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Journal articles on the topic 'Abortive translation'
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1
Ariole, Victor C. "La Recherche de Scientificité en Traduction." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 42, no. 2 (1996): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.42.2.02ari.
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The motif in this study originates from the question which we had been pondering, namely: how to translate without being a traitor? We utilized specimen translations taken from the work by Camara Laye entitled Le regard du Roi, translated by James Kirkup. We sought to establish the targets envisaged in the SLT (source language text) and the TLT (target language text) in order to arrive at a better assessment of the semantic values assigned to the translation. Efforts to identify a target specific to the work having proved abortive, we were obliged to adopt the course of establishing three orders of sentences for semantic values in the strict sense. We accordingly considered the sentences in the following orders: universal order, alternative order and specific order. We were able to demonstrate that a translation can be objective if the translator is successful in determining his/her target and proceeds by conforming to the orders enumerated above. Then, depending on the target aimed at, the translation can be viewed as either universal, alternative or specific.
2
Ghazala, Hasan. "Idiomaticity Between Evasion and Invasion in Translation." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 49, no. 3 (2003): 203–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.49.3.03gha.
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One of the most complicated issues in translation is idioms. Although there are thousands of them and occur in all types of texts and contexts, their translation from English into Arabic has only received cursory attention. This paper is an attempt to fill the gap to some extent in the translation of idioms (English-Arabic). It studies the main problems of translating idiomaticity and the extent to which it is retained or distorted and why. Two major translation procedures, evasion and invasion, are suggested. They are alleged to be a framework through which translators can translate idiomaticity, in their desperate endeavour to transfer it into the TL to achieve the maximum possible degree of equivalent sense, aestheticity, connotations and effects. Therefore, two main evasion procedures are suggested: (1) dissuaison from idiomaticity (due to (i) the translator’s incompetence, (ii) zero language equivalence, or (iii) avoidance of taboos); and (2) preference of insensible sense. Also, three invasion procedures are proposed: (1) equivalent idiomaticity; (2) enforced idiomaticity; and (3) abortive idiomaticity. It is claimed that the latter group of procedures, especially (2) is creative and does justice to both texts, the SL and the TL in translation. The article concludes with a summary idiomaticity, and criteria for tracing its equivalence in the TL.
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Waldmann, Felix. "An Unpublished Letter from Herbert of Cherbury to Grotius on the Expeditio in Ream Insulam: Commentary, Text, and Translation." Grotiana 39, no. 1 (2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760759-03900001.
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The following article presents the text and translation of an unpublished letter to Grotius from Edward Herbert (1582?–1648), Lord Cherbury. The letter pertains to Cherbury’s The expedition to the Isle of Rhé or Expeditio in Ream Insulam – his manuscript account of the duke of Buckingham’s abortive siege of the Isle of Ré in July–October 1627.
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Gal, M. F. Le, S. L. A. Hobbs, and C. M. O. Delong. "Gene expression during the infection process in nodulating and nonnodulating pea genotypes." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 9 (1989): 2535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-327.
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Pea (Pisum sativum L.) cv. Afghanistan inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. viciae aborts the nodulation process if North American strains are used but will form effective nodules with strain TOM. Early nodulins (nodule specific root proteins) were examined by in vitro translation of total root or root + nodule RNA and two-dimensional gel analysis. Qualitatively different protein patterns were found between effective nodulation in Trapper (a North American variety) and 'Afghanistan' and between effective and abortive nodulation in 'Afghanistan'. Six days after inoculation a 26-kDa protein was evident that was only produced in Trapper roots and several nodulins were visible. Nodulin N-37 was present in effective and abortive combinations. Nodulin N-52 was present in inoculated Trapper but not in inoculated 'Afghanistan', whereas N-23 was present in inoculated 'Afghanistan' but not in inoculated Trapper. Nodulin N-58 occurred only in abortive combinations with 'Afghanistan'. Nonnodulating Trapper (Trapper into which the nonnodulation genes of 'Afghanistan' had been back-crossed) showed the same patterns of gene expression as 'Afghanistan'. The expression of several genes apparently differs between 'Afghanistan' and Trapper for the nodulation process.
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Ontiveros, Carlos, Juan Gerardo Valadez, Javier Hernández та Gabriel Guarneros. "Inhibition of Escherichia coli protein synthesis by abortive translation of phage λ minigenes". Journal of Molecular Biology 269, № 2 (1997): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.1997.1017.
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Reid, Lindsay Ann. "An Abortive Pharsalia Translation, Ovidian Recusatio, and Elegiac Identity in Turberville's Tragicall Tales." Studies in Philology 117, no. 4 (2020): 717–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sip.2020.0024.
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Anderson, Paul, and Nancy Kedersha. "Stressful initiations." Journal of Cell Science 115, no. 16 (2002): 3227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.115.16.3227.
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Stress granules (SGs) are phase-dense particles that appear in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that have been exposed to environmental stress(e.g. heat, oxidative conditions, hyperosmolarity and UV irradiation). SG assembly is a consequence of abortive translational initiation: SGs appear when translation is initiated in the absence of eIF2-GTP-tRNAiMet, the ternary complex that normally loads tRNAiMet onto the small ribosomal subunit. Stress-induced depletion of eIF2-GTP-tRNAiMet allows the related RNA-binding proteins TIA-1 and TIAR to promote the assembly of eIF2-eIF5-deficient preinitiation complexes, the core constituents of SGs. The mRNP components that make up the SG are in a dynamic equilibrium with polysomes. As such, the SG appears to constitute a metabolic domain through which mRNPs are continually routed and subjected to triage — they are first monitored for integrity and composition, and then sorted for productive translational initiation or targeted degradation.
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Fernández-Escobar, Mercedes, José Luis Nájera, Sara Baldanta, et al. "Suppression of NYVAC Infection in HeLa Cells Requires RNase L but Is Independent of Protein Kinase R Activity." Journal of Virology 90, no. 4 (2015): 2135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02576-15.
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Protein kinase R (PKR) and RNase L are host cell components that function to contain viral spread after infections. In this study, we analyzed the role of both proteins in the abortive infection of human HeLa cells with the poxvirus strain NYVAC, for which an inhibition of viralA27LandB5Rgene expression is described. Specifically, the translation of these viral genes is independent of PKR activation, but their expression is dependent on the RNase L activity.
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Sanford, Thomas J., Harriet V. Mears, Teodoro Fajardo, Nicolas Locker, and Trevor R. Sweeney. "Circularization of flavivirus genomic RNA inhibits de novo translation initiation." Nucleic Acids Research 47, no. 18 (2019): 9789–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz686.
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Abstract Members of the Flaviviridae family, including dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus, cause serious disease in humans, whilst maternal infection with Zika virus (ZIKV) can induce microcephaly in newborns. Following infection, flaviviral RNA genomes are translated to produce the viral replication machinery but must then serve as a template for the transcription of new genomes. However, the ribosome and viral polymerase proceed in opposite directions along the RNA, risking collisions and abortive replication. Whilst generally linear, flavivirus genomes can adopt a circular conformation facilitated by long-range RNA–RNA interactions, shown to be essential for replication. Using an in vitro reconstitution approach, we demonstrate that circularization inhibits de novo translation initiation on ZIKV and DENV RNA, whilst the linear conformation is translation-competent. Our results provide a mechanism to clear the viral RNA of ribosomes in order to promote efficient replication and, therefore, define opposing roles for linear and circular conformations of the flavivirus genome.
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SHIN, Daesung, Sangjin PARK, and Chankyu PARK. "A splice variant acquiring an extra transcript leader region decreases the translation of glutamine synthetase gene." Biochemical Journal 374, no. 1 (2003): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20030132.
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The expression of glutamine synthetase (GS), catalysing the ATP-dependent conversion of glutamate and ammonia into glutamine, is transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally regulated. The genomic structure of dog GS shown in the present study is basically similar to that of other mammals in that it is composed of seven exons and six introns. Using 5′-cRACE (where cRACE stands for circular rapid amplification of cDNA ends) and reverse transcriptase–PCR, we identified an additional exon (120 bp) in the first intron, designated in the present study as exon 1′. By means of alternative splicing, the GS gene produces an altered form of GS transcript with 5′-untranslated region (UTR) containing the exon 1′. This alternative transcript is abundantly expressed in brain, whereas it is found at lower levels in other tissues. In the human and mouse GS genes, extra exons are also found at the corresponding site of the intron 1 but with different sizes. An exon-trapping experiment for the GS gene in COS-7, Madin–Darby canine kidney and SK-N-SH cells revealed that the pattern of alternative splicing is variable in different cell types. The propensity of forming a secondary structure is predicted to be considerably higher in the presence of extra 5′-UTR, suggesting the possibility of a translational effect. To test this, we performed a reporter assay for fusions with different 5′-UTRs, demonstrating that the long form with extra 5′-UTR was translated 20- and 10-fold less than the short one in SK-N-SH and Neuro-2A cells respectively. Similarly, translations of human and mouse transcripts with extra 5′-UTRs were less efficient, showing 6–8-fold reductions in SK-N-SH cells. Furthermore, when we mutated an ATG sequence contained in the exon 1′, the suppression of translation was partially relieved, suggesting that the negative regulation by an extra 5′-UTR is, to some extent, due to an abortive translation from the upstream ATG.
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Tourrière, Hélène, Karim Chebli, Latifa Zekri, et al. "The RasGAP-associated endoribonuclease G3BP assembles stress granules." Journal of Cell Biology 160, no. 6 (2003): 823–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200212128.
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Stress granules (SGs) are formed in the cytoplasm in response to various toxic agents, and are believed to play a critical role in the regulation of mRNA metabolism during stress. In SGs, mRNAs are stored in an abortive translation initiation complex that can be routed to either translation initiation or degradation. Here, we show that G3BP, a phosphorylation-dependent endoribonuclease that interacts with RasGAP, is recruited to SGs in cells exposed to arsenite. G3BP may thus determine the fate of mRNAs during cellular stress. Remarkably, SG assembly can be either dominantly induced by G3BP overexpression, or on the contrary, inhibited by expressing a central domain of G3BP. This region binds RasGAP and contains serine 149, whose dephosphorylation is induced by arsenite treatment. Critically, a phosphomimetic mutant (S149E) fails to oligomerize and to assemble SGs, whereas a nonphosphorylatable G3BP mutant (S149A) does both. These results suggest that G3BP is an effector of SG assembly, and that Ras signaling contributes to this process by regulating G3BP dephosphorylation.
12
Hazlett, W. Ian P. "Calvin’s Latin Preface to his Proposed French Edition of Chrysostom’s Homilies: Translation and Commentary." Studies in Church History. Subsidia 8 (1991): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143045900001605.
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One of the traditional puzzles in Calvin studies has been Calvin’s proposed and supposedly French edition of the sermons of the Greek Church Father, John Chrysostom. The date, circumstances, and precise scope of this project have always been uncertain, chiefly because the only evidence for the plan is a substantial fragment of a prefatory introduction in Calvin’s own hand. As yet, no mention of or allusion to it has been found in any other contemporary source. The fact that all we have is a preface, or the first draft of one, suggests that the scheme was abortive. At any rate, no such work was published by Calvin, though that does not prove that he never actually got round to translating the Homilies. It is just as conceivable that no publisher would take it on. But it is likely that the combination of Calvin’s other extensive literary commitments and the heavy demands and vexations of what was a pioneering local and cosmopolitan ministry simply hindered him from realizing his intention.
13
Haaber, Jakob, Julie E. Samson, Simon J. Labrie, et al. "Lactococcal Abortive Infection Protein AbiV Interacts Directly with the Phage Protein SaV and Prevents Translation of Phage Proteins." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 21 (2010): 7085–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00093-10.
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ABSTRACT AbiV is an abortive infection protein that inhibits the lytic cycle of several virulent phages infecting Lactococcus lactis, while a mutation in the phage gene sav confers insensitivity to AbiV. In this study, we have further characterized the effects of the bacterial AbiV and its interaction with the phage p2 protein SaV. First, we showed that during phage infection of lactococcal AbiV+ cells, AbiV rapidly inhibited protein synthesis. Among early phage transcripts, sav gene transcription was slightly inhibited while the SaV protein could not be detected. Analyses of other phage p2 mRNAs and proteins suggested that AbiV blocks the activation of late gene transcription, probably by a general inhibition of translation. Using size exclusion chromatography coupled with on-line static light scattering and refractometry, as well as fluorescence quenching experiments, we also demonstrated that both AbiV and SaV formed homodimers and that they strongly and specifically interact with each other to form a stable protein complex.
14
Kozak, M. "Circumstances and mechanisms of inhibition of translation by secondary structure in eucaryotic mRNAs." Molecular and Cellular Biology 9, no. 11 (1989): 5134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.9.11.5134.
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This paper describes in vitro experiments with two types of intramolecular duplex structures that inhibit translation in cis by preventing the formation of an initiation complex or by causing the complex to be abortive. One stem-loop structure (delta G = -30 kcal/mol) prevented mRNA from engaging 40S subunits when the hairpin occurred 12 nucleotides (nt) from the cap but had no deleterious effect when it was repositioned 52 nt from the cap. This result confirms prior in vivo evidence that the 40S subunit-factor complex, once bound to mRNA, has considerable ability to penetrate secondary structure. Consequently, translation is most sensitive to secondary structure at the entry site for ribosomes, i.e., the 5' end of the mRNA. The second stem-loop structure (hp7; delta G = -61 kcal/mol, located 72 nt from the cap) was too stable to be unwound by 40S ribosomes, hp7 did not prevent a 40S ribosomal subunit from binding but caused the 40S subunit to stall on the 5' side of the hairpin, exactly as the scanning model predicts. Control experiments revealed that 80S elongating ribosomes could disrupt duplex structures, such as hp7, that were too stable to be penetrated by the scanning 40S ribosome-factor complex. A third type of base-paired structure shown to inhibit translation in vivo involves a long-range interaction between the 5' and 3' noncoding sequences.
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Kozak, M. "Circumstances and mechanisms of inhibition of translation by secondary structure in eucaryotic mRNAs." Molecular and Cellular Biology 9, no. 11 (1989): 5134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.9.11.5134-5142.1989.
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This paper describes in vitro experiments with two types of intramolecular duplex structures that inhibit translation in cis by preventing the formation of an initiation complex or by causing the complex to be abortive. One stem-loop structure (delta G = -30 kcal/mol) prevented mRNA from engaging 40S subunits when the hairpin occurred 12 nucleotides (nt) from the cap but had no deleterious effect when it was repositioned 52 nt from the cap. This result confirms prior in vivo evidence that the 40S subunit-factor complex, once bound to mRNA, has considerable ability to penetrate secondary structure. Consequently, translation is most sensitive to secondary structure at the entry site for ribosomes, i.e., the 5' end of the mRNA. The second stem-loop structure (hp7; delta G = -61 kcal/mol, located 72 nt from the cap) was too stable to be unwound by 40S ribosomes, hp7 did not prevent a 40S ribosomal subunit from binding but caused the 40S subunit to stall on the 5' side of the hairpin, exactly as the scanning model predicts. Control experiments revealed that 80S elongating ribosomes could disrupt duplex structures, such as hp7, that were too stable to be penetrated by the scanning 40S ribosome-factor complex. A third type of base-paired structure shown to inhibit translation in vivo involves a long-range interaction between the 5' and 3' noncoding sequences.
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Martín-Marcos, Pilar, Alan G. Hinnebusch, and Mercedes Tamame. "Ribosomal Protein L33 Is Required for Ribosome Biogenesis, Subunit Joining, and Repression of GCN4 Translation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 27, no. 17 (2007): 5968–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00019-07.
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ABSTRACT We identified a mutation in the 60S ribosomal protein L33A (rpl33a-G76R) that elicits derepression of GCN4 translation (Gcd− phenotype) by allowing scanning preinitiation complexes to bypass inhibitory upstream open reading frame 4 (uORF4) independently of prior uORF1 translation and reinitiation. At 37°C, rpl33a-G76R confers defects in 60S biogenesis comparable to those produced by the deletion of RPL33A (ΔA). At 28°C, however, the 60S biogenesis defect is less severe in rpl33a-G76R than in ΔA cells, yet rpl33a-G76R confers greater derepression of GCN4 and a larger reduction in general translation. Hence, it appears that rpl33a-G76R has a stronger effect on ribosomal-subunit joining than does a comparable reduction of wild-type 60S levels conferred by ΔA. We suggest that rpl33a-G76R alters the 60S subunit in a way that impedes ribosomal-subunit joining and thereby allows 48S rRNA complexes to abort initiation at uORF4, resume scanning, and initiate downstream at GCN4. Because overexpressing tRNAi Met suppresses the Gcd− phenotype of rpl33a-G76R cells, dissociation of tRNAi Met from the 40S subunit may be responsible for abortive initiation at uORF4 in this mutant. We further demonstrate that rpl33a-G76R impairs the efficient processing of 35S and 27S pre-rRNAs and reduces the accumulation of all four mature rRNAs, indicating an important role for L33 in the biogenesis of both ribosomal subunits.
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Gonzalez de Valdivia, Ernesto I., and Leif A. Isaksson. "Abortive translation caused by peptidyl-tRNA drop-off at NGG codons in the early coding region of mRNA." FEBS Journal 272, no. 20 (2005): 5306–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04926.x.
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Bidnenko, Elena, Alain Chopin, S. Dusko Ehrlich, and Marie-Christine Chopin. "Activation of mRNA translation by phage protein and low temperature: the case of Lactococcus lactis abortive infection system AbiD1." BMC Molecular Biology 10, no. 1 (2009): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2199-10-4.
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Quirino-Teixeira, Anna Cecíllia, Stephane Vicente Rozini, Giselle Barbosa-Lima, et al. "Inflammatory signaling in dengue-infected platelets requires translation and secretion of nonstructural protein 1." Blood Advances 4, no. 9 (2020): 2018–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2019001169.
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Abstract Emerging evidence identifies major contributions of platelets to inflammatory amplification in dengue, but the mechanisms of infection-driven platelet activation are not completely understood. Dengue virus nonstructural protein-1 (DENV NS1) is a viral protein secreted by infected cells with recognized roles in dengue pathogenesis, but it remains unknown whether NS1 contributes to the inflammatory phenotype of infected platelets. This study shows that recombinant DENV NS1 activated platelets toward an inflammatory phenotype that partially reproduced DENV infection. NS1 stimulation induced translocation of α-granules and release of stored factors, but not of newly synthesized interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Even though both NS1 and DENV were able to induce pro-IL-1β synthesis, only DENV infection triggered caspase-1 activation and IL-1β release by platelets. A more complete thromboinflammatory phenotype was achieved by synergistic activation of NS1 with classic platelet agonists, enhancing α-granule translocation and inducing thromboxane A2 synthesis (thrombin and platelet-activating factor), or activating caspase-1 for IL-1β processing and secretion (adenosine triphosphate). Also, platelet activation by NS1 partially depended on toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), but not TLR-2/6. Finally, the platelets sustained viral genome translation and replication, but did not support the release of viral progeny to the extracellular milieu, characterizing an abortive viral infection. Although DENV infection was not productive, translation of the DENV genome led to NS1 expression and release by platelets, contributing to the activation of infected platelets through an autocrine loop. These data reveal distinct, new mechanisms for platelet activation in dengue, involving DENV genome translation and NS1-induced platelet activation via platelet TLR4.
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Agol, Vadim I., George A. Belov, Kurt Bienz, et al. "Competing Death Programs in Poliovirus-Infected Cells: Commitment Switch in the Middle of the Infectious Cycle." Journal of Virology 74, no. 12 (2000): 5534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.12.5534-5541.2000.
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ABSTRACT Productive poliovirus infection of HeLa cells leads to the canonical cytopathic effect (CPE), whereas certain types of abortive infection result in apoptosis. To define the time course of commitment to the different types of poliovirus-induced death, inhibitors of viral replication (guanidine HCl) or translation (cycloheximide) were added at different times postinfection (p.i.). Early in the infection (during the first ∼2 h p.i.), predominantly proapoptotic viral function was expressed, rendering the cells committed to apoptosis, which developed several hours after viral expression was arrested. In the middle of infection, concomitantly with the onset of fast generation of viral progeny, the implementation of the viral apoptotic program was abruptly interrupted. In particular, activation of an Asp-Glu-Val-Asp (DEVD)-specific caspase(s) occurring in the apoptosis-committed cells was prevented by the ongoing productive infection. Simultaneously, the cells retaining normal or nearly normal morphology became committed to CPE, which eventually developed regardless of whether or not further viral expression was allowed to proceed. The implementation of the poliovirus-induced apoptotic program was suppressed in HeLa cells overexpressing the Bcl-2 protein, indicating that the fate of poliovirus-infected cells depends on the balance of host and viral pro- and antiapoptotic factors.
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Kümin, Daniel, Christian Hofmann, Michael Rudolph, Gerald W. Both, and Peter Löser. "Biology of Ovine Adenovirus Infection of Nonpermissive Cells." Journal of Virology 76, no. 21 (2002): 10882–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.21.10882-10893.2002.
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ABSTRACT Nonhuman adenoviruses, including those of the genus Atadenovirus, have the potential to serve as vectors for vaccine and gene therapy applications in humans, since they are resistant to preexisting immunity induced by human adenoviruses in the majority of the population. In this study, we elucidate the outcome of infection by ovine adenovirus type 7 isolate 287 (OAdV) of several nonovine cell types. We show here that OAdV infects a wide range of nonovine cells but is unable to complete its replication cycle in any of them. In nonovine, nonfibroblast cells, viral replication is blocked at an early stage before the onset of, or early in, DNA replication. Some fibroblasts, on the other hand, allow viral DNA replication but block virus production at a later stage during or after the translation of late viral proteins. Late viral proteins are expressed in cells where viral DNA replication takes place, albeit at a reduced level. Significantly, late proteins are not properly processed, and their cellular distribution differs from that observed in infected ovine cells. Thus, our results clearly show that OAdV infection of all nonovine cells tested is abortive even if significant viral DNA replication occurs. These findings have significant positive implications with respect to the safety of the vector system and its future use in humans.
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Scuteri, Damiana, and Giacinto Bagetta. "Progress in the Treatment of Migraine Attacks: From Traditional Approaches to Eptinezumab." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 9 (2021): 924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14090924.
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Migraine is the second cause of disability and of lost years of healthy life worldwide. Migraine is characterized by recurrent headache attacks and accompanying disabling symptoms lasting 4–48 h. In episodic migraine, attacks occur in less than 15 days per month and in chronic migraine, in more than 15 monthly days. Whilst successful translation of pharmacological discoveries into efficacious therapeutics has been achieved in the preventative therapy of chronic migraine, treatment of acute migraine suffers the lack of effective advancements. An effective treatment affords complete freedom from pain two hours after therapy and provides the absence of the most bothersome symptom (MBS) associated with migraine after 2 h. However, available anti-migraine abortive treatments for acute attacks do not represent an effective and safe treatment for all the populations treated. In particular, the most used specific treatment is represented by triptans that offer 2-h sustained freedom from pain achieved in 18–50% of patients but they are contraindicated in coronary artery disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease due to the vasoconstriction at the basis of their pharmacologic action. The most novel therapies, i.e., gepants and ditans, are without sufficient post-marketing data for secure use. Here, an attempt is proposed to analyse the rational basis and evidence in favour of investigating the efficacy and safety in acute migraine attacks of eptinezumab, i.e., monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed towards calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) unique for intravenous infusion administration.
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Jones, Adam. "Are Unpublished Sources Best? Reflections on a Seventeenth-Century Dutch Source." History in Africa 35 (January 2008): 491–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.0.0019.
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In his excellent edition of the abortive Dutch expedition to capture Elmina Castle on the Gold Coast in 1625, Henk den Heijer has transcribed from records in the Algemeen Rijksarchief the journal by Admiral Jan Dirksz Lam and the resolutions passed by the ships' council. I was puzzled, however, by his decision not to include the anonymous 13-page pamphlet Waerachtich verhael van den gantsche reyse ghedaen by den eersamen Jan Dircksz Lam…, published in Amsterdam immediately after the fleet's return to the Netherlands in 1626. He includes a facsimile of the title page and mentions my own translation of the section dealing with Sierra Leone, but offers no explanation for not including it. Could it be that he considered the printed document somehow less “primary”—and hence less valuable—than the manuscript(s)?Without wishing to compare both texts in detail, we may look at two examples. In the section on Sierra Leone, where the fleet spent three months, the two sources record a number of things in more or less the same way, albeit in quite different wording: both mention meeting a French yacht from Dieppe, negotiating successfully with the “king” for permission to take water, firewood, limes etc.; both report on a “strange beast” (probably a chimpanzee) which was caught, teased, and eventually thrown overboard. But the pamphlet (pp. 4-8) gives us a wealth of information on the king's appearance (orange stockings, grey hat with orange plumes, etc.), his wives, the military parade he offered in honor of the Dutch, an African interpreter named Herry who had spent a long time in England, and many other topics.
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Hallberg, R. L., K. W. Kraus, and E. M. Hallberg. "Induction of acquired thermotolerance in Tetrahymena thermophila: effects of protein synthesis inhibitors." Molecular and Cellular Biology 5, no. 8 (1985): 2061–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.5.8.2061.
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When Tetrahymena thermophila cells growing at 30 degrees C are shifted to either 40 or 43 degrees C, the kinetics and extent of induction of heat shock mRNAs in both cases are virtually indistinguishable. However, the cells shifted to 40 degrees C show a typical induction of heat shock protein (HSP) synthesis and survive indefinitely (100% after 24 h), whereas those at 43 degrees C show an abortive synthesis of HSPs and die (less than 0.01% survivors) within 1 h. Cells treated at 30 degrees C with the drugs cycloheximide or emetine, at concentrations which are initially inhibitory to protein synthesis and cell growth but from which cells can eventually recover and resume growth, are after this recovery able to survive a direct shift from 30 to 43 degrees C (ca. 70% survival after 1 h). This induction of thermotolerance by these drugs is as efficient in providing thermoprotection to cells as is a prior sublethal heat treatment which elicits the synthesis of HSPs. However, during the period when drug-treated cells recover their protein synthesis ability and simultaneously acquire the ability to subsequently survive a shift to 43 degrees C, none of the major HSPs are synthesized. The ability to survive a 1-h, 43 degrees C heat treatment, therefore, does not absolutely require the prior synthesis of HSPs. But, as extended survival at 43 degrees Celsius depends absolutely on the ability of cells to continually synthesize HSPs, it appears that a prior heat shock as well as the recovery from protein synthesis inhibition elicits a change in the protein synthetic machinery which allows the translation of HSP mRNAs at what would otherwise be a nonpermissive temperature for protein synthesis.
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Hallberg, R. L., K. W. Kraus, and E. M. Hallberg. "Induction of acquired thermotolerance in Tetrahymena thermophila: effects of protein synthesis inhibitors." Molecular and Cellular Biology 5, no. 8 (1985): 2061–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.5.8.2061-2069.1985.
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When Tetrahymena thermophila cells growing at 30 degrees C are shifted to either 40 or 43 degrees C, the kinetics and extent of induction of heat shock mRNAs in both cases are virtually indistinguishable. However, the cells shifted to 40 degrees C show a typical induction of heat shock protein (HSP) synthesis and survive indefinitely (100% after 24 h), whereas those at 43 degrees C show an abortive synthesis of HSPs and die (less than 0.01% survivors) within 1 h. Cells treated at 30 degrees C with the drugs cycloheximide or emetine, at concentrations which are initially inhibitory to protein synthesis and cell growth but from which cells can eventually recover and resume growth, are after this recovery able to survive a direct shift from 30 to 43 degrees C (ca. 70% survival after 1 h). This induction of thermotolerance by these drugs is as efficient in providing thermoprotection to cells as is a prior sublethal heat treatment which elicits the synthesis of HSPs. However, during the period when drug-treated cells recover their protein synthesis ability and simultaneously acquire the ability to subsequently survive a shift to 43 degrees C, none of the major HSPs are synthesized. The ability to survive a 1-h, 43 degrees C heat treatment, therefore, does not absolutely require the prior synthesis of HSPs. But, as extended survival at 43 degrees Celsius depends absolutely on the ability of cells to continually synthesize HSPs, it appears that a prior heat shock as well as the recovery from protein synthesis inhibition elicits a change in the protein synthetic machinery which allows the translation of HSP mRNAs at what would otherwise be a nonpermissive temperature for protein synthesis.
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Anderson, K. P., E. A. Wong, and D. F. Klessig. "Microinjection of mRNA enhances translational efficiency of human adenovirus fiber message in monkey cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 5, no. 10 (1985): 2870–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.5.10.2870.
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In monkey cells abortively infected with human adenovirus serotype 2, the synthesis of the fiber polypeptide of the virion capsid is reduced by at least a factor of 100 when compared with that in monkey cells productively infected with a host range mutant of adenovirus serotype 2 (Ad2hr400). However, the steady-state level of fiber-encoding mRNA present in abortively infected monkey cells is only reduced by a factor of 5 to 10. When mRNA isolated from abortively and productively infected monkey cells was microinjected into the cytoplasms of uninfected or abortively infected monkey cells, no differences in the efficiency of translation of the fiber messages from these two sources were observed. These results suggest that the block to synthesis of the fiber polypeptide in abortively infected monkey cells does not reside in the translational machinery of the abortively infected cells themselves but may involve compartmentalization of the fiber message within the cells or an altered processing of the fiber message which prevents correct presentation to the ribosomes.
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Anderson, K. P., E. A. Wong, and D. F. Klessig. "Microinjection of mRNA enhances translational efficiency of human adenovirus fiber message in monkey cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 5, no. 10 (1985): 2870–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.5.10.2870-2873.1985.
Full textAbstract:
In monkey cells abortively infected with human adenovirus serotype 2, the synthesis of the fiber polypeptide of the virion capsid is reduced by at least a factor of 100 when compared with that in monkey cells productively infected with a host range mutant of adenovirus serotype 2 (Ad2hr400). However, the steady-state level of fiber-encoding mRNA present in abortively infected monkey cells is only reduced by a factor of 5 to 10. When mRNA isolated from abortively and productively infected monkey cells was microinjected into the cytoplasms of uninfected or abortively infected monkey cells, no differences in the efficiency of translation of the fiber messages from these two sources were observed. These results suggest that the block to synthesis of the fiber polypeptide in abortively infected monkey cells does not reside in the translational machinery of the abortively infected cells themselves but may involve compartmentalization of the fiber message within the cells or an altered processing of the fiber message which prevents correct presentation to the ribosomes.
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Volloch, Vladimir, and Sophia Rits-Volloch. "News from Mars: Two-Tier Paradox, Intracellular PCR, Chimeric Junction Shift, Dark Matter mRNA and Other Remarkable Features of Mammalian RNA-Dependent mRNA Amplification. Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease, RNA-Based Vaccines and mRNA Therapeutics." Annals of Integrative Molecular Medicine 2, no. 1 (2019): 0131–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33597/aimm.02-1009.
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Molecular Biology, a branch of science established to examine the flow of information from “letters” encrypted intoDNA structure to functional proteins, was initially defined by a concept of DNA-to-RNA-to-Protein information movement, a notion termed the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. RNA-dependent mRNA amplification, a novel mode of eukaryotic protein-encoding RNA-to-RNA-to-Protein genomic information transfer, constitutes the extension of the Central Dogma in the context of mammalian cells. It was shown to occur in cellular circumstances requiring exceptionally high levels of production of specific polypeptides, e.g. globin chains during erythroid differentiation or defined secreted proteins in the context of extracellular matrix deposition. Its potency is reflected in the observed cellular levels of the resulting amplified mRNA product: At the peak of the erythroid differentiation, for example, the amount of globin mRNA produced in the amplification pathway is about 1500-fold higher than the amount of its conventionally generated counterpart in the same cells. The cellular enzymatic machinery at the core of this process, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity (RdRp), albeit in a non-conventional form, was shown to be constitutively and ubiquitously present, and RNA-dependent RNA synthesis (RdRs) appeared to regularly occur, in mammalian cells. Under most circumstances, the mammalian RdRp activity produces only short antisense RNA transcripts. Generation of complete antisense RNA transcripts and amplification of mRNA molecules require the activation of inducible components of the mammalian RdRp complex. The mechanism of such activation is not clear. The present article suggests that it is triggered by a variety of cellular stresses and occurs in the context of stress responses in general and within the framework of the integrated stress response (ISR) in particular. In this process, various cellular stresses activate, in a stress type-specific manner, defined members of the mammalian translation initiation factor 2α, eIF2α, kinase family: PKR, GCN2, PERK and HRI. Any of these kinases, in an activated form, phosphorylates eIF2α. This results in suppression of global cellular protein synthesis but also in activation of expression of select group of transcription factors including ATF4, ATF5 and CHOP. These transcription factors either function as inducible components of the RdRp complex or enable their expression. The assembly of the competent RdRp complex activates mammalian RNA-dependent mRNA amplification, which appears to be a two-tier process. Tier One is a “chimeric” pathway, named so because it results in an amplified chimeric mRNA molecule containing a fragment of the antisense RNA strand at its 5’ terminus. Tier Two further amplifies one of the two RNA end products of the chimeric pathway and constitutes the physiologically occurring intracellular polymerase chain reaction, iPCR. Depending on the structure of the initial mRNA amplification progenitor, the chimeric pathway, Tier One, may result in multiple outcomes including chimeric mRNA that produces either a polypeptide identical to the original, conventional mRNA progenitor-encoded protein or only its C-terminal fragment, CTF. The chimeric RNA end product of Tier One may also produce a polypeptide that is non-contiguously encoded in the genome, activate translation from an open reading frame, which is “silent” in a conventionally transcribed mRNA, or initiate an abortive translation. In sharp contrast, regardless of the outcome of Tier One, the mRNA end product of Tier Two of mammalian mRNA amplification, the iPCR pathway, always produces a polypeptide identical to a conventional mRNA progenitor-encoded protein. This discordance is referred to as the Two-Tier Paradox and discussed in detail in the present article. On the other hand, both Tiers are similar in that they result in heavily modified mRNA molecules resistant to reverse transcription, undetectable by reverse transcription-based methods of sequencing and therefore constituting a proverbial “Dark Matter” mRNA, despite being highly ubiquitous. It appears that in addition to their other functions, the modifications of the amplified mRNA render it compatible, unlike the bulk of cellular mRNA, with phosphorylated eIF2α in translation, implying that in addition to being extraordinarily abundant due to the method of its generation, amplified mRNA is also preferentially translated under the ISR conditions, thus augmenting the efficiency of the amplification process. The vital importance of powerful mechanisms of amplification of protein-encoding genomic information in normal physiology is self-evident. Their malfunctions or misuse appear to be associated with two types of abnormalities, the deficiency of a protein normally produced by these mechanisms and the mRNA amplification-mediated overproduction of a protein normally not generated by such a process. Certain classes of beta-thalassemia exemplify the first type, whereas the second type is represented by overproduction of beta-amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease. Both examples are discussed in detail in the present article, which summarizes and systematizes our current understanding of the field and describes two categories of reporter constructs, one for the chimeric Tier of mRNA amplification, another for the iPCR pathway; both reporter types are essential for elucidating underlying molecular mechanisms. It also suggests, in light of the recently demonstrated feasibility of RNA-based vaccines, that the targeted intracellular amplification of exogenously introduced amplification-eligible antigen-encoding mRNAs via the induced or naturally occurring RNA-dependent mRNA amplification pathway could be of substantial benefit in triggering a fast and potent immune response and instrumental in the development of future vaccines. Similar approaches can also be effective in achieving efficient and sustained expression of exogenous mRNA in mRNA therapeutics.
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Qin, Xiaoli, Yan Chen, Jiangjing Yuan, Xiaorui Liu, Weihong Zeng, and Yi Lin. "The involvement of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A in trophoblast cell function." Reproduction 159, no. 2 (2020): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-19-0522.
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Abnormal growth and migration of trophoblast cells is one of the main causes of spontaneous abortion. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) plays an important role in trophoblast cell growth and migration; however, its underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we first confirmed that eIF5A knockdown reduced human chorionic trophoblast HTR8 cells viability, proliferation, and migration. Next, we sought to systematically identify the genes regulated by eIF5A and observed changes in the transcriptome profile of eIF5A-knockdown HTR8 cells by RNA-seq analysis. Especially, we found that inhibition of eIF5A reduced both the mRNA and protein levels of methyltransferase-like protein 14 (METTL14). Furthermore, inhibition of METTL14 expression resulted in the reduction of viability, proliferation, and migration of HTR8 cells. In addition, we showed that overexpression of METTL14 rescued the effects of eIF5A knockdown in HTR8 cells. Finally, we revealed that eIF5A and METTL14 expression was decreased in spontaneous abortion samples compared to that in elective-induced abortion samples. Collectively, our study demonstrated that eIF5A plays a crucial role in HTR8 cells via modulation of METTL14 expression and may serve as a novel potential target for spontaneous abortion diagnosis and treatment.
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Hoffman, Paul F., Eric J. Bellefroid, Benjamin W. Johnson, Malcolm S. W. Hodgskiss, Daniel P. Schrag, and Galen P. Halverson. "Early extensional detachments in a contractional orogen: coherent, map-scale, submarine slides (mass transport complexes) on the outer slope of an Ediacaran collisional foredeep, eastern Kaoko belt, Namibia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53, no. 11 (2016): 1177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0164.
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The existence of coherent, large-scale, submarine landslides on modern continental margins implies that their apparent rarity in ancient orogenic belts is due to non-recognition. Two map-scale, coherent, pre-orogenic, normal-sense detachment structures of Ediacaran age are present in the Kaoko belt, a well-exposed arc–continent collision zone in northwestern Namibia. The structures occur within the Otavi Group, a Neoproterozoic carbonate shelf succession. They are brittle structures, evident only through stratigraphic omissions of 400 m or more, that ramp down to the west with overall ramp angles of 1.1° and 1.3° with respect to stratigraphic horizons. The separations of matching footwall and hangingwall stratigraphic cut-offs require horizontal translations >20 km for each detachment. One of the detachments is remarkably narrow (5 km) in the up-dip direction, just one fourth of its translation. The other detachment is stratigraphically dated at the shelf–foredeep transition, when the passive margin was abortively subducted westward, in the direction of submarine sliding. Trenchward sliding on the foreslope occurred concurrently with deep karstification of the autochthonous carbonate succession to the east, presumably due to forebulge uplift and (or) conjectural basin-scale base-level fall. We expect that similar detachments exist in other orogenic belts, and failure to recognize them can lead to misinterpretations of stratigraphy, sedimentary facies, and paleogeography.
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Fletcher, Ruth. "#RepealedThe8th: Translating Travesty, Global Conversation, and the Irish Abortion Referendum." Feminist Legal Studies 26, no. 3 (2018): 233–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10691-018-9396-x.
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Wardle, Mary. "SAME DIFFERENCE? TRANSLATING ‘SENSITIVE TEXTS’." Vertimo studijos 10, no. 10 (2018): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/vertstud.2017.10.11292.
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Just like ideas of ‘equivalence’, the concept of ‘sameness’ in translation is not a neutral, univocal one: its interpretation can shift both diachronically and synchronically, with a variety of factors, be they individual or collective, influencing the outcome. This paper intends to investigate a specific example from one author’s work in translation with a view to highlighting the role played by social norms and ideological beliefs in the production and reception of translated texts. Rosamond Lehmann (1901–1990) was an English writer, close to the Bloomsbury Set and author of several popular, critically acclaimed novels. However, her ‘scandalous’ narratives – including extra-marital affairs, gay and lesbian characters and abortion – perhaps rather predictably, provoked some strong reactions in Britain. Although all her books were translated with great success in France, it is perhaps surprising that four of her novels were published in Italy during the years of the Fascist regime. This paper outlines the French and Italian versions of The Weather in the Streets, published in 1936 and 1938 respectively, within their historical context.
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Nickelsburg, George W. E. "An ’′EktpΩma, Though Appointed From the Womb: Paul's Apostolic Self-Description in 1 Corinthians 15 and Galatians 1". Harvard Theological Review 79, № 1-3 (1986): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816000020460.
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In his undergraduate classes in New Testament Introduction, Krister Stendahl used to cite 1 Cor 15:8 as a classic example of a text with an exegetical crux that is signalled through diverse translations in the modern versions. The crucial word is ἔκτρωμα, literally “abortion,” “miscarriage,” “embryo,” or “stillborn child.” Cataloging the witnesses to the Resurrection, Paul states that the risen Christ appeared to him last, as to “an (or the) ektrðma.” But in what sense does the apostle apply the metaphor to himself?
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BRODO, LINDA. "On the expressiveness of π-calculus for encoding mobile ambients". Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 28, № 2 (2016): 202–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129516000256.
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We investigate the expressiveness of two classical distributed paradigms by defining the first encoding of the pure mobile ambient calculus into the synchronous π-calculus. Our encoding, whose correctness has been proved by relying on the notion of operational correspondence, shows how the hierarchical ambient structure can be reformulated within a flat channel interconnection amongst independent processes, without centralised control. To easily handle the computation for simulating a capability, we introduce the notions of simulating trace (representing the computation that a π-calculus process has to execute to mimic a capability) and of aborting trace (representing the computation that a π-calculus process executes when the simulation of a capability cannot succeed). Thus, the encoding may introduce loops, but, as it will be shown, the number of steps of any trace, therefore of any aborting trace, is limited, and the number of states of the transition system of the encoding processes still remains finite. In particular, an aborting trace makes a sort of backtracking, leaving the involved sub-processes in the same starting configurations. We also discuss two run-time support methods to make these loops harmless at execution time. Our work defines a relatively simple, direct, and precise translation that reproduces the ambient structure by means of channel links, and keeps track of the dissolving of an ambient.
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Haas, Markus, and Bodo Rak. "Escherichia coli Insertion Sequence IS150: Transposition via Circular and Linear Intermediates." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 21 (2002): 5833–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.21.5833-5841.2002.
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ABSTRACT IS150, a member of the widespread IS3 family, contains two consecutive out-of-phase open reading frames, orfA and orfB, that partially overlap. These open reading frames encode three proteins, InsA, InsB, and the InsAB protein, which is jointly encoded by both open reading frames by means of programmed translational frameshifting. We demonstrate that the InsAB protein represents the IS150 element's transposase. In vivo, the wild-type IS150 element generates circular excision products and linear IS150 molecules. Circular and linear species have previously been detected with mutant derivatives of other members of the IS3 family. Our finding supports the assumption that these products represent true transposition intermediates of members of this family. Analysis of the molecular nature of these two species suggested that the circular forms are precursors of the linear molecules. Elimination of InsA synthesis within the otherwise intact element led to accumulation of large amounts of the linear species, indicating that the primary role of InsA may be to prevent abortive production of the linear species and to couple generation of these species to productive insertion events.
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Pavlovic, Melanie, Sebastian Hörmann, Rudi F. Vogel, and Matthias A. Ehrmann. "Characterisation of a Piezotolerant Mutant of Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 63, no. 6 (2008): 791–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2008-0630.
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Incubation under sublethal high pressure (50 MPa) allowed the isolation of a piezotolerant mutant of Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis. Compared to the wild type this strain showed faster growth at 50 MPa and an altered temperature-dependent growth at ambient pressure. Additionally, an altered antibiotic resistance pattern was detected. To address the molecular basis of the mutation the genotypic characterisation was focused on alterations of ribosomal components. Northern analysis using ssrA (transfer mRNA) as probe revealed a constitutive overexpression in the mutant. A 2.2 fold induction after pressure shock and increased pressure sensitivity of a ssrA-insertional mutant of L. sanfranciscensis indicate the tmRNA as genetic determinant of a piezotolerance response in the wild type. Thus, we propose trans-translation and peptide tagging, processes that promote recycling of stalled ribosomes and prevent accumulation of abortively synthesised polypeptides to be involved in combating high-pressure damage and conferring moderate piezotolerance.
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Leonard, Cory Ann, Frederic Dewez, and Nicole Borel. "Penicillin G-Induced Chlamydial Stress Response in a Porcine Strain ofChlamydia pecorum." International Journal of Microbiology 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3832917.
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Chlamydia pecorumcauses asymptomatic infection and pathology in ruminants, pigs, and koalas. We characterized the antichlamydial effect of the beta lactam penicillin G onChlamydia pecorumstrain 1710S (porcine abortion isolate). Penicillin-exposed and mock-exposed infected host cells showed equivalent inclusions numbers. Penicillin-exposed inclusions contained aberrant bacterial forms and exhibited reduced infectivity, while mock-exposed inclusions contained normal bacterial forms and exhibited robust infectivity. Infectious bacteria production increased upon discontinuation of penicillin exposure, compared to continued exposure.Chlamydia-induced cell death occurred in mock-exposed controls; cell survival was improved in penicillin-exposed infected groups. Similar results were obtained both in the presence and in the absence of the eukaryotic protein translation inhibitor cycloheximide and at different times of initiation of penicillin exposure. These data demonstrate that penicillin G induces the chlamydial stress response (persistence) and is not bactericidal, for this chlamydial species/strainin vitro, regardless of host cellde novoprotein synthesis.
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Baroni, Luciana, Letícia Pollo-Oliveira, Albert JR Heck, AF Maarten Altelaar, and Ana Patrícia Yatsuda. "Actin from the apicomplexan Neospora caninum (NcACT) has different isoforms in 2D electrophoresis." Parasitology 146, no. 1 (2018): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018000872.
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AbstractApicomplexan parasites have unconventional actins that play a central role in important cellular processes such as apicoplast replication, motility of dense granules, endocytic trafficking and force generation for motility and host cell invasion. In this study, we investigated the actin of the apicomplexan Neospora caninum – a parasite associated with infectious abortion and neonatal mortality in livestock. Neospora caninum actin was detected and identified in two bands by one-dimensional (1D) western blot and in nine spots by the 2D technique. The mass spectrometry data indicated that N. caninum has at least nine different actin isoforms, possibly caused by post-translational modifications. In addition, the C4 pan-actin antibody detected specifically actin in N. caninum cellular extract. Extracellular N. caninum tachyzoites were treated with toxins that act on actin, jasplakinolide and cytochalasin D. Both substances altered the peripheric cytoplasmic localization of actin on tachyzoites. Our findings add complexity to the study of the apicomplexan actin in cellular processes, since the multiple functions of this important protein might be regulated by mechanisms involving post-translational modifications.
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O'Sullivan, Michael. "A Hungarian Josephinist, Orientalist, and Bibliophile: Count Karl Reviczky, 1737–1793." Austrian History Yearbook 45 (April 2014): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237813000611.
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Amid the preparations for the abortive Russo-Ottoman peace talks at Fokschan in April 1772, Anton Wenzel Kaunitz instructed the Austrian Internuntius in Istanbul, Franz Maria Thugut, to elect a colleague to accompany him to the congress. Kaunitz, eager to maintain Austria's unique relationship with both belligerent parties, suggested two young orientalists, Bernhard von Jenisch and the Hungarian noble Karl Reviczky as suitable companions. In character with many thirty-somethings in the Habsburg bureaucracy in the 1770s, Thugut, Jenisch, and Reviczky were fluent in Arabic, Persian, and Ottoman Turkish and possessed an exceptional knowledge of Ottoman affairs. As members of the Austrian embassy to the Ottoman Porte, they had each spent long sojourns in Istanbul. The recruitment and education of such men had been one of Kaunitz's priorities since the 1750s. Thugut knew both candidates well, especially Jenisch, an old chum since their student days at the Oriental Academy in Vienna. Despite Reviczky's recent successes as a translator of an Ottoman treatise on government and some ghazals by the Persian poet Hafez, Thugut did not share Kaunitz's esteem for the young noble, explaining that Reviczky “is as ingenious as he is faint-hearted; he turns pale at the mere mention of plague and would take objection to travel over the channel with sharp winds.”
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Silverman, L., and D. F. Klessig. "Characterization of the translational defect to fiber synthesis in monkey cells abortively infected with human adenovirus: role of ancillary leaders." Journal of Virology 63, no. 10 (1989): 4376–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.63.10.4376-4385.1989.
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Norman, Wendy V., Sarah Munro, Melissa Brooks, et al. "Could implementation of mifepristone address Canada’s urban–rural abortion access disparity: a mixed-methods implementation study protocol." BMJ Open 9, no. 4 (2019): e028443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028443.
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IntroductionIn January 2017, mifepristone-induced medical abortion was made available in Canada. In this study, we will seek to (1) understand facilitators and barriers to the implementation of mifepristone across Canada, (2) assess the impact of a ‘community of practice’ clinical and health service support platform and (3) engage in and assess the impact of integrated knowledge translation (iKT) activities aimed to improve health policy, systems and service delivery issues to enhance patient access to mifepristone.Methods and analysisThis prospective mixed-methods implementation study will involve a national sample of physicians and pharmacists recruited via an online training programme, professional networks and a purpose-built community of practice website. Surveys that explore constructs related to diffusion of innovation and Godin’s behaviour change frameworks will be conducted at baseline and at 6 months, and qualitative data will be collected from electronic interactions on the website. Survey participants and a purposeful sample of decision-makers will be invited to participate in in-depth interviews. Descriptive analyses will be conducted for quantitative data. Thematic analysis guided by the theoretical frameworks will guide interpretation of qualitative data. We will conduct and assess iKT activities involving Canada’s leading health system and health professional leaders, including evidence briefs, Geographical Information System (GIS)maps, face-to-face meetings and regular electronic exchanges. Findings will contribute to understanding the mechanisms of iKT relationships and activities that have a meaningful effect on uptake of evidence into policy and practice.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was received from the University of British Columbia Children’s and Women’s Hospital Ethics Review Board (H16-01006). Full publication of the work will be sought in an international peer-reviewed journal. Findings will be disseminated to research participants through newsletters and media interviews, and to policy-makers through invited evidence briefs and face-to-face presentations.
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Christensen, Sarah L., Steffen Petersen, David Møbjerg Kristensen, Jes Olesen, and Gordon Munro. "Targeting CGRP via receptor antagonism and antibody neutralisation in two distinct rodent models of migraine-like pain." Cephalalgia 39, no. 14 (2019): 1827–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102419861726.
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Introduction Rodent disease models can play an indispensable role in drug development. Confirming that translationally-relevant disease mechanisms are engaged in such models is a crucial facet of this process. Accordingly, we have validated the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide signaling in a mouse model of glyceryl trinitrate-provoked migraine-like pain and a spontaneous rat model of migraine-like pain by assessing their pharmacological responsiveness to the small molecule calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist olcegepant, and the humanised monoclonal calcitonin gene-related peptide antibody ALD405. Methods Cutaneous sensitivity to hind paw, and periorbital mechanical stimulation were used as surrogate markers of activation of relevant pain pathways in each respective model. Separate experiments were performed to identify the time-course of treatment response to olcegepant (1 mg/kg i.p.) and ALD405 (10 mg/kg i.p.). Results Olcegepant and ALD405 significantly alleviated cutaneous mechanical hypersensitivity in both models compared with corresponding control treatments (saline and IgG control antibody respectively). As expected, the duration of anti-nociceptive action obtained with ALD405 was considerably longer than that associated with olcegepant. Surprisingly, in the spontaneous rat model the onset of action of ALD405 occurred within just 4 hours after administration. Discussion The current data clearly show that calcitonin gene-related peptide-mediated signaling is critically involved in the manifestation of cutaneous hypersensitivity in distinct rodent models of migraine-like pain and emphasise their translational relevance. Moreover, the unexpected rapidity of onset observed for ALD405 supports i) a probable site of action outside the blood-brain barrier, and ii) a potential clinical utility of specific monoclonal calcitonin gene-related peptide antibodies in the abortive treatment of migraine.
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Samoilowa, Susanna, Kim S. Giessler, Carlos E. Medina Torres, et al. "Equid herpesvirus-1 Distribution in Equine Lymphoid and Neural Tissues 70 Days Post Infection." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (2021): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060707.
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Equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory disease, abortion and myeloencephalopathy in horses worldwide. As member of the Alphaherpesvirinae, latency is key to EHV-1 epidemiology. EHV-1 latent infection has been detected in the trigeminal ganglion (TG), respiratory associated lymphoid tissue (RALT) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) but additional locations are likely. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of viral DNA throughout the equine body. Twenty-five horses divided into three groups were experimentally infected via intranasal instillation with one of three EHV-1 viruses and euthanized on Day 70, post infection. During necropsy, TG, various sympathetic/parasympathetic ganglia of head, neck, thorax and abdomen, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, RALT, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen and PBMC of each horse were collected. Genomic viral loads and L-(late) gene transcriptional activity in each tissue and PBMC were measured using qPCR. In addition, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was applied on neural parenchyma tissue sections. EHV-1 DNA was detected in many neural and lymphoid tissue sections, but not in PBMC. L-gene transcriptional activity was not detected in any sample, and translational activity was not apparent on IHC. Tissue tropism differed between the Ab4 wild type and the two mutant viruses.
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Serrato-Diaz, L. M., L. I. Rivera-Vargas, and R. D. French-Monar. "First Report of Diaporthe pseudomangiferae Causing Inflorescence Rot, Rachis Canker, and Flower Abortion of Mango." Plant Disease 98, no. 7 (2014): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-13-1223-pdn.
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Although mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a very important tropical fruit crop, limited studies have been conducted on fungal pathogens affecting the inflorescences. During a disease survey conducted from 2008 to 2010, 50% of the inflorescences were affected with inflorescence rot, rachis canker, and flower abortion characterized by blackening of plant tissue with soft rot lesions and suken lesions on the rachis, respectively. Symptoms were observed at the Mango Germplasm Collection of the University of Puerto Rico's Experiment Station in Juana Diaz, Puerto Rico. Five diseased pieces of 350 inflorescences from cvs. Haden and Irwin were disinfested with 70% ethanol, followed by 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed with sterile water, and transferred to acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA). Among several typical or common fungi, three isolates of Diaporthe pseudomangiferae (Dp) R.R. Gomes, C. Glienke & Crous were obtained from symptomatic tissue and identified morphologically using taxonomic keys and DNA sequence comparisons (1,2). On APDA, colonies of Dp initially had white-gray moderate aerial mycelia. Pycnidia were black and superficial on cultures with a central ostiole that exuded beige to light orange conidial droplets. Alpha conidia (n = 50) were aseptate, hyaline, smooth, fusiform, apex rounded and base truncate, averaged 7.34 μm long by 2.60 μm wide. Beta conidia (n = 50) were spindle-shaped, aseptate, hyaline and smooth, averaged 22.03 μm long by 1.53 μm wide. DNA analysis of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region using primers ITS5 and ITS4, and fragments of both β-tubulin and translation elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1-α) genes using primers T1 and Bt2b, and EF1-728F and EF1-986R, respectively, were sequenced and compared using BLASTn with sequences available in the GenBank. Accession numbers of gene sequences of Dp submitted to GenBank were KF616498 to KF616500 for ITS region, KF616501 to KF616503 for β-tubulin, and KF616504 to KF616506 for EF1-α. For all genes used, sequences were 99 to 100% identical to reference isolate CBS 388.89 of Dp in GenBank. For each fungal isolate, pathogenicity tests were conducted on six random healthy non-detached mango inflorescences for both cvs. Haden and Irwin. Inflorescences were inoculated with 5-mm mycelial disks from 8-day-old pure cultures grown on APDA and kept in a humid chamber using plastic bags for 8 days under field conditions. Untreated controls were inoculated with APDA disks only. The test was repeated twice. On cv. Haden, isolates of Dp caused rachis canker (sunken lesion on the rachis) at 8 days post inoculation (dpi). On cv. Irwin, isolates of Dp caused inflorescence rot. Initially, white mycelia was observed on inflorescences but eventually inflorescences turned brown and flower abortion was observed at 8 dpi. Untreated controls did not show any of the above symptoms and no fungi were re-isolated from tissue. From diseased inflorescences, Dp was re-isolated, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. Diaporthe spp. have been associated with fruit rots, stem cankers, decay, and wilt on a wide range of plant hosts (3,4). Recently, Dp was associated with fruit peel of mango in Mexico and the Dominican Republic (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Dp causing inflorescence rot, rachis canker, and flower abortion in mango. References: (1) H. L. Barnett and B. B. Hunter. Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi. APS Press. St. Paul, MN, 1998. (2) R. R. Gomes et al. Persoonia. 31:1, 2013. (3) J. M. Santos et al. Persoonia 27:9, 2011. (4) S. M. Thompson et al. Persoonia 27:80, 2011.
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Brown, Janine, Donna Goodridge, Lilian Thorpe, and Mary Chipanshi. "Factors contributing to practitioner choice when declining involvement in legally available care: A scoping protocol." BMJ Open 8, no. 8 (2018): e023901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023901.
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IntroductionAs legislation addressing medical treatments continues to evolve, there are several circumstances (eg, abortion, assisted dying) in which health practitioners may choose to not provide legally available care options. It is not always clear what underlies practitioner choice, as some research has suggested non-participation in care provision is not always due to an ethical abstention but may represent other factors. This results in tension between a practitioner’s right to refrain from practices deemed morally objectionable by the practitioner, and the care recipient’s right to access legally available treatments. The aim of this systematic scoping review is to identify the current knowledge regarding all the factors influencing practitioner’s choices when declining involvement in legally available healthcare options.Methods and analysisArksey and O’Malley’s scoping framework in concert with Levacet al’s enhancements will guide the systematic scoping review methodological processes. English language documents from 1 January 1998 to current will be sought using Medline, CINAHL, JSTOR, EMBASE, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, PsychINFO and Sociological Abstracts. MeSH headings, keywords and synonyms will be adjusted using an iterative search process. Theses and dissertations will be included in the search protocol; however, other grey literature will be accessed only as required. Two research team members will screen the abstracts and full articles against inclusion criteria. Article information will be extracted via a data collection tool and undergo thematic analysis. Descriptive summary (visual summary and study contextual information) and a presentation of analytical themes will align findings back to the research question.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval is not required. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist will be used to support transparency and guide translation of findings. Findings will be disseminated through professional networks, in peer-reviewed journals and conferences via abstract and presentation.
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Rusatira, Jean Christophe, Claire Silberg, Alexandria Mickler, et al. "Family planning science and practice lessons from the 2018 International Conference on Family Planning." Gates Open Research 4 (April 27, 2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13130.1.
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Since 2009, the International Conference on Family Planning (ICFP) has served as an opportunity for the global reproductive health community to share FP advances and practice lessons in the areas of research, programming, and advocacy. The key takeaways from all 15 tracks were grouped into six thematic areas: 1) Investing in family planning for a lifetime of returns. FP may yield different health and monetary benefits but continues to face a shortage of funding, although locally owned models provide alternative financing solutions. 2) Addressing inequities in family planning for adolescents, youth, and key populations. Marginalized populations and youth still face challenges in accessing FP. Youth-inclusive and user-centered programming show promise in addressing such challenges. 3) Reproductive justice: Abortion care, family planning, and women’s wellbeing. Unsafe abortions tend to be more common among younger, poor, uneducated and rural women. Promising evidence show that providers may effectively shift from unsafe practices of dilation and curettage to safer manual vacuum aspiration or misoprostol. 4) Couple dynamics and family planning decision-making. Couples who share everyday life decision-making are more likely to use contraceptives; couple discordance on childbearing and fertility decisions directly influence women’s decisions to covertly use FP. 5) Male involvement in FP programming. Male champions and advocates can successfully promote couple uptake of FP. Gender-transformative programming promotes gender equity and can directly impact behavior change. 6) Breakthroughs in novel contraceptives and systems improvement in family planning. User-centered contraceptive technologies and information systems present an opportunity to facilitate self-care and optimal supply chain management. ICFP 2018 highlighted research advances, implementation science wins, and critical knowledge gaps in global FP access and use. More research is needed to determine the scalability of novel technologies, more effective programming and service delivery models to ensure multisectoral knowledge translation and utilization by policymakers.
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Ruddell, Brandon, Alan Hassall, Orhan Sahin, Qijing Zhang, Paul J. Plummer, and Amanda J. Kreuder. "Role of metAB in Methionine Metabolism and Optimal Chicken Colonization in Campylobacter jejuni." Infection and Immunity 89, no. 1 (2020): e00542-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00542-20.
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ABSTRACTCampylobacter jejuni is a zoonotic pathogen and is one of the leading causes of human gastroenteritis worldwide. C. jejuni IA3902 (representative of the sheep abortion clone) is genetically similar to C. jejuni W7 (representative of strain type NCTC 11168); however, there are significant differences in the ability of luxS mutants of these strains to colonize chickens. LuxS is essential for the activated methyl cycle and generates homocysteine for conversion to l-methionine. Comparative genomics identified differential distribution of the genes metA and metB, which function to convert homoserine for downstream production of l-methionine, between IA3902 and W7, which could enable a secondary pathway for l-methionine biosynthesis in a W7 ΔluxS but not in an IA3902 ΔluxS strain. To test the hypothesis that the genes metA and metB contribute to l-methionine production and chicken colonization by Campylobacter, we constructed two mutants for phenotypic comparison, the W7 ΔmetAB ΔluxS and IA3902 ΔluxS::metAB mutants. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and tandem mass spectrometry protein analysis were used to validate MetAB transcription and translation as present in the IA3902 ΔluxS::metAB mutant and absent in the W7 ΔmetAB ΔluxS mutant. Time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer fluorescence assays demonstrated that l-methionine and S-adenosyl methionine concentrations decreased in the W7 ΔmetAB ΔluxS mutant and increased in the IA3902 ΔluxS::metAB mutant. Assessment of chicken colonization revealed that the IA3902 ΔluxS::metAB strain partially rescued the colonization defect of the IA3902 ΔluxS strain, while the W7 ΔmetAB ΔluxS strain showed significantly decreased colonization compared to that of the wild-type and the W7 ΔluxS strain. These results indicate that the ability to maintain l-methionine production in vivo, conferred by metA and metB in the absence of luxS, is critical for normal chicken colonization by C. jejuni.
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Li, Yuqing, Tengfei Qin, Chunyan Wei, et al. "Using Transcriptome Analysis to Screen for Key Genes and Pathways Related to Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 20 (2019): 5120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205120.
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Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is one of the most important cash crops worldwide. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is an excellent breeding system for exploitation of heterosis, which has great potential to increase crop yields. To understand the molecular mechanism of CMS in cotton, we compared transcriptome, cytomorphological, physiological and bioinformatics data between the CMS line C2P5A and its maintainer line C2P5B. By using high-throughput sequencing technology, 178,166 transcripts were assembled and 2013 differentially expression genes (DEGs) were identified at three different stages of C2P5A anther development. In this study, we identified DEGs associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS), peroxisomes, aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH), cytochrome oxidase subunit VI, and cytochrome P450, and DEGs associated with tapetum development, Jojoba acyl-CoA reductase-related male sterility protein, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and MYB transcription factors. The abnormal expression of one of these genes may be responsible for the CMS C2P5A line. In gene ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, DEGs were mainly related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, transport and catabolism, and signal transduction. Carbohydrate metabolism provides energy for anther development, starch and sucrose metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism. These results showed that numerous genes and multiple complex metabolic pathways regulate cotton anther development. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) indicated that three modules, ‘turquoise,’ ‘blue,’ and ‘green,’ were specific for the CMS C2P5A line. The ‘turquoise’ and ‘blue’ modules were mainly related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, peroxisomes, pyruvate metabolism as well as fatty acid degradation. The ‘green’ module was mainly related to energy metabolism, carbon metabolism, translation, and lipid metabolism. RNA-sequencing and WGCNA polymerization modules were screened for key genes and pathways related to CMS in cotton. This study presents a new perspective for further research into the metabolic pathways of pollen abortion in the CMS C2P5A line and also provides a theoretical basis for its breeding and production.
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Subedi, Ranjeeta, Israt Jahan, and Pam Baatsen. "Factors Influencing Modern Contraceptive Use among Adolescents in Nepal." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 16, no. 3 (2018): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnhrc.v16i3.21419.
Full textAbstract:
In Nepal, contraceptive use among married adolescents is low and has remained nearly stagnant since 2006, while little information is available about contraceptive use among unmarried adolescents. Nepal is committed to improve sexual and reproductive health rights among all the adolescents. Promoting modern contraceptive use especially among married adolescents is one of the key approaches in practice, to prevent HIV or sexual transmitted infections, avoid unintended pregnancy and sub-sequent unsafe abortion. In spite of these efforts, modern contraceptive use among married adolescents is not increasing. In this study, we aimed to review the prevalence and trends as well as factors influencing modern contraceptive use among both married and unmarried adolescents in Nepal. A review of existing published and unpublished articles, documents, and reports were conducted. An adapted and modified socio-ecological model was used to explore the factors influencing contraceptive use. Contraceptive use is persistently low among adolescents. Various interrelated factors like socio-cultural norms and traditions, lack of comprehensive knowledge on contraceptive methods among adolescents, inadequate adolescent friendly Services and health workers not having the competencies to work with adolescents, are the major influential factors that limit adolescents to seek and use contraceptive services and information. A multilevel approach is required to address the interrelated factors and to create an enabling environment in which adolescent are fully informed and equipped to make use of contraceptives and related services. For this to happen, Government and NGOs working on sexual and reproductive health rights have to work towards translating the existing policies into practice. Involving adolescents, their families and communities; equipping teachers to provide comprehensive sex education within school and sex education programme for out of school and enhancing the competencies of health workers to provide adolescent friendly services – all in line with the written policy - is urgently needed.
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Subedi, Ranjeeta, Israt Jahan, and Pam Baatsen. "Factors Influencing Modern Contraceptive Use among Adolescents in Nepal." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 16, no. 3 (2018): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v16i3.1258.
Full textAbstract:
In Nepal, contraceptive use among married adolescents is low and has remained nearly stagnant since 2006, while little information is available about contraceptive use among unmarried adolescents. Nepal is committed to improve sexual and reproductive health rights among all the adolescents. Promoting modern contraceptive use especially among married adolescents is one of the key approaches in practice, to prevent HIV or sexual transmitted infections, avoid unintended pregnancy and sub-sequent unsafe abortion. In spite of these efforts, modern contraceptive use among married adolescents is not increasing. In this study, we aimed to review the prevalence and trends as well as factors influencing modern contraceptive use among both married and unmarried adolescents in Nepal. A review of existing published and unpublished articles, documents, and reports were conducted. An adapted and modified socio-ecological model was used to explore the factors influencing contraceptive use.Contraceptive use is persistently low among adolescents. Various interrelated factors like socio-cultural norms and traditions, lack of comprehensive knowledge on contraceptive methods among adolescents, inadequate adolescent friendly Services and health workers not having the competencies to work with adolescents, are the major influential factors that limit adolescents to seek and use contraceptive services and information.A multilevel approach is required to address the interrelated factors and to create an enabling environment in which adolescent are fully informed and equipped to make use of contraceptives and related services. For this to happen, Government and NGOs working on sexual and reproductive health rights have to work towards translating the existing policies into practice. Involving adolescents, their families and communities; equipping teachers to provide comprehensive sex education within school and sex education programme for out of school and enhancing the competencies of health workers to provide adolescent friendly services – all in line with the written policy - is urgently needed.
 Keywords: Adolescent; barriers; contraceptive; Nepal; SRHR.