Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'ABS resins'

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The present work is about the influence of processing parameter and composition on the morphology of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)resins. The ABS grades chosen are commercial products with high rubber content, i. e., above 40 wt%. A styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) was blended to ABS parental compositions by melt extrusion in order to dilute the overall rubber contents, practice also used at the industry. The pure ABS in powder were processed in three different ways: compression, extrusion and injection molding. In each process there were variation of molding condition, and its influence on morphology formation were studied by transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy. Blends of SAN content 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 30 and even 50 wt% of SAN had their morphologies investigated. Besides that, the polymeric components of the blends were chemically, rheologically and thermo-mechanically characterized. The analysis showed how the grafting grade and the amount of free SAN on ABS can be critical on the rheological characteristics of these materials. The pure ABS morphology showed agglomerated rubber particles, big enough to become the system matrix phase. Changes on the processing parameters alter the morphology only on the disperse phase domains size and distribution. The SEM morphology analysis of injection molded samples showed enhanced rubbery phase particles agglomeration at the border regions of the specimen. Adding up to 30 wt% of SAN in ABS wasn t enough to promote phase inversion, yielding a SAN rich phase as the system matrix. This result suggests that the added SAN wasn t miscible into the ABS free SAN.
O trabalho desenvolvido versa sobre a influência de parâmetros de processamento e da composição na morfologia de terpolímeros acrilonitrilabutadieno- estireno (ABS). As resinas de ABS escolhidas para este estudo são produtos comerciais e têm elevado teor de borracha, ou seja, acima de 40% em massa. O copolímero estireno-acrilonitrila (SAN) foi escolhido para diluir o teor de elastômero das resinas ABS, através de misturas por extrusão, prática utilizada também na indústria. Os ABS puros na forma de pó foram processados em três diferentes maneiras: compressão, extrusão e moldagem por injeção. Em cada processo foram variados parâmetros de processo, e suas influências na formação da morfologia foram estudadas através de microscopias eletrônicas de transmissão (MET) e de varredura (MEV). Blendas ABS/SAN contendo 2,5; 5; 10; 20; 30% e até 50% em massa de SAN foram alvo de estudos morfológicos. Além disso, os componentes poliméricos das blendas foram caracterizados química, reológica e termo-mecanicamente. As análises mostraram como as diferenças de grau de enxertia e de porcentagem de SAN livre nos ABS podem ser determinantes nas características reológicas destes materiais. A morfologia dos ABS puros apresentou aglomerados de partículas de borracha, grandes o suficiente para se tornarem a fase matriz do sistema contrapondo-se a morfologia típica dos sistemas obtidos por emulsão. As mudanças nos parâmetros de processamento alteraram a morfologia somente no que diz respeito ao tamanho e distribuição dos domínios da fase dispersa. A análise da morfologia em MEV de amostras injetadas mostrou que a aglomeração das partículas da fase elastomérica foi mais acentuada nas regiões próximas a parede do corpo de prova. A adição de até 30% em massa de SAN nos ABS foi insuficiente para promover a inversão de fases, onde a matriz do sistema passa a ser a fase rica em SAN. Este resultado leva a crer que o SAN adicionado foi imiscível com o SAN presente nos ABS.

The epoxy resin mixture is used for wet filament winding load carrying and electrically insulating tubes for high voltage applications. The cured tubes are key parts of the final products which are subject to qualification. The safe function of the products generally depends on low moisture content. Visual inspection is also an important part of the quality inspection which requires some degree of transparency of the cured tubes. To prepare for future material modifications ABB wishes to evaluate the curing characteristics of some recently developed epoxy/hardener systems. The epoxy resin with the formulation E1/H1 is used as reference. Another type of base epoxy resin E2 and toughened epoxy resin E1 (E1T) are included in the study. Three alternative hardeners H2, H3, and H4 were evaluated. This project is to evaluate different alternative epoxy resin formulations that are promising to be used in the ABB products in the future. These alternative epoxy resin formulations and the reference epoxy resin with the formation E1/H1 were prepared to be compared and evaluated in terms of thermal properties, i.e., glass temperature (Tg), the heat of curing and color of cured epoxy resins. The epoxy resins with alternative formulations which shown relative high Tg values were selected to carry out other analysis, ie., mixing ration optimization, the influence of dissolved water on Tg values, degree of curing and water absorption behavior.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais
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Estereolitogrfia é um processo de fabricação rápida (FR) no qual a construção do objeto se da através da cura seletiva de uma resina fotossensível, camada após camada. Devido à boa precisão geométrica das peças fabricadas, este processo tem sido utilizado também para a fabricação de ferramentas como moldes para injeção de termoplásticos onde podem ser utilizados para a confecção de pequenas séries de peças. Porém, no que diz respeito à seleção e aos requisitos dos materiais utilizados para a fabricação rápida dos moldes, os critérios ainda não estão bem estabelecidos. No presente trabalho, estudou-se de forma sistematizada o comportamento das resinas utilizadas para a fabricação rápida por estereolitografia Ren Shape Huntsman 5260 e DSM Somos 7110 fomadas principalmente por grupos epóxi acrilato. O comportamento das resinas foi avaliado através de ensaios de tração em função do grau de cura e da temperatura, bem como o desempenho e o comportamento tribológico dos moldes fabricados com ambas as resinas perante a injeção de PP, ABS, PET e PA 6.6. A pós-cura térmica se mostrou como o método mais eficiente de pós-cura, aumentando a resistência sob tração dos corpos de prova, resultado de uma homogeneização na distribuição de tensões internas. Observou-se que termoplásticos com baixo módulo de elasticidade e tensão máxima são facilmente injetados em moldes fabricados por estereolitografia, sendo preferencialmente utilizadas para a fabricação rápida dos moldes SL, resinas com altos valores das propriedades citadas. Já termoplásticos com elevada tensão máxima e módulo de elasticidade apresentaram determinadas dificuldades durante os ciclos de injeção e nestes casos, sugere-se para a fabricação rápida dos moldes, o uso de resinas com elevada tensão máxima, porém com módulo de elasticidade intermediário que facilitem a extração da peça e aumente a capacidade de absorção de energia da resina SL. Polímeros como PET e PA 6.6 apresentaram uma forte força de adesão na superfície dos moldes SL, resultando em um grande aumento na força necessária para a extração das peças e (em alguns casos) na deterioração dos moldes, o que torna o estudo da compatibilidade química entre os materiais um fator importante na seleção de materiais para o uso deste tipo de tecnologia.

This diploma thesis deals with the fundamental properties of epoxide mixtures, as determining of these fundamental properties of epoxide mixtures could in the case of favorable results lead to diminishing the amount of defects in epoxide-embedded instrument transformers. As the influence of effects in the manufacturing process of transformers causing poor quality is very extensit, the biggest emphasis is laid capitally on the influence of the epoxide casting mixture composition. The thesis describes the manufacture technology including used methodics and materials. The compositions of epoxide resins and the mechanisms of their curing. Also, the definitions of fundamental properties of dielectric materials and the description of diagnostic methods used to relative permitivity, dissipation factor and inner resistivity are included. suitable casts of acquired samples were set and dried out within the experimental part, followed by measurement of fundamental electrical properties in temperature and frequency relations. Hereafter a comparison of individual samples and the evaluation of their electrical properties will be carried out.

Tillämpningen av fiberförstärkt polymerkomposit har senaste decenniet ökat kraftigt inom flertalet högteknologiska branscher. Trots framgången är förekomsten av tillverkningsinducerade avvikelser fortfarande en utmaning. Avvikelserna försämrar materialets mekaniska egenskaper och förkortar dess livslängd, vilket orsakar kassationer, miljöbelastningar och försvårad produktetablering för industriaktörer. ABB Composites i Piteå står inför en liknande situation. Företaget producerar cylindriska isolatorer i fiberförstärkt komposit till högspänningsindustrin, och behöver utreda förekomsten av en specifik avvikelse, som under senaste tre åren medfört omfattande kvalitetsbristkostnader. Produkten tillverkas genom vakuuminjicering där en hartsblandning impregnerar en glasfiberform, för att sedan övergå från flytande till fast form genom en exoterm reaktion. Hartsblandningens reaktionsförlopp har länge misstänkts påverka avvikelsernas förekomst, men har inte bekräftats, på grund av flera svårkontrollerade egenskaper. Examensarbetets syfte har därför varit att utreda om hartsblandningens egenskaper påverkar förekomsten av tillverkningsinducerade avvikelser vid tillverkning av cylindriska isolatorer. Arbetet har bedrivits som ett Sex Sigma-projekt enligt problemlösningsmetodiken DMAIC. Ett blandningsexperiment med sex komponenter genomfördes i laborationsmiljö där en datagenererad design med 36 delförsök tillämpades, varav sex stycken egenskaper hos hartsblandningen undersöktes. Experimentet påvisade att samtliga egenskaper var möjliga att styra genom att förändra proportionerna av ingredienserna. Däremot visade sig flera av egenskaperna vara korrelerade och kan därav inte justeras oberoende av varandra. Kunskapen användes till att utveckla och testa två nya varianter av hartsblandningen vid tillverkning av cylindriska isolatorer. Resultatet bekräftade att hartsblandningens egenskaper signifikant påverkar förekomsten av tillverkningsinducerade avvikelser. En viss kombination av egenskaperna som kännetecknade ett långsamt reaktionsförlopp minskade förekomsten av avvikelser på isolatorerna med 99.3 procent i jämförelse med den ordinarie hartsblandningen. Förbättringen förväntas medföra betydelsefulla besparingar, ökad konkurrenskraft och förhöjd kvalitetsmedvetenhet för ABB Composites. Examensarbetets kunskapsbidrag anses också betydelsefullt för kompositindustrin i strävan mot fortsatt reducering av tillverkningsinducerade avvikelser.
The application of fibre-reinforced polymer composites (FRPC) have during the last decades increased in many high-tech industries. Despite the success, the existence of manufacturing-induced deviations has been a long-standing challenge. These deviations affect the lifetime and the mechanical properties of the composite, which in turn lead to scrap of products and environmental impact, obstructing market exploitation for industry stakeholders. ABB Composites in Piteå is facing a similar scenario. The company produces cylindrical insulators in fibre-reinforced composite for the high-voltage industry and need to investigate a specific deviation, which has caused extensive costs during the last three years. The product is manufactured through vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM), where a resin blend impregnates a fibreglass preform, as the resin cures and transforms from liquid to solid form through an exothermic reaction. One suspected cause for the deviation has been the curing process of the resin. However, it is dependent on several difficult-to-control characteristics and is yet to be confirmed. The purpose of this thesis has therefore been to investigate whether the characteristics of the resin blend affects the occurrence of manufacturing-induced deviations while producing cylindrical insulators. The work has been conducted as an internal Six Sigma-project following the DMAIC improvement cycle. A mixture experiment with six components was performed, using a computer-generated design with 36 runs, in which six characteristics of the resin blend were examined. The experiment proved that all characteristics could be controlled by changing the proportions of the design factors. However, many of the characteristics were correlated, implying that the characteristics cannot be independently controlled. The knowledge from the experiment were used to develop two new resin blends, which were infused to cylindrical insulators in regular production environment. The result confirmed that the characteristics of the resin blend significantly affects the quality of the insulator. One of the blends, which represented a slower curing process, reduced the deviations by 99.3 percent in relation to the original blend. The improvement is expected to generate substantial savings, increased competitiveness and enhanced quality awareness for ABB Composites. Possible contributions to the industry are related to the development of a method to experimentally investigate the resin blend with the objective of reducing manufacturing-induced deviations.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências-Geoquímica. Niterói, RJ
A análise de amostras hipersalinas ainda é um problema analítico a ser resolvido, tendo em vista que a presença de sais dissolvidos é fonte freqüente de interferências em espectrometria atômica. Atualmente, tem ocorrido um grande aumento da demanda para caracterização de águas de alta salinidade, como as águas produzidas, pelo fato de estas serem um dos maiores descartes da indústria de petróleo. Devido a isto, metodologias analíticas para sua caracterização têm sido amplamente desenvolvidas para a determinação de metais-traço em amostras salinas e dentre as técnicas analíticas destaca-se a Espectrometria de Absorção Atômica de Alta Resolução com Fonte Contínua, uma renovação da AAS convencional. Contudo, para a obtenção de resultados acurados, é imprescindível que se faça a remoção dos sais presentes nessas matrizes hipersalinas. Essa separação prévia pode ser realizada através do emprego de resinas qualantes, que pré-concentram o analito e permitem a remoção da matriz. Sendo assim, este trabalho visa à avaliação do uso da resina quelante comercial Chelex-100® na préconcentração de Co, Cu, Mn, Ni e Pb e posterior determinação destes por Espectrometria de Absorção Atômica de Alta Resolução com Fonte Contínua e Forno de Grafite (HR-CS GF AAS). A metodologia foi validada através do uso dos materiais de referência certificados para água do mar CASS-4, CASS-5 e NASS-5. Os limites de detecção obtidos, em μg L-1, foram de 0,006; 0,070; 0,024; 0,074; e 0,018 para Co, Cu, Mn, Ni e Pb, respectivamente. Amostras de água produzida oriundas de plataformas de petróleo offshore foram analisadas e os resultados mostraram que essas águas possuem baixas concentrações dos elementos determinados ou os mesmos não foram detectados. Os valores encontrados são muito inferiores aos limites preconizados pela legislação brasileira através da Resolução CONAMA 357/05
The analysis of hypersaline samples is still an analytical problem to be solved, once the presence of dissolved salts is a frequent source of interferences in atomic spectrometry. Actually, there is a large increase in the interest in the caracterization of this kind of sample, as produced waters are one of the largest discharges of petroleum industry. Hence, analytical methodologies to produced water caracterization have been widely developed to trace metals determination in saline samples and among the analytical techniques, there is High Resolution Continuum Source Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, a renovation of conventional AAS. However, to obtain accurated results, it's necessary to remove the salts present in this high salinity matrices. This previous separation can be done employing a chelating resin, that preconcentrates the analyte(s) and allows matrix removal. In this way, the aim this work is to evaluate the use of chelating resin Chelex-100® to preconcentrate Co, Cu, Mn, Ni and Pb, for the later determination by High Resolution Continuum Source Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (HR-CS GF AAS). The methodology was validated by the use of sewater certified reference materials CASS-4, CASS-5 e NASS-5. The detection limits in μg L-1, were 0,006; 0,070; 0,024; 0,074; and 0,018 for Co, Cu, Mn, Ni and Pb, respectively. Produced water samples from offshore petroleum platforms were analysed and results showed that this waters have low concentrations of these studied elements or could not be detected. Found values are much lower when compared to limits from Brazilian legislation, in this case CONAMA 357/05 Resolution

The aim of this thesis is the elaboration of a detailed literature review on the use of ion exchangers for the preconcentration of platinum group metals. This work contains an actual literature review on this issue. In this work you will find information about the current occurrence of platinum metals in the environment, their impact on health, properties, resources and the use. There are also described ways of decomposition, extraction and use of ion exchangers. In the experimental part this thesis deals with optimization of ion exchangers and following application of real samples from the city of Brno.

碩士
嘉南藥理科技大學
環境工程與科學系碩士班
92
An aerobic submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) is constructed for the treatment of ABS resin wastewater. Sludge retention time (SRT) of this system is set at 30 days and the influence of hydraulic retention time (HRT) , 12, 18, 24 and 30 hours respectively, is examined. This study aims to investigate the treatment performance of SMBR system, including the establishment of evaporation model caused by air stripping, evaluation of evaporated amount during SMBR operation, mass balance of nitrogen-containing compounds and the biotic efficiency. Finally, the microbial observation of SMBR system is also carried out in this study. The results of this study shows that the effect of HRT on MLSS concentration is significantly. The highest value of MLSS concentration, 26.3 g/L for biological treatment tank and 30.9 g/L for membrane tank, is found when HRT is 18 hours. At the condition of 30 hours, the lowest MLSS concentration, 7.4 g/L for biological treatment tank and 6.3 g/L for membrane tank, is obtained. The removal efficiency of BOD5 for each HRT is above 90% and the highest value of 97.9% is obtained with a HRT of 18 hours. All COD removals are above 92% except the HRT of 12 hours (86.7%). The removals of TOC are above 88% and with the highest value of 93.7% (HRT=18 hours). Turbidity removals were above 98.6% and no SS was detected in the effluent. As for SOUR, a range of 117 to 121 mg-O2/g•hr is found in biological treatment tank and 73~76 mg-O2/g•hr in membrane tank. The F/M ratio of biological treatment tank and membrane tank is with a range of 0.23 to 0.26 and 0.08 to 0.11 kg-BOD5/kg-MLVSS-day. The volumetric loading of this system can be as high as 2.0 kg BOD5/m3-day. This value is 3~6 times higher than the value of traditional AS treatment system. The evaporation model for pollutants of biological treatment tank is VOC@ b=(8.33ARb^1.095×0.736＋6.450)×(Xb/10)^－0.632×@×Vb×HRTb For membrane tank, the general equation is VOC@ m=(16.70ARm^0.720×0.280＋34.450)×(Xm/15)^－0.228×@×Vm×HRTm According to the results of evaporation calculation, the biotic removal efficiency of SMBR system at different HRT conditions can be obtained in this study. As for the condition of 18 hours, the biotic efficiency of BOD5, TOC and COD is 94.1%, 86.0% and 91.5% respectively. For mass balance of nitrogen, the results show that nitrification is significant in SMBR system with the HRT of 18 and 24 hours. About 99% Org-N is converted and the dominant nitrogen species in SMBR system is nitrate. However, the nitrification is significantly inhibited with the HRT of 12 hours The microbial observation of SMBR system revealed that short HRT (12 hours) operating causes damage on the surface of Arcella vulgaris. Beggiatoa alba is found and bulking occurred under this condition. However, high microbial diversity is observed under long HRT operating. When MLSS concentration is lower than 6 g/L, only water cleaning was operated. When MLSS concentration was operating up to 24 g/L, water cleaning is not as well as chemical cleaning. However, within 204 days operation, only two times of chemical cleaning was performed to remove the floc from hollow fiber membrane in this study.

碩士
國立成功大學
環境工程學系
88
This research investigated the performance of a three-stage bioprocess in the treatment of the industrial wastewater containing high organic nitrogen. The three stages comprise of a thermophilic anaerobic fluidized-bed bioreactor that degrades organic nitrogen and transforms the structure of organic carbon, a mesophilic anoxic denitrifying fluidized-bed bioreactor that reduces nitrate to nitrogen gas, and a mesophilic oxic nitrifying fluidized-bed bioreactor that oxidizes ammonia to nitrite/nitrate. The industrial wastewater was obtained from an Acrylonitrile-Butadiene -Styrene (ABS) resin and a Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber manufacturing factories that provided high TKN/COD ratios of 0.128 and 0.237, respectively. The organic nitrogen content in the ABS wastewater was about 87% of its TKN; and the organic nitrogen content in the PAN wastewater about 78% of its TKN. These results indicated that the ABS and PAN wastewater had high fraction of nitrogenous compounds and most of nitrogenous compounds were in the forms of organic carbon-nitrogen bonding that was recognized as the refractory compound. For treating the ABS wastewater using the three-stage bioprocess, the influent COD was degraded from 5466 to 70 mgO2/L at the final effluent, and the organic nitrogen was converted from 481 to 10 mgN/L. For treating the PAN wastewater the influent COD was degraded from 1304 to 175 mgO2/L, and the organic nitrogen was converted from 197 to 5 mgN/L within five months of biological acclimation. The result demonstrated that the studied three-stage treatment process performed well with the laboratory-scale bioreactors. Comparing the previous performance of the two-stage bioprocess that includes the mesophilic denitrifying fluidized-bed and mesophilic nitrifying fluidized-bed reactors with the three-stage bioprocess for treating the same wastewater, the three-stage bioprocess was more stable and effective than the two-stage bioprocess. The first stage of thermophilic anaerobic reactor provided that high - molecular organic compounds were converted to low - molecular compounds, such as organic acid and ammonia, and the low - molecular compounds were easily removed by the following denitrification and nitrification processes. From the Biological nitrogen potential (BNP) test and Specific oxygen uptake rate (S.OUR) test, we also found that the performance of denitrifiers and nitrifiers grown up in the three-stage bioprocess was better than the denitrifiers and nitrifiers existed in the two-stage bioprocess.

碩士
國立成功大學
環境工程學系
86
This research was studied on evaluation technology of bioactivity applied in nitrification and denitrification processes, the evaluation technology is included of respirometer test, specific oxygen uptake rate (S.OUR), biochemical nitrogen potential (BNP test) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The purpose of this research was to make evaluation technology completely, and to investigate the mechanism and kinetics of substrate degradation in biological nitrification and denitrification processes. Automatic bubble respirometer was employed to measure nitrogen gas production in BNP test of denitrification instead of traditional measuring technique of gas production by manual method. The electrolytic repirometer also performed excellent accuracy and precision in measuring oxygen uptake of nitrification. Those two respirometers really provided efficient evaluation of bioactivity in biological nitrification and denitrification processes. The biodegradation of ABS resin wastewater and acrylonitrile compound in denitrification was studied by BNP test using automatic bubble respirometer. The result of BNP test showed that the best COD/N ratio was 5 when ABS resin wastewater was utilized as the carbon source of denitrification. According to nitrogen gas production profile and COD utilization rate, in the total COD of ABS resin wastewater, 53% were easily biodegraded by denitrifying bacteria, 28% were hardly biodegraded by denitrifying bacteria and 19% could not be degraded in denitrification. The result of BNP test with acylonitrile substrate indicated that acrylonitrile showed a great inhibition to the denitrifying bacteria. The results of different compound utilization also showed that the carbon source which denitrifying bacteria used in denitrification was not acylo-nitrile but acrylic acid which was turned from acylonitrile before denitri-fication. The biodegradation kinetic of ABS resin wastewater by denitrifying bacteria obeyed to Halden inhibition model. The critical concentration of ABS resin wastewater was 971 mg/L COD to the suspended denitrifying sludge and 1691mg/L COD to the attached denitrifying sludge present in an anoxic fluidized bed.

碩士
國立成功大學
工業與資訊管理學系專班
101
The ABS resin pellet extrusion process, the polymerization of styrene, acrylonitrile and butadiene latex, in accordance with the different purposes mixed of various kinds of additives then use Extruders to made Pellet, to facilitate injection molding. General extrusion process, the problem of the phenomenon of yellowing,making the appearance quality variation of ABS resin pellet, and therefore control the yellow index for the crucial quality characteristics. The purpose of this Studies on manufacturing optimal design using The Six Sigma：DMAIC(Define,Measure,Analyze,Improve,Control) methodology and to take the Taguchi Method and make use of L9 orthognal array to experiment with the two control factors which affect the yellow index of the ABS resin pellet. In the end, to find the optimal process level of process parameter, reduce the variance below five percent of the yellow index.In this way, makes the yellow index to be approaching to the target and does not change the status of the other quality characteristics, reduce yellowing,improve the yield of process.

碩士
嘉南藥理科技大學
環境工程與科學系碩士班
93
In this study, the performances of a membrane bioreactor for anoxic/aerobic treatment of continuous-flow ABS resin manufacturing wastewater were evaluated by laboratory-scale experiments with no sludge withdrawn for 174 days. This system consists of two reactors, the first reactor is a biological treatment tank (2.3 L) and the second one is a membrane bioreactor (3.5 L). The removal efficiencies of carbon and nitrogen were examined in terms of BOD, COD, TOC, Org-N, NH4+-N, NO2--N and NO3--N. Furthermore, the mixed liquid suspended solids (MLSS), mixed liquid volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), food to microorganism ratios (F/M) and volumetric loadings were measured in this study. Finally, the permeate quantity and fouling of membrane according to different experimental conditions were estimated by flux and SEM images. Tree stages include different hydraulic retention time (HRT) and operation modes were carried out in this study as follows. Stage 1: The total HRT of this system was 18 hours. The biological treatment tank was continuous aerobic, the membrane bioreactor was operated at the anoxic/aerobic cycle for 1/1.5 hours. Total aerobic time of this system was 13.6 hours and the anoxic time was 4.4 hours for each HRT. Stage 2: The total HRT of this system was 22.4 hours. The biological treatment tank was continuous aerobic, the membrane bioreactor was operated at the anoxic/aerobic cycle for 1/2.1 hours. Total aerobic time of this system was 18 hours and the anoxic time was 4.4 hours for each HRT. Stage 3: The total HRT of this system was 22.4 hours. The biological treatment tank was operated at the anoxic/aerobic cycle for 1/1 hour. The membrane bioreactor was continuous aerobic. Total aerobic time of this system was 18 hours and the anoxic time was 4.4 hours for each HRT. The results indicated that the HRT seems significantly to affect the concentration of MLSS. The HRT of 18 hours gave the higher biomass concentration than HRT of 22.4 hours. However, the MLSS concentration of the first stage in biological treatment tank was in a range of 8000 to 23300 mg/L. Consequently, decreased and maintained at a range from 3000 to 5000 mg/L for stage 3. A similar MLSS concentration variation was observed in membrane tank. However, the MLSS concentrations of membrane tank were higher than that of biological treatment tank expect for stage 3. The MLVSS/MLSS ratios were also calculated for both the biological and membrane tanks. In generally, the MLVSS/MLSS ratios are in a range of 0.4 to 0.8, but most of the values were below 0.5. Generally, the effluent concentrations of BOD were remarkably stable and with a highest removal efficiency of 99.2%. COD and TOC removal was 88.8% and 83.6%, respectively. The BOD volumetric loadings of biological treatment tank were in the range of 3.03~5.42kg BOD5/m3 day and in the range of 0.02~0.06kg BOD5/m3 day for membrane tank. The BOD F/M of biological treatment tank was in the range of 0.9~2.3 kg BOD5/kg MLVSS-day and in the range of 0.01~0.02 kg BOD5/kg MLVSS-day for membrane tank. The COD volumetric loadings of biological treatment tank were in the range of 6.7~10.8kg COD/m3 day and in the range of 0.28~0.68kg COD/m3 day for membrane tank. The COD F/M of biological treatment tank was in the range of 3~4kg COD/m3 day and in the range of 0.1~0.37 kg COD/kg MLVSS-day for membrane tank. Compared to the data obtained from conventional aerobic processes, those data obtained from this study were very high. The removal efficiency of TKN for stage 1 was 42±13.9%, for stage 2 and stage 3 was 48.9±13.7% and 54.4±13.7%, respectively. However, the results showed that low nitrite and nitrate concentrations in the effluent and only 40% to 50% TKN removed. It implied that denitrification can be accomplished and nitrification of the nitritation (NH4+ → NO2-) is inhibited but the nitratation (NO2-→ NO3-) is significant. In the first 78 days, tree times of chemical cleanings were carried out. It was 24, 56 and 78 day, respectively. On days 99, the flux can be not recovered even the chemical cleaning. A new hollow fiber membrane module with the same material and pore size replace the fouled one and no more chemical cleaning after days 99. However, the water cleaning was more frequent from once a week to once two days after the membrane changed. Images of the new, fouled and cleaned membrane using SEM provide a means for qualitative description of fouling in this study.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
商學研究所
97
The purpose of this research is to study the feasibility of developing the real estate index, Phalaenopsis, and ABS resin markets into futures products in Taiwan. In the research, we distinguish the factors of successful futures contracts into “Factors of spot market” and “Factors of contracts” from past studies. The spot market characteristics include: large scale, spot price volatility, information disclosure, large deliverable supply, ability to store spots, ability to easily classify and measure spots with high homogeneity, and the notion that spots are parameterized as the basic goods, and not the manufactured product. The main characteristics of contracts include: good risk-reduction ability, no other substitute contract in the market, the contract design is able to conform to the demand of the market participants, and the futures exchanges and the spot markets are in the same district. Our research uses the same structure as in chapters 3, 4 & 5 to conduct the analysis. We begin with a review of the current spot market in Taiwan, followed by an analysis of the success and failure of similar futures products in other countries. Next, we compare the three products with the “Factors of spot market” in past studies and discuss their economic benefit. Lastly, we make the following conclusions and suggestions in chapters 6. 1. Real estate index futures: The latest home-price data show that the Taiwanese real estate market has been hit hard by the current economic downturn. This sharp decrease in housing trade volume will diminish the market participants’ need to look for ways to hedge. In addition, because the level of the Taiwanese real estate market information disclosure and transparency is low, this information asymmetry causes the markets to become inefficient and to thus decrease trade volume. Lastly and as for the futures target, the Taiwanese real estate indices are not sufficiently real-time. Based on the above reasons, we conclude that Taiwan should not hurry into launching a real estate index futures product at this time. 2. Phalaenopsis futures: Taiwan has a stable spot market. The incubation period of Phalaenopsis is long, and the risk is high, so the market participants have hedge demand. Although Taiwan is in a good position to develop Phalaenopsis futures, but the characteristic of Phalaenopsis make it not proper to be the futures target. The level of the Phalaenopsis market information disclosure and transparency is low. Farmers are also not familiar with derivative financial products. Based on the above reasons, we conclude that Taiwan should not launch a Phalaenopsis futures product at this time. 3. ABS resin futures: Taiwan plays a vital role in ABS resin supply chains with Taiwan being home to more than one-third of the world''s upstream material production capacity. As for the downstream manufacturers, hundreds of Taiwanese mold manufacturers, machinery corporations, and component providers make products in China. As far as market demand is concerned, the “Chinese Government''s Consumer Electronics Subsidy Program” increases the demand of ABS resin, which provides Taiwan a stable base for the spot market. At the same time, ABS resin is equipped with success factors of futures as mentioned above. Therefore, the result of our analysis shows that Taiwan is in a good position to develop ABS resin futures. To ensure successful development of the futures, we also suggest Taiwan Exchanges work on the contract design and marketing and propose the ABS resin futures contract specifications. In addition, Taiwan Exchanges should choose the “General Purpose Grade” product as the target, adopt cash settlement, use $NTD as the price quotation base, set 300~350 NTD/Ton as minimum price fluctuation (Tick), and set 5 or 10 tons as the contract size to fit the spot market trading usage. Lastly, adjustments for the contract specifications need to be made to fit the spot market so the ABS resin futures product can be successful in the market.

碩士
國立成功大學
環境工程學系碩博士班
91
Waste Acrylonitrile-Butadiene- Styrene Terpolymers (ABS) was incinerated by a batch-type, fixed-bed and controlled-air incinerator in this study. The temperature of the primary and secondary combustion chambers was set to 400 ℃and 900 ℃, respectively, while air supply was set to 900 NL/min and 1,100 NL/min, respectively. Three different diameter of waste ABS, 2~3 cm, 0.3 cm and <0.05cm, were incinerated with adding 3%wt Marmolite, 3%wt Serpentinite, 3%wt Zeolite powder and 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%wt natural ferment to determine the reduction of PAH emissions from the stack flue gases.The stack flue gases were collected by a Graseby Andersen Automatic Stack Sampler (AST). Twenty one individual PAHs were measured by a Hewlett Packard GC/MS. The conclusions of this study are summarized as follows. 1.The total-PAH concentrations in the stack flue gases are 133, 447 and 965 mg/Nm3, respectively, when incinerating 2~3 cm, 0.3 cm and <0.05cm diameter waste ABS. The total-PAH contents in the bottom ash are 0.319, 792 and 1,720 mg/g, respectively. The emission factors of total-PAHs are 352、2,940 and 1,480 mg-PAHs/kg-ABS, respectively. 2. The more natural ferment adding, the more reduction of PAHs. But the tendency is obvious when the adding is over 3%wt. 3. The reduction of PAHs in descending order are adding Serpentine, Marmolite, Zeolite and ferment. 4. The reductions of PAH toxicity (BaPeq) in the stack flue gases were 50.6%, -191% and -220%, respectively when incinerating 2~3 cm, 0.3 cm and <0.05cm diameter waste ABS. The reductions of BaPeq in the stack flue gases were 48.6%, 3.87%, -198% and -205%, respectively when adding 3% Serpentine, marmolite, zeolite and ferment. The reductions of BaPeq in the bottom ash were 37.1%, 32.5% and -41.3%, respectively when incinerating <0.05 cm, 2~3 cm and 0.3 cm diameter waste ABS. The reductions of BaPeq in the bottom ash were 61.5%, 47.0%, 43.6% and 4.9%, respectively when adding 3% marmolite, zeolite, serpentine and ferment. 5. The O/I ratio of PAHs is 0.00285, 0.00947 and 0.0113, respectively for 2~3 cm, 0.3 cm and <0.05 cm diameter waste ABS. It revealed that incinerating large particle size of waste ABS generated less PAHs.

碩士
國立成功大學
高階管理碩士在職專班
95
This research was aimed at the domestic ABS resin injection molder in order to discuss the relationship among corporate image, buying behavior, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty - an empirical study of ABS resin maker in Taiwan. Questionnaire survey was used as a major method by the research. Therefore, a total of the 300 questionnaires were sent out, and 154 valid questionnaires were returned, resulting in a valid return rate of 51.33%. The statistic software SPSS and AMOS were applied for the data analysis. The major findings of this study were presented below: There were no statistically significant differences between injection molding firms’ basic characteristics, such as capital, turnover volumn, time of establishment or their location, and four constructs of this research - corporate image, buying behavior, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. After LISREL analysis of the research framework, the path-value between those constructs showed positive relationship. In direct effect, all routes got a positive significance besides Buying Behavior to Customer Loyalty. For indirect effect, Corporate Image could significantly affect Customer Loyalty through Customer Satisfaction. It also affected Customer Loyalty through Buying Behavior and Customer Satisfaction significantly. The cognition of ABS resin injection molders had shown that Chimei coporation got the highest corporate image rating; while the rest three ABS makers maintained the equinalently lower. By the result of statistic analysis, the factors of Buying Behavior construct had a bigger divergence. It might be the effect of price-orientation and could decrease the customer loyalty.