Academic literature on the topic 'Absorption laser spectroscopy'

This research focuses on developing optical sensing systems for 2D and 3D spatial monitoring of temperature and concentration distribution profiles of complex or reacting gas flows. Non-invasive, species specific and sensitive nature of monitoring allows spatial information to be extracted from harsh environments with poor physical access, allowing validation of computational models or process monitoring. This is suitable for processes like combustion engines or sealed atmospheric cloud chambers. A novel line-of-sight (LOS) Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy(TDLAS) system using a preselected laser diode centred at 7212.88 cm-1 was first designed to monitor the change of relative humidity (water vapour concentration) during an expansion process within the Manchester Ice Cloud Chamber (MICC), operating from atmospheric pressure, down to 0.7 atm. The experimental results were validated with an Aerosol Cloud Precipitation Interaction Model (ACPIM) simulation, feasible for tomography applications. The MICC shares similar combustion monitoring challenges such as minimal optical access or reactive gas flows. The TDLAS system developed for the MICC was then used as a foundation design for a TDLAS tomography setup capable of conducting temporal two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) concentration and temperature imaging. This system uses the principle of two-line thermometry, centred within the near infrared (NIR) region of 7181.93cm-1 and 7179.8 cm-1. The laser was divided into 4 simultaneous parallel beams using a 1 × 4 fiber coupler (4 LOS). Using a motorised platform, the beams were projected at 0.5° interval, from 0° to 179° angle within 3.6 s, around the exhaust of two asymmetrical shaped flame burners. A total of 360 projection slices comprised of 1440 integrated absorbance data were used per tomogram reconstruction. By solving for the spatial distribution of temperature first, the concentration distribution of water vapour could be then calculated. Reconstruction algorithms (Filtered Back Projection, Fourier Slice Reconstruction and Direct Fourier Reconstruction (DFR)) were compared using a range of criteria. The DFR method was selected as the best method at 700 zero padding, with a spatial in-plane resolution of 1-2 lp/cm, pixel resolution of 128 by 128, thermocouple temperature validations of ±5°C and a relative mean error performance of 8.12%. The concentration could not be validated due to the lack of a mass spectrometer.3D volumetric monitoring results took 36 seconds to complete, and was constructed using 10 interpolated parallel, 1 cm height interval spaced tomograms. Independent vertical slices along the x-axis and y-axis could also be extracted. The temporal results were also successfully conducted and consisted of a quick succession of 16 experiments at a temporal resolution of 0.28 frames per second. A tomographic system that performs 3D and 2D temporal sensing was successfully developed and validated. Although 3D work was conducted using planar imaging or hyperspectral tomography, no work has been conducted so far using NIR TDLAS systems to date.

The evolution of diode laser sources for optical communications during the last years led to commercial availability of devices which are suitable for gas absorption spectroscopy in the near and mid infrared. In this work it is shown how the traditional limits of Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy are addressed with digital signal processing techniques and careful optical design towards the realization of gas sensing instruments with the stability, robustness and reliability that are required in an industrial environment. Being one of the most challenging gases to be sensed with this technique, oxygen was considered under many measurement aspects such as: • Non invasive monitoring; • Gas in scattering media sensing; • Sensing with back-scattering targets; • Pressure measurement techniques for weak absorption signals; • Time resolved, dynamic sensing; • Temperature measurement through absorption spectroscopy. Many of these aspects were considered together, leading to the developement of instruments tailored for real life industrial applications such as: • Oxygen sensing in partially transparent containers such as wine or soft drink bottles; • Monitoring of double glazing insulating glass gas filling machines; • Oxygen sensing in containers with backscattering targets such as food packagings. Other applications for the technique and experiments involving Gas in Scattering Media Absorption Spectroscopy were explored during a 6 months period at the Lunds Universitet - Lunds Tekniska Högskola - Atomfysik (Sweden) under the supervision of Prof. S. Svanberg: • Gas probing into porous fruit samples; • Gas sensing inside the human body as a medical diagnosis technique; • Oxygen measurement in fully scattering food containers; • Multi-line absorption spectroscopy as a temperature measurement.<br>L’evoluzione delle sorgenti laser a diodo per le comunicazioni ottiche negli ultimi anni ha portato ad una disponibilità commerciale di dispositivi che si prestano alla spettroscopia di assorbimento di gas nel vicino e medio infrarosso. In questo lavoro si mostra come i limiti tradizionali della spettroscopia di assorbimento a diodi laser sintonizzabili vengano affrontati con tecniche di elaborazione numerica di segnali ed una attenta progettazione ottica rivolta alla realizzazione di strumenti per il rilevamento di gas caratterizzati dalla stabilità, robustezza ed affidabilità necessari per un ambiente industriale. Trattandosi di uno dei gas più critici per il rilevamento con questa tecnica, l’ossigeno è stato affrontato sotto molteplici aspetti di misura come: • Monitoraggio non invasivo; • Rilevazione di gas in mezzi diffondenti; • Rilevazione tramite bersagli retrodiffondenti; • Tecniche di misura di pressione per deboli segnali di assorbimento; • Rilevazione dinamica con risoluzione temporale; • Misure di temperatura attraverso spettroscopia di assorbimento. Molti di questi aspetti sono stati considerati simultaneamente portando allo sviluppo di strumenti appropriati ad un uso nel mondo reale in applicazioni industriali quali: • Rilevazione di ossigeno in contenitori parzialmente trasparenti come bottiglie di vino e bibite; • Controllo di macchine per il riempimento di pannelli isolanti in vetrocamera; • Rilevazione di ossigeno in contenitori con bersagli retrodiffondenti, quali confezioni alimentari. Altre applicazioni della tecnica ed esperimenti sulla spettroscopia di assorbimento di gas in mezzi porosi sono stati esplorati durante un periodo di 6 mesi presso Lunds Universitet - Lunds Tekniska Högskola - Atomfysik (Svezia) sotto la supervisione del Prof. S. Svanberg: • Analisi di gas in campioni porosi di frutta; • Rilevazione di gas all’interno del corpo umano come tecnica per la diagnostica medica; • Misura di ossigeno in contenitori completamente diffondenti per alimenti; • Spettroscopia di assorbimento multi-riga come misura di temperatura.

Intracavity Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (ICLAS) at IR wavelengths offers an opportunity for spectral sensing of low vapor pressure compounds. We report here an ICLAS system design based on a quantum cascade laser (QCL) at THz (69.9 micrometers]) and IR wavelengths (9.38 and 8.1 micrometers]) with an open external cavity. The sensitivity of such a system is potentially very high due to extraordinarily long effective optical paths that can be achieved in an active cavity. Sensitivity estimation by numerical solution of the laser rate equations for the THz QCL ICLAS system is determined. Experimental development of the external cavity QCL is demonstrated for the two IR wavelengths, as supported by appearance of fine mode structure in the laser spectrum. The 8.1 micrometers] wavelength exhibits a dramatic change in the output spectrum caused by the weak intracavity absorption of acetone. Numerical solution of the laser rate equations yields a sensitivity estimation of acetone partial pressure of 165 mTorr corresponding to ~ 200 ppm. The system is also found sensitive to the humidity in the laboratory air with an absorption coefficient of just 3 x 10[super -7] cm[super -1] indicating a sensitivity of 111 ppm. Reported also is the design of a compact integrated data acquisition and control system. Potential applications include military and commercial sensing for threat compounds such as explosives, chemical gases, biological aerosols, drugs, banned or invasive organisms, bio-medical breath analysis, and terrestrial or planetary atmospheric science.<br>ID: 030646266; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-95).<br>Ph.D.<br>Doctorate<br>Physics<br>Sciences<br>Physics

The residence time distribution was measured at ambient temperature and pressure in a tubular reactor with radial injection at very short space times (0.04-0.7 s). A technique using infrared laser absorption spectroscopy was developed and used to provide the required rapid response for concentration measurements. The equipment comprised an infrared He-Ne laser emitting at a wavelength of 3.39$ mu m$ and a lead selenide detector. Methane, which absorbs strongly at the laser wavelength, was used as the tracer. The absorption of the laser light was related to the tracer concentration by Beer-Lambert law. The laser beam passed through the diameter of the reactor at different axial locations. The residence time distributions were obtained from the response to quasi-step inputs. An axial dispersion model was used to describe the reactor.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemistry, 2002.<br>Vita.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 133-138).<br>IntraCavity Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (ICLAS) is a high-resolution, high sensitivity spectroscopic method capable of measuring line positions, linewidths, lineshapes, and absolute line intensities with a sensitivity that far exceeds that of a traditional multiple pass absorption cell or Fourier Transform spectrometer. From the fundamental knowledge obtained through these measurements, information about the underlying spectroscopy, dynamics, and kinetics of the species interrogated can be derived. The construction of an ICLA Spectrometer will be detailed, and the measurements utilizing ICLAS will be discussed, as well as the theory of operation and modifications of the experimental apparatus. Results include: i) Line intensities and collision-broadening coefficients of the A band of oxygen and previously unobserved, high J, rotational transitions of the A band, hot-band transitions, and transitions of isotopically substituted species. ii) High-resolution (0.013 cm-1) spectra of the second overtone of the OH stretch of trans-nitrous acid recorded between 10,230 and 10,350 cm-1. The spectra were analyzed to yield a complete set of rotational parameters and an absolute band intensity, and two groups of anharmonic perturbations were observed and analyzed. These findings are discussed in the context of the contribution of overtone-mediated processes to OH radical production in the lower atmosphere.<br>(cont.) iii) The implementation of Correlated Double Sampling (CDS) for time-resolved studies of CN fragments generated by the excimer laser photolysis of acrylonitrile. iv) The extension of ICLAS to study the kinetics of a test system. Nitrosyl hydride, HNO, was reacted with oxygen in a flow cell, and the subsequent chemistry was monitored using an electronic transition of HNO. Analysis of the rate equations and time integrated measured signal yielded a preliminary value for the rate constant of the reaction, HNO + 02 [right arrow] products.<br>by Scott Kenneth Witonsky.<br>Ph.D.

The extension of Multi-mode Absorption Spectroscopy (MUMAS) to the infra-red spectral region for multi-species gas sensing is reported. A computationally efficient, theoretical model for analysis of MUMAS spectra is presented that avoids approximations used in previous work and treats arbitrary and time-dependent spectral intensity envelopes, thus facilitating the use of commercially available Interband Cascade Lasers (ICLs) and Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCLs). The first use of an ICL for MUMAS is reported using a multi-mode device operating at 3.7 &mu;m to detect CH₄ transitions over a range of 30 nm. Mode-linewidths are measured using the pressure-dependent widths of an isolated absorption feature in HCl. Multi- species sensing is demonstrated by measurement of partial pressures of CH₄, C₂H₂ and H₂CO in a low-pressure mixture with uncertainties of around 10&percnt;. Detection of CH₄ in N₂ at 1 bar is demonstrated using a shorter-cavity ICL to resolve spectral features in pressure-broadened and congested spectra. The first use of a QCL for MUMAS is reported using a commercially available device operating at 5.3 &mu;m to detect multiple absorption transitions of NO at a partial pressure of 2.79 &mu;bar in N₂ buffer gas. The revised model is shown to enable good fits to MUMAS data by accounting for the time-variation of the spectral intensity profile during frequency scanning. Individual mode-linewidths are derived from fits to pressure- dependent MUMAS spectra and features from background interferences due to H₂O in laboratory air are distinguished from those of the target species, NO. Data obtained at scan rates up to 10 kHz demonstrate the potential for achieving short measurement times. The development of a balanced ratiometric detection scheme for MUMAS with commercially available multi-mode lasers operating at 1.5 &mu;m is reported for simultaneous detection of CO and CO₂ showing improved SNR performance over previous direct transmission methods and suitability for a compact field-employable instrument. In addition, MUMAS spectra of CO₂ are used to derive gas temperatures with an uncertainty of 3.2&percnt; in the range 300 - 700 K.

This thesis reports work extending the scope of a recently developed gas sensing technique, multi-mode absorption spectroscopy (MUMAS). The ability of MUMAS to simultaneously detect multiple species from a mixture is demonstrated for the first time. The technique is subsequently extended to mid-infrared wavelengths, realising large gains in sensitivity. A solid-state, multi-mode laser has been developed to provide a high-performance comb source for use with MUMAS. This in-house constructed, diode-pumped, Er/Yb:glass laser operates on 10 longitudinal modes, separated by 18 GHz and centred close to 1565 nm. The extensive development and prototyping work leading to this final laser design is described. Multi-species detection with MUMAS is reported for the first time, thus demonstrating the ability of this technique to perform multi-gas sensing using a single laser and simple detection scheme. The previously described Er/Yb multi-mode laser was used to record MUMAS signals from a sample containing CO, C₂H₂, and N₂O. The components of the mixture were detected simultaneously by identifying multiple transitions in each of the species. Temperature- and pressure-dependent modelled spectral fits to the data were used to determine the partial pressures of each species in the mixture with an uncertainty better than +/-2%. Multi-mode radiation has been successfully generated at 3.3 μm using quasi phase matched difference frequency generation (QPM-DFG). A mid-infrared laser comb was produced by optically mixing the near-infrared, multi-mode comb produced by the previously developed Er/Yb:glass laser with the single-mode output of a Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm. This multi-frequency laser source was characterised to verify performance, and subsequently used to perform proof-of-principle MUMAS measurements on the strong transitions found in this spectral region. Spectra were recorded of NH₃ and CH₄ both individually and as components of a mixture. A minimum detection level for this system was determined to be 4.3 μbar m^-1 for CH₄, a sensitivity increase of 300 over similar measurements performed in the near-IR.