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1
Trigger, David Scott, and n/a. "Does the way we measure poverty matter? : an analysis of alternative poverty measures with particular reference to changes in the level of poverty in Australia between 1975 and 1994." University of Canberra. Management & Technology, 2000. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061109.153010.
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There has been considerable controversy and debate over recent years about the most
appropriate method of measuring poverty. This debate has included, among other issues,
the questions of absolute versus relative poverty, the merits of money income as a
measure of the standard of living and the associated selection of poverty lines and
equivalence scales, and the selection of alternative indices of poverty. A review of the
literature indicates that the choice of differing approaches to poverty measurement can
lead to differing estimates of poverty. In the face of such results an evaluation of the
impact upon poverty estimates of alternative measurement methodology is appropriate.
This thesis assesses the impact upon the estimated level of poverty of variations in some
of the key poverty measurement parameters. The expenditure data derived from the
1975-76, 1984 and 1993-94 Household Expenditure Surveys have been analysed to
assess the sensitivity of poverty estimates, derived from a range of poverty indices, to
variations in the generosity of the equivalence scales, the level of the poverty line, and
the choice of the indicator of the level of resources used. The sensitivity of each poverty
index to variations in these parameters is assessed at both the aggregated level and for
the specified household types, while those population subgroups particularly susceptible
to poverty are also identified. The poverty distributions derived for each of the survey
years are compared to evaluate the impact upon changes in the level of poverty over
time of variations in the underlying parameters.
The thesis concludes that both poverty estimates at a point in time, and poverty trends
over time are sensitive to variations in the equivalence scales, in the level of the poverty
line, in the selection of the indicator of the level of resources, and in the choice of
poverty index itself. In light of these results, a review of recent Australian poverty
research concludes that insufficient attention has been paid to the sensitivity issues
associated with the measurement of poverty.
2
Larsson, Malin. "Development of Chilean Poverty : Evidence from 1990 - 2009." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-155054.
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Studd, James Peter. "Absolute and relative generality." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9bb22c54-e921-420f-acdc-aee0828bdea8.
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This thesis is concerned with the debate between absolutists and relativists about generality. Absolutists about quantification contend that we can quantify over absolutely everything; relativists deny this. The introduction motivates and elucidates the dispute. More familiar, restrictionist versions of relativism, according to which the range of quantifiers is always subject to restriction, are distinguished from the view defended in this thesis, an expansionist version of relativism, according to which the range of quantifiers is always open to expansion. The remainder of the thesis is split into three parts. Part I focuses on generality. Chapter 2 is concerned with the semantics of quantifiers. Unlike the restrictionist, the expansionist need not disagree with the absolutist about the semantics of quantifier domain restriction. It is argued that the threat of a certain form of semantic pessimism, used as an objection against restrictionism, also arises, in some cases, for absolutism, but is avoided by expansionism. Chapter 3 is primarily engaged in a defensive project, responding to a number of objections in the literature: the objection that the relativist is unable to coherently state her view, the objection that absolute generality is needed in logic and philosophy, and the objection that relativism is unable to accommodate ‘kind generalisations’. To meet these objections, suitable schematic and modal resources are introduced and relativism is given a precise formulation. Part II concerns issues in the philosophy of mathematics pertinent to the absolutism/relativism debate. Chapter 4 draws on the modal and schematic resources introduced in the previous chapter to regiment and generalise the key argument for relativism based on the set-theoretic paradoxes. Chapter 5 argues that relativism permits a natural motivation for Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. A new, bi-modal axiomatisation of the iterative conception of set is presented. It is argued that such a theory improves on both its non-modal and modal rivals. Part III aims to meet a thus far unfulfilled explanatory burden facing expansionist relativism. The final chapter draws on principles from metasemantics to offer a positive account of how universes of discourse may be expanded, and assesses the prospects for a novel argument for relativism on this basis.
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Munro, Richard. "Models for relative and absolute dispersion." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392371.
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Kennedy, D. A. "Crystallographic studies of relative and absolute stereochemistry." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373533.
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Maa0, Sandra [Verfasser]. "Relative und absolute Proteinquantifizierung in Bakterien / Sandra Maa0." Greifswald : Universitätsbibliothek Greifswald, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1051509025/34.
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Charles, Kate. "High precision relative and absolute gravity in Britain." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14366.
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Tide gauge observations suggest current rates of uplift of the land with respect to mean sea level of a few millimetres per year ranging from +1.6 at Lerwick to -3.2 at Southend. The measurement of absolute heights separates the land movements from changes in mean sea level. 10 mm of uplift causes a change in gravity of about 2 μgal (1 μgal = 10<SUP>-8</SUP> m s<SUP>-2</SUP>) so a precision of 5 μgal detects a differential rate of 5 mm per year in about 10 years. The British Precise Gravity Network 1993 (BPGN93) was established by the author to provide a datum from which future reobservation could identify vertical crustal movements. It consists of 58 sites spaced about 100 km apart over mainland Britain. They were observed with three specially calibrated LaCoste & Romberg gravity meters and controlled by observations measured with FG5 absolute gravity meters at Edinburgh, Birkenhead, Teddington and Taunton. Very high accuracy relative gravimetry depends on the calibration of the instrument and maintaining reproducible instrumental drift characteristics, correctly modelling environmental disturbances such as Earth tides and developing robust and appropriate statistical models. A search for periodic errors in the micrometer screw of the unique double-dial instrument D145 appeared to find a period of about 400 coarse dial turns, four times that expected from the gear ratios. The meter was balanced using the coarse screw at various settings of the fine screw. The sequence of readings every 10 minutes for up to 5 hours detected non-linear drift caused by changes in the direction of screw turning. Because a linear drift model was analysed using least-squares, this was initially interpreted as a periodic screw error. The 'spring hysteresis model' explains the anomalous result. Solid-Earth tides were calculated using the full Cartwright-Tayler-Edden expansion but other algorithms agree to better than 0.5 μgal. Inconsistent treatment of the static tide can create discrepancies of about 30 μgal for British latitudes. The ocean load tide is only important near the margins of continents, and in particular in SW England, but was implemented for all relative and absolute gravity data. This thesis describes improved analysis techniques for absolute gravimetry, with a detailed study of three corrections, for vertical gradient, datum height and system response, which were incorrectly treated in the manufacturer's software. The vertical gradient of gravity was measured at the eight absolute gravity sites locations in the UK where the absolute gravity has been observed to correct the new data. The FG5 absolute gravity meter measures the position and time of a freely falling corner-cube reflector using fringes produced by laser interferometry, and estimates gravity by fitting them to an equation of motion. Ignoring the vertical gradient of gravity in the equation of motion estimates gravity at the 'effective measurement height', but it is shown that theoretical predictions relating this position to the top of the drop are incorrect because of fringe counting errors. Thus the equation of motion used must include the vertical gradient of gravity, determined by relative gravimetry, so as to estimate gravity estimate at a definite height for comparison with other instruments.
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Mukiza, Chris Ndatira. "Essays on growth and absolute poverty : evidence from Uganda." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496081.
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Brunner, Melanie. "Pope John XXII and the Franciscan ideal of absolute poverty." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2006. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1095/.
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My thesis offers an investigation into Pope John XXII's view of the Franciscan poverty ideal and his reasons for rejecting the doctrine of the absolute poverty of Christ in the bull Cum inter nonnullos (1323). After establishing the state of the question in the introduction, the first two chapters situate John XXII's discussion of Franciscan poverty in the context of his pontificate and the process of decisionmaking at the curia. Chapter I presents a historical overview of the course of the poverty controversy and of the curial debate, while chapter II focuses on the development of the pope's approach to some of the issues he encountered during his pontificate. This chapter examines John's legal training, his suppression of the Franciscan Spirituals and the role of the Spiritual crisis in shaping his view of Franciscan poverty. I also compare the pope's treatment of the Spirituals to his reform of the order of Grandmont. The Spiritual crisis can be interpreted as having focused the pope's attention on the implications of the Franciscan poverty ideal for the structure of the church, and chapter III therefore moves to a discussion of the ecclesiological implications of Franciscan poverty and John's reaction to this (potential) threat. It is shown, however, that the pope's unease about the Franciscan ideal went beyond the ecclesiological problems posed by the Franciscan order, and the final two chapters turn to a discussion of John's specifically theological and legal objections to the Franciscan poverty ideal as they are set out in his Franciscan bulls. Chapter IV examines the theological reasons behind the pope's condemnation of the Franciscan ideal and especially his discussion of the scriptural title of Franciscan poverty. It is demonstrated that the pope rejected the idea that evangelical and apostolic poverty could be defined as non-ownership of material goods. Chapter V then explores John's discussion of dominium and the Franciscan ideal from a legal perspective. John's definition of dominium as an essential part of the human condition marks his most fundamental disagreement with the Franciscan order, and I suggest that this disagreement over the role of dominium in the history of salvation was at the heart of John XXII's unease about the Franciscan poverty ideal.
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Carvalho, Liana Amaro Augusto de. "Os impactos do Programa Bolsa Família sobre a pobreza absoluta e relativa no Brasil." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2015. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/7245.
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Previous issue date: 2015-08-26<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>The paper develops the argument between "social question", poverty and income transfer, with the objective of evaluating the impact of the Bolsa Familia program on the absolute and relative pauperism in Brazil. Specifically, the objectives revolve around the historical and theoretical discussion of pauperism in the capitalist mode of production; analysis of the relationship between work and "social question" in the reproduction of labor power in Brazil from the aspects of their social-economic formation; and finally, understanding the relationship between poverty and Bolsa Familia in order to identify the impacts of the program on the absolute and relative pauperism. The hypothesis is that, by the profile of beneficiaries, absolute poverty has been impacted, what is not true about the processes of relative impoverishment, which continue to reproduce. However, although this impact is perceived levels of absolute impoverishment of the configurations assumed by the contemporary work, the objective conditions of dependency in which the peripheral countries are entered, or even the contemporary crisis are factors in allow us to say that you can not stop the reproduction of poverty in the country. Perhaps, contrary to what is preached, this program presents itself as an attempt to impact the objective tendency of capital return to absolute impoverishment in contemporary times. In this sense, the issue of research involves the discussion of absolute and relative pauperism in contemporary capitalism turning to face the question of poverty in Brazil and from the Lula government. Given the problematic set, some questions arise: What are the impacts of the Bolsa Família Program on the true poverty alleviation, in its absolute and relative face? There are real possibilities to impact this reality, or poverty would have been strengthened by measures taken on absolute poverty and relative poverty in unnoticed? Put another way: Was the Bolsa Família encouraging the breeding cycle of poverty in Brazil? These are some of the issues that underlie this research. To carry out the research with a qualitative study, through the use of bibliographic and documentary research, using secondary data available in electronic media was performed. Considering the social function of bound reproduction of the labor force in the country program, one can say that the Bolsa Família Program was established as a minimalist action in the face of poverty and social inequality maximized, functioning as a palliative. Obviously, capital operates an attempt to obscure the contradictory reality that is called, justifying the poor by the poor themselves, and never correlated with the amount of wealth produced. The trajectory described by the development of the capitalist mode of production reached its most recent phase combining high levels of exploitation of labor by maximizing the sequels of "social issue," including poverty. No doubt this is a move that leads to the deepening of private appropriation of socially produced wealth, and the consequences fall directly on the working class.<br>A dissertação desenvolve a discussão entre questão social , pobreza e transferência de renda, com o objetivo de avaliar os impactos do programa Bolsa Família sobre o pauperismo absoluto e relativo no Brasil. Especificamente, os objetivos giram em torno do debate histórico e teórico do pauperismo no modo de produção capitalista; a análise da relação entre trabalho e questão social na reprodução da força de trabalho no Brasil a partir dos aspectos da sua formação econômico social; e, por último, a compreensão da relação entre a pobreza e o Bolsa Família com vistas a identificar os impactos do programa sobre o pauperismo absoluto e relativo. A hipótese sustentada é de que, pelo perfil dos beneficiários, a pobreza absoluta tem sido impactada, o que não é verdade sobre os processos de empobrecimento relativo, que continuam a se reproduzir. No entanto, ainda que este impacto seja percebido, os níveis de um empobrecimento absoluto pelas configurações assumidas pelo trabalho na contemporaneidade, as condições objetivas de dependência na qual os países periféricos estão inseridos, ou até mesmo a situação contemporânea de crise, são fatores que nos permitem afirmar que não é possível deter a reprodução de pobreza no país. Talvez, ao contrário do que seja apregoado, este programa se apresente como uma tentativa de impactar a tendência objetiva do capital de retorno a pauperização absoluta na contemporaneidade. Nesse sentido, a problemática da pesquisa envolve a discussão sobre o pauperismo absoluto e relativo no capitalismo contemporâneo voltando-se para a questão do enfrentamento a pobreza no Brasil e partir do governo Lula. Tendo em vista a problemática posta, algumas questões surgem: Quais são os impactos do Programa Bolsa Família sobre a verdadeira diminuição da pobreza, na sua face absoluta e relativa? Há reais possibilidades de impactar esta realidade, ou a pobreza teria sido reforçada pelas medidas tomadas sobre a pobreza absoluta e não percebidas na pobreza relativa? Dito de outra forma: Estaria o Bolsa Família fomentando o ciclo de reprodução da pobreza no Brasil? Essas são algumas das questões que perpassam esta pesquisa. Para a realização da investigação foi feita uma pesquisa do tipo qualitativa, através da verificação bibliográfica e documental, com a utilização de dados secundários disponíveis em meio eletrônico. Considerando a função social do programa ligada a reprodução da força de trabalho no país, pode-se dizer que o Programa Bolsa Família constitui-se como uma ação minimalista em face da pobreza e da desigualdade social maximizadas, funcionando como um paliativo. Obviamente, o capital opera a tentativa de obscurecer a realidade contraditória que está posta, justificando os pobres pelos próprios pobres, e nunca os correlacionando com o montante de riqueza produzido. A trajetória descrita pelo desenvolvimento do modo de produção capitalista chegou a sua fase mais recente combinando altos níveis de exploração do trabalho com a maximização das seqüelas da questão social , inclusive a pobreza. Sem dúvida, este é um movimento que conduz ao aprofundamento da apropriação privada da riqueza socialmente produzida, e as conseqüências disso recaem diretamente sobre a classe trabalhadora.
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Prakash, Puneet. "Absolute or Relative? Which Standards do Credit Rating Agencies Follow?" restricted, 2005. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08042005-152025/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2005.<br>Title from title screen. Richard D Phillips, committee chair; Neil A Doherty, Sanjay Srivastava, Jayant R Kale, Ajai Subramanian, committee members. Electronic text (133 p. : ill. (some col.)) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed June 26, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-74).
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Stenbäcken, Rasmus. "Do Self-Sustainable MFI:s help alleviate relative poverty?" Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6406.
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<p>The subject of this paper is microfinance and the question: Do self-sustainable MFI:s alleviate poverty?.</p><p>A MFI is a micro financial institution, a regular bank or a NGO that has transformed into a licensed financial institutions, focused on microenterprises. To answer the question data has been gathered in Ecuador, South America. South America have a large amount of self sustainable MFI:s. Ecuador was selected as the country to be studied as it has an intermediate level of market penetration in the micro financial sector. To determine relative poverty before and after the access to microcredit, interviews were used. The data retrieved in the interviews was used to determine the impact of micro credit on different aspects of relative poverty using the Difference in Difference method.</p><p>Significant differences are found between old and new clients as well as for the change over time. But no significant results are found for the difference in change over time for clients compared to the non-clients. The author argues that the insignificant result can either be a result of a too small sample size, disturbances in the sample selection or that this specific kind of institution have little or no affect on the current clients economical development.</p>
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Thomas, Owen. "Neuronal responses to absolute and relative disparities in cortical area V2." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393552.
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Francisco, Monica T. "Evaluation of absolute and relative reinforcer value using progressive ratio schedules." Scholarly Commons, 2007. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/672.
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We evaluated behavior exhibited by individuals with developmental disabilities using progressive ratio schedules. High- and low-preferred stimuli were determined based on the results of a paired-stimulus preference assessment and were evaluated in subsequent reinforcer and progressive ratio assessments using concurrent- and single-operant schedules of presentation in a modified reversal design. Results showed that for two participants, stimuli determined to be low-preferred via a preference assessment functioned as reinforcers when evaluated independently of high-preferred stimuli and under gradually increasing response requirements. The results suggest that for cases in which a high-preferred stimulus is unavailable or unfeasible, the contingent delivery of relatively less-preferred stimuli may maintain appropriate behavior, even as response effort is increased. In addition, results of the progressive ratio evaluation are suggestive of stimulus value.
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Caccamise, Dana John II. "Geodetic and Oceanographic Aspects of Absolute versus Relative Sea-Level Change." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1543357751520828.
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Cookson, Jr John Anthony. "The Relative Poverty of American Indian Reservations: Why Does Reservation Poverty Persist Despite Rich Neighbors?" Thesis, Montana State University, 2006. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2006/cookson/CooksonJ0506.pdf.
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American Indian reservations have per capita incomes $9,000 lower than adjacent counties. This paper seeks to explain why using an approach akin to the analysis of country-level data. I estimate differences in levels of income and income growth for a decade where Indian economies were transformed greatly by casino gambling - the 1990s. I test several recent innovations in the theory of economic growth within the context of American Indian economies and assess how economic performance depends on veto players, human capital investment, and windfall wealth. I find that measures of rule of law, rent seeking, and human capital are the most economically significant predictors of the per capita income gap. In addition, the size of Indian casinos is strongly correlated with convergence and economic growth, suggesting that tribal investment in Indian casinos plays an important role in reservation economies. From the work done here, promoting economic growth through enhancing a stable investment climate appears to be the most successful development strategy. Moreover, this study contributes to the broader literature on economic growth by providing new insight into the way institutional quality affects the speed of, or potentially lack of, convergence.
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Gomez, Katya Rodriguez. "Poverty in Mexico : the development of a relative poverty line for the twenty first century." Thesis, University of Essex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495564.
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Poverty is a severe problem in Mexico. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, approximately half of the Mexican population suffers from poverty, according to official estimates. In 2000, for the first time in Mexican history, the government calculated an official poverty line. At first glance, the existence of an official poverty line may be seen as helpful not only because it indicates an official recognition of the problem, but also because it could serve as a benchmark for measuring any potential improvement in the battle against poverty. However, in practice this situation is not so straightforward. I demonstrate in this study that the official poverty line is misleading regarding the patterns of poverty in Mexico, in terms of the definition and measurement of the condition of poverty, and the necessary policy actions to overcome it. In order to challenge the governmental approach I review the academic debates on poverty, in particular in 'North' countries, and the analysis of current academic practices in Mexico. According to these theoretical bases, this study applies for the first time concerning the Mexican case a conception of poverty as relative deprivation using the sociological notion of citizenship as an indicator to define 'normal' standards of living, and taking it as a benchmark to measure poverty. Based on this alternative concept of poverty, this thesis analyses the failure of antipoverty policies in Mexico, and proposes guidelines for alternative policy making.
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Svensson, Jacob. "Happiness; It is all relative? : - A study of well-being and the effect of relative and absolute income." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-135902.
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Using ordered probit techniques this thesis examines how subjective well-being among different agents in Sweden are effected by absolute and relative income. In other words this thesis examines the importance of absolute and relative income among different types of agents where agents are identified depending on: Age, Population-density, Highest level of education, Different levels of income, Country of birth, Unemployment and Partnership. The result suggests that relative income is on average more important to SWB among agents that are; ‘middle-aged’ (30-65 years of age), female, born in Sweden, has a lower education level, lives in an area with high population density are employed and lives with a partner. Absolute income was found to be on average more important to SWB among agents that are; ‘middle-aged’ (30-65 years of age), not born in Sweden, single, male, unemployed, has a lower education level and lives in an area with high population density.
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O'Donnell, Kathryn. "Satellite orbits in resonance with tesseral harmonics : absolute and relative orbit analysis." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2006. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842688/.
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A concise, novel description is presented of near-circular satellite motion at arbitrary inclination in resonance with a single dominant tesseral harmonic of a gravitational potential. A practical method is then given for determining the validity of the ideal resonance assumption in specific regions of phase space. The model has been designed to be potentially sufficiently accurate for use in orbit determination yet computationally concise enough for implementation on-board small satellites. Unlike more traditional, mathematically rigorous approaches the orbit description has a relatively simple geometric interpretation making it ideal for use in mission analysis and design. It also facilitates a summary of the factors determining and affecting the nature of resonant motion experienced by satellites. This resonance model is incorporated into a curvilinear relative orbit framework to characterize the effects of tesseral resonance on the relative motion of formations of satellites. The results show that these effects can be the same magnitude as that due to short periodic J2 motion, or secular motion due to small inclination differences for close LEO satellite formations. The analytical relative resonant orbit model also allows the key factors determining the relative resonant motion to be isolated. Finally, the intuitive nature of the resonant orbit model is exploited in two ways. Firstly, the analogy between the non-linear motion of a satellite in resonance to that of a simple pendulum is exploited to develop control strategies for maintaining both spatial and temporal separations between satellites in a resonant formation. Secondly, a simple mission analysis tool is developed to allow orbit analysts to determine whether a given satellite mission could encounter a resonance of significant strength. The output of this software tool is also used to identify the limitations of the resonance model for describing motion about other celestial bodies such as the Moon, Venus and Mars.
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Dorrity, Michael R. J. "Crystallographic studies of relative and absolute stereochemistry in cycloadducts and arene metabolites." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317502.
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Whitley, Michael James. "Maximum Absolute and Relative Joint Torques during Recovery from a Simulated Trip." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33710.
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Previous studies have shown that obesity negatively affects balance during quiet standing, yet little is known about its effect on the ability to recover after a postural perturbation. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the effects of obesity on single-step balance recovery from an incipient forward fall. Eight obese (BMI = 33.2 ± 2.4) and eight non-obese (BMI = 24.8 ± 1.8) participants were released from a static forward lean and asked to recover their balance with a single step. Lean angle was progressively increased until they could no longer recover balance with a single step. Peak joint torques and relative effort during balance recovery were calculated and compared across the groups. Obese participants achieved a smaller maximum lean angle compared to non-obese participants. During balance recovery, obese participants exhibited higher ankle plantar flexor torques and relative effort. Trends also suggested higher relative hip extensor effort in the obese. Obese adults exhibited a poorer ability to recover from a forward fall with a single step. In addition, obese adults used a higher percentage of their total hip and ankle strength compared to non-obese adults during balance recovery. This suggests that the poorer ability of recovering from a forward fall in the obese may be related to increased exertion levels during balance recovery.<br>Master of Science
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LaRocque, G. "Assessing competition using absolute and relative growth rates and relative density of wood for red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.)." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30910.
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Effects of competition among trees of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) on tree growth and on the relative density of wood were examined. Data came from a spacing trial with initial spacings ranging from 1.2x1.2 m to 6.0x6.0 m; individual trees were measured for DBH, height, and crown dimensions at several ages.
The first objective was to evaluate if relative growth rate (RGR) expressed the competitive status of stands better than absolute growth rate (AGR), which is normally used in forestry. Relative growth rate was found to be superior to AGR. While AGR was always positively related to tree size, RGR decreased with tree size before the onset of competition or when it was not too severe, and increased with tree size under severe competitive stress. This implies that small trees were more efficient than large trees at producing new biomass before the onset of competition. The effect of competition was to reduce the efficiency of small trees compared to large ones.
The second objective was to examine whether different measures of crown efficiency rarely used in forestry were related to the competitive status of stands. The ratios of crown width to crown length, and of crown length to DBH, the ratio of AGR in DBH to crown width and to crown length, and the ratio of AGR in basal area to foliage biomass showed a pattern similar to RGR: a decrease with tree size before the onset of competition, and an increase with tree size after. Crown ratio showed little variation with tree size for a particular spacing until the onset of competition, and increased with tree size afterwards.
The third objective consisted of examining whether the relative density of wood in red pine was affected by different initial spacings. Increment cores were sampled at breast height on 30 trees within every spacing and scanned on a direct reading X-ray densitometer to determine the relative density of the wood. Ring width, the relative density of the ring, earlywood and late-wood densities, minimum and maximum densities, and proportions of earlywood and latewood were analysed. The relative density of the rings and of the latewood zones and the proportions of early-wood and latewood were closely associated with the change in competitive status of stands. Furthermore, the changes in wood density were closely associated with the changes in crown ratio.
RGR and measures of crown efficiency describe the competitive status of stands better than classical measures of growth. Their use for evaluating the response of stands under intensive management still remains to be investigated.<br>Forestry, Faculty of<br>Graduate
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Tan, Lavinia Chai Mei. "The discrimination and representation of relative and absolute number in pigeons and humans." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3822.
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The ability to discriminate relative and absolute number has been researched widely in both human and nonhuman species. However, the full extent of numerical ability in nonhuman animals, and the nature of the underlying numerical representation, on which discriminations are based, is still unclear. The aim of the current research was to examine the performance of pigeons and humans in tasks that require the discrimination of relative number (a bisection procedure), and absolute number (in a reproduction procedure). One of the main research questions was whether numerical control over responding could be obtained, above and beyond control by temporal cues in nonhuman animals, and if so, whether it was possible to quantify the relative influences of number and time on responding. Experiment 1 examines nonhuman performance in a numerical bisection task; subjects were presented with either 2 and 6, 4 and 12, or 8 and 24 keylight flashes across three different conditions, and were required to classify these flash sequences as either a “large” or “small” number, by pecking the blue or white key, respectively. Subjects were then tested with novel values within and 2 values higher and lower than the training values. Experiments 2-4 investigate responding in a novel numerical reproduction procedure, in which pigeons were trained to match the number of responses made during a production phase to the number of keylight flashes (2, 4, or 6) in a recently completed sample phase. Experiments 2 and 2A examined discrimination performance when the temporal variables, flash rate and sample phase duration, were perfectly correlated (Experiment 2) or only weakly correlated (Experiment 2a) with flash number. Acquisition of performance in the numerical reproduction procedure was investigated in Experiment 3.
For Experiments 1-3, hierarchical regression analyses showed significant control by number over responding, after controlling for temporal cues. Additionally, positive transfer to novel values both within and outside the training range was obtained when the temporal organization of test sequences was similar to baseline training. Experiment 4 investigated the effects of increasing or decreasing the retention interval (RI) on performance in the reproduction procedure, and found this produced a response bias towards larger numbers, contrary to predictions based on previous RI research, and suggested responding was not affected by memorial decay processes. The structure of the representation of number developed by subjects in the bisection and reproduction procedures was investigated using analyses of responding and response variability in Chapters 2 and 6, respectively. Bisection points obtained in Experiment 1 were located at the arithmetic, not geometric mean of all three scales, and coefficients of variation (CVs) obtained in both the bisection and reproduction experiments tended to decrease as flash number increased. Additionally, analyses of the acquisition data found differences in average response number was better fit by a linear than logarithmic scale. These results show that responding did not conform to scalar variability and is largely inconsistent with previous nonhuman research. Together these results suggest responding appeared to be based on a linear scale of number with constant generalisation between values, similar to that associated with human verbal counting, rather than a logarithmic scale with constant generalisation or a linear scale with scalar generalisation between values. Experiment 5 compared pigeons’ and humans’ verbal and nonverbal discrimination performance with numbers 1-20 in analogous bisection, reproduction and report tasks. Human verbal and nonverbal performance in the three tasks was similar and resembled nonhuman performance, although verbal discriminations were more accurate and less variable. The main findings from Experiments 1 and 2A were replicated with humans; bisection points were located at the arithmetic mean, average response number increased linearly as sample number increased, though there was a tendency to underestimate sample number, and decreasing CVs were also obtained for values less than 8. An additional, interesting finding was that CVs showed scalar variability for values greater than 8, suggesting a less exact representation and discrimination process was being used for these values. Collectively, these five experiments provide new evidence for a nonverbal ability to discriminate relative and absolute number with increasing relative accuracy resembling human verbal counting in both human and nonhumans.
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Evans, Timothy Arthur. "Crystallographic studies of relative and absolute stereochemistry in substituted arenes and arene metababolites." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241391.
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Varieur, R., M. H. Haischer, D. M. Cooke, et al. "Relationship between Absolute and Relative Strength with Velocity Decline during the Back Squat." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3821.
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Average concentric velocity (ACV) can be used to objectively measure fatigue and intensity during resistance training and to assist in attempt selection during one-repetition maximum (1RM) testing. However, ACV may be different across individuals at similar intensities of 1RM, making it difficult for investigators to make objective load increases during 1RM testing. Further, it is unknown how strength levels are related to velocity at particular percentages of 1RM. Purpose: Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between absolute and relative strength in the back squat with ACV at various percentages of 1RM. Methods: Twenty-five college-aged, resistance trained men (Age: 23 ± 3 years, Body Mass: 87.70 ± 16.11 kg) performed a 1RM back squat followed by 2 single repetition sets at 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% of the established 1RM. Three to 5 minutes of rest were administered between each single repetition set and the best velocity of the 2 sets at each intensity was used for analysis. ACV was calculated on each set using the Open Barbell System Version 2 (Seattle, WA, USA) linear position transducer. Wilks coefficient, a valid measure of relative strength, was also calculated from the 1RM squat. The difference between ACV at 90% of 1RM and ACV at 30% of 1RM was calculated and used as ACV decline. Pearson's product moment correlations were used to assess relationships between absolute and relative strength and ACV decline. Results: Mean squat 1RM was 167.0 ± 42.5, mean Wilks Coefficient was 109.75 ± 21.55 and mean ACV decline from 30 to 90%1RM was 0.65 ± 0.11m·s−1. There was a significant moderate correlation between 1RM and ACV decline from 30 to 90% 1RM (r = 0.48, p = 0.01). Additionally, there was a significant moderate correlation between relative back squat strength and ACV decline from 30 to 90% 1RM (r = 0.56, p= < 0.01). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that lifters with greater absolute and relative strength will experience a larger decrease in ACV between 30 and 90% of their 1RM. These findings may be due to stronger lifters possessing greater neuromuscular efficiency, resulting in a slower ACV at high percentages of 1RM; thus, displaying greater velocity decline from low to high intensities. Practical Applications: Therefore, if utilizing velocity based training at high intensities a stronger lifter might be prescribed a slower ACV than a weaker lifter.
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Bradbury, Bruce William Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Family Size and Relative Need." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Economics, 1997. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/17174.
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This thesis examines three questions concerned with the relative income needs of families of different sizes - often summarised by indices known as ???equivalence scales???. The first is the extent to which researchers and policy makers should offset the costs of family composition (eg the expenditure costs of children) with the benefits associated with demographic choice (eg the ???joys of parenthood???). Chapter 2 concludes that there are demographic and financial market constraints that will often make a narrow focus on expenditure costs appropriate for distributional research and tax/transfer policies. However, this will not always be the case. One implication of this result is that it may be reasonable for distributional research to use different equivalence scales for adults and children in the same household. Part 2 of the thesis introduces a new method for the estimation of the within-household income distribution and expenditure costs of different family types. This is based upon the household welfare model of Samuelson together with Lau???s method for modelling the joint consumption of household goods. In Chapter 4, this method is applied to the estimation of equivalence scales for older singles and married couples. The estimation is based upon a detailed set of assumptions about the extent of joint consumption for 17 different commodity groups. The main conclusions are that: the theoretical model fits the observed behaviour well (with the exception of some home production effects); that aged couples share their income relatively evenly; and that the relative rate of pension for aged singles in Australia is probably too low. In Part 3, the thesis examines how changes in poverty can be estimated when there is uncertainty about the equivalence scale. The thesis proposes a new method which permits a set of upper and lower bounds for the equivalence scale to be assumed, which in turn determine upper and lower bounds for the increase in poverty. This method is applied to measure the change in poverty in Australia during the 1980s. Equivalence scales can be found that imply either an increase or a decrease in poverty.
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Larsson, Daniel. "Exposure to crime as a consequence of poverty : five investigations about relative deprivation, poverty and exposure to crime." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Sociology, Umeå University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-832.
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Cosley, Brandon J. "Relatively Good or Absolutely Not: Examining Relative vs Absolute Stereotyping in Emotional Reactions to Discrimination." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2011. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/CosleyB2011.pdf.
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Jurgawczynski, Mathieu. "Predicting absolute and relative permeabilities of carbonate rocks using image analysis and effective medium theory." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441333.
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Sutisna, S. "The three-dimensional combination of absolute and relative coordinates derived from satellite and terrestrial methods." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233314.
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Huff, Joel E. "Absolute and Relative Navigation of an sUAS Swarm Using Integrated GNSS, Inertial and Range Radios." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1535040500005309.
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DiTrapani, John B. "Assessing the Absolute and Relative Performance of IRTrees Using Cross-Validation and the RORME Index." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1555328378474406.
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Kacin, Alan. "The role of absolute and relative work rate in the sweat response during steady-state exercise." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2005. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416224.
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Kniebühler, Gesa. "Fluorescence spectroscopic measurements of absolute and relative photosensitizer concentrations in tissue for the optimization of photodynamic therapy." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-171159.
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VEENEMAN, DENNIS RICHARD. "RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE GAINS AND THEIR IMPACT IN THE DECISION MAKING PROCESSES OF CONVENTIONAL AND NUCLEAR WAR." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1061223391.
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Hjalmarsson, Simon. "Socially poorer than peers? : Economic resources and school class friendship relations." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-116957.
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That a lack of economic resources negatively affects the social relations of children is often assumed, sometimes described, but rarely tested using methods allowing generalization. When addressing this issue, previous research has largely been limited to self-reported data on social relations. This thesis uses peer reported measures of social relations in combination with survey and register data to examine the effect of economic resources on the probability of social isolation and on the number of school class friendships of Swedish adolescents. While not entirely unambiguous, the results indicate that a lack of economic resources negatively affects the social relations of children, at least in regards to the school class social relations of adolescents. The results point to the importance for adolescent’s social relations of having the economic and material possibilities to participate in the social life and in the activities undertaken by peers.
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Lowe, Robert Aaron. "Comparison of relative and absolute precision of Ohio's wide area GPS network including the comparison with alternative methods :." Connect to resource, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/563.
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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2005.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formattted into pages: contains, vii, 48 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 14). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
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Hasnain, Syed Saad. "Navigation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Image Processing." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-105628.
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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the possibility of using aerial or satellite images or eventually digital elevation models in order to localize the UAV helicopter in the environment. Matching techniques are investigated in order to match the available on-board image of the area with the live images acquired by the on-board video camera. The problem is interesting because it can provide a redundancy for the UAV navigation system which is based only on GPS. The thesis is in the context of the development of an integrated system for navigation using image sequences from an aircraft. The system is composed of relative position estimation, which computes the current position of the helicopter by accumulating relative displacement extracted from successive aerial images. These successive aerial images are then matched using certain image matching techniques.
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Weismann, Gretchen D. "The relative risk : parenting, poverty, and peers in the three city study of moving to opportunity." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44365.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2008.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 265-274).<br>This study shows how kin networks, parental monitoring, and housing mobility structure low-income adolescents' engagement in risky and delinquent behavior. I use ethnographic data from a mixed-method study of a randomized housing experiment: The Three City Study of Moving to Opportunity. The ethnography was conducted over 8 months in 2004-2005 with thirty-nine families, including fifty-two male and female adolescents (ages 11-23) in greater Boston, Los Angeles, and New York. Beginning in 1994, two-thirds of the families (members of the experimental complier group) relocated from public and assisted housing in high poverty neighborhoods to very low poverty neighborhoods, using a rental housing voucher and other program supports. The remaining one-third of the sample, a control group, continued to live in high poverty "project" neighborhoods. Using case-study logic, I examine how the content and location of adolescent's daily routines and social ties to friends and relatives are associated with their involvement in risky and delinquent behavior. I also examine the role of parental monitoring and housing mobility patterns in moderating exposure to risk.I find that for most adolescents in the experimental-complier group, the neighborhood of residence has not become the primary neighborhood of influence in that the former only partially structures their routines and important social relations. How parents manage their social relations, especially with kin, shapes their children's level of engagement in new residential neighborhoods, and involvement in risky and delinquent behavior.<br>(cont.) Socializing with kin is risky because it brings youth back to dangerous neighborhood environments and because many youth stay connected to kin who are actively engaged in risky and delinquent behavior, including gang banging, drugs, and crime. Parenting moderates this exposure, but for some families, it does not change dramatically after relocation. These findings contribute to research on low-income housing policy and neighborhood effects by demonstrating the critical role of extended family networks, ongoing housing mobility, and multiple neighborhoods of influence in shaping exposure to risk. My policy recommendations include strategies to: help very low-income families who escape high-risk neighborhoods to stay out of them over time, and to manage the risk in their lives.<br>Gretchen D. Weismann.<br>Ph.D.
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Dutta, Gitanjali. "Child labor in Vietnam : the relative importance of poverty, returns to education, labor mobility, and credit constraints /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3074396.
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Moreno, Sala María Teresa. "The influence of perceptual shift, cognitive abilities and environmental factors on young children's development of absolute and relative pitch perception /." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=85941.
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The main purpose of the present study was to investigate whether a shift from absolute to relative pitch perception occurs during early childhood. Other factors that can influence the development of absolute pitch, such as cognitive abilities and the child's environment were examined. Young children completed (n=88): (1) a variety of pitch tasks (absolute and relative pitch tests) prior to and after two months of focused instruction on absolute and relative pitch, (2) tests of cognitive abilities, and (3) a questionnaire gathering information about family musical environment.<br>The results indicate that a shift from absolute to relative perception occurs between the ages of 5 and 7. Children younger than six demonstrated limited ability to perform relational tasks such as ordering bells, identifying transposed intervals, and comparing pitches. However, they memorized target pitches better than the older children, matched target tones on the xylophone and sang newly learned songs in their original key more often than did the older children. Older children benefited to a larger extent from the training on relative pitch. Cognitive and spatial abilities were related to absolute pitch development: children who identified pitches better had a more sequential and a less simultaneous way of processing information. Family musical environment seems to have influenced the development of absolute pitch. Implications for the acquisition of absolute pitch are discussed.
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Guillén, Fernández Yedith Betzabé. "Multidimensional poverty measurement from a relative deprivation approach : a comparative study between the United Kingdom and Mexico." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2017. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.723497.
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Bhusal, Lok Nath. "Poverty underestimation and relative strength of social security and economic globalisation in poverty reduction : perceptions survey evidence from Nepal and cross-section analysis from 119 developing countries." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.579520.
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Persistence underdevelopment as reflected in different kinds of absolute poverty in the global south has instigated scholarly and policy debate on poverty measurement and poverty reduction. In terms of measuring poverty, different empirical investigations, relying on different theoretical traditions, have produced different ratios of poverty. However, not a single study has investigated the public perceptions of these official definitions and estimates of poverty. What do the members of public think about the official poverty measures and their associated poverty estimates? Regarding poverty reduction, one section of the existing literature has narrowly examined the effect of economic globalisation, on a single measure of poverty, without providing due attention to the effect of social security, on all kinds of poverty. Another section of the literature, which examines the relationship between social security and a single measure of poverty, has implicitly overlooked the influence of globalisation on all types of poverty. However, so far, no empirical study has examined the relative strength and interaction of economic globalisation and social security in reducing all kinds of poverty. This dissertation investigated three pressing questions in the area of poverty measurement and reduction. First, it explored the authenticity of existing official poverty estimates and their ability to characterise the true essence of poverty. Second, it examined the relationships between social security and poverty, and economic globalisation and poverty simultaneously in order to identify their relative strength in reducing poverty. Third, it examined the association of the interaction of social security and globalisation with the four poverty estimates: national, $1.25 per capita a day, multidimensional and $2 per capita a day. This research relies on the emerging pragmatic philosophical paradigm, and inductive- deductive mixed-methods research strategy. By extending the current literature on poverty measurement and poverty reduction, this study makes several methodological, theoretical and empirical - contributions. First, it argues that by not counting the vulnerable as poor, the existing poverty measures seriously undermine the essence of poverty and thereby understate the extent of poverty.
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Antelo, Varela Minia [Verfasser], Dörte [Gutachter] Becher, Colin Gutachter] Robinson, and Andreas [Gutachter] [Pich. "Absolute & relative membrane protein quantification - a mass spectrometry-based approach / Minia Antelo Varela ; Gutachter: Dörte Becher, Colin Robinson, Andreas Pich." Greifswald : Universität Greifswald, 2020. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:9-opus-35148.
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Antelo, Varela Minia [Verfasser], Dörte [Gutachter] Becher, Colin [Gutachter] Robinson, and Andreas [Gutachter] Pich. "Absolute & relative membrane protein quantification - a mass spectrometry-based approach / Minia Antelo Varela ; Gutachter: Dörte Becher, Colin Robinson, Andreas Pich." Greifswald : Universität Greifswald, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1204200106/34.
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Gregory, Callie. "Relative Effectiveness of Anti-poverty Nonprofit Organizations in Assisting a Below Poverty Population in Dallas County and Tarrant County: Recipients of Faith-based and Non Faith-based Organizations." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc115088/.
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Recent orders from the executive branch of the United States’ government have encouraged participation from faith-based organizations in providing human services because they are more effective in aiding impoverished citizens. This study examined the effectiveness of faith-based and non faith-based anti-poverty nonprofit organizations to find if one organization type is more effective in providing social services. the data for this study were collected through a survey-questionnaire which was administered to a convenience sample of 82 participants seeking assistance from four different nonprofit organizations (two faith-based and two non faith-based) in Dallas County and Tarrant County. the results from this study indicated that when controlling for demographic and socio-economic variables, recipients from faith-based organizations were less likely to report that they at least received services desired as compared to those who visited a non faith-based organization. Therefore, non faith-based organizations were better at meeting the needs of respondents than faith-based organizations.
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Kniebühler, Gesa [Verfasser], and Jochen [Akademischer Betreuer] Herms. "Fluorescence spectroscopic measurements of absolute and relative photosensitizer concentrations in tissue for the optimization of photodynamic therapy / Gesa Kniebühler. Betreuer: Jochen Herms." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1053913761/34.
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VACCA, CLAUDIA. "Measurements of the absolute branching fraction of Λc+ → pK-π+ and the relative branching fraction of Bu+ → p π+ π+ Σc(2520)--". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/248735.
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The baryonic decay Bu+ → p π+ π+ Σc(2455)-- is exploited in this thesis for two different measurements and constitutes their common element.
A measurement of the absolute Λc+ → pK-π+ branching fraction was performed, in a model independent way and for the first time in a hadronic environment, on data recorded by the LHCb experiment during the years 2011 and 2012, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3fb-1 . The branching fraction is measured to be
B(Λc+ → pK-π+ ) = 0.079 ± 0.015(stat) ± 0.008(syst)
In addition, the first observation of the decays Bu+ → p π+ π+ Σc(2520)-- and Bu+ → p π+ π- Σc(2520)0 are reported using the same data sample. The branching fraction of the decay Bu+ → p π+ π+ Σc(2520)-- is measured with respect to the Bu+ → p π+ π+ Σc(2455)-- mode to be
B(Bu+ → p π+ π+ Σc(2520)--) = (2.4 ± 0.78(stat) ± 0.64(syst)) · 10-4<br>The baryonic decay Bu+ → p π+ π+ Σc(2455)-- is exploited in this thesis for two different measurements and constitutes their common element.
A measurement of the absolute Λc+ → pK-π+ branching fraction was performed, in a model independent way and for the first time in a hadronic environment, on data recorded by the LHCb experiment during the years 2011 and 2012, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3fb-1 . The branching fraction is measured to be
B(Λc+ → pK-π+ ) = 0.079 ± 0.015(stat) ± 0.008(syst)
In addition, the first observation of the decays Bu+ → p π+ π+ Σc(2520)-- and Bu+ → p π+ π- Σc(2520)0 are reported using the same data sample. The branching fraction of the decay Bu+ → p π+ π+ Σc(2520)-- is measured with respect to the Bu+ → p π+ π+ Σc(2455)-- mode to be
B(Bu+ → p π+ π+ Σc(2520)--) = (2.4 ± 0.78(stat) ± 0.64(syst)) · 10-4
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Black, Charles Beyer. "The effect of task structure, practice schedule, and model type on the learning of relative and absolute timing by physical and observational practice." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1232.
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Three experiments compared learning of relative and absolute timing of a sequential key-pressing task by physical and observational practice. Experiment 1 compared a task with a complex internal structure (goal proportions of 22.2, 44.4, 33.4 on the three movement segments) to one with a simpler structure (goal proportions of 33.3, 33.3, 33.4). Observers only learned the relative timing as well as physical practicers when the internal structure was simple, but learned the absolute timing in both conditions.
Experiment 2 compared variable (700, 900, and 1100 ms overall time) with constant practice (900 ms overall time). Observers of constant practice models learned the relative timing better than no-practice control participants, but not as well as the models, while observers of variable practice models learned the relative timing no better than the control group. Observers in both practice conditions were able to produce the absolute timing as well as those who physically practiced.
In Experiment 3 observers of an expert model were able to produce the relative timing as well as those who physically practiced the skill, while those who observed learning models were not. All observers and the physical practice participants were able to produce the overall duration as well as the expert model.
The results of these three experiments support earlier findings that increasing stability during practice promotes better learning of relative timing, but that absolute timing can be learned under less-stable conditions (Lai, Shea, Wulf, & Wright, 2000b). These findings also have important implications on the limitations of Scully and Newells' (1985) prediction that relative timing, but not absolute timing, could be learned by observation. Experiments 1-3 along with earlier findings (Black & Wright, 2000) have consistently found that absolute timing could be learned by observers even as the nature of the task, practice schedule, and model are manipulated. Furthermore, the results suggest a limitation to the effectiveness of learning models (Adams, 1986; McCullagh & Caird, 1990).
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Larsson, Anna. "Parent-Child Relations as Protective and Promotive Factors for Ethnic Minority Children Living in Relative Poverty : A systematic literature review." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, HLK, CHILD, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-44209.
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Ethnic minority children living in relative poverty are a high-risk group for poor outcomes in all aspects of wellbeing. The relationship and interactions between child and parent are a key part of child development and a platform for providing positive experiences which can benefit a child’s wellbeing. There is therefore a need to identify what facilitates wellbeing for ethnic minority children in low-socioeconomic status families. By focusing on protective and promotive factors encompassing the parent-child relationship, factors can be identified which can use family strengths as a basis for interventions and practice within healthcare, social work and education, which is what this systematic literature review set out to do. Through a diligent search of the literature, 12 articles were identified for review according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, containing research on African American, Roma, Native American and Hispanic/Latino youth. The results inform how child wellbeing can be facilitated through several parental factors, including parental involvement and support, maternal attachment, paternal warmth and ethnic identity and ethnic socialization. The findings also indicate a need for further studies on paternal influence on wellbeing in especially Native American and Roma youth, as well as the impact of ethnic socialization on youth wellbeing. Parents have an important role to play in child wellbeing and are vital partners alongside the child when planning interventions. Considerations naturally need to be shown for each ethnic minority, the child’s setting and its individual characteristics.