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SHAW, BEVERLEY. "Poverty: absolute or relative?" Journal of Applied Philosophy 5, no. 1 (1988): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5930.1988.tb00226.x.
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Charlton, BruceG. "Absolute effects of relative poverty." Lancet 344, no. 8924 (1994): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92245-4.
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Alphonse, Mané SAMBOU, MBAYE Souleymane, and FAHAD Assaendi. "Poverty analysis in Senegal: a comparison of absolute and relative approaches." African Scientific Journal Vol 3, N° 4 (2021): 282. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5638246.
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<strong>Résumé </strong> La plupart des analyses en termes de profil de pauvreté dans les pays en développement utilisent l’approche absolue. Cette recherche repose sur une démarche comparative des approches absolue et relative. Il s’agit, sur la base de ces deux instruments de mesure, de quantifier et d’analyser comparativement le niveau et les caractéristiques de la pauvreté au Sénégal. Les données de l’enquête sur les conditions de vie des ménages sénégalais de 2016 menée par l’Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie (ANSD) sont utilisées dans cette recherche. Les résultats montrent que l’indicateur de pauvreté relative est d’avantage un indicateur d’inégalité de la répartition des revenus. En termes de caractéristiques, les deux approches aboutissent aux mêmes résultats : la pauvreté touche davantage les femmes que les hommes et plus le milieu rural que le milieu urbain. <strong>Mots clés :</strong> pauvreté monétaire, pauvreté absolue, pauvreté relative, Sénégal <strong>Abstract </strong>Most analyzes in terms of the poverty profile in developing countries use the absolute approach. This research is based on a comparative approach of absolute and relative approaches. On the basis of these two measuring instruments, it is a question of quantifying and comparatively analyzing the level and characteristics of poverty in Senegal. Data from the 2016 survey on the living conditions of Senegalese households conducted by the National Agency for Statistics and Demography (ANSD) are used in this research. The results show that the relative poverty indicator is more an indicator of inequality in the distribution of income. In terms of characteristics, the two approaches lead to the same results: poverty affects women more than men and rural areas more than urban areas. <strong>Keywords</strong>: monetary poverty, absolute poverty, relative poverty, Senegal.
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Othman, Muhammad Hanif, Zouhair Mohd Rosli, and Mohd Hilal Muhammad. "Multidimensional Poverty: Complementary Measure to Absolute and Relative Poverty." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VIII, no. IX (2024): 3838–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2024.8090319.
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Poverty is a complex issue that involves more than just income levels, affecting various aspects of life such as health, education, and living conditions. The ongoing discussion about how to measure poverty, whether through absolute or relative terms, reflects the challenges in assessing it. Absolute poverty is based on a set standard that focuses on meeting basic needs for survival, while relative poverty looks at income disparities within a society. This study explores existing research on multidimensional poverty and examines the debate between absolute and relative poverty measures, considering their respective advantages and disadvantages. A notable conclusion from the research is that multidimensional poverty indices (MPIs), like the Multidimensional Poverty Index, provide a broad view of deprivation by including multiple factors. MPIs help policymakers design more targeted interventions in areas such as education, healthcare, and living standards. However, absolute poverty measures, such as the World Bank’s $1.90-per-day threshold, are still essential for tracking extreme poverty in developing nations, offering a clear benchmark for international comparisons. In contrast, relative poverty measures are particularly relevant in wealthier nations, where inequality and social exclusion are more prominent factors in poverty. This study highlights gaps in how these different approaches are integrated and calls for further research to improve models that address both absolute and relative poverty. The findings suggest that combining multidimensional, absolute, and relative poverty measures is important for fully understanding poverty and creating effective strategies to reduce it, adapted to the needs of specific regions and contexts.
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Anwar, Talat. "Prevalence of Relative Poverty in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 44, no. 4II (2005): 1111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.1111-1131.
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Much has been written11about poverty in Pakistan. A large number of attempts have been made by various authors/institutions to estimate the poverty in Pakistan over the last four decades. However, the conceptual basis of poverty remained limited to absolute concept of poverty. The concept of absolute poverty emphasises to estimate the cost of purchasing a minimum ‘basket’ of goods required for human survival. In Pakistan, the discussion has been centered on estimating poverty lines consistent with 2550 or 2350 calorie intake per adult per day as minimum requirement. Thus, absolute definitions of poverty tend to be minimalist and are based on subsistence and the attainment of physical efficiency. Subsistence is concerned with the minimum provision needed to maintain health and working capacity.
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Om, Samadhan Hande. "Examination of Relationship between Poverty and Employment." International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 11, no. 4 (2023): 447–55. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10370663.
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<strong>Abstract:</strong> This paper aims to examine the relationship between poverty and employment. The sufficient samples are collected for the study to prove results. Poverty doesn't mean low income only but it is social phenomena in which a particular section of society is not able to fulfill their basic needs. It is to be noted that poverty is a universal and India is not exception to this. Government has already implemented various poverty alleviation programs yet poverty in relative terms has not decreed up to the mark. <i>So</i>, <i>the</i> question <i>is</i> <i>how</i> <i>to</i> <i>reduce</i> <i>poverty?</i> In 2007-08 on the backdrop of global financial crisis, some economists around the world argued that employment generation can be an effective way to reduce poverty. Thus, this study aims to examine the relationship between poverty and employment.<strong>Keywords:</strong> Absolute Poverty, Relative Poverty, Poverty Line, Unemployment.<strong>Title:</strong> Examination of Relationship between Poverty and Employment<strong>Author:</strong> Om Samadhan Hande<strong>International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research </strong><strong>ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)</strong><strong>Vol. 11, Issue 4, October 2023 - December 2023</strong><strong>Page No: 447-455</strong><strong>Research Publish Journals</strong><strong>Website: www.researchpublish.com</strong><strong>Published Date: 13-December-2023</strong><strong>DOI: </strong><strong>https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10370663</strong><strong>Paper Download Link (Source)</strong><strong>https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/examination-of-relationship-between-poverty-and-employment</strong>
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Ravallion, Martin. "On Measuring Global Poverty." Annual Review of Economics 12, no. 1 (2020): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-081919-022924.
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This article critically assesses prevailing measures of global poverty. A welfarist interpretation of global poverty lines is augmented by the idea of normative functionings, the cost of which varies across countries. In this light, current absolute measures are seen to ignore important social effects on welfare, while popular, strongly relative measures ignore absolute levels of living. It is argued that a new hybrid measure is called for, combining absolute and weakly relative measures consistent with how national lines vary across countries. Illustrative calculations indicate that we are seeing a falling incidence of poverty globally over the past 30 years. This is mainly due to lower absolute poverty counts in the developing world. While fewer people are poor by the global absolute standard, more are poor by the country-specific relative standard. The vast bulk of poverty, both absolute and relative, is now found in the developing world.
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Tang, Yonghong, Hui Wang, and Zirong Lin. "Spatial Heterogeneity Effects of Green Finance on Absolute and Relative Poverty." Sustainability 15, no. 7 (2023): 6206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15076206.
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In light of the growing emphasis on sustainable development, financial poverty alleviation has become an increasingly important strategy. This study explores whether green finance, a new financial tool aimed at achieving sustainable development, can effectively reduce poverty. Using data from 25 provinces in China between 2004 and 2019, the study builds the China Green Financial Development Index, using the improved entropy power method, and uses a spatial econometric model to analyze the linear and non-linear impact of green finance on absolute and relatively poor poverty. The results demonstrate that green finance has a positive impact on poverty reduction, with a more significant impact on rural poverty reduction than urban poverty reduction. Interestingly, non-linear results reveal that the impact of green finance on rural poverty alleviation has gradually weakened, while the impact on urban poverty alleviation has gradually increased. Moreover, the introduction of technological progress as an intermediary variable has revealed an intermediary effect between green finance and poverty reduction. Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of the link between green finance and poverty and suggests a new approach to poverty alleviation.
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Madden, David. "RELATIVE OR ABSOLUTE POVERTY LINES: A NEW APPROACH." Review of Income and Wealth 46, no. 2 (2000): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2000.tb00954.x.
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Slobodenyuk, E. D., and V. A. Anikin. "Locating the “poverty threshold” in Russia." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1 (January 28, 2018): 104–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-1-104-127.
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The present paper focuses on identification of relative “poverty line” and a threshold of high poverty risks. The paper also studies key poverty factors in contemporary Russia. It demonstrates that the relative approach to poverty which is widely used in Western countries is applicable in Russia too. However, the relative poverty thresholds set at 0.5 and 0.75 medians per capita family income identify quite different groups of the poor. The threshold of 0.5 median income indicates deep poverty happened mostly to the unemployed workforce. The relative poverty threshold equal to 0.75 median income identifies the poverty of the elderly who are not considered as the poor by the absolute approach because pensions of Russians have been recently equalized to the subsistence level. Above all, the paper provides econometric estimates of socio-economic determinants of both absolute and relative poverty. It was revealed that the relative deep poverty of the working population was primarily caused by “bad” jobs rather than by “bad” human capital. Absolute poverty of workers is more or less determined by both factors.
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Akram, Muhammad, Zahid Iqbal, and Syed Inaam Ullah Shah. "Transforming Poverty: Assessing the Significance of the Akhuwat Islamic Microfinance Model across Absolute, Moderate, and Relative Poverty Strata." Sustainable Business and Society in Emerging Economies 5, no. 3 (2023): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/sbsee.v5i3.2672.
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Purpose: The goal of this study is to determine how the Akhuwat Islamic Microfinance Mode (AIMM) affects several types of poverty in Pakistan, including absolute, moderate, and relative poverty.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: In this study, primary data from Akhuwat Microfinance borrowers were collected using the stratified sample technique. The population was divided into four groups: manufacturing concerns, trading concerns, services concerns, and non-trading concerns. Additionally, a two-stage structural modelling technique was used for further data analysis. The measurement model was used to assess the reliability and validity, while the structural model was used to gauge the link between the underlying variables. 
 Findings: The study found positive and significant impact of Akhuwat Islamic Microfinance Mode (AIMM) on different dimensions of poverty, including absolute poverty, moderate poverty and relative poverty. Therefore, lending practices of Akhuwat enables the borrowers to reduce their absolute, moderate, and relative poverty. 
 Implications/Originality/Value: The role Akhuwat's unique approach to address different poverty levels including absolute poverty, moderate poverty and relative poverty is hardly investigate in the context of Pakistan by applying the Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory.
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Zheng, Buhong. "Can a Poverty Index be Both Relative and Absolute?" Econometrica 62, no. 6 (1994): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2951756.
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Duclos, Jean-Yves, and Phillipe Gregoire. "Absolute and Relative Deprivation and the Measurement of Poverty." Review of Income and Wealth 48, no. 4 (2002): 471–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4991.00064.
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Henneh, Ofori Frimpong. "An Assessment of Multidimensional Poverty Trends in Ghana." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH 10, no. 3 (2023): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijar.2014.10.03.art008.
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This study aims at establishing the trends in multidimensional poverty in Ghana from 2011 to 2020 using intertemporal and counting approach. Alkire and Foster methodology was applied to identify and analyse the data. The study adopted the global multidimensional poverty indicators made up of three dimensions – health, education, and standard of living – and the ten indicators of which equal weights are attached to each dimension, and the same weights for the indicators within each dimension. It was found that Ghana did very well in reducing multidimensional poverty in all the six indicators within the standard of living dimension both in absolute and relative terms. However, the nation increased its multidimensional poverty in education and health dimensions. The Northern region continues to be the poorest region with the lowest reduction in multidimensional poverty in absolute and relative terms. Overall, multidimensional poverty reduced significantly both in absolute and relative terms at the national and regional levels. As compared with Sub-Saharan Africa, Ghana performed better in decreasing multidimensional poverty than the mean of the sub-region in almost all the dimensions and indicators, both in absolute and relative terms. Government should sustain this feat and improve upon it to eliminate poverty in all its forms by 2030 as envisaged by Sustainable Development Goal 1. Government must invest heavily in education and health as well as agriculture and rural development to reduce poverty. Strategy that targets the poorest regions should be implemented to reduce poverty. Keywords: Multidimensional poverty, Headcount poverty, Monetary poverty, Trends, Ghana.
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Joo, Myungkook. "Effects of federal programs on children: Absolute poverty, relative poverty, and income inequality." Children and Youth Services Review 33, no. 7 (2011): 1203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.02.011.
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Liu, Qian, Xinyu Wu, Kaixin Xiao, Xue Xiang, Di Han, and Yan Zhang. "Study on Human Capital Structure Assessment and Relative Poverty Governance." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 16 (August 2, 2023): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v16i.10535.
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China has completed the target task of fully eradicating poverty among the absolute rural poor under the current standards on schedule, and the milestone victory in poverty alleviation means that the focus of poverty alleviation will shift from helping absolute poverty in the past to targeting relative poverty. Human capital is always a fundamental intrinsic factor in alleviating the problem of relative poverty. This paper completes action on the usual policy of shifting the focus of China's poverty alleviation strategy to comparative poverty management, and explores how the optimization of human capital structure affects the alleviation of comparative poverty, and what is its intrinsic influence logic? Using spatial vector theory and coupled synergy model, we construct a model to assess the level of human capital structure from the perspectives of both advanced human capital and high-low skill complementarity, and conduct regression analysis to examine the total effect of human capital structure optimization on relative poverty, and use methods such as mediating effect model to explore its intrinsic influence mechanism in depth, and conduct robustness test to conclude that human capital structure optimization has a positive effect on the alleviation of relative poverty. The results show that the optimization of human capital structure has a positive effect on the alleviation of virtual poverty. This study provides policy suggestions and paths to reduce relative poverty through optimizing human capital structure in the post-poverty era.
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WONG, John. "Poverty Reduction in East Asia: A Continuing Development Challenge." East Asian Policy 07, no. 04 (2015): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930515000410.
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In recent years, income distribution has worsened virtually in all market economies. For East Asia, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore have successfully done away with absolute poverty, with their current focus on relative poverty. China, Malaysia and Thailand have resolved their absolute poverty problem, targeting policies now on certain regions or certain groups. For Indonesia, the Philippines, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam, the main thrust is still on reducing their absolute poverty.
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Bararuallo, Frans, and Fransiskus X. Lara Aba. "Influence Factors Determinants Absolute Poverty; Case Study in Indonesia." GATR Global Journal of Business and Social Science Review (GJBSSR) Vol.5(3) Jul-Sep 2017 5, no. 3 (2017): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2017.5.3(9).
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Objective - This study aims to determine the effect of educational level, socio-cultural, development programs, and the degree of dependence on absolute poverty. Methodology/Technique - Variables taken is Level of education, Social-cultural conditions, The development program, The degree of dependence, Absolute poverty. Findings - The results showed that all the independent variables are positively correlated with the absolute poverty but not significant at all levels of education. It also looks at the effect of predictions, not all significant. Novelty - The study indicates that education can change the conditions of absolute poverty to relative poverty levels or structural poverty, let alone to pursue a better life. Type of Paper: Empirical Keywords: Poverty; Education; Socio-Cultural; Development; Dependence. JEL Classification: I30, I32.
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Zou, Wei, Xiaopei Cheng, Zengzeng Fan, and Chuhao Lin. "Measuring and Decomposing Relative Poverty in China." Land 12, no. 2 (2023): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12020316.
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Poverty is a critical issue in sustainable development, and the study of poverty has gradually shifted from absolute to relative poverty. This paper measures three types of relative poverty—strongly relative poverty (50% of median income), strongly relative poverty (50% of mean income), and weakly relative poverty. Then this paper decomposes the change of relative poverty into the growth component, redistribution component, and poverty line change component. Further, the intra- and inter-group decompositions of relative poverty change are carried out by considering the urban and rural population mobility components. We apply the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) data from 1989 to 2015 for an empirical study. The results show that: (1) In recent years, the change in relative poverty in China has shown a trend of low fluctuation (1989–1997), rising fluctuation (1997–2006), and high fluctuation (2006–2015). (2) In the decomposition of relative poverty change, the growth component has the most excellent effect on alleviating relative poverty, the redistribution component exacerbates the occurrence of relative poverty in most years and reduces it in a few years, and the poverty line change component offsets the poverty reduction effect of the growth component. (3) The change in relative poverty is decomposed by urban and rural sub-groups, and it is found that the population mobility from rural to urban can reduce the national relative poverty.
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Wu, Benjian, Yiyuan Rong, Xinyu Liang, Haibo Zhu, and Xue Shi. "Can Land Transfer Alleviate Multidimensional Relative Poverty in Rural Areas?" Land 13, no. 11 (2024): 1743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13111743.
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After eliminating absolute poverty, China’s anti-poverty efforts have shifted towards multidimensional relative poverty. This study uses microdata from the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) from 2012 to 2021, applies the Kakwani index to construct a multidimensional relative poverty indicator, and uses an endogenous transformation model to analyze the impact of land transfer on multidimensional relative poverty in rural areas. The study found that (1) land transfer can effectively reduce the multidimensional relative poverty of farm households. (2) Land transfer has a better mitigating effect on young farmers, farmers with higher literacy levels, and farmers who have not acute poverty. (3) Land transfer alleviates multidimensional relative poverty by increasing agricultural mechanization, business income, off-farm employment, and wage income. (4) The effects of land transfer out and land transfer in on the dimensions of multidimensional relative poverty are heterogeneous.
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Cheng, Jing, and Xiaobin Yu. "Spatial and temporal differences and convergence analysis of multidimensional relative poverty in ethnic areas." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (2024): e0301679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301679.
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Reducing multidimensional relative poverty is one of the important issues in the current global poverty governance field. This article takes 12 ethnic regions in China as the research object and constructs a multidimensional relative poverty measurement system. The calculated multidimensional relative poverty index is decomposed according to provinces, cities, dimensions, and indicators. Then, the Dagum Gini coefficient and convergence analysis are used to analyze spatiotemporal heterogeneity and convergence characteristics. The results show that the multi-dimensional relative poverty situation of various provinces in ethnic minority areas has improved from 2012 to 2021, among which Tibet province is the most serious and Shaanxi is the best. According to the analysis of convergence, it was observed that there is no σ-convergence of multidimensional relative poverty in ethnic areas in general, and there is absolute β-convergence in general and in the southwest and northwest regions, and there is no absolute β-convergence in the northeast region. Based on this, policy recommendations for reducing multidimensional relative poverty are proposed at the end of the article. Compared with previous studies, this article focuses on ethnic regions that are easily overlooked. Starting from the dimensions of economy, social development, and ecological environment, the poverty measurement system has been enriched.
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Burkhauser, Richard V. "Deconstructing European poverty measures: What relative and absolute scales measure." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 28, no. 4 (2009): 715–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pam.20468.
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Scruggs, Lyle, and James P. Allan. "The Material Consequences of Welfare States." Comparative Political Studies 39, no. 7 (2006): 880–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414005281935.
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Several recent studies have focused attention on the relationship between welfare states and poverty, looking primarily at relative poverty and employing concepts of welfare state generosity that are problematic. This has made it difficult to evaluate claims that equality has come at the expense of economic growth. In this article, the authors examine more directly the relationship between welfare state generosity in three social insurance programs— unemployment, sickness, and pensions—and poverty levels in advanced industrial democracies in the past quarter of the 20th century. The results strongly suggest that more generous entitlements to key social insurance programs are associated not only with lower relative poverty but also with lower absolute poverty. This supports the contention that promoting relative economic equality can improve the absolute material well-being of the poor. However, no evidence suggests that relatively more generous unemployment benefits systematically reduce poverty.
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Mehdi, Tahsin. "Testing for Stochastic Dominance up to a Common Relative Poverty Line." Econometrics 8, no. 1 (2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/econometrics8010005.
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Although a wide array of stochastic dominance tests exist for poverty measurement and identification, they assume the income distributions have independent poverty lines or a common absolute (fixed) poverty line. We propose a stochastic dominance test for comparing income distributions up to a common relative poverty line (i.e., some fraction of the pooled median). A Monte Carlo study demonstrates its superior performance over existing methods in terms of power. The test is then applied to some Canadian household survey data for illustration.
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Fan, Zengzeng, and Wei Zou. "A Three-Component Decomposition of the Change in Relative Poverty: An Application to China." Land 12, no. 1 (2023): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12010205.
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China has eliminated absolute poverty and begun to tackle relative poverty, yet the change in relative poverty in China has been less studied. In this paper, we develop a three-component decomposition of the change in relative poverty and apply it to analyze the relative poverty in China. The change in relative poverty is decomposed into identification, growth, and redistribution components. We compare the three-component decomposition with other decomposition methods in the existing literature and show the advantages of the former. Our study, using the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) 2010–2018 data, shows that relative poverty is rising. Examining the periods of 2012–2014, 2014–2016, and 2016–2018, we show that the three components differ in their contribution to relative poverty. The identification component rises with income growth and increases relative poverty by 8.42%, 12.19%, and 12.55%, respectively. The growth component reduces the incidence of relative poverty by 8.34%, 11.24%, and 12.18%, respectively. In comparison, the redistribution component increases the incidence of relative poverty by 2.88%, 1.12%, and 6.60%, respectively.
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Wang, Yanhui, Shoujie Jia, Wenping Qi, and Chong Huang. "Examining Poverty Reduction of Poverty-Stricken Farmer Households under Different Development Goals: A Multiobjective Spatio-Temporal Evolution Analysis Method." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (2022): 12686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912686.
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Accurately identifying the degree of poverty and poverty-causing factors of poverty-stricken farmer households is the first key step to alleviating absolute and relative poverty. This paper introduces a multiobjective spatio-temporal evolution analysis method to examine poverty reduction of poverty-stricken farmer households under different development goals. A G-TOPSIS model was constructed to evaluate poverty-stricken households under short-, medium-, and long-term development goals. Then, GIS analysis methods were employed to reveal the spatio-temporal distribution of poverty-stricken households, and poverty causing factors were detected using the obstacle degree model. Taking Fugong County in Yunnan Province, China, as an example, the empirical results show that: (1) Great progress has been made in poverty reduction during the study period; however, some farmer households which have escaped absolute poverty are still in relative poverty and are still highly vulnerable. (2) Farmers with higher achievement rates under three different development goals are mainly distributed in the central and northern regions of study area, with a pattern of high–high agglomeration under the medium and low development goals, while low–low agglomeration mostly appears in central-southern regions. (3) Under the short-term development goals, the main poverty-causing factors are per capita net income, safe housing, sanitary toilets, years of education of labor force and family health. Under the medium- and long-term goals, per capita net income, labor force education and safe housing are the development limitations. (4) Infrastructure and public service are crucial to ending absolute poverty, and the endogenous force of regional development should be applied to alleviate the relative poverty through sustainable development industries and high-quality national education.
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Zheng, Ruikun, and Peiyun Li. "A Study on the Measurement of Relative Poverty in Developing Countries with Large Populations." Sustainability 16, no. 13 (2024): 5638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16135638.
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Under the goal of global poverty eradication, it has become a forward-looking research aim to establish relative poverty criteria and identify people experiencing relative poverty in countries with different demographic characteristics. This paper introduces a new method to measure the relative poverty standard, which is to use the fuzzy decision tree algorithm to objectively estimate the relative poverty standard. The advantage of this algorithm lies in (1) it not only maintaining the regression idea of measuring absolute poverty, but also emphasizing the nonlinearity when the demand is increasing, which can reflect the change in human needs. (2) It overcomes the division of the traditional method which clearly distinguishes between those experiencing poverty and those who are not by means of a subjective threshold, and it also avoids the subjectivity of the selection of multidimensional indicators. (3) It overcomes the problems of data skewness and extreme value issues that traditional methods have, and can exhibit multi-dimensional characteristics. (4) Most importantly, this method can overcome the gap problem caused by the complex population structure in developing countries with huge populations, and is more adaptable under big data conditions than traditional methods. Taking China as an example, using data from the China Household Finance Survey for validation, the validation results show that the relative poverty standard in China in 2019 can be approximately delineated as 5288.5 RMB; this result is higher than the absolute poverty standard line delineated in China in that year, lower than the relative poverty standard line measured using the proportion method, and it can satisfy the average per capita food, tobacco, and alcohol consumption expenditure of Chinese residents in that year. Thus, compared with other methods, the fuzzy decision tree algorithm can better match the identification of relative poverty in developing countries with large populations.
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Zhang, Yao, and Jianjun Huai. "A Case Study of Farmers’ Behavioral Motivation Mechanisms to Crack the Fractal Multidimensional Relative Poverty Trap in Shaanxi, China." Agriculture 13, no. 11 (2023): 2043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13112043.
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China’s approach to addressing rural poverty has evolved from a thorough resolution of absolute poverty to a focus on providing essential support for vulnerable individuals and improving the income and welfare conditions of those who are relatively poor, taking into account multiple dimensions. This study utilizes a dataset consisting of 526 research sets collected from the central region of Shaanxi Province. The research employs structural equation modeling to examine the fractal multidimensional relative poverty trap experienced by farm households. Additionally, the study investigates the behavior motivation mechanism that can potentially alleviate the multidimensional relative poverty trap at the farm household level. The study found that (1) farm households in the central Shaanxi region are caught in a multidimensional relative poverty trap, with education poverty and health poverty having a conduction and amplification effect; health poverty and education poverty amplify employment poverty; and consumption poverty amplifies education poverty and health poverty, and education poverty further amplifies information poverty. (2) Multidimensional relative poverty in farming households creates a self-reinforcing poverty trap, and community relative poverty amplifies the multidimensional poverty trap in farming households. (3) Farmers can overcome the multidimensional relative poverty trap through the behavior motivation mechanism.
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Pastukhova, E. Ya, A. V. Mukhachyova, and O. P. Kochneva. "Rates, dynamics, and factors of absolute and relative poverty: regional aspect." Management Issues, no. 3 (2021): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2304-3369-2021-3-80-92.
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Denisova, Irina, and Marina Kartseva. "Gender poverty gap in Russia: absolute vs. multidimensional concepts." Woman in russian society, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 138–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21064/winrs.2020.2.12.
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Poverty is rather high in contemporary Russia: every eighth Russian was poor according to the official statistics in 2018. Fighting poverty is among the top strategic development goals for the period till 2024. The paper studies gender disparities in poverty among Russian adults. Better understanding of gender structure of poverty in Russia would facilitate poverty reduction via better targeting and better tailoring of policy instruments. We utilize micro data of the Survey of income and social program participation by Rosstat as of 2017 for our statistical analysis. Two alternative poverty concepts are used: absolute income poverty (the official methodology of poverty measurement in Russia) and poverty risk and social exclusion index (the key component of poverty monitoring indicator in the EU). The latter index is a composition of relative poverty and deprivation poverty measures. Our results indicate that, on average, there is no gender poverty gap in Russia when absolute poverty concept is used: poverty rates among males and females are the same on average. Hence, we find no statistical support to the widely used by the media thesis of poverty feminization in Russia. Absolute poverty rate, however, is found to vary significantly across different gender-age groups: absolute income poverty among females is higher than among males in young and senior ages, while males are poorer in mid-age groups. When multiple criteria definition of poverty and social exclusion (AROPE) is applied, we find clear signs of feminization of poverty in Russia. Multidimensional poverty is much higher among females, and this is observed in all age groups. The highest gender poverty gap is observed in senior ages. The age-gender poverty structure changes dramatically when we move from absolute poverty concept to the multidimensional one: we observe higher share of females in poverty, and higher share of senior people in poverty. The key determinants of higher multidimensional poverty of females is their relatively (to males) lower wages, and relatively lower pensions.
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Zongsheng, Chen, and Wen Wen. "The Study on Poverty Reduction Effects of Chinese Urban Minimum Living Standard Guarantee System—Empirical Analysis Based on CHIP 2002 and 2007." Economics, Law and Policy 3, no. 2 (2020): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v3n2p1.
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The Chinese urban minimum living-standard guarantee system, mainly functions to guarantee the poor people to have minimum living-standard life; at same time it can make some people to get rid of poverty by some poverty lines. But how much of the rates can be reduced? What differences among provinces, and what impact on all kind of families? The paper tries to answer these questions by using Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) 2002 and 2007, taking international poverty line, minimum living standard line, Martin’s poverty line and relative poverty line respectively to measure the poverty reduction impact of urban minimum living standard guarantee. On the whole, the urban minimum living standard guarantee is effective to alleviate absolute poverty and even part of relative poverty. For example, taking international poverty line as standard, in 2002 the urban minimum living guarantee respectively decreased absolute poverty rate, poverty gap and squared poverty gap of national urban area by 4.58%, 11.41% and 16.32%, while in 2007 decreased respectively by 47.24%, 70.87% and 83.04%. Taking relative poverty line as standard, in 2002 respectively poverty rate, poverty gap and squared poverty gap of national urban area decreased by 1.92%, 4.65% and 8.37%, while in 2007 the 3 indices reached by 3.28%, 11.63% and 22.57% respectively, but which are lower than by international poverty line. On the whole, according to different poverty lines and indices, the urban citizen in different provinces and families gained different poverty reduction effects brought by the urban minimum living standard guarantee.
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Navickė, Jekaterina, Aušra Čižauskaitė, and Ugnė Užgalė. "Basic Needs and Absolute Poverty in Lithuania: Method and Estimation." Lietuvos statistikos darbai 58, no. 1 (2019): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ljs.2019.16668.
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We propose a methodology for estimating the cost of the basic needs and applying it on the data for Lithuania in a decade after the EU accession (2006-2016). The basic food costs account for the minimal nutrition requirements, while the cost of other needs is estimated in relative terms, taking actual consumption patterns in the population into account. A reduction in the cost of the basic needs for additional members of the household is accounted for by a specially constructed consumption-based equivalence scale estimated on the HBS data. We show that the cost of the basic needs in Lithuania is close to the relative at-risk-of-poverty line (at 60% of the median equivalized disposable income) for a single adult but exceeds it for larger households. The share of people with income below the basic needs’ cost was above the relative at-risk-of-poverty levels in the EU-SILC data for all years, except of 2016. Albeit, the actual level might be lower due to the under-reporting of shadow income in the EU-SILC. Ability to meet basic needs and related absolute poverty indicators shows anti-cyclical dynamics in times of the economic growth and recession. Children are consistently the most deprived group of the Lithuanian population when it comes to meeting the basic needs. The official absolute poverty indicator used in Lithuania under-estimates the cost of the basic needs for households with more than one member.
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NIEMIETZ, KRISTIAN. "Measuring Poverty: Context-Specific but not Relative." Journal of Public Policy 30, no. 3 (2010): 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x10000103.
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AbstractPoverty in developed countries is commonly defined in relative terms. It is argued that a relative definition formalises the insight that poverty is a context-specific phenomenon, and that the understanding of what constitutes poverty changes with overall economic development. Yet this article argues that tagging a poverty line to mean or median incomes does not automatically anchor it in its social context. Relative measures rely on the implicit assumptions that social norms are formed at the national level, and that median income earners set social standards. A comparison with studies on ‘Subjective Well-Being’ (SWB) shows that these assumptions are rather arbitrary. At the same time, relative indicators do not take account of changes in the product market structure that disproportionately affect the poor. If low-cost substitutes for expensive items become available, the poor will be relatively more affected than median income earners. Conventional ‘absolute poverty’ indicators will be equally dismissed for not solving these problems either. A combined ‘Consensual Material Deprivation’ and ‘Budget Standard Approach’ indicator will be proposed as a more robust alternative.
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Sun, Hong, Xiaohong Li, Wenjing Li, and Jun Feng. "Differences and Influencing Factors of Relative Poverty of Urban and Rural Residents in China Based on the Survey of 31 Provinces and Cities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (2022): 9015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159015.
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China achieved comprehensive poverty eradication under the current standards in 2020, but eliminating absolute poverty does not mean the end of poverty alleviation and reduction; relative poverty will exist for a long time and has become the subject of poverty study. In this paper, the social poverty line (SPL) index is utilized to establish the relative poverty standard, and CHFS2017 is used to compare the regional distribution of relative poverty in China. The results show that the relative poverty in rural areas is more serious than that in urban areas. The rural relative poverty rate in five provinces and cities including Beijing is over 60%, and the rural relative poverty rate in Qinghai is low. The urban relative poverty rate in many provinces and cities of the central and western regions is below 40%, and the relatively high relative poverty rate in the eastern region has drawn attention to the issue of the income distribution. Moreover, a logit model for binary is employed for the influencing factor analysis of the relative poverty of urban and rural residents. The results show that the education year has a negative effect on the relative poverty of urban and rural residents. Happiness has a positive effect on urban residents, government financial expenditure and financial support for agriculture have different effects on rural residents and urban residents. Therefore, we put forward aiming at relative poverty in the rural areas of the central and western regions to reduce financial pressure and increase the benefits of poverty reduction.
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Yang, Yingya, Liangliang Zhou, Chongmei Zhang, Xin Luo, Yihan Luo, and Wei Wang. "Public Health Services, Health Human Capital, and Relative Poverty of Rural Families." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (2022): 11089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711089.
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With the successful completion of the battle against poverty, after 2020, the focus and difficulty of China’s poverty governance will change from solving absolute poverty to alleviating relative poverty. Analyzing and studying the alleviation of relative poverty from the perspective of public health services is in line with the current needs of consolidating and expanding poverty alleviation in China, and it is also of great significance to building a long-term solution mechanism for relative poverty. In this study, basic panel data were constructed by using the data of five CFPS surveys in 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018 and matched with the macro data. The correlation between public health services and rural households’ relative poverty was also analyzed by using logit regression analysis and the KHB mediation effect decomposition method. The results show that (1) public health services play a significant role in promoting the accumulation of health human capital, improving individual feasible ability, and alleviating the relative poverty of rural families; (2) the improvement of public health services is conducive to the alleviation of the relative poverty of rural families; (3) we should continue to increase investment in public health care in underdeveloped areas and strive to promote the balanced development of public health services, so as to further consolidate and expand the achievements of poverty eradication.
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Yotopoulos, Pan A. "A 'World' Distribution of Income and of Real Poverty and Affluence (The Quaid-i-Azam Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 26, no. 3 (1987): 275–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v26i3pp.275-308.
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Since the early 1970s, when income distribution became an operative objective of economic development (Chenery et al. 1974), knowledge on the subject has certainly improved. A number of analytical treatises have focused on the issue Pen (1971), Atkinson (1970), Cline (1975) and, more important, data on income distribution are routinely reported for about a score of developing countries (LDCs) and as many developed countries (Des) World Bank (1986), Jain (1975), Paukert (1973). These data deal with the within-country relative income distribution and report one or more of the common inequality measures. Moreover, for some countries measures of absolute poverty exist which report, e.g., the population that lives below a "poverty level", defmed in terms of consumption (calories) or income (for example, Dandekar and Rath (1971), Bardhan (1970), (1973), Fishlow (1972). Such measures of absolute poverty, if aggregated over a number of countries, give a measure of relative world poverty and an idea of how it is distributed between- countries. Cross-country comparisons have also been based on ranking various countries on the basis of their measures of relative income distribution.
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Alekhin, B. I. "Monetary Poverty and Education in Russia." Financial Journal 15, no. 4 (2023): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31107/2075-1990-2023-4-43-62.
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Russian economic literature on poverty abounds with empirically unsupported assertions about the positive relationship between education and living standards. The purpose of this study is to find empirical evidence of this relationship using panel data for 82 regions of the Russian Federation for 2000–2021. We applied a dynamic OLS estimator to estimate a panel cointegrating equation and found strong negative and statistically significant dependence of indicators of absolute and relative monetary poverty on the highest level of education of the regional working-age population. We also performed the Dumitrescu-Hurlin pairwise causality test, which shows that higher education does not homogeneously cause more absolute monetary poverty, but more absolute monetary poverty does homogeneously cause better education as people try to avoid poverty by raising their educational level. The results of these econometric procedures suggest that the purpose of the study has been achieved.
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Zhu, Shilian. "Multidimensional Relative Poverty of Farmers in Tibetan Areas – Based on a Data Analysis on Micro Surveys." Proceedings of Business and Economic Studies 4, no. 6 (2021): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/pbes.v4i6.2866.
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In 2020, the issue of absolute poverty has been solved, and China is building a well-off society in an all-round way. The issue of relative poverty is an important content of poverty reduction. Based on a survey data from Danba County in October 2020, this paper uses the AF method to calculate the incidence of multidimensional poverty and the multidimensional poverty index. The results showed that 44.65% of the farmers have multidimensional deprivation of any three indicators of relative poverty, and 2.79% of the farmers have serious multidimensional deprivation; the incidence of one-dimensional poverty in terms of “educational level index of head of household,” “per capita non-transfer income of households in 2019,” and “per capita household income in 2019” is the highest; at the same time, the contribution rate of the three indicators to the multidimensional poverty index is also higher than other indicators. Therefore, several suggestions have been put forward to alleviate the multidimensional relative poverty in the region from the aspects of industry development and education.
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Shangguan, Ziheng, Jianping Liu, Mark Yaolin Wang, Shaojun Chen, and Ruilian Zhang. "Have Water Conservancy Project Resettlers in Contemporary China Really Been Lifted Out of Poverty? Re-Measurement Based on Relative Poverty and Consumption Poverty." Land 12, no. 1 (2023): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12010169.
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Those who have been forced to resettle by water conservancy projects (WCP) have always been a group that is characterised by high poverty and livelihood vulnerability, mainly due to insufficient compensation and the fragmentation of their social networks. In 2020, the Chinese government announced that China had achieved comprehensive poverty alleviation, implying that all WCP-induced resettlers, have been lifted out of poverty. However, China’s current poverty line is based on the minimum subsistence standard, namely the absolute poverty line, which fails to objectively reflect China’s uneven development and individuals’ actual consumption needs. Therefore, in order to comprehensively analyse the poverty status of WCP-induced resettlers in contemporary China, this paper reassessed the poverty status of contemporary WCP-induced resettlers from the perspective of development-based poverty and consumption-based poverty. Based on survey data from over 1000 households who were forced to resettle due to China’s ‘Yangtze River to Huai River Inter-basin Water Diversion’ project, this paper concludes that: (1) China’s current absolute poverty line is outdated for contemporary WCP-induced resettlers, due to the fact they had basically been lifted out of absolute poverty by 2018, and those who remain poor need to be addressed through the bottom line guarantee of local governments; (2) the role of land as a form of basic insurance can alleviate income inequality and mitigate the risk of force majeure. Therefore, those resettled from rural areas have stronger income stability and greater resilience to risks; (3) the poverty status of contemporary WCP-induced resettlers is mainly consumption-based, and it is worse for resettlers from urban areas. Based on these conclusions, we suggest that the government should try to avoid large-scale relocation of WCP-induced resettlers to urban areas, and try to provide more insurances to them, such as providing arable land and sharing the benefits of water conservancy projects with the resettlers.
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University, of Ottawa Ottawa Canada. "Defining Poverty: A Summary of Competing Models." Journal of Social and Political Sciences 2, no. 1 (2019): 17–21. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1991.02.01.44.
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How we talk about poverty and low income is complicated by the competing methods for defining and measuring the phenomenon. In this article, I present a brief summary of the dominant methods currently in use by the governments of Canada and USA, and by the World Bank and large NGOs: absolute vs relative measures, low income cut-off (LICO), official poverty measure (OPM), global poverty line (GPL), human poverty index (HPI), and the multidimensional poverty index (MPI).
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Lamas, Lorenzo. "Pengaruh Kesempatan Kerja dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan di Kota Jambi." Science of Management and Students Research Journal (SMS) 3, no. 4 (2022): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/sms.v3i4.129.
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Poverty is a problem faced by all countries in the world, especially developing countries. Poverty is a complex problem that is influenced by various interrelated factors, including per capita income, unemployment, etc. Poverty is a condition which is often associated with needs, difficulties and deficiencies in various life circumstances. There are two kinds of poverty measures, namely absolute poverty and relative poverty. Absolute poverty is the inability of a person to exceed the established poverty line. Relative poverty is related to differences in the level of income of a group compared to other groups. Employment opportunities are also human capital that will increase economic growth. Employment opportunities are defined as the number of people who have occupied jobs. It is hoped that the increase in job opportunities will increase economic growth and ultimately reduce poverty levels.This study uses secondary data obtained from several agencies and services related to the title of this research. This study also uses multiple linear regression analysis tools, classical assumption test, coefficient of determination and f test and t test.The results of this study indicate that: (1) employment opportunities and economic growth have a significant simultaneous effect on the poverty level in Jambi City (2) partially employment opportunities have a positive and significant effect on the poverty level in Jambi City. (3) partial economic growth has a positive and significant effect on the level of poverty in the city of Jambi.
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Cai, Yixia, and Timothy Smeeding. "Deep and Extreme Child Poverty in Rich and Poor Nations: Lessons from Atkinson for the Fight Against Child Poverty." Italian Economic Journal 6, no. 1 (2019): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40797-019-00116-w.
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Abstract The paper documents child poverty levels and trends using both relative (‘deep’) and absolute (‘extreme’) measures in two clusters: Anglo-Saxon high-income countries and upper middle-income countries. We also investigate the influence of different components of household income and other resources on child deep-poverty rates to examine the role of the market and the redistributive effects that materialize through private transfers, public benefits, and tax systems on generating poverty reduction. Overall, middle-income nations have witnessed continuous reductions in their extreme child poverty rates, while mild decreases or fluctuations have been observed in the five high-income nations, with the US highlighted by its relatively high rates of deep and extreme poverty regardless of absolute or relative measures and type of equivalence scale used. Private institutions play a larger role in poverty reduction in middle-income nations compared to its impact on developed nations. The degree of dependence on universal or assistance benefits varies among high-income nation. In the US, universal programs tend to be meager, while Australian social insurance and universal benefit are robust in their fight against deep poverty. Brazil stands out by its overwhelmingly large proportion of social insurance programs that contribute to improvements of its deep child poverty situation, and South Africa’s assistance benefit system performs better in lifting children out of deep poverty.
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Zubarevich, Natalia V. "Poverty in Russian regions in 2000-2017: factors and dynamics." Population and Economics 3, no. (1) (2019): 63–74. https://doi.org/10.3897/popecon.3.e35376.
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The article considers the level and dynamics of the level of poverty in the regions of Russia for 2000-2017, shows the sustainability of regional differentiation, despite the changes in the distribution of regions by the level of poverty. Regions with different rates of poverty reduction in the period of economic growth and the factors that accelerated this process are allocated. The weak impact of the two recent crises on the dynamics of poverty in the regions with different dynamics of income is revealed. The influence of demographic (child burden) and income factors (income level and income inequality), the cost of living in regions and the level of urbanization on regional poverty indicators is considered. The change of influence of different factors of poverty in the early 2000s and in 2017 is shown. An analysis of changes in the regional picture of poverty in transition from absolute to relative criteria of its measurement is carried out.
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AZMAN, AZLINDA, JAMALLUDIN SULAIMAN, SAIDATULAKMAL MOHD, and ISMAIL BABA. "CONTEMPORARY ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN POVERTY: A CASE STUDY OF MALAYSIA." Hong Kong Journal of Social Work 44, no. 02 (2010): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219246210000148.
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Poverty in Malaysia has decreased significantly from a relative high of more than 50% before independence in 1957 to less than 10% today. The incidence of hardcore or the absolute poor is less than 1%, according to official statistics in 2007. And, it is Malaysia's aim to achieve zero absolute poverty by 2015. However, the rate of poverty reduction based on recent data appears to have slowed down beginning the mid 1990s. The slowdown in poverty reduction raises serious concern as this affects the well-being of this disadvantaged group of population. Generally, the poor in Malaysia are the aged households, female and live in the rural areas. Several studies conducted in 2007–2008 identified several issues relating to poverty in the country. This paper will analyse some of the issues and suggest practical solutions that will benefit the poor population.
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Huang, Keming, and Fangzhou Xia. "Classification of Rural Relative Poverty Groups and Measurement of the Influence of Land Elements: A Questionnaire-Based Analysis of 23 Poor Counties in China." Land 12, no. 4 (2023): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12040918.
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In 2021, China achieved an all-round victory in the fight against poverty and completed the task of eliminating absolute poverty. However, relative poverty will still exist for a long time. According to the degree of relative poverty, this paper divided rural population into four groups, incapability group, vulnerable group, marginal group and non-relative poverty group, to further explore the differences in specific land elements requirements among different groups. Firstly, ten factors were selected as evaluation indexes, including per capita household income, education level, poverty registration situation, employment situation, critical disease situation, natural disaster frequency situation, etc. By extracting 100 relative poverty group evaluation units as samples, the authors established a decision tree for rural relative poverty group evaluation based on an improved ID3 algorithm. Secondly, we quantified the effect of different land elements. Considering the resource, asset and capital function of land, this paper constructed an ordered logistic model with four groups as classification variables. The result showed that: (1) a better condition of land resource endowment leads to a lower degree of rural relative poverty; however, over-reliance on land increases the risk of relative poverty; (2) except for cultivation income and land transfer income, asset value and capital value of rural land are not evident. Suggestions are put forward: use land elements to build a long-term mechanism for rural relative poverty alleviation; improve the quantity, quality and spatial endowment of rural land resources; optimize the rural land property rights and land acquisition system; realize the market-based mechanism for rural land transfer; and implement the policy of Increase and Decrease Connection of Urban and Rural Construction Land.
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Young, Thomas J., and Laurence A. French. "SUICIDE AND HOMICIDE RATES AMONG U.S. INDIAN HEALTH SERVICE AREAS: THE INCOME INEQUALITY HYPOTHESIS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 24, no. 4 (1996): 365–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1996.24.4.365.
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Analysis of data for all 12 U.S. Indian Health Service (IHS) areas yielded a significant Spearman's correlation coefficient of .65 between absolute poverty and suicide and a significant Rho of .52 with homicide rates. Nonsignificant correlation coefficients were found for relative poverty and suicide and homicide rates. Implications for the income inequality hypothesis are discussed.
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Lu, Yu, and Ziheng Shangguan. "Reassessing Resettlement-Associated Poverty Induced by Water Conservancy Projects in China: Case Study of the “Yangtze to Huai River Inter-Basin” Water Diversion Project." Sustainability 15, no. 12 (2023): 9477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129477.
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The displacement and resettlement-associated poverty caused by water conservancy projects (WCP) is a worldwide issue. Re-settlers are often impoverished for extended periods due to loss, difficult re-establishment, and insufficient compensation. Addressing poverty has become a worldwide concern, and accurate measurements of poverty remain a fundamental issue. Before 2020, the Chinese government used the absolute income method to measure re-settler poverty. However, this method reflected neither the overall income gap nor potential benefits of social development and poverty alleviation policies. Therefore, we used the relative income and multidimensional methods alongside the absolute income poverty method to measure the poverty in recently resettled households. Based on survey data from over resettled 1000 households we conclude that: (1) The remaining poor measured by the absolute poverty line were mainly caused by serious diseases, disabilities and loss of labor ability, which means they have no ability to be lifted out of poverty except through the bottom line of local governments. As a result, the absolute poverty line loses its distinction to poverty. (2) Rural re-settlers were more resilient to forced majeure because land guarantees employment and food supply, allowing households to avoid secondary livelihood destruction. (3) Income derived measurement of re-settler poverty masks the benefits of poverty alleviation and other socioeconomic aid programs. A few households showed improvements in child school attendance, child mortality, nutrition, cooking fuel, asset ownership, and social insurance following resettlement. (4) To reduce the multidimensional gap, government aid programs should focus on years of schooling (including training), nutrition, household savings, and household labor force rather than simply providing monetary assistance. At the same time, we suggest that the government adopt a variety of compensation methods, such as: sharing the benefits of water conservancy projects, industrial support and improving the bottom line guarantee.
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Fritzell, Johan, Johan Rehnberg, Jennie Bacchus Hertzman, and Jenni Blomgren. "Absolute or relative? A comparative analysis of the relationship between poverty and mortality." International Journal of Public Health 60, no. 1 (2014): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00038-014-0614-2.
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Aliev, T. "Poverty in Kazakhstan." World Economy and International Relations 59, no. 12 (2015): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-59-12-105-115.
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To properly assess the extent of poverty in Kazakhstan it is important to understand the methodology of its definition and measurement. There are three basic concepts of measuring poverty. Absolute poverty is based on the establishment of a living wage or poverty line. The position of the World Bank is dominant in the world in the assessment of absolute poverty. The WB experts use multiple criteria income. An internationally accepted poverty line was established in 2005 at US$ 1.25 (PPP) per person per day. They also used less “hard” indicator of US$ 2 per day (in constant 2005 prices) which is the median poverty line for all developing countries. For the transitional economies WB applies poverty line based on the differential absolute poverty equal to US$ 4.3 (before 1999 – US$ 4), for developed economies – US$ 11. According to a relative concept, the category of poor includes individuals and households with income clearly insufficient to live on prevailing community standards of consumption. This approach is used primarily for the developed countries. For example, in the EU the relative poverty is defined at the level of 60% of the median per capita income. Subjective approach (developed by Leiden University, Netherlands) takes into account people’s own estimates of their welfare status. In terms of Kazakhstan, the author states that any one-dimensional approach will fail to estimate the real extent of poverty and deprivation of the population. International and national statistics fail to provide an accurate picture of the number of poor in the country and the dynamics of poverty. According to national and WB statistics, in recent decades Kazakhstan showed substantial progress in reducing poverty. However, this was achieved largely due to maintaining rather low official levels of subsistence and cost of minimum food basket. Establishment of these indicators is mainly determined by political considerations, thus it lacks objectivity. For a country aiming to improve competitiveness of its economy and to achieve the level and quality of life comparable to developed countries the focus on a poverty criteria that is close to the standards of the poorest developing countries is not acceptable. Actually, the poverty situation in Kazakhstan continues to be a serious challenge. This is evidenced by the materials of international statistics based on criteria of poverty for countries in transition; by a quite high proportion of household spending on food and the relatively low (as compared to many Eastern European countries) national poverty line. It is concluded that a large-scale poverty still persists in Kazakhstan despite high rates of economic growth.
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Menshikh, Daria. "RENEWED CONCEPT OF POVERTY IN RUSSIA AS A FOUNDATION FOR SOCIAL POLICY." Scientific Research of Faculty of Economics. Electronic Journal 9, no. 1 (2017): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/2078-3809-2017-9-1-65-78.
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The theoretical and methodological approaches to measuring poverty are based on several basic concepts: the concept of basic needs, the concept of multidimensional absolute deprivation, the concept of multidimensional relative deprivation, the concept of poverty in terms of capabilities. In the Russian Federation, the monetary concept of poverty is generally accepted for poverty measurement and assessment. However, the definition of poverty within the monetary concept seems to be insufficient to identify the poor. The article provides some arguments for the necessity to move from the existing monetary concept of poverty. Cluster analysis had shown that the use of monetary concept of poverty leads to the distorted estimates of poverty and makes it impossible to create policies to combat poverty.