Academic literature on the topic 'Abstention mechanisms'
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Journal articles on the topic "Abstention mechanisms"
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Maulana, Muhammad Alfian. "On the Cause of US’s Abstaining from Voting for UN Security Council Resolution 2728 (2024)." Journal of Islamic World and Politics 8, no. 2 (2024): 114–26. https://doi.org/10.18196/jiwp.v8i2.100.
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This study examined the rationale behind the United States (US) abstention from UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 2728, March 25, 2024, which called for a ceasefire in the Israel-Palestine conflict. This research used the Politics of Absence theory to explain the motives behind the abstention. The framework drew on Suzanne Dovi's Typology of Absence, which provides a foundation for understanding strategic objectives such as protection, protest, and partition, which explain state abstention in international voting. With a qualitative approach, this study found that the US decision was driven by the protection of national interests, dissatisfaction with the failure of the resolution to condemn Hamas, and an inclination to explore alternative conflict resolution mechanisms.
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Katz, Gabriel, and Ines Levin. "A General Model of Abstention Under Compulsory Voting." Political Science Research and Methods 6, no. 3 (2016): 489–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2016.49.
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Invalid voting and absenteeism are alternative sources of abstention under compulsory voting. Previous research failed to systematically study the mechanisms behind each form of non-voting and the relationships between them. We develop an analytical framework and an empirical strategy to jointly examine invalid voting and absenteeism in Brazil, the world’s largest democracy with mandatory voting. Using Bayesian inferential methods and analyzing both individual and district-level data, we show that less educated and politically knowledgeable citizens are less likely to vote and, when they do, they are typically unable to successfully complete their ballot. Unlike absenteeism, invalid voting also has a political dimension reflecting voters’ disenchantment with elections and democratic performance. Both sources of abstention coexist and, together, undermine electoral participation.
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Chen, Kaiwen, Yueting Chen, Nick Koudas, and Xiaohui Yu. "Reliable Text-to-SQL with Adaptive Abstention." Proceedings of the ACM on Management of Data 3, no. 1 (2025): 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1145/3709719.
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Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language interfaces for databases, particularly in text-to-SQL conversion. However, current approaches often generate unreliable outputs when faced with ambiguity or insufficient context. We present Reliable Text-to-SQL (RTS), a novel framework that enhances query generation reliability by incorporating abstention and human-in-the-loop mechanisms. RTS focuses on the critical schema linking phase, which aims to identify the key database elements needed for generating SQL queries. It autonomously detects potential errors during the answer generation process and responds by either abstaining or engaging in user interaction. A vital component of RTS is the Branching Point Prediction (BPP) which utilizes statistical conformal techniques on the hidden layers of the LLM model for schema linking, providing probabilistic guarantees on schema linking accuracy. We validate our approach through comprehensive experiments on the BIRD benchmark, demonstrating significant improvements in robustness and reliability. Our findings highlight the potential of combining transparent-box LLMs with human-in-the-loop processes to create more robust natural language interfaces for databases. For the BIRD benchmark, our approach achieves near-perfect schema linking accuracy, autonomously involving a human when needed. Combined with query generation, we demonstrate that near-perfect schema linking and a small query generation model can almost match SOTA accuracy achieved with a model orders of magnitude larger than the one we use.
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Amirul Huda, Muhammad, and Zaimul Asroor. "PANDANGAN HUKUM ISLAM TERHADAP GOLPUT." MIZANUNA: Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah 2, no. 2 (2025): 84–107. https://doi.org/10.59166/mizanuna.v2i2.245.
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Indonesia has held elections for Presidential Elections, Legislative Elections, and Regional Head Elections directly. However, there is an attitude that does not support the election system, known as *G*olongan *P*utih (Golput). Among the reasons for those who decide to abstain are because they do not believe in (liberal) democratic mechanisms, religious fundamentalism, other political-ideological reasons, or do not believe that elections will bring change and improvement. This research aims to discuss how the law of abstention from the perspective of fiqh siyasah. The method used is descriptive qualitative by collecting the opinions of politicians and religious leaders. As a result, abstention for some of the reasons above is haram. The reason is because it shows their indifference to the fate of the country. More than that, Islamic law requires appointing leaders and considering the benefit of the country.
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Wilkens, Trine Levring, Zabrina Ziegler, Violetta Aru, et al. "1–2 Drinks Per Day Affect Lipoprotein Composition after 3 Weeks—Results from a Cross-Over Pilot Intervention Trial in Healthy Adults Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Measured Lipoproteins and Apolipoproteins." Nutrients 14, no. 23 (2022): 5043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14235043.
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Alcohol consumption ranging from 1–2 drinks/day associates with a lower risk of coronary heart disease in some studies. The underlying mechanisms are unclear. The Metabolic Imprints of Alcoholic Beverages (MetAl) trial aimed to explore the short-term effects of moderate alcohol consumption on cardiovascular biomarkers. A 2 × 3-week cross-over single-blinded intervention trial investigating the effect of 1–2 drinks/day (~12–24 g) compared with abstention on 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-measured main lipoproteins and subfractions was performed in 26 healthy adults. Volunteers were classified as occasional or habitual drinkers based on their habitual alcohol intakes (<2 or ≥2 drinks/week). Compared with abstention, 1–2 drinks/day increased HDL2a-C (p = 0.004), HDL3-C (p = 0.008), and HDL non-significantly (p = 0.19). Total apoA1 and apoA1 in HDL and its subfractions increased (p < 0.05). Novel findings were a decreased apoB/apoA1 ratio (p = 0.02), and increased HDL2a phospholipid content (p = 0.04). In women alone, the results were similar but attenuated, and LDL-P decreased. Thus, changes in apoA1- and HDL-related biomarkers occur within weeks in moderate drinkers. Compared with abstention, 1–2 drinks/day increased total apoA1 more strongly than HDL-C and increased the cholesterol, apoA1, and phospholipid content of several HDL subfractions. Whether this provides a cardiovascular benefit requires further study. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03384147.
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Minzer, Simona, Ricardo Arturo Losno, and Rosa Casas. "The Effect of Alcohol on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Is There New Information?" Nutrients 12, no. 4 (2020): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12040912.
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The effects of alcohol on cardiovascular health are heterogeneous and vary according to consumption dose and pattern. These effects have classically been described as having a J-shaped curve, in which low-to-moderate consumption is associated with less risk than lifetime abstention, and heavy drinkers show the highest risk. Nonetheless, the beneficial effects of alcohol have been questioned due to the difficulties in establishing a safe drinking threshold. This review focuses on the association between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular risk factors and the underlying mechanisms of damage, with review of the literature from the last 10 years.
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Svolik, Milan W. "Voting Against Autocracy." World Politics 75, no. 4 (2023): 647–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.2023.a908772.
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abstract: When and how do voters punish politicians for subverting democracy? To investigate the role of the public in democratic backsliding, I develop a conceptual framework that differentiates among three mechanisms: vote switching, backlash, and disengagement. The first mechanism entails defection by voters from a candidate who undermines democracy to one who does not; the latter two mechanisms entail transitions between voting and abstention. I estimate the magnitude of each mechanism by combining evidence from a series of original survey experiments, traditional surveys, and a quasi-experiment afforded by the rerun of the 2019 Istanbul mayoral election, in which the governing party, akp, attempted to overturn the result of an election that it had lost. I find that although vote switching and backlash contributed to the akp's eventual defeat the most, each of the three mechanisms served as a democratic check in some subset of the Istanbul electorate. Persuasion, mobilization, and even demobilization are all viable tools for curbing the authoritarian tendencies of elected politicians.
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Scussel, Fernanda, and Maribel Carvalho Suarez. "Consumer grief: understanding how consumers deal with the loss of extraordinary experiences." Cadernos EBAPE.BR 20, no. 3 (2022): 339–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1679-395120210046x.
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Abstract Despite the interest in the role of consumption in the bereavement process, the concept of consumer grief and the process consumers experience when grieving remain undertheorized. This article aims to conceptualize consumer grief considering the disruption brought by the COVID-19 pandemic and the need to understand how consumers respond to this scenario, understanding the mechanisms consumers create to deal with loss. In view of the importance of extraordinary experiences due to their embodied, social, and transformational power, in this netnographic study, we explore marathon runners’ loss of an extraordinary experience. Consumers deal with the loss of an experience through a process composed of five mechanisms mediated by social media, which enable consumers to reverse, reframe, and reestablish the experience. The mechanisms of refutation, despair, abstention-compensation, transgression, and acceptance show how consumers behave in different moments of grief, allowing them to build their trajectories in the grieving process, individually and collectively. As a contribution, we expand the literature on consumer grief by focusing on the specific concept of consumer grief, explaining the processes consumers go through when they deal with the loss of an experience. Additionally, we present a collective perspective on the grieving process, shifting the analysis of the grief of an individual or a family unit to the socialization of grief.
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William, Bowmann. "INTERNATIONAL ENFORCEMENT AND EVOLUTION OF THE UN INTERNATIONAL LAW AFTER THE INVASION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN UKRAINE." Juris Gradibus 1 (April 7, 2025): 1–51. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15167631.
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<strong>Abstract</strong>: The present paper is concentrated on the events that have to do with the evolving escalation of the situation of war in Ukraine. The invasion of the Russian Federation in the Ukraine territory as well as the mechanisms of evolution of the international law are few of the main points of analysis of the present work. The history of Russia especially in the Security Council of the UN and its involvement in Ukraine as well as the international enforcement mechanisms and their general ineffectiveness, as we will see in similar topics of the past, are arguments of continuous discuss. Security Council’s role as well as that of International Court of Justice, and of the International Criminal Court are arguments related to the ineffectiveness of international law. Interesting are also the expressions of structure and practice of the UN Security Council. The step by step recommendations and especially of the positions of vote and veto in the Security Council as also the abstention of obligations are positions of discussion and a new ways of enforcement structures for the next years.
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Zeitzmann, Sebastian. "Towards an Ever More Differentiated Union? – Exit Strategies from Differentiated Integration." Zeitschrift für europarechtliche Studien 25, no. 4 (2022): 859–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-439x-2022-4-859.
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In the past 25 years, differentiated policies and mechanisms of differentiated decision-making have rapidly gained prominence and relevance on EU level. It is not only well-known EU policies such as the euro currency or the Schengen area of borderless travel which fall within the scope of EU activity in which not all Member States participate in. Rather, also lesser known instruments exist, such as constructive abstention in Common Foreign and Security Policy, the enhanced cooperation procedure, or Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO). A rapidly less homogenous circle of EU members and either the unwillingness or the unpreparedness on part of some of them to fully participate - if at all - in certain EU activity has resulted in an ever more differentiated EU. Is the Union destined to become one of ‘bits and pieces’? Or is there a solution to the conundrum of the incompatibility of simultaneously enlarging and deepening the EU, an incompatibility which has been one of the driving factors behind differentiations? In other words: Do strategies exist to eventually truly create the ever closer Union of fully integrated Member States?
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Abstention mechanisms"
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Mayouf, Mouna Sabrine. "Intégration de connaissances de haut-niveau dans un système d'apprentissage par réseau de neurones pour la classification d'images." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU30341.
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Les réseaux neuronaux ont fait preuve d'avancées remarquables dans des tâches réputées difficiles, comme la classification automatique d'images ou le traitement du langage naturel. Toutefois, leur nature de boîte noire limite leur explicabilité et entrave leur capacité à exploiter des connaissances extérieures aux données. Cette thèse a pour but d'explorer et de proposer des techniques d'intégration des connaissances de haut niveau dans les réseaux neuronaux afin d'améliorer les performances et l'interprétabilité. La première partie de la thèse est centrée sur l'intégration de connaissances aux données d'entrée d'un réseau. Son premier chapitre s'adresse à la préparation des données. On y propose une formalisation du prétraitement afin de garantir la transparence et la reproductibilité de cette étape. Cette formalisation nous permet d'étudier l'impact de la data-augmentation : pour caractériser ce qu'est une bonne préparation des données, et l'état informatif d'un dataset, un ensemble de mesures et de principes est proposé, ensuite des protocoles expérimentaux sont conçus afin d'évaluer ces principes sur le dataset BreakHis. Le deuxième chapitre de cette partie s'adresse à l'exploitation de connaissances haut-niveau pour l'établissement d'un ordre de présentation des données au réseau. Nous introduisons l'apprentissage par curriculum incrémental sur l'ordre de passage des données en entrée. Les résultats obtenus améliorent l'exactitude et la vitesse de convergence. Bien que cette étude soit menée sur le dataset BreakHis, nous pensons qu'elle est généralisable à n'importe quel autre dataset. La deuxième partie est centrée sur l'intégration de connaissances au sein de l'architecture du réseau et au niveau de sa sortie. Dans ce cadre, nous nous sommes intéressés à la classification multi-label hiérarchique, pour laquelle nous avons formalisé les connaissances représentant le lien hiérarchique. Pour cela nous avons introduit deux contraintes : l'une représentant le fait qu'un objet ne peut être affecté qu'à une seule classe à un niveau donné de la hiérarchie, et l'autre imposant que l'affectation globale d'un objet respecte la hiérarchie de classe (par exemple, on interdit de classer un élément comme abeille pour son sous-type et mammifère pour son sur-type). Nous avons conçu une architecture et une fonction de perte qui imposent ces deux contraintes durant l'apprentissage. L'architecture se distingue de l'état de l'art par le fait qu'un seul réseau est utilisé pour prédire simultanément les labels des différents niveaux : toutes les couches sont responsables de la prédiction du n-uplet des classes. Plusieurs variantes du réseau ont été expérimentées sur cinq jeux de données différents et les résultats confirment l'efficacité des contraintes hiérarchiques soutenant ainsi l'importance de la prise en compte de connaissances externes. Afin de raffiner les résultats de cette classification hiérarchique, nous avons introduit un mécanisme d'abstention, sous forme d'une troisième contrainte poussant le réseau à donner une prédiction au niveau de spécificité le plus précis possible sur lequel sa confiance est suffisante et s'abstenir sinon. Nous avons défini différents seuils de confiance et proposé différentes contraintes sur les seuils relativement à la hiérarchie des classes. Pour évaluer ce mécanisme, de nouvelles métriques de classification prenant en compte l'abstention ont été définies. Nous avons mené des expérimentations sur les mêmes jeux de données et les résultats ont montré l'intérêt de l'abstention, et la nécessité de définir un seuil empirique adapté à chaque dataset. Pour conclure, les travaux de cette thèse soulignent l'intérêt d'exploiter des connaissances externes dans le domaine des réseaux de neurones ceci au niveau des trois composantes de ce système d'apprentissage : en entrée pendant la préparation des données, dans la structure du réseau, et à la sortie lors de la prise de décision de classification<br>Neural networks have made remarkable improvements in challenging tasks such as automatic image classification and natural language processing. However, their black-box nature hinders explainability and limits their ability to leverage external knowledge. The purpose of this thesis is to explore and propose techniques for integrating knowledge into neural networks in order to improve their performance and interpretability. The first part of the thesis focuses on integrating knowledge at the input level. The first chapter deals with data preparation. A formalization of pre-processing is proposed to ensure the transparency and reproducibility of this step. This formalization enables us to study the impact of data augmentation: to characterize a good data preparation, and the informative state of a dataset, a set of measures and principles is proposed, then experimental protocols are designed to evaluate these principles on the BreakHis dataset. The second chapter of this part focuses on exploiting high-level knowledge to determine the order in which data should be inserted into the network. We introduce an incremental curriculum learning for ordering the input data. The results obtained show an improvement of accuracy and convergence speed. Although this study is carried out on the BreakHis dataset, we believe that it can be generalized to any other dataset. The second part is devoted to the integration of knowledge within the network architecture and at the output level. In this context, we focus on hierarchical multi-label classification, for which we formalize the knowledge representing the hierarchical link. For this aim, we introduce two constraints: one representing the fact that an object can only be assigned to one class at a given level of the hierarchy, and the other imposing that the global assignment of an object respects the class hierarchy (for example, we forbid classifying an element as a bee for its sub-type and a mammal for its super-type). We design an architecture and a loss function that impose these two constraints during learning. The architecture differs from the state of the art in that a single network is used to simultaneously predict the labels of the different levels: all layers are responsible for predicting the tuple of classes. Several variants of the network have been tested on five different datasets and the results confirm the efficiency of the hierarchical constraints, thus supporting the importance of taking external knowledge into account. In order to refine the results of this hierarchical classification, we introduce an abstention mechanism, in the form of a third constraint that enforces the network to give a prediction at the most precise level of specificity on which its confidence is sufficient and to abstain otherwise. We define different confidence thresholds and proposed different constraints on the thresholds accordingly to the class hierarchy. To evaluate this mechanism, new classification metrics that take abstention into account are defined. We carry out experiments on the same five datasets and the results show the interest of abstention, and the need to define empirical thresholds adapted to each dataset. In conclusion, the work in this thesis highlights the value of exploiting external knowledge, this is true for the three main components of a neural network: at the input level during data preparation, in the structure of the network, and at the output level when classification decisions are made
Book chapters on the topic "Abstention mechanisms"
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Kushwaha, Shekhar Prakash, Pradeep Kumar Sharma, and Sokindra Kumar. "Emerging Strategies in Antibacterial Drug Resistance Management Mechanisms." In Frontiers in Combating Antibacterial Resistance. IGI Global, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-4139-1.ch011.
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Antibiotic resistance has become a serious worldwide concern that endangers the environment and public health. This problem has led to protracted illnesses, higher healthcare expenses, and higher death rates. It is caused by the abuse and overuse of antibiotics. This leads to extended hospital stays, escalated medical expenses, and heightened vulnerability, especially among marginalized communities with limited access to healthcare. Prolonged illnesses due to resistant infections, which can lead to increased hindering of human capital development. These resistant strains can contaminate water bodies, soil, and food, subsequently entering the human food chain and exacerbating the spread of resistance. In conclusion, antibiotic/antimicrobial abstention stands as a menacing global predicament, entwining social health and environmental stability. Immediate and coordinated efforts are imperative to preserve the efficacy of antibiotics, safeguard human well-being, and protect the environment from the far-reaching repercussions of antibiotic resistance.
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Mahnič, Petra, and Álvaro de Elera. "Differentiated Integration in EU Foreign, Security, and Defence Policy." In Redefining EU Membership. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/9780191948145.003.0004.
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Abstract The primary objective of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) (furthering convergence of Member States’ foreign policy preferences to project the united position of the European Union (EU) vis-à-vis third actors) makes this policy field not particularly suited for differentiation. This unsuitability is reinforced by the Treaty-based constraints linked to the use of differentiation mechanisms, as well as by possible jurisprudential limitations in the application of constructive abstention. The widespread use of political (non-legal) instruments—approved by consensus, and therefore not open to differentiation—to define and implement Union policy in the field further reduces the scope for differentiation. Differentiated integration proper can be observed only in the subfield of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), which allows for presenting outside actors with a unified EU position while taking account of different capabilities of and contributions by the Member States. More differentiation could be introduced in CFSP, either by using more frequently legal acts instead of political acts, or by applying Treaty-based procedures to the approval of political acts. This would allow for doing away with consensus, and relying more on unanimity, coupled with constructive abstention, implying a change in the long-standing institutional culture linked to CFSP. Paradoxically perhaps for the politically sensitive area of foreign policy, Treaty-based procedures serve differentiation, and hence flexibility, better than the traditional political process.
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Kumar Jha, Rakesh, and Ankita Kondhalkar. "Tapping into Immune Resilience: Exploring the Interplay between Fasting and Immune Function." In Food Science and Nutrition. IntechOpen, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1007770.
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Fasting, the voluntary abstention from food for specific periods, has been practiced for centuries, often tied to religious, spiritual, or cultural traditions. In recent decades, fasting has gained significant attention in the scientific community due to its potential health benefits, particularly regarding metabolic, cognitive, and immune functions. Various types of fasting, such as intermittent fasting, prolonged fasting, and time-restricted eating, have been explored for their impact on human physiology. The physiological changes triggered by fasting, including shifts in energy metabolism, activation of autophagy, and modulation of hormone levels, suggest a wide range of health implications. Fasting has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity, reduce inflammation, and enhance fat metabolism, making it an appealing strategy for weight management and disease prevention. Moreover, research indicates that fasting can promote cellular repair mechanisms and enhance immune resilience, which may contribute to longevity and the reduction of age-related diseases. Despite the growing interest, the long-term effects of fasting, particularly in diverse populations with varying health conditions, remain a topic of ongoing research. Understanding the mechanisms and outcomes of fasting is essential to determining its potential role in health promotion and disease prevention.