidepressants during pregnancy and adverse maternal outcomes such as postpartum hemorrhage, preeclampsia, and spontaneous abortion, and child outcomes such as respiratory issues, low Apgar scores, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, depression in children, and autism spectrum disorder; between quetiapine or olanzapine and gestational diabetes; and between benzodiazepine and neonatal intensive care admissions. Causality cannot be inferred from these studies. We found insufficient evidence on benefits and harms from comparative effectiveness studies, with one exception: one study suggested a higher risk of overall congenital anomalies (adjusted RR [ARR], 1.85; 95% CI, 1.23 to 2.78; N=2,608) and cardiac anomalies (ARR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.17 to 4.34; N=2,608) for lithium compared with lamotrigine during first- trimester exposure. Conclusions. Few studies have been conducted in pregnant and postpartum women on the benefits of pharmacotherapy; many studies report on harms but are of low quality. The limited evidence available is consistent with some benefit, and some studies suggested increased adverse events. However, because these studies could not rule out underlying disease severity as the cause of the association, the causal link between the exposure and adverse events is unclear. Patients and clinicians need to make an informed, collaborative decision on treatment choices.