Journal articles on the topic 'Abuse of alcoholic drinks and alcohol-containing substances'

The article addresses the issues of cognitive impairment among persons with alcohol dependence, aggravated by alcoholic encephalopathy and paroxysmal conditions. The&nbsp;<strong>aim</strong>&nbsp;of the study was to identify the levels of impaired short-term memory, to identify cognitive impairment of patients with alcohol addiction with alcoholic encephalopathy and paroxysmal conditions. <strong>Materials and methods:</strong>&nbsp;132 people from the contingent of alcohol addicts (AА) and from the contingent of healthy and 4 comparison groups have been identified and examined over the two years on the basis of KNP CHOR &laquo;Regional Clinical Narcological Hospital No. 3&raquo;. The following techniques were used to assess psychosocial and cognitive impairment: &ldquo;Jacobson Short-Term Memory Measurement Technique&rdquo;; &quot;The methodology for determining the index of short-term memory proposed by L. S. Muchnik and V. M. Smirnov (1968)&quot;. <strong>Result.</strong>&nbsp;According to the results of the researches, the cognitive and mnemonic sphere of persons with AА, AE and PS were expressed in the form of significant reduction of short-term memory and cognitive impairment. The presence of significantly &quot;deeper&quot; and &quot;gross&quot; degenerative-organic lesions of the central nervous system in chronic alcoholic lesions with the development of alcoholic encephalopathy and paroxysmal states of alcoholic genesis has been proved. <strong>Conclusions.&nbsp;</strong>Thus, the obtained research results only confirm the data of numerous world sources on the development of cognitive decline in individuals with alcohol dependence

Alcoholism is a disease that attacks regardless of age, religion, nationality, sex, level of education, mental health, family situation, socio-economic status or character. Research on students' attitudes towards alcohol was carried out in Poland and Ukraine, in the countries where there is widespread positive feedback on its effects. In wide social circles put to the survey, alcohol consumption is a tradition taking place during different celebrations or almost every meeting. In addition, the use of alcohol means a quick drink up of large quantities of strong alcoholic drinks. This way of drinking does not function as a symbol of the meeting or its background, but becomes the center and the main reason. Alcohol used by teens generally does not cause surprise or concern. Many communities treat alcohol drunk in childhood, as natural and inevitable. It sometimes happens that young people and even children receive the first can of beer or a glass of champagne from the hands of their own parents. Until recently, public awareness of the phenomenon of using psychoactive substances has related to the margin of society, people from the so-called pathological and criminal environments. A little later there were reports that the alcohol and other drugs are in the range of interests of adolescents, coming from "good homes" and having good future prospects. The aim of the study was to investigate the attitudes of Polish and Ukrainian students towards alcohol. The main problem of the research focused on the question: Is there a difference in the attitudes of young people towards alcohol because of the country of origin? Research shows that among the students there is a problem of alcohol abuse. We must therefore start to implement effectively, not just "on paper", alcohol prevention programs already in primary schools.

Youth drug addiction and alcoholism are still a pressing problem today, despite the work being done with students to prevent drug abuse and suppress illegal trafficking, as well as alcohol consumption. Recently, there has been a high increase in the incidence of alcoholism among young people. The number of young people suffering from alcoholism is 20.7% per 100 thousand of the population. It is believed that alcoholism and drug addiction, caused in some cases by the use of low-alcohol drinks, as well as modern psychotropic substances - spice, are more common in adolescence and young age than in adulthood. This is due to the fact that this category is more vulnerable, immature, their body is more sensitive and therefore the risk of becoming an alcoholic or drug addict increases. Modern scientists develop in great detail the explanation of the emergence of alcohol and drug addiction and identify three main groups of drug addiction factors: sociological, biological and psychological. The problem of drug addiction has reached its peak in Ukraine. This is confirmed by the data provided in the National Strategy of Ukraine on Drugs for the period until 2020): the ratio of the number of drug addicts in Ukraine remains 33 people per 10 thousand population, which significantly exceeds the level in most civilized countries of the world. The low effectiveness of preventive work, treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts remains a serious problem. Of particular danger is the drug trafficking of heroin and cocaine through the territory of Ukraine to the countries of the European Union, the growth of drug trafficking and corruption, the growth of illegal trafficking of synthetic drugs, and the rejuvenation of drug users. This problem also greatly affects such a segment of the population as students, starting from the first and ending with the last years.

Alcoholic drinks are drinks that contain ethanol. Ethanol is a psychoactive substance and its consumption causes loss of consciousness. According to WHO, alcohol is a psychotropic substance that is often abused. The abuse of alcohol in liquor in society is no longer the first incident to occur but has become a growing problem, especially among adolescents and tends to increase from year to year. Alcohol abuse also results in several forms of social problems such as fights, juvenile delinquency, immoral acts and even teenagers who then increasingly have no norms and tend to find it difficult to control their emotions. For example, for students of SMA Negeri 6 Pasarwajo, Buton Regency, the importance of socialization in terms of controlling and eradicating alcoholic beverages among students, especially at SMA Negeri 6 Pasarwajo, Buton Regency, in this study used the socialization method, namely counseling or giving explanations to students of SMA Negeri 6 Pasarwajo about impact of consuming liquor for students.

This paper examines the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church in addressing the &ldquo;second generation&rdquo; alcohol abuse in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. The emerging phenomenon of SGA and its abuse by some RCC believers in Uasin Gishu County necessitated this study.&nbsp; Structural Functional Theory by Emile Durkheim and Symbolic Interaction Theory by George Herbert Mead were used to guide the study. The study targeted the Roman Catholic believers, especially clergy, brewers, addicts, and reformed addicts, rehabilitation counselors and Alcoholic Drinks Control Board members. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 11 informants. Interview Guide and Observation Schedule were used to collect data, which were eventually cleaned and organized. Data was analyzed by discussing information within the context of the study. The following were the key findings of the study: RCC through Pioneer Total Abstinence to Alcohol (PTAA) movement advocates abstinence on all forms of alcohol but some of their teachings and world views of alcohol consumption moderation contradicts in each other. This study concludes that there is a gap, where little is known of SGA (Busaa and Chang&rsquo;aa) to inform their teachings as comparable to other licit alcohol and therefore recommends the following: the teachings of abstinence by PTAA should be embraced and taught from RCC pulpit; the RCC should have debating engagement with other religious organizations on SGA to inform their teachings; at the policy level, NACADA and county governments should partner with religious organizations among other stakeholders to foster understanding on emerging SGA and substance abuse through National and Regional conferences to build their capacities.

Addiction is the repeated involvement with a substance or activity, despite the substantial harm it now causes, because that involvement was pleasurable and or valuable. Alcohol is commonly abused due to easy access and the lack of stigma around binge drinking. According to WHO, globally 3.3 million deaths every year result from harmful use of alcohol. Over the past 30-40 years, increasing percentages of young people have started to drink alcoholic beverages, their alcohol consumption has increased in quantity and frequency and the age at which drinking starts has declined. Alcoholism is considered as a disease and al-cohol a disease agent, which causes intoxication, cirrhosis, gastritis, pancreatitis etc. It is also an important aetiologic factor in suicide, accidents and injuries. Beyond health consequences, the harmful use of alcohol brings significant social and economic losses to individuals, society at large. Alcoholism prevention is a proactive approach to avoid the adverse effects of alcohol abuse. Prevention should be directed towards developing a healthier lifestyles and mental stability. Ayurveda laid its basement over prevention and main-taining health through right-diet, lifestyles and thinking. It gives emphasis for both body and mind and ex-plained Aahara, Sadvritta, Achara Rasayana, Yoga etc through which one can attain stability of both body and mind. From an early stage of life, if one follows these, can master their minds, guide his life and never be a victim of any kind of Addiction.

Introduction: Substance abuse has become a burning issue among the medical and dental students. Dental students, who later transform into dentists, have a significant role in substance abuse cessation. Thus the study was undertaken to quantify substance abuse among dental students of Kantipur Dental College. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using pretested self-administered questionnaire among undergraduate and post graduate students of Kantipur Dental College. Convenience sampling was done and sample size was calculated.Results: Study revealed 166 (74.10%) as never smokers, 3 (1.30%) as former smokers and 55 (24.60%) as current smokers. Similarly 97 (43.3%) students never used alcoholic drink, 95 (42.41%) consumed alcohol monthly, 29 (12.95%) consumed alcohol 2-4 times a month and 3 (1.34%) consumed alcohol 2-3 times a week. A total of 78 (35%) students used cannabis.Conclusions: Substantial numbers of students were indulged in deleterious habits of smoking, tobacco and cannabis intake. Students need to be properly counseled to discourage substance abuse and create a healthy society.

Over the past decade, the dynamics of the prevalence of substance abuse with various classification and legal groups, the growth of illegal circulation of psychoactive substances, falsification of psychoactive alcoholic beverages, alcohol, delinquency and polydrug abuse have become almost epidemic, with combined abuse of psychoactive substances registered mainly among young people. The goal or the study was to review scientific sources on the current state of the problem of formation, development and spread of polydrug abuse in the world and in Ukraine on the principles of medical and pharmaceutical law. To achieve this goal, the methods of regulatory, documentary, comparative, graphical and tabular analysis were used. A review of scientific observations of scientists from around the world and Ukraine found that in the initial stages of polydrug addiction begins with the simultaneous use of psychoactive substances such as alcohol (ethyl alcohol), psychoactive alcohol-containing liquids, beer, psychoactive drugs, tobacco. Explained that the simultaneous (combined, consistent) use of psychoactive substances of different classification and legal groups and psychoactive alcoholic beverages, alcoholic beverages, beer, psychoactive drugs are widespread among different contingents in the early stages of formation and development of polydrug addiction. Established that the most common alcoholic beverage is beer, which contains a combination of several psychoactive substances, so beer addiction is actually a polydrug addiction, it forms and develops faster, and its pharmaceutical correction is more difficult.

Aims: To estimate independent age, period, and cohort effects on time trends in alcohol volume and episodic heavy drinking in Germany. Method: Data from six waves of the German Epidemiological Survey of Substance Abuse (ESA) between 1995 and 2009 were used. The analytical sample comprised n = 34,542 individuals aged 18 to 64 years with at least one drinking occasion in the last 30 days. Alcohol volume was derived from beverage-specific quantity frequency questions. Episodic heavy drinking was specified as the number of days with five or more alcoholic drinks at a single occasion. Results: On average across age and cohort groups, alcohol consumption has considerably declined over the last 15 years. Cohort effects indicate a decline in alcohol volume from the 1940s to the 1970s birth cohort groups and a steep increase in younger cohorts. Moreover, cohorts born after 1980 were found to drink more often to intoxication than older cohorts. Age variations in trends were rather small compared to period and cohort effects. Conclusions: Despite the steady declining trend in alcohol consumption in the German general population, there is a tendency toward riskier drinking patterns among the youngest cohorts. This underlines the need for alcohol policy measures.

A STUDY ON DRINKING MOTIVES AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS IN CHENNAI CITY A CROSS SECTIONAL EXPLORATORY SURVEYAuthor Gururajan Mohan, MPHIL SOCIOLOGY ,PUDUCHERRYEmail murse4u.guru@gmail.comAbstractPurposeIn India, drinking seems to be a male habit and considered to be a major public health issue. Drinking among college students continues to be a considerable problem College students often face novel social situations in a context of heightened accessibility to alcohol and frequent promotion of excessive drinking Ham and Hope, 2003 .Excessive drinking among college students is associated with damaged property, poor class attendance, hangovers, trouble with authorities, and injuries Wechsler et al., 2000 Wechsler, Davenport, Dowdall, Moeykens, andCastillo, 1994 . Alcohol consumption is prevalent among college students, and there are many reasons for its use and abuse Luhtanen and Crocker, 2005 . However, for successful efforts to limit premature and excessive drinking among adolescents it is necessary to understand the antecedents and etiology of drinking behavior.In this regard, the motivation for engaging in drinking is one importantaspect.ObjectivesThe study carries following objectives To identify the drinking motives among the male college students in the Metro politan City To identify academic performance among male college students in Metro politan city To compare the level of drinking motive with demographic variable MethodologyA cross sectional exploratory descriptive design was used in this study. In this present study, data were collected from 74 students studying in three colleges in Chennai. Students from each college were chosen on purposive sampling from three colleges were included in this study. The Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised DMQ-R Cooper,1994 was used to assess principal reasons for alcohol use. This 20 item, four factor measure assesses enhancement e.g., &quot;because it gives you a pleasant feeling&quot; , social e.g., &quot;to celebrate a special occasion with friends&quot; ,conformity e.g., &quot;to fit in with a group you like&quot; , and coping e.g., &quot;to forget about your problems&quot; motives for drinking. Participants indicate on a 5 point scale ranging from 1 almost never never to 5 almost always always the frequency with which they drink for each reason. Subscale scores are thencomputed by averaging the ratings across each of the five items related to each factor. The DMQ-R evidences good internal consistency e.g., s .91, 91, .79, .81 for enhancement, social, conformity, and coping, respectively in the present sample , and validity, and has been successfully utilized in priorresearch with adolescents Comeau, Stewart, and Loba, 2001 Dixon, Leen Feldner, Ham, Feldner, and Lewis, 2009 Kuntsche et al., 2008 .Results MAJOR FINDINGS 18 20 age group n=47 had more drinking problems compared to other age groups 43.2 percent students who drinks alcohol belongs to 701 900 marks category39.2 percent of samples who drinks belong to first order of birthMajority of students 91.9 percent lived with parent during data collection Social motive and coping motive were the top motives for the alcohol consumption followed by enhancement and confirmatory drinkNone of the demographic variable had association with the drinking motivesConclusion Our findings strongly support motivational approaches to understanding problem drinking among college students and are consistent with previous research in showing drinking motives to be a crucial determinant of college student drinking. Enhancement, coping and confirmatory motive seemed to bethe most important factor in Chennai students drinking behavior.These findings have several implications for public health research and interventions. There is need for a continued focus on individual Enhancement, coping and confirmatory motive reasons for drinking in adolescents and young adults in substance use prevention programs. Alcohol motives are likely to havebeen shaped by other indirect and distal forces such as availability and the media. For example, television scenes that glamorize its use or incorporate strong symbolic meaning, such as rebellion against prejudice, while featuring alcohol may cause young people to initiate and continue drinking. Research that offers a better understanding of psycho social and environmental factors associated with alcohol use behavior among the younger population in Chennai is urgently needed. Gururajan Mohan &quot;A Study on Drinking Motives Among College Students in Chennai City-A Cross Sectional Exploratory Survey&quot; Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18999.pdf

Multidisciplinary forensic and pharmaceutical, organizational and legal, and technological study of alcohol-containing liquids as factors in the formation and development of polydrug addiction among the public population of Ukraine was conducted. Determined that the combined intake of several psychoactive substances leads to the formation and development of new variants of polydrug addiction. Noted that among psychoactive substances, the main factors in the formation and development of polydrug addiction are liquids containing ethyl alcohol. Classification and stages of circulation of psychoactive alcohol-containing liquids were proposed. The formation and development of polydrug addiction because of the combined use of psychoactive alcohol-containing liquids in the order of increasing strength was systematized. The factors of the development and spread of polydrug addiction from the position of forensic pharmacy, organization and management of pharmacy, drug technology, marketing, management, health care, and narcology were provided. Focused attention that among the factors of the formation and development of polydrug addiction, the combined, consecutive, or simultaneous use of psychoactive substances of different classification and legal groups (psychoactive substances in the composition of medicines, narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, etc.) and psychoactive alcohol-containing liquids (alcoholic drinks of I and III levels of ethanol strength; psychoactive alcohol drugs of I-III levels of ethanol strength).

Introduction: The problem of using addictive substances, especially alcohol in Indonesia, is still a serious health problem. Since 2013, data on the proportion of alcoholic drink consumption in Indonesia has been found to have increased in 32 provinces in Indonesia. Alcohol consumption not only causes physical problems, but also mental disorders, triggers acts of violence, and disturbs other aspects of life. One of the psychiatric disorders that arise due to the abuse of alcoholic beverages is depression. If not treated immediately, depression can lead to suicidal thoughts that threaten the individual and have an impact on those around him. The aim of this study was to examine the level of alcohol consumption and its relationship to the level of depression. Methods: This study is an analytical study with a quantitative cross-sectional survey design. The sampling technique was carried out by purposive sampling using the AUDIT questionnaire for the level of alcohol consumption, and BDI-II for the level of depression. Results: The research sample was obtained as many as 30 respondents. The results of the two-variable analysis using the somer test showed that there was no significant relationship between the level of alcohol use and the level of depression. Conclusion: In this study, there was no statistically significant relationship between the level of alcohol use and the level of depression in individuals who used multiple substances.

Introduction: The problem of using addictive substances, especially alcohol in Indonesia, is still a serious health problem. Since 2013, data on the proportion of alcoholic drink consumption in Indonesia has been found to have increased in 32 provinces in Indonesia. Alcohol consumption not only causes physical problems, but also mental disorders, triggers acts of violence, and disturbs other aspects of life. One of the psychiatric disorders that arise due to the abuse of alcoholic beverages is depression. If not treated immediately, depression can lead to suicidal thoughts that threaten the individual and have an impact on those around him. The aim of this study was to examine the level of alcohol consumption and its relationship to the level of depression. Methods: This study is an analytical study with a quantitative cross-sectional survey design. The sampling technique was carried out by purposive sampling using the AUDIT questionnaire for the level of alcohol consumption, and BDI-II for the level of depression. Results: The research sample was obtained as many as 30 respondents. The results of the two-variable analysis using the somer test showed that there was no significant relationship between the level of alcohol use and the level of depression. Conclusion: In this study, there was no statistically significant relationship between the level of alcohol use and the level of depression in individuals who used multiple substances.

Abuse of psychoactive substances is an actual medical and pharmaceutical, social and economic, pedagogical and educational, criminal and legal problem. Prevention should be the priority strategy for dealing with abuse. The most common psychoactive substances in abuse are: alcohol, nicotine, hemp, cocaine, heroin, medicinal drugs. Information about psychoactive substances prohibited for circulation in the state is aggressively disseminated through mass media, the Internet, films, and computer games. Abuse of psychoactive substances affects the quality of life and health, has negative physical, physiological, and psychological consequences. Forensic and pharmaceutical, criminal and legal studies indicate that the law enforcement agencies of Ukraine, under the procedural guidance of prosecutors of all levels, take operative and investigative measures and investigative actions. In the structure of polydrug addiction, the syndrome of dependence due to the use of alcohol, which develops after multiple simultaneous use of psychoactive alcohol-containing liquids, alcoholic beverages (beer, vodka, wine), psychoactive alcohol drugs, prevails. Comorbid disorders associated with polydrug addiction were systematized. Estimated that 51.6% are mental illnesses. The results of an interdisciplinary forensic and pharmaceutical, organizational and legal, clinical and pharmacological study indicate the need for further multi-stage pharmacotherapy of polydrug addiction and related comorbid disorders during drug circulation.

Introduction Alcoholism is one of the most frequent modern diseases. These kinds of epidemiological studies have not been carried out in this country at a global level. Objective The aim of the study was to establish the spread of alcohol abuse among the young regarding the sex, and find the connection between the alcohol abuse and the consumption of drugs and cigarettes. Methods The study was carried out among the elementary school pupils of the seventh and eighth grade in the area of Belgrade from October 2003 to January 2004. Total of 457 pupils were involved; 229 (50.1%) were boys and 228 (49.9%) girls, aged 12-15 years, the average age being 13.4 years. The method used was the modified questionnaire European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs, which the pupils filled in individually, voluntarily and anonymously. ?2-test, Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney Logistic Regression Test were used in statistical processing of the data. Results Almost 70% of the examinees have tried alcohol. Most of the examinees had the first contact with alcohol at the age of 11. Half of our examinees got drunk at least once in their life and about one fifth more than 20 times. The binge form of consumption (five or more drinks in a row) was evident in a quarter of our examinees. Our examinees use alcohol together with other psychoactive substances, mostly marijuana. It was observed that certain types of behavior, such as frequent going out in the evening, were directly related to the abuse of alcohol. Conclusion Two thirds of the examinees have tried alcohol. The first contact with alcohol is shifted to an earlier age (11 years). New trends of alcohol abuse have been noticed, such as binge form of consumption and the connection of use with other psychoactive substances. .

Introduction. Alcohol is most abused psychoactive substance among youth. Analyzing attitudes on alcohol, patterns and consequences we are getting inputs important for implementing evidence based preventive measures. Objective. The aim of this study was to analyze drinking patterns and expectations and alcohol risk perception by gender and region and determine correlation between attitudes and one year prevalence of drinking. Methods. The study used data from the European School Survey on Alcohol and Other Drugs, which was then conducted in 2008 in Serbia on a sample of 6,553 students aged 16 years. For data analysis descriptive and analytical statistic were used. Results. The results show that nine out of ten students have had at least one alcoholic beverage during life and 5% have at least one alcohol beverage on more than 20 occasions during the last month. Students in Serbia have mainly positive expectations from alcohol, and the strongest potential drinking predictors in the previous year are expectation of having fun and the wish to feel relaxed. According to the participants, drinking 4-5 drinks on weekends (34.6%) is less risky than trying cannabis (52.0%). Boys have experienced problems caused by alcohol drinking more often than girls, while students from Vojvodina have performed badly in school in higher percentage than students from Belgrade and Central Serbia. Conclusion. In Serbia, girls drink less and perceive drinking as more risky in comparison to boys, while 16-year-old students from Vojvodina have more positive expectations but also more prominent problems caused by alcohol drinking. Additional education of the young on alcohol risk is recommended.

Adolescent alcohol use is related to a variety of problem behaviors, including harmful alcohol use, drinking and driving, risky sex, and violence. The article explored the perspectives on alcohol drinking patterns, consequences, and risk factors contributing to drinking amongst the youth living in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. Alcohol is one of the most commonly consumed substances in South Africa, despite the many health problems associated with excessive alcohol use. Young people&rsquo;s consumption of alcohol is an ongoing problem. Many young adults binge-drink alcohol excessively, with serious negative consequences thereafter. The study intends to realize the consequence causing alcoholism among adolescents in the Northern Cape Province in South Africa. Qualitative research method were adopted for the study. Adolescents between the ages of 14 and 35 who consume alcohol were the population of the study in the Northern Cape Province. Participants were knowledgeable of the cultural lives of their reservation communities. Although there was an agreement regarding the pervasiveness of heavy drinking, participants reported different opinions about the meaning of alcohol and appropriate intervention strategies. Three dilemmas were identified, suggesting that community ambivalence may serve as a barrier to reducing problem drinking. Implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed. The study finding is lastly presented chronologically.

Traditional alcoholic drinks are made traditionally or conventionally and simply packed. One of the traditional alcoholic drinks in Indonesia and commonly consumed is Tuak (Palm wine). Several indigenous communities in Lombok have fermented drinks popularly known as Tuak or Arak. Palm sap which is the basic ingredient in making palm wine containing alcohol. The most common liver diseases due to alcohol abuse include fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Ethanol metabolism in liver cells can cause an increase in the production of free radicals with various mechanisms so that oxidative stress will damage liver tissue. The supply of pineapple can prevent and repair liver damage due to oxidative stress processes, especially those caused by alcohol. Markers of liver damage are SGOT and SGPT enzymes. This research is a true experiment. The total number of experimental animals used was 21 individuals, negative control rats were only given standard feed, positive control rats were given palm wine without pineapple extract and treatment group were given palm wine and pineapple extract. Palm wine and pineapple were given together with standard feed for 14 days and on day 15th, the blood of the rats was taken to check the levels of SGOT and blood SGPT. The results showed the average SGOT enzyme levels in the negative control group 117.85 U / L, in the positive control group 126.14 U / L, and the treatment group 110.71 U / L. ANOVA test shows SGOT levels of white rats have significant differences in the experiments conducted (p &lt;0.05). Examination of SGPT enzyme levels in the negative control group obtained an average yield of 25.42 U / L, positive control 30.42 U / L, and treatment 29.14 U / L. The ANOVA test results of SGPT levels in white rats show significant differences in the experiments conducted (p &lt;0.05).&#x0D;

Objective: Alcohol affects many human systems and is involved in the pathogenesis of other diseases. Particular attention must be paid to alcohol consumption among young people. It has been shown that 25% of young people’s deaths are attributable to alcohol, and around 35 million people aged over 11 had consumed at least one alcoholic beverage in 2015. Study Design: Young people aged 18–24 were the most vulnerable to binge drinking in Italy, and 50.6% of teenagers drunk alcohol. Only a few studies in the literature have investigated those habits in university students. This study aims to examine alcohol use habits in a population of university students in Italy. Methods: Between 2018 and 2019, an anonymous online questionnaire was randomly sent to university students from 17 different universities in a network of research centres to study alcohol use disorders. The survey included socio-demographic information, questions about alcohol use, knowledge about alcohol consumption, and related risks. Used questionnaires were the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) and the Drinking Motive Questionnaire-Revised (DMQ-R). Results: the AUDIT-C revealed that 53.3% of students were high-risk drinkers. Regarding binge drinking habits, 13.1% of students admitted to binge drinking behavior at least once a month. In our sample, male students are more likely to be low-risk drinkers than female peers (p &lt; 0.008). Students from northern Italy are more likely to be high-risk drinkers (p = 0.003). Beer (65.9%) and wine (60.9%) were the most consumed alcoholic beverages. The most common places to drink alcohol were pubs (85.5%). The most likely motivations to drink alcohol were enhancement (40.43%), social (38.39%), coping (15.63%), and social pressure or conformity (5.55%). Only 43.8% of participants reported having attended an educational course on alcohol. Conclusions: University students were not fully aware of the implications of alcohol misuse and will be part of the adult society as critical figures and future leaders. It is imperative to inform students about alcohol consumption risks and investigate the motivations to drink. Stress, anxiety, and social pressure are only a few issues young people are exposed to. Special attention must be paid to young people and their coping strategies that involve substance abuse by using educative, preventive, and motivational approaches.

During alcoholic fermentation, a considerable amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced, and the stream of CO2 can strip aromatic substances from the fermenting must. Aroma losses during fermentation can be significant and may lead to a reduction in wine quality. This study is focused on new fermentation gas capture technology. In the experiment, gas was captured during the fermentation of sauvignon blanc must. The concentration of individual volatile compounds in the fermentation gas was determined using gas chromatography, and the highest values were achieved by isoamyl acetate, isoamyl alcohol and ethyl decanoate. Ethyl dodecanoate achieved the lowest values of the investigated volatile substances. For sensory assessment, quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) compared water carbonated with fermentation gas and water carbonated with commercial carbon dioxide for food purposes. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the captured gas containing positive aromatic substances is suitable for the production of carbonated drinks in the food industry.

Background. The problem of substance use among the population of different countries, and also in Ukraine, is one of the most significant among the leading medical and social issues of our time. It is characterized by a number of socio-economic features and related changes in the psychological climate among the population. Particularly seriously, these phenomena destroy still unformed personality of adolescents and young people.&#x0D; Objective – to develop new approaches to the prevention of addictive conditions of adolescents who use psychoactive substances through early diagnosis and timely medical and social care.&#x0D; Methods. The research methods were a unified map, a system of AUDIT-like tests to identify the characteristics of the use of psychoactive substances by adolescents, methods for determining personality and character accentuations, anxiety, depression and others.&#x0D; Results. Among the total number of respondents who use psychoactive substances (1374 people (91,6%)) the largest one was the group of people who used alcohol-containing substances – 92,3%. Mostly these were drinks with low alcohol content (beer, various low-alcohol, tonic drinks, fashionable in the modern youth environment), but were consumed systematically in large doses. Most adolescents when taking various psychoactive substances are mainly in the area of “safe use” (1-7 points) or “dangerous use” (8-15 points), but without harmful effects or states of dependence. However, with the most common types of psychoactive substances (alcoholic beverages, tobacco), some respondents switched to more severe forms of substance use, namely: “with harmful effects” or “dependent conditions”. According to the study, with smoking, the above transition is more intense. Among other psychoactive substances, the level of “harmful effects” is more often observed with the use of psychostimulants – 15,4% and 5,5%; respectively opiates (opioids) – 9,3%; cannabinoids – 5,6%.&#x0D; Conclusions. The research revealed certain characteristics of psychoactive substances of adolescence, which can be detected using AUDIT tests, which allow to obtain a description of the degree of use of psychoactive substances, assessment of pathopsychological and clinical-psychopathological features of certain prognosis for the future. The predisposing factor for the use of psychoactive substances is neuropsychological instability, accentuation of character (emotional, excitable, steroid, conformity and other types); peculiarity of behavioral reactions of adolescence (protest, grouping, emancipation, etc.) and other features of teenagers.

Background: Substance is being more common during college days, due to academic pressure, peer group effects, popularity and easy access to common substances. Men are more likely to engage in substance abuse. This was supposed to be more common in hostels. A study was carried out among male engineering students staying at hostels - with aims to find out the magnitude of substance abuse, to assess the potential risk of different substances abused and to find out a comparison between these two groups.Methods: Study was carried out with the help of two part questionnaire, one part containing alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test 8 item screening tool proposed by WHO (WHO-ASSIST). Other part contained socio demographic information. First 50 students, in each two colleges were enrolled in the study after getting their consent.Results: Ever use of tobacco product was found to be 66.0% and 22.0%, of alcoholic beverages: 72.0% and 26.0%, of cannabis: 46.0% and 14.0% - for students of government and private engineering college respectively. In the past 3 months, tobacco (36.0%) followed by cannabis (12.0%) were found to be the most commonly abused substances in government engineering college students while both (6.0%) cannabis and tobacco were the commonest substances of daily abuse among private engineering college students.Conclusions: High level of substance abuse was found to be present among male engineering students staying at hostels with higher level found among students of government engineering college.

<strong>Abstract</strong> Alcoholic carbonated drinks have taken up a large share of the beer industry, particularly among the young adults. The consumption of hard seltzer has grown exponentially over the past few years. When consumed in large quantities, hard seltzer may result in severe symptomatic hyponatremia. This is a first study reported to the best of our knowledge including three cases with severe hyponatremia caused by the consumption of large amounts of hard seltzer. The patients reported here, presented to the emergency department (ED) with seizures and serum sodium (PNa) of 96-112 mEq/L. The patients consumed on average two or more 6-packs of hard seltzer per day and more over the weekends. The alcohol content was noted at 5% with minimal solute in these beverages. More cases can be expected to emerge in the future with severe electrolyte imbalance and dilutional hyponatremia, if people are not educated about appropriate consumption of hard seltzer drinks. The availability of these drinks in the market in different fruity flavors and low calorie count makes it even more enticing for the young, leading to excessive consumption. <strong>Introduction</strong> Hyponatremia is one of the most common diagnoses in the hospital or the office practice for the nephrologist. When defined as plasma sodium concentration &lt;135 mEq/L, the prevalence of hyponatremia in hospitalized patients may be as high as 15 to 30% [1]. This can be encountered in dilutional hyponatremia when poor dietary consumption is noted along with increased consumption of low solute drinks. It is commonly seen in patients with alcohol abuse. Hyponatremia patients present with multitude of sign and symptoms, ranging from asymptomatic to severe, with sometimes life threatening conditions. The factors that lead to this occurrence can range from medication induced, excessive water consumption, or underconsumption of sodium containing foods. Being one of the most common electrolytes disturbances, especially in alcoholic patients, the underlying process and subsequent correction is crucial in patients with hyponatremia. Individuals consuming alcoholic beverages especially those with low sodium content are most affected by this. Severity of hyponatremia along with duration helps govern the pace of correction while considering prevention of osmotic demyelination syndrome, that is caused by rapid correction. Hard seltzer sales are increasing exponentially adding to the concern of increase in hyponatremia cases. The category is keeping its monster-growth pace, leading to several brands launching new spiked seltzers at a rapid pace.

Плодовое сырье, используемое для производства алкогольной продукции, отличается разнообразием видов и сортов, физико-химический состав которых варьирует в широких пределах: общее количество сахаров колеблется от 30 до 150 г/дм, кислот - от 1,2 до 33,8 г/дм. В связи с высоким содержанием кислот, препятствующим нормальному росту дрожжей, перед брожением свежий плодовый сок (кроме яблочного) разбавляют водой, что, в свою очередь, оказывает влияние на снижение концентрации сахаров. Таким образом, для достижения в плодовой алкогольной продукции требуемого содержания спирта необходимо обогащение свежего сусла сахаросодержащими веществами. Сахарозаменители из различного природного сырья, характеризующиеся различным составом и свойствами, находят широкое применение в пищевой промышленности в качестве замены кристаллического сахара. Так, например, глюкозо-фруктозный сироп (ГФС) - сахаристый продукт, получаемый из крахмала зернового сырья с помощью кислотного или ферментативного гидролиза, используют в производстве крепкой алкогольной продукции, хлеба и кондитерских изделий, молочных продуктов, безалкогольных, в том числе функциональных напитков. Целью настоящей работы было сравнительное исследование качественных показателей яблочных и сливовых плодовых сброженных материалов и алкогольной продукции, полученных с использованием сахаросодержащих веществ различной природы: свекловичного сахара и ГФС с содержанием фруктозы 70 и 80 %. В результате проведенных исследований было установлено, что физико-химические показатели яблочных и сливовых сброженных материалов, полученных с использованием сахаросодержащих веществ различной природы, соответствуют требованиям действующей нормативно-технической документации. Количество ГФС, необходимое для достижения характерных органолептических показателей полусладкой и сладкой плодовой алкогольной продукции, в среднем в 1,5 раза меньше по сравнению с количеством сахара-песка, необходимым для получения аналогичных вкусовых характеристик. Органолептические показатели яблочной и сливовой алкогольной продукции, полученной с использованием в качестве сахаросодержащих веществ глюкозо-фруктозных сиропов, выше по сравнению с аналогичной продукцией, произведенной с внесением товарного сахара. The fruit raw materials used for the production of alcoholic beverages, in turn, are distinguished by a variety of species and varieties, the physico-chemical composition of which varies widely: the total amount of sugars ranges from 30 to 150 g/dm, acids - from 1.2 to 33.8 g/dm. Due to the high acid content that prevents the normal growth of yeast, fresh fruit juice (except apple juice) is diluted with water before fermentation, which, in turn, has an effect on reducing the concentration of sugars. Thus, in order to achieve the required alcohol content in fruit alcoholic beverages, it is necessary to enrich fresh wort with sugar-containing substances. Sweeteners from various natural raw materials, characterized by different composition and properties, are widely used in the food industry as a substitute for crystalline sugar. For example, glucose-fructose syrup (HFS) is a sugary product obtained from starch of grain raw materials by acid or enzymatic hydrolysis, used in the production of strong alcoholic beverages, bread and confectionery, dairy products, soft drinks, including functional beverages. The purpose of this work was a comparative study of the qualitative indicators of apple and plum fruit fermented materials and alcoholic beverages obtained using sugar-containing substances of various nature: beet sugar and HFS with a fructose content of 70 and 80 %. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that the physico-chemical parameters of apple and plum fermented materials obtained using sugar-containing substances of various nature meet the requirements of the current regulatory and technical documentation. The amount of HFS required to achieve the characteristic organoleptic characteristics of semi-sweet and sweet fruit alcoholic beverages is on average 1.5 times less than the amount of granulated sugar required to obtain similar taste characteristics. The organoleptic characteristics of apple and plum alcoholic beverages obtained using glucose-fructose syrups as sugar-containing substances are higher compared to similar products produced with the introduction of commercial sugar.

Medicinal sedatives are a class of drugs that reduce brain activity. You can usually utilise them to relax yourself. Sedatives are usually prescribed by doctors to address conditions like anxiety and sleep problems. Additionally, they are used as general anaesthetics. Regulated chemicals include sedatives.Sedatives, which include benzodiazepines, selective benzodiazepine receptor subtype agonists (z-drugs), and barbiturates, are commonly prescribed for anxiety or insomnia. These sedatives are considered banned substances because of the possibility of abuse and misuse. Self-medication (pharmaceutical management) of psychological issues is a common form of addiction, commonly manifested as dose increase and early prescription requests. Sedative abuse can be dangerous because it can have psychoactive effects. A reversal drug called flumazenil can be used to treat some sedative overdoses combined with supportive care. Tapering the sedative is used to treat sedative symptoms of withdrawal, which may require treatment. Counseling need for the long-term treatment of sedative addiction, typically with the help of a specialist in addiction treatment. We realized subjective experiences remembered during responsive and unconscious sedation brought on by oxidative dosages of dexmedetomidine, propofol, sevoflurane, and S-ketamine in order to better understand how anaesthetics with various molecular processes affect consciousness. The quantity or nature of reported experiences were not affected by responsiveness at the conclusion of anaesthesia delivery. These results suggested the prevalence of subjective sensations during responsive and unresponsive sedation as well as the diversity of anaesthetic drugs' molecular structures.Despite the fact that main analysis the variations between medicines were slight, different mechanisms of action may have different effects on the prevalence and complexity of the experiences.Alcohol's sedative properties during the first few drinks have received the majority of attention in studies on those with poor subjective response to alcohol. This study looked at individual responses and to the sedative and stimulating effects of alcohol when first consuming it. Experiences as indicators of the degree of alcoholism in treated teenagers.

Introdução: A faculdade de medicina traz uma bagagem vultosa de conteúdos e carga horária desde os primeiros anos de ensino. Aliado a isso, a cobrança constante por resultados por parte de familiares, professores e do próprio aluno pode refletir diretamente na saúde mental dos estudantes e no abuso de substâncias psicoativas. Objetivo: Avaliar o consumo dessas substâncias por acadêmicos de uma faculdade particular de medicina do estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Material e Métodos: Estudo observacional do tipo transversal realizado no período de agosto de 2019 a dezembro de 2019, na cidade de Vitória, Espírito Santo. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da aplicação de um questionário, disponibilizado via Google Forms, contendo 34 perguntas acerca do uso de substâncias psicoativas (álcool, tabaco, drogas ilícitas e benzodiazepínicos). Resultados: Dos 279 alunos, 85,7% relataram fazer uso de bebida alcoólica, 20,1% disseram utilizar cigarro, 49,1% responderam fazer ou ter feito uso de drogas ilícitas alguma vez na vida e 22,6% relataram ter feito ou fazer uso de benzodiazepínicos, sendo esse uso significativamente maior entre estudantes do 9º ao 12º período (p=0,001). Conclusão: O consumo de álcool, tabaco, drogas ilícitas e benzodiazepínicos foi elevado na população de estudantes de medicina analisada, bem como o risco de abuso e dependência do álcool. Entretanto, é necessário um número maior de pesquisas com mais rigor e adequação metodológica para ampliar os resultados encontrados.Palavras-chave: Substâncias psicoativas, Tabaco, Álcool, Benzodiazepínicos, Drogas ilícitas, Estudantes de medicinaABSTRACT:Introduction: The medical school brings a large amount of content and hours since the first years of teaching. Allied to this, the constant demand for results by relatives, teachers and a self-pressure by the students may directly reflect on the mental health of students and on the abuse of psychoactive substances. Objective: Evaluate the consumption of these substances by academics from a private medical school in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Material and Methods: Observational cross-sectional study carried out from August 2019 to December 2019, in the city of Vitória, Espírito Santo. Data collection was performed through the application of a questionnaire, made available via Google Forms, containing 34 questions about the use of psychoactive substances (alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs and benzodiazepines). Results: Of the 279 students, 85.7% reported using alcoholic beverages, 20.1% said they used cigarettes, 49.1% reported using or having used illicit drugs at some time in their lives and 22.6% reported having made or make use of benzodiazepines, with this use being higher among students from the 9th to the 12th period (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The consumption of alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs and benzodiazepines was high in the population of medical students analyzed, as well as the risk of alcohol abuse and dependence. However, more research is needed with more rigor and methodological adequacy to expand the results found.Keywords: Psychoactive substances, Tobacco, Alcohol, Benzodiazepines, illicit drugs and Medical students

Background: Abuse of substances such as alcohol as a social issue affects the health of human life. In this study, we decided to address the prevalence of alcohol poisoning and its effective factors among patients referred to Amir Al-Momenin Hospital in Zabol. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 110 patients with alcohol poisoning who had referred to Amir Al-Momenin Hospital in Zabol in 2016-2019 participated. Necessary information was collected through a questionnaire. Finally, the obtained data were statistically analyzed by T-test, Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Results: In the present study, 110 patients with alcohol poisoning were included in the study, of which 91 (82.72%) had ethanol poisoning and 19 (17.27%) had methanol poisoning. The mean age of patients was 27.08 ± 3.2 years and 95.45% of them were male. Unemployment and lack of entertainment, mental disorders, alcoholic friends, psychological dependence were the most common causes of alcohol consumption in patients. In this study, decreased level of consciousness (57.27%) and gastrointestinal complications (43.63%) were the most common symptoms of alcohol poisoning in the studied patients. Conclusion: In the present study, male gender was significantly associated with alcohol poisoning (P). While the variables of age, sex and marital status were not significantly associated with the type of ethanol or methanol poisoning. The results of the study showed that male gender, social status and low education of parents, psychological problems and alcohol friends were risk factors and influential factors in alcohol poisoning.

Photo ID 143764115 © Chris Dorney | Dreamstime.com INTRODUCTION Since the repeal of the 18th Amendment in 1933, alcohol consumption has become prevalent among many Americans. Alcohol intoxication is an increasing contributor to emergency room visits wherein individuals present to the emergency department (ED) in an inebriated state, often with secondary injuries or severe medical co-morbidities related to alcohol poisoning. The ED is a stressful environment with providers working under taxing conditions while triaging difficult cases. Alcohol related visits contribute to this added stress for staff given that intoxicated individuals increase wait times for the ED, use up valuable resources, and have the capacity to act violently towards providers. As one nurse puts it, some intoxicated individuals present with “an aggressive state, perhaps have been in a fight, blood everywhere, careening around the place – it can make things very difficult.”[1] To combat these circumstances, thirty-four States including the District of Columbia have implemented a countermeasure recognized as Alcohol Exclusion Laws (AELs). AELs reduce or cut insurance coverage of certain visits to the ED if the cause of the visit is due to alcohol intoxication.[2] The vast implementation of this law is derived from the idea of individual decision making, that it is an individual’s choice to consume alcohol, and therefore they hold a personal responsibility for their intoxication. By using insurance coverage as a leverage, the law aims at reducing the number of ED visits relating to alcohol intoxication, saving resources, and deterring irresponsible drinking. While the intention behind AELs aims for positive change, it is unethical to use AELs, a form of financial leverage, to address certain problems within emergency medicine. ANALYSIS Stigma is prominent in almost all substance abuse cases including those seen with alcohol intoxication. Many patients feel embarrassment or shame when seeking medical attention for a condition that was brought on by alcohol misuse. A personal account by Jonathan Hunt Glassman, a former alcoholic and NBC contributor, emphasizes on this negative bias. He knows firsthand how unsettling an ED visit can be. He felt demoralized from a superficial prognosis made by a nurse on his complex alcohol abuse condition, in which the nurse said, “You need to stop drinking.”[3] Whether it be from shame or insecurities about an individual’s condition, the stigma behind substance abuse cases in the emergency department and the daunting task of asking for help can turn a lot of patients away from seeking and receiving medical treatment. The implementation of Alcohol Exclusion Laws can amplify this already present stigma. A study conducted by the National Institute of Health (NIH) analyzed States that implemented and continued to enforce Alcohol Exclusion Laws and the stigma in those states surrounding alcohol-related ED visits. The result from the study showed that AELs correlated with an increase in stigmatization regarding medical attention for alcohol-related incidents, and that AELs “negatively impact people’s willingness to seek medical care after alcohol-related injuries or illnesses.”[4] Both the NIH study and the personal account by Hunt-Glassman go on to show that AELs have the adverse effect of reinforcing the stigma surrounding alcohol cases in the ED. While the idea behind AELs is in good faith, it contributes to the stigma. This contribution ethically challenges the idea that the emergency room is a space where the treatment of injuries is carried out without biases infringing on such medical care. The mission of EDs is to provide medical care to anyone in need. AELs have the effect of discouraging these patients from seeking help with the unintended consequence of doing them harm. A point of argument for the implementation of AELs is that it is the individual’s choice to be intoxicated and therefore justifiable that an individual receives less insurance coverage for medical expenses from a preventable intoxication. The idea of it being an individual choice to become intoxicated is one of the strongest supports for these exclusion laws. However, it is unjust to assume that all alcohol intoxications come by choice. Instances that disprove this assumption include both the college party scene and bar scene. Spiked drinks significantly increase alcohol concentration and can cause any responsible drinker to become intoxicated without intention or against their will. Additionally, alcoholic beverages served in various social gatherings like those in or around college campuses may not have a clear percentage of alcohol determination. Liquor containing high percentages of alcohol, such as Everclear which contains up to 190 proofs, are often masked by sweeteners and flavorings. Cocktails like these can cause a person to become dangerously intoxicated without their realization or intention. Some may argue that consuming an alcoholic beverage still holds accountability, that the person should be aware of the potential for a tampered drink, and therefore AELs should remain in use to deter this. However, like any law, AELs needs to have defined restrictions and/or exemptions. If the individual choice argument is used in favor for AELs, then how far reaching can the laws be applied? An attorney who specializes in these exclusion laws believes that AELs often offer more ambiguity than clarification when it comes to insurance policy, which leads to further ways insurance claims can be denied.[5] CONCLUSION In summary, the idea behind the use of Alcohol Exclusion Laws aims to reduce intoxication cases in the ED, however, there are drawbacks and aspects of this law that challenge the ethics of seeking medical care from the emergency department. The present stigma surrounding going to the ED for alcohol-related emergencies is already prevalent in hospitals across the country. When applying AELs, the present stigma may be magnified and further push the idea that seeking help for alcohol-related emergencies is shameful and embarrassing for patients, and therefore should be punished via financial means. Secondly, one of the main justifications for AELs is the idea that it is a deliberate intention to become intoxicated. It isn’t always the intention of individuals to get drunk when they choose to consume alcohol. There are additional factors that may play a part to exonerate a person’s accountability. It is difficult for people to recall the specifics of a situation when they become intoxicated; in some cases, accountability cannot be determined and the used of AELs can become unjustified. Overall, Alcohol Exclusion Laws try to solve the issue of alcohol incidents in a way that produces more detriment than progress. A method to combat the issue of irresponsible drinking and intoxication in the emergency room within the US should not use AELs and financial leverage as one of its forefronts. In fact, a study that based its findings obtained from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System nationwide survey that spanned twenty-four years from 1993-2017, showed no real impact on binge drinking or increased alcohol consumption.[6] Given the downsides to AELs and its proven non-significant effects, several States have already repealed their AELs. For all these reasons, it would be beneficial to find an alternate method to address alcohol related issues within healthcare. - [1] Gregory, A. (16 Jun 2014). Nurses say drunk patients should be banned from A&amp;E as ‘waste of resources’ UK: Mirror. https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/nurses-say-drunk-patients-should-3706280 2(Jan 2008). [2] Alcohol Exclusion Laws. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/810885.pdf. [3] Glassman, J.H. (28 Apr 2022). Why don’t alcoholics get prescribed the medication they need?. NBC. https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/alcohol-related-deaths-er-visits-rose-covid-solution-use- rcna26425. [4] Azagba, S., Ebling, T., Hall, M., (2023). Health claims denial for alcohol intoxication: State laws and structural stigma. Wiley Online Library. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acer.15153. [5] (7 Sep 2021). The Alcohol Exclusion Chart Denied Life Insurance Claim. https://www.lifeinsuranceattorney.com/blog/2021/september/the-alcohol-exclusion-state-chart-denied-life-in/. [6] Azagba, S., Shan, L., Ebling, T., Wolfson, M., Hall, M., Chaloupka, F., (26 Nov 2022). Does state repeal of alcohol exclusion laws increase problem drinking? National Institutes of Health. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10099925/.

<strong>Kozłowska Ewelina, Marzec Agnieszka. </strong><strong>Health and social consequences of the use of psychoactive substances.</strong> <strong>Journal of Education, Health and Sport. </strong><strong>2017;7(9):377-388. </strong><strong>eISSN</strong><strong> 2391-8306. DOI </strong><strong>http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1000122</strong> <strong>http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4909</strong> <strong>The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26.01.2017).</strong> <strong>1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7</strong> <strong>© The Author (s) 2017;</strong> <strong>This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland</strong> <strong>Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,</strong> <strong>provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License</strong> <strong>(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.</strong> <strong>This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial</strong> <strong>use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.</strong> <strong>The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.</strong> <strong>Received: 05.09.2017. Revised 10.09.2017. Accepted: 10.09.2017.</strong> <strong>Health and social consequences of the use of psychoactive substances</strong> <strong>Zdrowotne i społeczne konsekwencje stosowania substancji psychoaktywnych</strong> <strong>Kozłowska Ewelina ¹, Agnieszka Marzec²</strong> <strong>¹</strong><strong> Independent Epidemiology Unit, Medical University of Lublin</strong> ²Department of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin ¹Samodzielna Pracownia Epidemiologii, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie ²Zakład Dietetyki Klinicznej, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie <strong>Address for correspondence</strong> Ewelina Kozłowska Laboratory of Epidemiology, Medical University of Lublin ul. Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin E-mail: ewelina.kozlowska@umlub.pl <strong>Summary</strong> Today is observed the phenomenon of uncontrolled use of drugs including younger and younger age groups. In adolescence and adulthood there is a significant intensification of this phenomenon. This is particularly worrying because of the serious consequences of drug use and abuse of psychoactive substances. In their consequences leading to development of a number of somatic diseases, it contributes to the pathology of many social life. The aim of the study is to present health and social consequences resulting from the use of psychoactive substances. The paper discusses in detail the effects of consuming alcoholic drinks, smoking, drug use. <strong>Keywords.</strong> <em>smoking, alcohol, drugs, psychoactive substances.</em> <strong>Streszczenie</strong> Współcześnie obserwuje się zjawisko niekontrolowanego stosowania środków odurzających obejmującego coraz młodsze grupy wiekowe. W wieku dojrzewania i życiu dorosłym zachodzi znaczna intensyfikacja tego zjawiska. Jest to szczególnie niepokojące ze względu na poważne skutki zażywania i nadużywania substancji psychoaktywnych. W swych konsekwencjach prowadzi do rozwoju szeregu chorób somatycznych, przyczynia się do wielu patologii życia społecznego. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie zdrowotnych i społecznych konsekwencji wynikających ze stosowania substancji psychoaktywnych. W pracy szczegółowo omówiono skutki spożywania napojów alkoholowych, palenia tytoniu, stosowania narkotyków. <strong>Słowa kluczowe.</strong> <em>palenie tytoniu, alkohol, narkotyki, substancje psychoaktywne.</em>

Alcohol-associated liver disease encompasses all forms of liver injury related to the consumption of alcohol, one of the most common hepatotoxic agents in the world. The spectrum of this disease ranges from steatosis, which is present in everyone who drinks alcohol in excess, to cirrhosis, which occurs in approximately 10 to 15% of individuals with alcohol abuse and conveys an annual risk of 1 to 2% for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite the prevalence of alcohol-associated liver disease and its profound impact on health, questions remain surrounding its pathogenesis and management. This review of alcohol-associated liver disease addresses the epidemiology, etiology and genetics, pathophysiology and pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and comorbidities, treatment, complications, measures of quality of care, and prognosis and outcome measurements. This review contains 6 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, and 50 references. Keywords: Alcohol-associated Liver Disease (ALD), alcohol, cirrhosis, liver injury, Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), alcohol-associated hepatitis, substance abuse

Objectives: Alcohol abuse is more prevalent among preparatory schools in Ethiopia. Although alcohol abuse has become a significant health problem in Ethiopia, governmental and non-governmental organizations have not devoted enough attention to preventing and rehabilitating those who have difficulties with alcoholism. This study examined the prevalence and related factors of alcohol abuse in Gondar’s preparatory schools. Methods: The study used a mixed-methods research approach supported by a school-based cross-sectional design from April 2020 to June 2020 to get reliable and valid data. Through the use of stratified sampling techniques, the study drew a total of 196 students who were addicted to alcohol consumption. Results: The result of this study revealed that most of the students in the study areas drink alcohol occasionally; the reason they engage in alcoholic consumption is to satisfy personal desires and get respite from strain. Moreover, peer pressure and societal and student familial backgrounds were among the factors that exposed students to the heavy drinking habit. Conclusions: To avoid such barriers, the study urges the schools to work on a wakefulness campaign or make students aware of the adverse effects of alcohol and related substances through school media.

&nbsp; <strong><em>Abstract</em></strong>: <em>Today&#39;s world is infested with many evil deeds. This paper is presented with the aim of studying why there are numerous evil deeds. Of the various kinds of evil deeds, some evil deeds are committed on account of using intoxicating drinks and drugs because even a soft minded person does not hesitate to commit evil deeds such as telling lies, stealing other&#39;s property, killing life, etc. when the mile person become intoxicated with alcohol and drug. In compiling this paper the excerpts from Pāḷi, Aṭṭhakathā, Ṭīkā and Ganthantara Texts are presented by comparing with the present conditions. In such a presentation, the significance of drinking intoxicants in committing evil deeds is presented by studying from Buddhist perspective with the descriptive method. Although drinking intoxicants is not included in the ten kinds of evil deeds, it is one of the main causes of evil deeds.</em> <strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: </em><em>intoxicant, drugs, alcohol, drinking</em> <strong>Introduction</strong> Every person, who obtains the human existence, has each duty in order to be the calm and peaceful world. Needless to say, two duties: performing to be good for oneself as well as performing to be good in one&rsquo;s surrounding must be performed by everyone. Just performing for oneself is not enough to be a dutiful person. It is necessarily to perform for the sake of one&rsquo;s environment too. If one carries out for the welfare of oneself and others, he will be a dutiful person. In performing for the welfare of others, essentially one must be good. Only when he himself is good, he can perform for others&rsquo; goodness. In trying to be a good person, only if one observes five precepts, can be a good person. Of the five precepts, using intoxicating drinks and drugs (<em>surāmeraya kamma</em>) is the most significant. It is because one, who breaks the precept of abstaining from using intoxicating drinks and drugs, is able to break other four precepts such as abstaining from killing any living beings and so on, then demolishes all morality (<em>sīla</em>)[1]. In accordance with the said &ldquo;enormous misdeeds made by a drinker&rdquo;, it is not able to separate from a drinker and misdeeds; these are indivisible. Misdeeds done by a drinker are mostly crimes. Everyone, who wants to perform for the sake of oneself as well as for the sake of others, therefore should observe the precept of abstaining from using intoxicating drinks and drugs caused to do the immoral actions (<em>ducarita</em>) easily as well as try to encourage others to observe this precept. In this way, he can fulfill conscientiously his duty as much as he can. With a good wish not to increase the immoral deeds, this dissertation is come out leading to see vividly the problems of using intoxicating drinks and drugs. In this dissertation, the nature of intoxicated drinks, the faults of drinkers and the disadvantages of using intoxicated drinks will be presented. <strong>1. The Meaning of the Word &ldquo;<em>Surāmerayamajjappamāda</em><em>ṭṭhāna</em>&rdquo;</strong> The compound word &ldquo;<em>surāmerayamajjappamādaṭṭhāna</em>&rdquo; can be divided into three parts: <em>surā</em> &ndash; intoxicating liquor, <em>meraya</em> &ndash; fermented liquor, <em>majjappamādaṭṭhāna</em> &ndash; the cause of heedlessness. [2] In other way, <em>surā</em> &ndash; being brave, alerting (liquor), <em>meraya</em> &ndash; being fermented (alcohol) and <em>majja</em> &ndash; being heedless (other drinks and drugs exception of liquor and alcohol). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Intoxicating liquor (<em>surā</em>) causes the mind of drinkers to be courage and alert. Five kinds of intoxicating liquor are as follows: the liquor made of rice powder, the liquor made from cooked rice, the liquor made of snacks, the liquor made of yeast powder and the liquor made of myrobalan etc.[3] These five kinds of intoxicating liquor are made in the ancient. In making them, the liquors and the alcoholic solid made by various ways in order to be courage and brave mind are also included in the intoxicating liquor. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fermented liquor (<em>meraya</em>) causes the mind of drinkers to be intoxicated and lethargic. These are also five kinds[4] as follows: the fermented liquor made of flowers, the fermented liquor made of fruits, the fermented liquor made of honey, the fermented liquor made of sugar canes, molasses and sugar, and the fermented liquor made of three kinds of fruit &ndash; eastern gooseberry, myrobalan, and species of gooseberry-like. In making these five kinds of fermented liquor, these included things are put into a pot, mixed with water and kept for many days. The difference between the intoxicating liquor and the fermented liquor is fermenting for a few days and fermenting for many days. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Besides these five kinds of intoxicating liquor and fermented liquor, opium, cannabis, fermentative liquor, intoxicating preparation of fermented glutinous rice, beer, fermented drink made from toddy sap, hemp and heroin are named &ldquo;<em>majja</em>&rdquo; because of the cause of heedlessness. <strong>2. Other Drugs apart from Liquor</strong> The intoxicating drugs apart from liquor are the drugs that cause numbness of the brain nerves or intoxicate or cause harm to the body of the drug users. In addition the drug users become addicted to the drug with both mind and body and the users become unable to withstand without taking the drug. The following are the drugs which are included in the list of narcotic drugs. (1)Opiate Type -&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Substances produced from poppy and opium and potent medicines that cause intoxication and lethargy like opium-like medicines are, for examples, opium, morphine, heroin, codeine, methadone, and pethidine. (2) Cocaine Type -&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Substance that is produced from cocaine plant is, for example, cocaine. (3) Synthetic Narcotics Type -&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Synthetic narcotics that are produced by compounding chemicals are the medicines that are effective like pethidine and morphine which were discovered by two German chemists forty years ago. For example methadone, normethadone, etc. Although it was advertised that the medicine would not produce addiction when this medicine was first permitted to sell, it causes addiction in practice. (4) Cannabis Type -&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; There are many kinds of cannabis that are produced from cannabis plant. They are called by various names. They are hashish, the seeds of cannabis obtained from the top part of female cannabis plant, liquid cannabis, marijuana and ganja. The intoxicating potency that is contained in cannabis is called T.H.C. (Tetrahydro Cunnabinol). It causes intoxication according to the quantity of T.H.C. Liquid cannabis is the most dreadful cannabis as it contains up to 60% T.H.C. If one is addicted to the drugs mentioned above, they cause intoxication and lethargy. Intoxication or lethargy in turn causes forgetfulness of wholesome deeds.&nbsp; If medicines such as inciting pills, stimulants, sedatives and sleeping pills are used more than prescribed amount, they all are intoxicants. <strong>3. Different Styles of Using Alcohol</strong> Intoxicating drinks and fermented liquor are used with different purpose as follows: 1. using the medicine inclusive of alcohol 2. using alcohol alone as medicine 3. using for sensual enjoyment 4. using for courage oneself to commit immoral action[5]. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Drinking alcohol appropriately is a kind of nutriment. One gram of alcohol can give seven calories for the body. That is why it is used in the cold countries for getting warm. If it is used appropriately, it will be supportive for coming out of the digestive liquid from the stomach. As per <em>Utubhojanasaṅgaha</em> text, intoxicating drinks (surā) makes a man fat and good in urination and defecation; thus using it alone as a medicine is not guilty. However, it is the improper use even as a medicine for those, who are not good health and who strictly observes the precepts. Using of those, who want to enjoy the taste of it, is just partaking misuse of sense. Using of those, who want to courage himself to commit immoral actions, is the biggest fault. Using other narcotic drags should be taken in the same faults of using alcohol. <strong>4. The Factors of Taking Intoxicant</strong> Abstaining from taking intoxicating drinks and drugs is the percept should be observed always (<em>nicca sīla</em>) by every person. In observing this precept, one&rsquo;s morality is broken or not should be judged by the following four factors.[6] These are: (i) being intoxicated drinks or liquor, (ii) having desire for drinking the intoxicated drinks or liquor, (iii) making effort to drink the intoxicated drinks or liquor, and (iv) taking the intoxicated drinks or liquor. If one fulfills these four factors, the precept is demolished. <strong>5. Different Views Concerning the Decision to be taken as a Course of Action or not in Using Intoxicating Drinks and Liquor</strong> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In using intoxicating drinks and liquor, different views concerning the decision to be taken as a way of action or not can be seen in some <em>Pāḷi</em> texts, commentaries (<em>aṭṭhakathā</em>), sub-commentaries (<em>ṭīkā</em>) and other literary composition (<em>ganthantara</em>). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Corresponding to the concept of the believers in kamma and its result (<em>kammavādī</em>), who believe breaking the precepts is immoral actions, in the <em>Aṅguttaranikāya</em>[7], it is expressed that one committed five kinds of action such as killing any living being, stealing other&rsquo;s properties etc., will be sent to the hell, animal world and hungry ghost world. At least, when he was born in the human world after his death, he will be mad. In the <em>Khuddakanikāya aṭṭhakathā</em>, it is said that the result of breaking five precepts such as killing others etc., will convey to sending to the woeful states (<em>apāyaduggati</em>). In the <em>Sammohavinodanī aṭṭhakathā</em>[8], five kinds of immoral volition (<em>akusala cetanā</em>) are ways of action (<em>kammapatha</em>), <em>kamma</em> is the way leading to the woeful abodes; on seeing that said, it should be assumed that drinking alcohol is an immoral action (<em>akusala kammapatha</em>). The Most Venerable Ledi Sayadaw[9] also said that just as jealousy (<em>issā</em>), envy (<em>macchariya</em>), doubt (<em>vicikicchā</em>) are not included in the ten kinds of immoral action though, these impure minds cause to be conceived in the woeful abodes, thus these impure minds are put into the ten kinds of immoral action appropriately, likewise, using intoxicating drinks and liquor cause to be conceived in the woeful abodes, thus this immoral action are put into the ten kinds of immoral action appropriately. For the mentioned above, even though no crime is committed after using intoxicating drinks and liquor, for this action able to send to the woeful states, using intoxicating drinks and liquor is taken as a way of action. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Corresponding to the concept of the believers, who believe breaking the precepts is not immoral actions, they said the words in the <em>Aṅguttaranikāya</em> mention only to be obtainable to the woeful states by drinking alcohol; it should not be assumed that reaching the hell etc., is the result of drinking alcohol just for good health; it should be assumed that reaching the hell etc., is the result of committing misdeeds one did after drinking alcohol. Venerable <em>Janakābhivaṁsa</em>[10] also explains that it is certain that just drinking alcohol cannot be the way of immoral action (<em>akusalakammapatha</em>). In accordance with his point of view, if there is the way of immoral action, certainly the result of conceiving in the woeful states will be obtained as the ability of producing (<em>janaka satti</em>); now it is not definitely right; some people&rsquo;s drinking alcohol cannot give the result of conceiving in the woeful states, but others&rsquo; drinking alcohol give the result of conceiving in the woeful states.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The action of using intoxicating drinks and drugs is not directly included in the ten kinds of immoral action but the main cause of committing immoral actions. It is because even for one with soft and gentle mind as soon as he drinks alcohol, he is never reluctant to kill, speak a lie, speak a harsh speech, commit sexual misconduct, rob and steal too. He does not hesitate to do any misdeed by means of intoxicating drinks. That is why, the action of using intoxicating drinks and drugs is seemed to be taken as the way of action in the most of religious texts. <strong>6. The Faults of the Drinkers</strong> In <em>Siṅgālovāda sutta</em>[11], six kinds of fault of a drinker taught by the Buddha are described as follows: 1. losing properties, 2. making quarreled, 3. getting the disease of being hung-over, 4. being bad reputation, 5. being shameless, and 6. being weak intellect. These six kinds of fault are the faults definitely encountered for a drinker in this very life and after death, he will be sent to the four woeful states. <strong>7. Disadvantages from the Behind of Using Intoxicating Drinks and Drugs</strong> In the world today, there is no country, which encounters the danger of facing various kinds of problems dealt with using intoxicating drinks and drugs. Car accidents, injuring in the work-site, increasing the minus degree of health condition such as&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;harming the limbs and mental problems, and boosting crimes are interconnected with using intoxicating drinks and drugs in one way or another. Other narcotic drugs such as heroin, hemp and cocaine are traded world widely by the greedy men. The World Health Organization (WHO), the International Narcotic Drugs Controlling Board (INCB) and the government of countries including the United States of America (USA) have counteracted in harmony in this present, yet the great number of the narcotic addicts are still rising. The consequence of illegal buying and selling of narcotic drugs is the harm from a man, his family, his relatives up to his country and the entire world. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Drinking alcohol and ruining wealth are always in pairs. As per the said &ldquo;the words of a drinker are unbelievable&rdquo;, no body believe a drinker&rsquo;s speech and dissociate from him as a good friend. No society will treat him well; as a result, he will not gain any success in business for he is isolated from other people. For that reason, the Buddha preached five causes to ruin wealth inclusive of using intoxicating drinks and drugs[12]. He educated that for one, who uses intoxicating drinks and drugs, the unarisen wealth cannot be occurred and the arisen wealth can be ruined. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Alcohol makes health to spoil. It is right that alcohol can be used as a medicine, but its side effects are much more than the benefit. Drinking alcohol causes the disease of impotency, swell of stomach, swell of liver, kidneys and lungs, coughing with blood and insanity. Furthermore, alcohol causes increasing the disease one has already had[13].&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Buddha had seen the disadvantages of the users of intoxicating drinks and drugs will be suffered in this present life and their future consequences will be floated in the rounds of rebirths (<em>saṁsāra</em>) since 2500 years ago. Because of seeing that, the Buddha seriously condemned using intoxicating drinks and drugs. Besides, the Buddha made prohibition to use intoxicating drinks and drugs to monks and laities. On the other way, the Buddha praised that abstaining from using intoxicating drinks and drugs as an auspiciousness[14]. The Buddha preached various kinds of bad consequence of using intoxicating drinks and drugs in proper time. <strong>8. Taking Intoxicating and Crime</strong> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The threating of several problems is encountered in the world today. World citizens have been facing various problems such as contending nuclear, conflict of military affairs, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), cracking the layer of ozone and climate changes. In competition with those problems, also there is a danger able to destroy the world. It is the danger of using intoxicating drinks and drugs. In the world, the numbers of users in taking intoxicating drinks and drugs are gradually boosted. So long as boosting the numbers of users in taking intoxicating drinks and drugs, the dominance of law and prosperousness of human world become progressively decreased. The immoral actions are also steadily in abundance. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A drinker acts rudely like mad without remembering the virtue of the triple gem, parents and teachers by means of alcohol meanwhile he was intoxicating. At that moment, he shamelessly performs ill manner from using abusive language up to quarreling and easily committing various kinds of immoral deeds, therefore rather than having friends, he has enemies[15]. Intoxicating drinks and drugs has the nature of making a user to be devoid of mindfulness and comprehension (<em>satisampaja&ntilde;&ntilde;a</em>). One devoid of mindfulness and comprehension cannot observe morality to be perfect. Doubtlessly he will violate misdeeds and foolish manners. The cases such as car accidents, stealing, robbing and terrorizing have been increasing because of the users of intoxicating drinks and drugs. In accordance with the survey, it is found that in using intoxicating drinks and drugs, 50% of crimes are committed while using intoxicating drinks and drugs (or) while those things are overpowering the users[16]. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; To sum up, if a rich man drinks alcohol, he will be a unwise rich man; if a king drinks, he will be a bad king; if a servant drinks, he will not be a good servant; is a farmer or a worker, he will be foolish one. That is why, whatever one drinks alcohol for his likeness or for his courage himself to commit the evil, he should be called the stupid one or the sinner.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>Discussion</strong> When viewed from the social aspect, the use of drugs such as intoxicating liquor produces many consequences. When a drunkard is not in harmony with human environment, he is found to be an outcast. One becomes unwanted by the parents and the teachers who are the closest, disliked by one&rsquo;s wife, and at least disrespected by one&rsquo;s children. Although a drunkard is associated due to exigencies such as the accounts of social relation, education, economy, etc., he will not receive goodwill and friendship. When viewed from economical aspect, the use of drugs and intoxicants is found to degenerate not only morality but also economy.&nbsp; A person who drinks liquor excessively will not be associated by the social environment with special attention. A person who cannot get on well with social environment will not be successful in business. Nowadays, there are liquors which are worth lakhs. If a person craves for the momentary sense of taste he is bound to be in utter economic ruin. When viewed from the aspect of hygiene, one who drinks liquor excessively can be afflicted with the following diseases. One who drinks liquor can be afflicted with paralysis, swelling of stomach, enlargement of liver, enlargement of kidneys, pneumonia, tuberculosis and dementia. The children of the persons who drink liquor excessively can be afflicted with diseases. In children&rsquo;s lunatic asylum, the drunkard&rsquo;s children are found to be afflicted with disease about 41 out of 100. Excessive drinking of liquor worsens the diseases that have already been afflicted. As the persons who are addicted to liquor do not desire to eat foods, they tend to suffer from gastritis, swelling of small intestines, vomiting and loosening of bowels. When viewed from the aspect of morality, as the liquor has the nature of shaking the inner sanctum in the stream of consciousness and lack of mindfulness, the person who lacks mindfulness is incapable of observing the prestige and morality securely. Regarding the use of liquor and drugs, some persons consider that the use of drugs such as liquors, intoxicants makes the users accomplish unwholesome actions by lying, sexual misconduct and killing other&rsquo;s life. Some consider that the use of drugs such as liquor, intoxicants, etc. does not accomplish unwholesome actions. It accomplishes unwholesome actions if it is followed by misconduct. Some persons consider that the use of drugs such as liquor is craving for tactile sensual pleasures. The liquor is the craving for gustatory pleasure. Just as the action of tactile sensual pleasure is worthy of blame, the use of drugs such as liquor is also worthy of blame. It is an evil conduct. As drinking liquor as a medicine is truly necessary, drinking liquor is not for enjoying the special taste. Therefore it is considered to be not worthy of blame. In truth the use of drugs such as intoxicating liquors is committing an offence that is regarded by people to be guilty. In using these things, it is not based on wholesome consciousness. Mostly it is unwholesome consciousness that is based on craving for gustatory pleasure. It is drinking with unwholesome volition before an act of charity to pluck up courage. Therefore the use of drugs such as intoxicating liquor is included as one of the causes for commitment of misdeeds easily. In addition, drinking liquor has detrimental effects on social relation, economy and health of the drug users. In order to prevent the detrimental effects growing of drug plants and production, transportation, and distribution of drugs must be cleared from the sources. When the hindering, prevention and clearing of the use of drugs are analytically studied, the main factors are found to be as follows:- Termination of growing and production of drug plants, &nbsp;Growing of other cash crops in the place of drug plants, &nbsp;Prohibition by Law, taking action and passing punishment to persons who are involved in production, transportation, distribution and dealing of drugs, Educating the public the dangers and detrimental effects of drug abuse, &nbsp;Improvement of human environment after analyzing basic factors of&nbsp; drug abuses, &nbsp;Rehabilitation after medical treatment of the drug addicts. Therefore in order to be replete from all sides such as social relation, economy, health, etc. the danger of drugs must be unitedly defended and eradicated by all citizens. <strong>Conclusion</strong> In this paper, the nature of intoxicating drinks and drugs, the faults of the drinker and narcotic users and the disadvantages behind from using intoxicating drinks and drugs are already mentioned above. However, the faults of using intoxicating drinks and drugs are emphasized, the benefits of avoiding them are excluded in the above description. The reason is that escaping from the available faults by using intoxicating drinks and drugs can be simply guessed as the advantages of refraining from using intoxicating drinks and drugs. The mind of ordinary people (<em>puthujjana</em>) is usually tending to the immoral deeds. In line with that said, as people extremely enjoy using intoxicating drinks and drugs, which is the misuse of senses &ndash; sensual enjoyment in taste (<em>rasa kāma</em>) and sensual enjoyment in touch (<em>phoṭṭhabba kāma</em>), certainly the entire human society will be covered with evils. So long as covering evils, the whole world will be no peace; individually one and one&rsquo;s environment will be no peace too. With the aim to be peaceful world, after observing the ill nature of using intoxicating drinks and drugs, the Lord Buddha pinpointed that peacefulness of the world will be benefitted by avoiding intoxicating drinks and drugs. Corresponding to the Buddha&rsquo;s direction, only when keeping away from using intoxicating drinks and drugs from an individual to each human society, a county&rsquo;s economics, social affairs, politics and high ethics, which are the aspiration of human beings, are able to develop effectively and living standards are also able to progress and to be still. On seeing those good results, everyone should be abide by the precept of abstaining from using intoxicating drinks and drugs (<em>surāmerayamajjapamādaṭṭhāna veramaṇi sikkhā</em>) laid down by the Buddha. One should follow, therefore, that percept strictly for the obtainment of non-violence in one&rsquo;s life, one&rsquo;s family and one&rsquo;s state. This study will be contributory to the observation of morality in a country&rsquo;s economy, social relation and politics. <strong>Acknowledgements</strong> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I would like to express a special word of thanks to Professor (Head) Dr. Khin Myint Myint, Department of Oriental Studies in Mandalay University, not only for giving very clear guidance and useful suggestion, but also for her encouragement and support. <strong>Abbreviations</strong> A III&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Aṭṭhaka Navaka Dasaka Nipāta Pāli, (Aṅguttara Nikāya) DA II&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mahāvagga Aṭṭhakathā (Dīgha Nikāya) DA III&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Pāthika Vagga Aṭṭhakathā (Dīgha Nikāya) D&amp;TM&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Drug and Traditional Medicine It A&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Itivuttaka Aṭṭhakathā JA II&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Jātaka Aṭṭhakathā (Dutiyo bhāgo) Khu A&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Khuddakapāṭha Aṭṭhakathā Nara&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Narasāgara Pa&ntilde;&ntilde;ā&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Pa&ntilde;&ntilde;āvīmaṃsana Kathā Ratana&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Honor of Ratana SA III&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Saḷāyatanavagga Mahāvagga Saṃyutta Aṭṭhakathā (Tatiyo bhāgo) ShA&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sammohavinodanī Aṭṭhakathā Sīlavi&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sīlaviniccaya Vin II&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Pācittiya Pāḷi (Vinaya Piṭaka) VibhA&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sammohavinodanī Aṭṭhakathā &nbsp; [1] <em>Pa&ntilde;&ntilde;ā</em>.258. [2] Ratana.224. [3] Vin II.146; DA III.127; VibhA,365. [4] &nbsp;SA III.334. [5] A III.78. [6] Khu A.21; It A.221. [7] A III.78. [8] Sh A.366. [9] Sīlavi.126. [10] Ratana.225-6. [11] DA III.148. [12] &nbsp;DA III.148. [13] &nbsp;D&amp;TM.55. [14] &nbsp;Vin II.146; D II.155 [15] JA II. 277. [16] Nara.75.

Abstract Background Alcohol abuse is common in Zambia and a growing threat to achieving the 90 90 90 treatment target to ending the HIV epidemic. Brief counselling is offered but has limited effectiveness possibly because it does not address the mental health issues that underpin drinking behavior. We assessed the frequency and nature of comorbid mental health issues in HIV-positive drinkers in Zambia. Methods As part of an ongoing randomized control trial (NCT03966885), we recruited HIV positive adults on ART who reported at least 1 alcoholic drink in the previous 3 months from two clinics in Lusaka, Zambia. Using audio computer assisted self-interviewers, we captured demographic information and screened for unhealthy alcohol use (AUDIT), depression (CES-D), trauma (HTQ) and other substance abuse (ASSIST). These instruments have previously been validated in Zambia. Established cut-offs were used to define unhealthy alcohol use (AU), depression (DEP), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance abuse (SU). Results Among 300 individuals reporting any alcohol use, 165 agreed to screening. 155 participants were recruited, including 93 men and 62 women. Nearly all screened 146 (94.2%) had unhealthy alcohol use and 9 (5.8%) had low to moderate alcohol scores. Comorbid mental health issues were present in 72 % of unhealthy drinkers, most commonly depression 46 (31.5 %) and trauma 35 (24 %). Non-alcohol substance use (7.6 %) comorbidities where less prevalent than mental health comorbidities among those with unhealthy alcohol use. Conclusions Among urban Zambian adults living with HIV who reported alcohol consumption at their ART clinic, unhealthy use was the norm; moderate alcohol use was rare. Comorbid mental health issues (particularly depression and trauma) are highly prevalent among unhealthy drinkers with HIV. These data suggest that all unhealthy drinkers should be screened for mental health issues. Key messages Alcohol Abuse In HIV Patients Is Common In Zambia. HIV Patients Abusing Alcohol Suffer From Depression and Trauma.

One of the most commonly utilized psychoactive chemicals worldwide is alcohol in beverage form. Alcohol abuse has emerged as a significant public health issue and the third-highest global risk factor for disease and disability. Alcohol is a psychoactive substance that is often used in beverages. Due to their widespread availability and ease of use in many situations, people often do not view alcoholic beverages as drugs. To counteract the behavioral, social, and psychological problems associated with alcohol consumption, cultures all over the world have surrounded alcoholic beverages with a variety of rules and regulations due to their complex pharmacological qualities, which include a wide spectrum of psychoactive effects. Alcohol abuse has emerged as a significant public health issue and the third-highest global risk factor for disease and disability. According to the findings of our study, the degree of dependence, the length of time spent drinking; the amount spent each month, and the frequency of drinking all influence caregiver’s perceptions of their workload. It is crucial to understand the prevalence and costs of alcohol consumption in different States and within the States of the nation because alcohol consumption policies and laws vary across different States within the nation. This community-based cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in various states across the country. People who drink alcohol are more likely to experience health issues like hypertension, gastrointestinal issues, and mental diseases, and statistically significant relationships have been identified between these health issues and alcohol intake. Our study demonstrates that people of various severities encounter a wide range of issues. The many issues with human family welfare, organ disorders, various illnesses, and unjustifiable diseases are revealed to the consuming public in this text.

Alcohol is important risk factors of ill-health and disability. The WHO estimates that one-fourth to one-third of the male population in South East Asian countries drink alcohol .In India, the estimated number of alcohol users in 2005 was 62.5 million and 17.4% (10.6 million) were dependent on alcohol. Of the hospital admissions, 20-30% were due to alcohol-related problems. Continuous alcohol abuse not only affects the individual but also family members, especially the spouse who faces many emotional problems and stressful life events. Many studies and anecdotal reports suggest that individuals who are married to persons dependent on alcohol have poor overall physical and mental health. One study found that substance use disorders among husbands is strongly associated with psychiatric illness such as depressive disorders and anxiety disorders among their wives. The purpose of the current study.

Abstract Background Substance use-related emergency department (ED) visits have increased substantially in North America. Screening for substance use in EDs is recommended; best approaches are unclear. This systematic review synthesizes evidence on diagnostic accuracy of ED screening tools to detect harmful substance use. Methods We included derivation or validation studies, with or without comparator, that included adult (≥ 18 years) ED patients and evaluated screening tools to identify general or specific substance use disorders or harmful use. Our search strategy combined concepts Emergency Department AND Screening AND Substance Use. Trained reviewers assessed title/abstracts and full-text articles for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias (QUADAS-2) independently and in duplicate. Reviewers resolved disagreements by discussion. Primary investigators adjudicated if necessary. Heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis. We descriptively summarized results. Results Our search strategy yielded 2696 studies; we included 33. Twenty-one (64%) evaluated a North American population. Fourteen (42%) applied screening among general ED patients. Screening tools were administered by research staff (n = 21), self-administered by patients (n = 10), or non-research healthcare providers (n = 1). Most studies evaluated alcohol use screens (n = 26), most commonly the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT; n = 14), Cut down/Annoyed/Guilty/Eye-opener (CAGE; n = 13), and Rapid Alcohol Problems Screen (RAPS/RAPS4/RAPS4-QF; n = 12). Four studies assessing six tools and screening thresholds for alcohol abuse/dependence in North American patients (AUDIT ≥ 8; CAGE ≥ 2; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition [DSM-IV-2] ≥ 1; RAPS ≥ 1; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism [NIAAA]; Tolerance/Worry/Eye-opener/Amnesia/K-Cut down [TWEAK] ≥ 3) reported both sensitivities and specificities ≥ 83%. Two studies evaluating a single alcohol screening question (SASQ) (When was the last time you had more than X drinks in 1 day?, X = 4 for women; X = 5 for men) reported sensitivities 82–85% and specificities 70–77%. Five evaluated screening tools for general substance abuse/dependence (Relax/Alone/Friends/Family/Trouble [RAFFT] ≥ 3, Drug Abuse Screening Test [DAST] ≥ 4, single drug screening question, Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test [ASSIST] ≥ 42/18), reporting sensitivities 64%-90% and specificities 61%-100%. Studies’ risk of bias were mostly high or uncertain. Conclusions Six screening tools demonstrated both sensitivities and specificities ≥ 83% for detecting alcohol abuse/dependence in EDs. Tools with the highest sensitivities (AUDIT ≥ 8; RAPS ≥ 1) and that prioritize simplicity and efficiency (SASQ) should be prioritized.

Abstract Aims Germany is experiencing a decline in alcohol consumption but not for every alcoholic beverage type. Given the differential health impacts of alcoholic beverage type, it is important to understand the drivers of these trends. We investigated: (a) temporal trends in beverage preference and (b) the effects of age, period and cohort on these trends. Methods Data came from nine waves (1995–2018; ntotal = 75,550) of the German Epidemiological Survey of Substance Abuse, a nationally representative household survey of individuals aged 18–59 years. The quantity of beer, wine, spirits and mixed drinks drank in the last 30 days was transformed into grammes of ethanol, and the beverage type preference was estimated as the proportion of total ethanol consumption. Fractional multinomial logit regression was applied to analyse the age, period and cohort effects on temporal trends of beverage preference by sex. Results The preference for spirits and mixed drinks decreased with increasing age, while the preference for wine increased with no age effect on beer. There was a general decrease in the preference for beer and an increase in the preference for wine among both sexes, with an additional increase in the preference for spirits in males. Conclusion Trends in beverage preference were more related to individual ageing and changes in the whole population than to cohorts. With the continued reduction in alcohol consumption, the decreasing preference for beer and the growing preference for wine suggest a positive development. Trends of an increasing preference for spirits in males are of concern.

In the Turkish Food Codex Communique on Energy Drinks, energy drinks are defined as "flavored non-alcoholic beverage containing caffeine, containing taurine, glucuronolactone, inositol, carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and other food and components". The amount of caffeine in the composition of the energy drink cannot be more than 150 mg/L, inositol 100 mg/L, glucuronolactone 20 mg/L, and taurine 800 mg/L. It has been reported that the consumption of beverages containing caffeine, taurine, and glucuronolactone in healthy young adults increases arterial blood pressure and platelet aggregation and decreases endothelial function. For healthy adults, consuming more than 400 mg of caffeine daily and consuming more than 500 ml of energy drinks in energy drinks, as well as consuming energy drinks with or together with alcohol, is risky and not recommended. Energy drinks are risky for children, people under the age of 18, the elderly, diabetics, those with high blood pressure, pregnant and lactating women, those with metabolic diseases, kidney failure, and people who are sensitive to caffeine. The use of energy drinks has been increasing rapidly in the world and in our country in recent years. Usually, energy drinks are used by young people, athletes, and people who live actively. Energy drinks are also preferred as a pleasure or to increase mental, physical, and cognitive performance.&#x0D; The aim of our study is to analyze the components of the content and the effectiveness of the components by making a qualitative analysis with the GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Analysis) device of many energy drinks used in the market. In addition, it is the evaluation of the energy drinks available in the market by examining the effects of the determined substances and their amounts on human health.

В статье проведено маркетинговое исследование потребительских предпочтений и ассортимента безалкогольных бальзамов на потребительском рынке Республики Адыгея, с целью выявления актуальных направлений возможности расширения ассортимента безалкогольных бальзамов. Отмечено, что потребительский спрос на безалкогольные бальзамы, как одного из наиболее актуальных направлений развития безалкогольной отрасли, растет во всем мире из года в год в связи с постоянным ростом тенденции здорового образа жизни, потребности к улучшению и сохранению здоровья и профилактикой заболеваний алиментарной природы. Авторами исследованы местные производители и ассортимент выпускаемых безалкогольных бальзамов. Также изучен ассортимент российских производителей бальзамов и выявлены целые линейки, которые дифференцируются в зависимости от эндемических культур. В России рынок функциональных напитков активно развивается, заимствуя и улучшая зарубежные тренды. Проведена сегментация потребительского рынка по основным признакам. Проведен анализ потребительских мотиваций и предпочтений безалкогольных бальзамов и определены факторы, влияющие на выбор покупки. Установлено, что перспективным направлением в создании функциональных напитков остается применение нетрадиционных видов растительного сырья содержащего высокую степень биологически активных веществ. The article conducted a marketing study of consumer preferences and the assortment of alcohol-free balms in the consumer market of the Republic of Adygheya, in order to identify current areas for the possibility of expanding the assortment of non-alcoholic balms. It is noted that consumer demand for non-alcoholic balms, as one of the most relevant areas of development of the non-alcoholic industry, is growing all over the world from year to year due to the constant growth of healthy lifestyle trends, the need to improve and maintain health and the prevention of alimentary nature diseases. The authors examined local manufacturers and the range of produced alcohol-free balms. The assortment of Russian balm manufacturers was also studied and entire lines were identified, which are differentiated depending on endemic crops. In Russia, the market of functional drinks is actively developing, borrowing and improving foreign trends. Segmentation of the consumer market was carried out according to the main characteristics. The analysis of consumer motivations and preferences of non-alcoholic balms was carried out and factors influencing the choice of purchase were identified. It has been found that the use of non-traditional types of plant raw materials containing a high degree of biologically active substances remains a prospective trend in the creation of functional drinks

The depiction of alcohol is the focus of a growing number of content analyses in the field of social media research. Typically, the occurrence and nature of alcohol representations are coded to measure the prevalence, normalization, or even glorification of alcohol and its consumption on different social media platforms (Moreno et al., 2016; Westgate &amp; Holliday, 2016) and smartphone apps (Ghassemlou et al., 2020). But social media platforms and smartphone apps also play a role in the prevention of alcohol abuse when they disseminate messages about alcohol risks and foster harm reduction, abstinence, and sobriety (Davey, 2021; Döring &amp; Holz, 2021; Tamersoy et al., 2015; Westgate &amp; Holliday, 2016). Field of application/theoretical foundation: Social Cognitive Theory (SCT; Bandura 1986, 2009) as the dominant media effects theory in communication science, is applicable and widely applied to social media representations of alcohol: According to SCT, positive media portayals of alcohol and attractive role models consuming alcohol can influence the audience’s relation to alcohol. That’s why positive alcohol portayals in the media are considered a public health threat as they can foster increased and risky alcohol consumption among media users in general and young people in particular. The negative health impact predicted by SCT depends on different aspects of alcohol portrayals on social media that have been traditionally coded in manual content analyses (Beullens &amp; Schepers, 2013; Mayrhofer &amp; Naderer, 2019; Moreno et al., 2010) and most recently by studies relying on computational methods for content analysis (e.g. Ricard &amp; Hassanpour, 2021). Core aspects of alcohol representations on social media are: a) the type of communicator / creator of alcohol-related social media content, b) the overall valence of the alcohol portrayal, c) the people consuming alcohol, d) the alcohol consumption behaviors, e) the social contexts of alcohol consumption, f) the types and brands of consumed alcohol, g) the consequences of alcohol consumption, and h) alcohol-related consumer protection messages in alcohol marketing (Moreno et al., 2016; Westgate &amp; Holliday, 2016). For example, a normalizing portrayal shows alcohol consumption as a regular and normal behavior of diverse people in different contexts, while a glorifying portrayal shows alcohol consumption as a behavior that is strongly related to positive effects such as having fun, enjoying social community, feeling sexy, happy, and carefree (Griffiths &amp; Casswell, 2011). While criticism of glorifying alcohol portrayals in entertainment media (e.g., music videos; Cranwell et al., 2015), television (e.g., Barker et al., 2021), and advertising (e.g., Curtis et al., 2018; Stautz et al., 2016) has a long tradition, the concern about alcohol representations on social media is relatively new and entails the phenomenon of alcohol brands and social media influencers marketing alcohol (Critchlow &amp; Moodie, 2022; Turnwald et al., 2022) as well as ordinary social media users providing alcohol-related self-presentations (e.g., showing themselves partying and drinking; Boyle et al., 2016). Such alcohol-related self-presentations might elicit even stronger identification and imitation effects among social media audiences compared to regular advertising (Griffiths &amp; Casswell, 2011). Because of its psychological and health impact, alcohol-related social media content – and alcohol marketing in particular – is also an issue of legal regulation. The World Health Organization states that “Europe is the heaviest-drinking region in the world” and strongly advocates for bans or at least stricter regulations of alcohol marketing both offline and online (WHO, 2020, p. 1). At the same time, the WHO points to the problem of clearly differentiating between alcohol marketing and other types of alcohol representations on social media. Apart from normalizing and glorifying alcohol portayals, there are also anti-alcohol posts and comments on social media. They usually point to the health risks of alcohol consumption and the dangers of alcohol addiction and, hence, try to foster harm reduction, abstincence and sobriety. While such negative alcohol portayals populate different social media platforms, an in-depth investigation of the spread, scope and content of anti-alcohol messages on social media is largely missing (Davey, 2021; Döring &amp; Holz, 2021; Tamersoy et al., 2015). References/combination with other methods of data collection: Manual and computational content analyses of alcohol representations on social media platforms can be complemented by qualitative interview and quantitative survey data addressing alcohol-related beliefs and behaviors collected from social media users who a) create and publish alcohol-related social media content and/or b) are exposed to or actively search for and follow alcohol-related social media content (e.g., Ricard &amp; Hassanpour, 2021; Strowger &amp; Braitman, 2022). Furthermore, experimental studies are helpful to directly measure how different alcohol-related social media posts and comments are perceived and evaluated by recipients and if and how they can affect their alcohol-related thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (Noel, 2021). Such social media experiments can build on respective mass media experiments (e.g., Mayrhofer &amp; Naderer, 2019). Insights from content analyses help to select or create appropriate stimuli for such experiments. Last but not least, to evaluate the effectiveness of alcohol marketing regulations, social media content analyses conducted within a longitudinal or trend study design (including measurements before and after new regulations came into effect) should be preferred over cross-sectional studies (e.g., Chapoton et al., 2020). Example Studies for Manual Content Analyses: Coding Material Measure Operationalization (excerpt) Reliability Source a) Creators of alcohol-related social media content Extensive explorations on Facebook, Instagram and TikTok Creators of alcohol-related social media content on Facebook, Instagram and TikTok Polytomous variable “Type of content creator” (1: alcohol industry; 2: media organization/media professional; 3: health organization/health professional; 4: social media influencer; 5: ordinary social media user; 6: other) Not available Döring &amp; Tröger (2018) Döring &amp; Holz (2021) b) Valence of alcohol-related social media content N = 3 015 Facebook comments N = 100 TikTok videos Valence of alcohol-related social media content (posts or comments) Binary variable “Valence of alcohol-related social media content” (1: positive/pro-alcohol sentiment; 2: negative/anti-alcohol sentiment) Cohen’s Kappa average of .72 for all alcohol-related variables in codebook* Döring &amp; Holz (2021) *Russell et al. (2021) c) People consuming alcohol N = 160 Facebook profiles (profile pictures, personal photos, and text) Portrayal of people consuming alcohol on Facebook profiles Binary variable “Number of persons on picture” (1: alone; 2: with others) Cohen’s Kappa &gt; .90 Beullens &amp; Schepers (2013) d) Alcohol consumption behaviors N = 160 Facebook profiles (profile pictures, personal photos, and text) Type of depicted alcohol use/consumption Polytomous variable “Type of depicted alcohol use/consumption” (1: explicit use such as depiction of person drinking alcohol; 2: implicit use such as depiction of alcohol bottle on table; 3: alcohol logo only) Cohen’s Kappa = .89 Beullens &amp; Schepers (2013) N = 100 TikTok videos Multiple alcoholic drinks consumed per person Binary variable “Multiple alcoholic drinks consumed per person” as opposed to having only one drink or no drink per person (1: present; 2: not present) Cohen’s Kappa average of .72 for all alcohol-related variables in codebook Russell et al. (2021) N = 100 TikTok videos Alcohol intoxication Binary variable “Alcohol intoxication” (1: present; 2: not present) Cohen’s Kappa average of .72 for all alcohol-related variables in codebook Russell et al. (2021) N = 4 800 alcohol-related Tweets Alcohol mentioned in combination with other substance use Binary variable “Alcohol mentioned in combination with tobacco, marijuana, or other drugs” (1: yes; 2: no) Cohen’s Kappa median of .73 for all pro-drinking variables in codebook Cavazos-Rehg et al. (2015) e) Social contexts of alcohol consumption N = 192 Facebook and Instagram profiles (profile pictures, personal photos, and text) Portrayal of social evaluative contexts of alcohol consumption on Facebook and Instagram profiles Polytomous variable “Social evaluative context” (1: negative context such as someone looking disapprovingly at a drunk person; 2: neutral context such as no explicit judgment or emotion is shown; 3: positive context such as people laughing and toasting with alcoholic drinks) Cohen’s Kappa ranging from .68 to .91 for all variables in codebook Hendriks et al. (2018), based on previous work by Beullens &amp; Schepers (2013) N = 51 episodes with a total of N = 1 895 scenes of the American adolescent drama series “The OC” Portrayal of situational contexts of alcohol consumption in scenes of a TV series Polytomous variable “Setting of alcohol consumption” (1: at home; 2: at adult / youth party; 3: in a bar; 4: at work; 5: at other public place) Polytomous variable “Reason of alcohol consumption” (1: celebrating/partying; 2: habit; 3: stress relief; 4: social facilitation) Cohen’s Kappa for setting of alcohol consumption .90 Cohen’s Kappa for reason of alcohol consumption .71 Van den Bulck et al. (2008) f) Types and brands of consumed alcohol N = 17 800 posts of Instagram influencers and related comments Portrayal of different alcohol types and alcohol brands in Instagram posts Polytomous variable “Alcohol type” (1: wine; 2: beer; 3: cocktails; 4: spirits; 5: non-alcoholic drinks/0% alcohol) Binary variable “Alcohol brand visibility” (1: present if full brand name, recognizable logo, or brand name in header or tag are visible; 2: non-present) String variable “Alcohol brand name” (open text coding) Krippendorff’s Alpha ranging from .69 to 1.00 for all variables in codebook Hendriks et al. (2019) g) Consequences of alcohol consumption N = 400 randomly selected public MySpace profiles Portayal of consequences of alcohol consumption on MySpace profiles Five individually coded binary variables for different consequences associated with alcohol use (1: present; 2: not present): a) “Positive emotional consequence highlighting positive mood, feeling or emotion associated with alcohol use” b) “Negative emotional consequence highlighting negative mood, feeling or emotion associated with alcohol use” c) “Positive social consequences highlighting perceived social gain associated with alcohol use” d) “Negative social consequences highlighting perceived poor social outcomes associated with alcohol use” e) “Negative physical consequences describing adverse physical consequences or outcomes associated with alcohol use” Cohen’s Kappa ranging from 0.76 to 0.82 for alcohol references and alcohol use Moreno et al. (2010) h) Alcohol-related consumer protection messages in alcohol marketing N = 554 Tweets collected from 13 Twitter accounts of alcohol companies in Ireland Alcohol-related consumer protection messages in alcohol marketing (covers both mandatory and voluntary messages depending on national legislation) Four individually coded binary variables for different alcohol-related consumer protection messages in alcohol marketing (1: present; 2: not present): a) “Warning about the risks/danger of alcohol consumption” b) “Warning about the risks/danger of alcohol consumption when pregnant” c) “Warning about the link between alcohol consumption and fatal cancers” d) “Link/reference to website with public health information about alcohol” Not available Critchlow &amp; Moodie (2022) The presented measures were developed for specific social media platforms, but are so generic that they can be used across different social media platforms and even across mass media channels such as TV, cinema, and advertisement. The presented measures cover different aspects of media portrayals of alcohol and can be used individually or in combination. Depending on the research aim, more detailed measures can be developed and added: for example, regarding the media portrayal of people consuming alcohol, additional measures can code people’s age, gender, ethnicity and further characteristics relevant to the respective research question. In the course of a growing body of content analyses addressing alcohol-related prevention messages on social media, respective measures can be added as well. References Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall. Bandura, A. (2009). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. In J. Bryant &amp; M. B. Oliver (Eds.), Communication series. Media effects: Advances in theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 94–124). Routledge. Barker, A. B., Britton, J., Thomson, E., &amp; Murray, R. L. (2021). Tobacco and alcohol content in soap operas broadcast on UK television: A content analysis and population exposure. Journal of Public Health (Oxford, England), 43(3), 595–603. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa091 Boyle, S. C., LaBrie, J. W., Froidevaux, N. M., &amp; Witkovic, Y. D. (2016). Different digital paths to the keg? How exposure to peers' alcohol-related social media content influences drinking among male and female first-year college students. Addictive Behaviors, 57, 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.01.011 Beullens, K., &amp; Schepers, A. (2013). Display of alcohol use on Facebook: A content analysis. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 16(7), 497–503. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2013.0044 Cavazos-Rehg, P. A., Krauss, M. J., Sowles, S. J., &amp; Bierut, L. J. (2015). "Hey everyone, I'm drunk." An evaluation of drinking-related Twitter chatter. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 76(4), 635–643. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2015.76.635 Chapoton, B., Werlen, A.‑L., &amp; Regnier Denois, V. (2020). Alcohol in TV series popular with teens: A content analysis of TV series in France 22 years after a restrictive law. European Journal of Public Health, 30(2), 363–368. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz163 Cranwell, J., Murray, R., Lewis, S., Leonardi-Bee, J., Dockrell, M., &amp; Britton, J. (2015). Adolescents' exposure to tobacco and alcohol content in YouTube music videos. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 110(4), 703–711. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12835 Critchlow, N., &amp; Moodie, C. (2022). Consumer protection messages in alcohol marketing on Twitter in Ireland: A content analysis. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2022.2028730 Curtis, B. L., Lookatch, S. J., Ramo, D. E., McKay, J. R., Feinn, R. S., &amp; Kranzler, H. R. (2018). Meta-analysis of the association of alcohol-related social media use with alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems in adolescents and young adults. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 42(6), 978–986. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13642 Davey, C. (2021). Online sobriety communities for women's problematic alcohol use: A mini review of existing qualitative and quantitative research. Frontiers in Global Women's Health, 2, 773921. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgwh.2021.773921 Döring, N., &amp; Tröger, C. (2018). Zwischenbericht: Durchführung und Ergebnisse der summativen Evaluation des Facebook-Kanals „Alkohol? Kenn dein Limit.“ [Intermediate report: Implementation and results of the summative evaluation of the Facebook channel "Alcohol? Know your limit."]. Döring, N., &amp; Holz, C. (2021). Alkohol in sozialen Medien: Wo ist der Platz für Prävention? [Alcohol in social media: Where is the space for prevention?]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz, 64(6), 697–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-021-03335-8 Ghassemlou, S., Marini, C., Chemi, C., Ranjit, Y. S., &amp; Tofighi, B. (2020). Harmful smartphone applications promoting alcohol and illicit substance use: A review and content analysis in the United States. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 10(5), 1233–1242. https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibz135 Griffiths, R., &amp; Casswell, S. (2010). Intoxigenic digital spaces? Youth, social networking sites and alcohol marketing. Drug and Alcohol Review, 29(5), 525–530. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00178.x Hendriks, H., van den Putte, B., Gebhardt, W. A., &amp; Moreno, M. A. (2018). Social drinking on social media: Content analysis of the social aspects of alcohol-related posts on Facebook and Instagram. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(6), e226. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.9355 Hendriks, H., Wilmsen, D., van Dalen, W., &amp; Gebhardt, W. A. (2019). Picture me drinking: Alcohol-related posts by Instagram influencers popular among adolescents and young adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2991. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02991 Mayrhofer, M., &amp; Naderer, B. (2019). Mass media as alcohol educator for everyone? Effects of portrayed alcohol consequences and the influence of viewers’ characteristics. Media Psychology, 22(2), 217–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2017.1378112 Moreno, M. A., Briner, L. R., Williams, A., Brockman, L., Walker, L., &amp; Christakis, D. A. (2010). A content analysis of displayed alcohol references on a social networking web site. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 47(2), 168–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.01.001 Moreno, M. A., D’Angelo, J., &amp; Whitehill, J. (2016). Social media and alcohol: Summary of research, intervention ideas and future study directions. Media and Communication, 4(3), 50–59. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v4i3.529 Noel, J. K. (2021). Using social media comments to reduce alcohol purchase intentions: An online experiment. Drug and Alcohol Review, 40(6), 1047–1055. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13262 Ricard, B. J., &amp; Hassanpour, S. (2021). Deep learning for identification of alcohol-related content on social media (Reddit and Twitter): Exploratory analysis of alcohol-related outcomes. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(9), e27314. https://doi.org/10.2196/27314 Russell, A. M., Davis, R. E., Ortega, J. M., Colditz, J. B., Primack, B., &amp; Barry, A. E. (2021). #Alcohol: Portrayals of alcohol in top videos on TikTok. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 82(5), 615–622. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2021.82.615 Stautz, K., Brown, K. G., King, S. E., Shemilt, I., &amp; Marteau, T. M. (2016). Immediate effects of alcohol marketing communications and media portrayals on consumption and cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies. BMC Public Health, 16, 465. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3116-8 Strowger, M., &amp; Braitman, A. L. (2022). Using social network methodology to examine the effects of exposure to alcohol-related social media content on alcohol use: A critical review. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000561 Tamersoy, A., Choudhury, M. de, &amp; Chau, D. H. (2015). Characterizing smoking and drinking abstinence from social media. HT '15: The Proceedings of the 26th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media, 2015, 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1145/2700171.2791247 Turnwald, B. P., Anderson, K. G., Markus, H. R., &amp; Crum, A. J. (2022). Nutritional analysis of foods and beverages posted in social media accounts of highly followed celebrities. JAMA Network Open, 5(1), e2143087. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.43087 Van den Bulck, H., Simons, N., &amp; van Gorp, B. (2008). Let's drink and be merry: The framing of alcohol in the prime-time American youth series The OC. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69(6), 933–940. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2008.69.933 Westgate, E. C., &amp; Holliday, J. (2016). Identity, influence, and intervention: The roles of social media in alcohol use. Current Opinion in Psychology, 9, 27–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.10.014 World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe (WHO). (2020). Alcohol marketing in the WHO European Region: update report on the evidence and recommended policy actions. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/336178/WHO-EURO-2020-1266-41016-55678-eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y

Introduction This paper offers a survey of familiar popular music performers and songwriters who reference coffee in their work. It examines three areas of discourse: the psychoactive effects of caffeine, coffee and courtship rituals, and the politics of coffee consumption. I claim that coffee carries a cultural and musicological significance comparable to that of the chemical stimulants and consumer goods more readily associated with popular music. Songs about coffee may not be as potent as those featuring drugs and alcohol (Primack; Schapiro), or as common as those referencing commodities like clothes and cars (Englis; McCracken), but they do feature across a wide range of genres, some of which enjoy archetypal associations with this beverage. m.o.m.m.y. Needs c.o.f.f.e.e.: The Psychoactive Effect of Coffee The act of performing and listening to popular music involves psychological elements comparable to the overwhelming sensory experience of drug taking: altered perceptions, repetitive grooves, improvisation, self-expression, and psychological empathy—such as that between musician and audience (Curry). Most popular music genres are, as a result, culturally and sociologically identified with the consumption of at least one mind-altering substance (Lyttle; Primack; Schapiro). While the analysis of lyrics referring to this theme has hitherto focused on illegal drugs and alcoholic beverages (Cooper), coffee and its psychoactive ingredient caffeine have been almost entirely overlooked (Summer). The most recent study of drugs in popular music, for example, defined substance use as “tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and other stimulants, heroin and other opiates, hallucinogens, inhalants, prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, and nonspecific substances” (Primack 172), thereby ignoring a chemical stimulant consumed by 90 per cent of adult Americans every day (Lovett). The wide availability of coffee and the comparatively mild effect of caffeine means that its consumption rarely causes harm. One researcher has described it as a ubiquitous and unobtrusive “generalised public activity […] ‘invisible’ to analysts seeking distinctive social events” (Cooper 92). Coffee may provide only a relatively mild “buzz”—but it is now accepted that caffeine is an addictive substance (Juliano) and, due to its universal legality, coffee is also the world’s most extensively traded and enthusiastically consumed psychoactive consumer product (Juliano 1). The musical genre of jazz has a longstanding relationship with marijuana and narcotics (Curry; Singer; Tolson; Winick). Unsurprisingly, given its Round Midnight connotations, jazz standards also celebrate the restorative impact of coffee. Exemplary compositions include Burke/Webster’s insomniac torch song Black Coffee, which provided hits for Sarah Vaughan (1949), Ella Fitzgerald (1953), and Peggy Lee (1960); and Frank Sinatra’s recordings of Hilliard/Dick’s The Coffee Song (1946, 1960), which satirised the coffee surplus in Brazil at a time when this nation enjoyed a near monopoly on production. Sinatra joked that this ubiquitous drink was that country’s only means of liquid refreshment, in a refrain that has since become a headline writer’s phrasal template: “There’s an Awful Lot of Coffee in Vietnam,” “An Awful Lot of Coffee in the Bin,” and “There’s an Awful Lot of Taxes in Brazil.” Ethnographer Aaron Fox has shown how country music gives expression to the lived social experience of blue-collar and agrarian workers (Real 29). Coffee’s role in energising working class America (Cooper) is featured in such recordings as Dolly Parton’s Nine To Five (1980), which describes her morning routine using a memorable “kitchen/cup of ambition” rhyme, and Don't Forget the Coffee Billy Joe (1973) by Tom T. Hall which laments the hardship of unemployment, hunger, cold, and lack of healthcare. Country music’s “tired truck driver” is the most enduring blue-collar trope celebrating coffee’s analeptic powers. Versions include Truck Drivin' Man by Buck Owens (1964), host of the country TV show Hee Haw and pioneer of the Bakersfield sound, and Driving My Life Away from pop-country crossover star Eddie Rabbitt (1980). Both feature characteristically gendered stereotypes of male truck drivers pushing on through the night with the help of a truck stop waitress who has fuelled them with caffeine. Johnny Cash’s A Cup of Coffee (1966), recorded at the nadir of his addiction to pills and alcohol, has an incoherent improvised lyric on this subject; while Jerry Reed even prescribed amphetamines to keep drivers awake in Caffein [sic], Nicotine, Benzedrine (And Wish Me Luck) (1980). Doye O’Dell’s Diesel Smoke, Dangerous Curves (1952) is the archetypal “truck drivin’ country” song and the most exciting track of its type. It subsequently became a hit for the doyen of the subgenre, Red Simpson (1966). An exhausted driver, having spent the night with a woman whose name he cannot now recall, is fighting fatigue and wrestling his hot-rod low-loader around hairpin mountain curves in an attempt to rendezvous with a pretty truck stop waitress. The song’s palpable energy comes from its frenetic guitar picking and the danger implicit in trailing a heavy load downhill while falling asleep at the wheel. Tommy Faile’s Phantom 309, a hit for Red Sovine (1967) that was later covered by Tom Waits (Big Joe and the Phantom 309, 1975), elevates the “tired truck driver” narrative to gothic literary form. Reflecting country music’s moral code of citizenship and its culture of performative storytelling (Fox, Real 23), it tells of a drenched and exhausted young hitchhiker picked up by Big Joe—the driver of a handsome eighteen-wheeler. On arriving at a truck stop, Joe drops the traveller off, giving him money for a restorative coffee. The diner falls silent as the hitchhiker orders up his “cup of mud”. Big Joe, it transpires, is a phantom trucker. After running off the road to avoid a school bus, his distinctive ghost rig now only reappears to rescue stranded travellers. Punk rock, a genre closely associated with recreational amphetamines (McNeil 76, 87), also features a number of caffeine-as-stimulant songs. Californian punk band, Descendents, identified caffeine as their drug of choice in two 1996 releases, Coffee Mug and Kids on Coffee. These songs describe chugging the drink with much the same relish and energy that others might pull at the neck of a beer bottle, and vividly compare the effects of the drug to the intense rush of speed. The host of “New Music News” (a segment of MTV’s 120 Minutes) references this correlation in 1986 while introducing the band’s video—in which they literally bounce off the walls: “You know, while everybody is cracking down on crack, what about that most respectable of toxic substances or stimulants, the good old cup of coffee? That is the preferred high, actually, of California’s own Descendents—it is also the subject of their brand new video” (“New Music News”). Descendents’s Sessions EP (1997) featured an overflowing cup of coffee on the sleeve, while punk’s caffeine-as-amphetamine trope is also promulgated by Hellbender (Caffeinated 1996), Lagwagon (Mr. Coffee 1997), and Regatta 69 (Addicted to Coffee 2005). Coffee in the Morning and Kisses in the Night: Coffee and Courtship Coffee as romantic metaphor in song corroborates the findings of early researchers who examined courtship rituals in popular music. Donald Horton’s 1957 study found that hit songs codified the socially constructed self-image and limited life expectations of young people during the 1950s by depicting conservative, idealised, and traditional relationship scenarios. He summarised these as initial courtship, honeymoon period, uncertainty, and parting (570-4). Eleven years after this landmark analysis, James Carey replicated Horton’s method. His results revealed that pop lyrics had become more realistic and less bound by convention during the 1960s. They incorporated a wider variety of discourse including the temporariness of romantic commitment, the importance of individual autonomy in relationships, more liberal attitudes, and increasingly unconventional courtship behaviours (725). Socially conservative coffee songs include Coffee in the Morning and Kisses in the Night by The Boswell Sisters (1933) in which the protagonist swears fidelity to her partner on condition that this desire is expressed strictly in the appropriate social context of marriage. It encapsulates the restrictions Horton identified on courtship discourse in popular song prior to the arrival of rock and roll. The Henderson/DeSylva/Brown composition You're the Cream in My Coffee, recorded by Annette Hanshaw (1928) and by Nat King Cole (1946), also celebrates the social ideal of monogamous devotion. The persistence of such idealised traditional themes continued into the 1960s. American pop singer Don Cherry had a hit with Then You Can Tell Me Goodbye (1962) that used coffee as a metaphor for undying and everlasting love. Otis Redding’s version of Butler/Thomas/Walker’s Cigarettes and Coffee (1966)—arguably soul music’s exemplary romantic coffee song—carries a similar message as a couple proclaim their devotion in a late night conversation over coffee. Like much of the Stax catalogue, Cigarettes and Coffee, has a distinctly “down home” feel and timbre. The lovers are simply content with each other; they don’t need “cream” or “sugar.” Horton found 1950s blues and R&amp;B lyrics much more sexually explicit than pop songs (567). Dawson (1994) subsequently characterised black popular music as a distinct public sphere, and Squires (2002) argued that it displayed elements of what she defined as “enclave” and “counterpublic” traits. Lawson (2010) has argued that marginalised and/or subversive blues artists offered a form of countercultural resistance against prevailing social norms. Indeed, several blues and R&amp;B coffee songs disregard established courtship ideals and associate the product with non-normative and even transgressive relationship circumstances—including infidelity, divorce, and domestic violence. Lightnin’ Hopkins’s Coffee Blues (1950) references child neglect and spousal abuse, while the narrative of Muddy Waters’s scorching Iodine in my Coffee (1952) tells of an attempted poisoning by his Waters’s partner. In 40 Cups of Coffee (1953) Ella Mae Morse is waiting for her husband to return home, fuelling her anger and anxiety with caffeine. This song does eventually comply with traditional courtship ideals: when her lover eventually returns home at five in the morning, he is greeted with a relieved kiss. In Keep That Coffee Hot (1955), Scatman Crothers supplies a counterpoint to Morse’s late-night-abandonment narrative, asking his partner to keep his favourite drink warm during his adulterous absence. Brook Benton’s Another Cup of Coffee (1964) expresses acute feelings of regret and loneliness after a failed relationship. More obliquely, in Coffee Blues (1966) Mississippi John Hurt sings affectionately about his favourite brand, a “lovin’ spoonful” of Maxwell House. In this, he bequeathed the moniker of folk-rock band The Lovin’ Spoonful, whose hits included Do You Believe in Magic (1965) and Summer in the City (1966). However, an alternative reading of Hurt’s lyric suggests that this particular phrase is a metaphorical device proclaiming the author’s sexual potency. Hurt’s “lovin’ spoonful” may actually be a portion of his seminal emission. In the 1950s, Horton identified country as particularly “doleful” (570), and coffee provides a common metaphor for failed romance in a genre dominated by “metanarratives of loss and desire” (Fox, Jukebox 54). Claude Gray’s I'll Have Another Cup of Coffee (Then I’ll Go) (1961) tells of a protagonist delivering child support payments according to his divorce lawyer’s instructions. The couple share late night coffee as their children sleep through the conversation. This song was subsequently recorded by seventeen-year-old Bob Marley (One Cup of Coffee, 1962) under the pseudonym Bobby Martell, a decade prior to his breakthrough as an international reggae star. Marley’s youngest son Damian has also performed the track while, interestingly in the context of this discussion, his older sibling Rohan co-founded Marley Coffee, an organic farm in the Jamaican Blue Mountains. Following Carey’s demonstration of mainstream pop’s increasingly realistic depiction of courtship behaviours during the 1960s, songwriters continued to draw on coffee as a metaphor for failed romance. In Carly Simon’s You’re So Vain (1972), she dreams of clouds in her coffee while contemplating an ostentatious ex-lover. Squeeze’s Black Coffee In Bed (1982) uses a coffee stain metaphor to describe the end of what appears to be yet another dead-end relationship for the protagonist. Sarah Harmer’s Coffee Stain (1998) expands on this device by reworking the familiar “lipstick on your collar” trope, while Sexsmith &amp; Kerr’s duet Raindrops in my Coffee (2005) superimposes teardrops in coffee and raindrops on the pavement with compelling effect. Kate Bush’s Coffee Homeground (1978) provides the most extreme narrative of relationship breakdown: the true story of Cora Henrietta Crippin’s poisoning. Researchers who replicated Horton’s and Carey’s methodology in the late 1970s (Bridges; Denisoff) were surprised to find their results dominated by traditional courtship ideals. The new liberal values unearthed by Carey in the late 1960s simply failed to materialise in subsequent decades. In this context, it is interesting to observe how romantic coffee songs in contemporary soul and jazz continue to disavow the post-1960s trend towards realistic social narratives, adopting instead a conspicuously consumerist outlook accompanied by smooth musical timbres. This phenomenon possibly betrays the influence of contemporary coffee advertising. From the 1980s, television commercials have sought to establish coffee as a desirable high end product, enjoyed by bohemian lovers in a conspicuously up-market environment (Werder). All Saints’s Black Coffee (2000) and Lebrado’s Coffee (2006) identify strongly with the culture industry’s image of coffee as a luxurious beverage whose consumption signifies prominent social status. All Saints’s promotional video is set in a opulent location (although its visuals emphasise the lyric’s romantic disharmony), while Natalie Cole’s Coffee Time (2008) might have been itself written as a commercial. Busting Up a Starbucks: The Politics of Coffee Politics and coffee meet most palpably at the coffee shop. This conjunction has a well-documented history beginning with the establishment of coffee houses in Europe and the birth of the public sphere (Habermas; Love; Pincus). The first popular songs to reference coffee shops include Jaybird Coleman’s Coffee Grinder Blues (1930), which boasts of skills that precede the contemporary notion of a barista by four decades; and Let's Have Another Cup of Coffee (1932) from Irving Berlin’s depression-era musical Face The Music, where the protagonists decide to stay in a restaurant drinking coffee and eating pie until the economy improves. Coffee in a Cardboard Cup (1971) from the Broadway musical 70 Girls 70 is an unambiguous condemnation of consumerism, however, it was written, recorded and produced a generation before Starbucks’ aggressive expansion and rapid dominance of the coffee house market during the 1990s. The growth of this company caused significant criticism and protest against what seemed to be a ruthless homogenising force that sought to overwhelm local competition (Holt; Thomson). In response, Starbucks has sought to be defined as a more responsive and interactive brand that encourages “glocalisation” (de Larios; Thompson). Koller, however, has characterised glocalisation as the manipulative fabrication of an “imagined community”—whose heterogeneity is in fact maintained by the aesthetics and purchasing choices of consumers who make distinctive and conscious anti-brand statements (114). Neat Capitalism is a more useful concept here, one that intercedes between corporate ideology and postmodern cultural logic, where such notions as community relations and customer satisfaction are deliberately and perhaps somewhat cynically conflated with the goal of profit maximisation (Rojek). As the world’s largest chain of coffee houses with over 19,400 stores in March 2012 (Loxcel), Starbucks is an exemplar of this phenomenon. Their apparent commitment to environmental stewardship, community relations, and ethical sourcing is outlined in the company’s annual “Global Responsibility Report” (Vimac). It is also demonstrated in their engagement with charitable and environmental non-governmental organisations such as Fairtrade and Co-operative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE). By emphasising this, Starbucks are able to interpellate (that is, “call forth”, “summon”, or “hail” in Althusserian terms) those consumers who value environmental protection, social justice and ethical business practices (Rojek 117). Bob Dylan and Sheryl Crow provide interesting case studies of the persuasive cultural influence evoked by Neat Capitalism. Dylan’s 1962 song Talkin’ New York satirised his formative experiences as an impoverished performer in Greenwich Village’s coffee houses. In 1995, however, his decision to distribute the Bob Dylan: Live At The Gaslight 1962 CD exclusively via Starbucks generated significant media controversy. Prominent commentators expressed their disapproval (Wilson Harris) and HMV Canada withdrew Dylan’s product from their shelves (Lynskey). Despite this, the success of this and other projects resulted in the launch of Starbucks’s in-house record company, Hear Music, which released entirely new recordings from major artists such as Ray Charles, Paul McCartney, Joni Mitchell, Carly Simon and Elvis Costello—although the company has recently announced a restructuring of their involvement in this venture (O’Neil). Sheryl Crow disparaged her former life as a waitress in Coffee Shop (1995), a song recorded for her second album. “Yes, I was a waitress. I was a waitress not so long ago; then I won a Grammy” she affirmed in a YouTube clip of a live performance from the same year. More recently, however, Crow has become an avowed self-proclaimed “Starbucks groupie” (Tickle), releasing an Artist’s Choice (2003) compilation album exclusively via Hear Music and performing at the company’s 2010 Annual Shareholders’s Meeting. Songs voicing more unequivocal dissatisfaction with Starbucks’s particular variant of Neat Capitalism include Busting Up a Starbucks (Mike Doughty, 2005), and Starbucks Takes All My Money (KJ-52, 2008). The most successful of these is undoubtedly Ron Sexsmith’s Jazz at the Bookstore (2006). Sexsmith bemoans the irony of intense original blues artists such as Leadbelly being drowned out by the cacophony of coffee grinding machines while customers queue up to purchase expensive coffees whose names they can’t pronounce. In this, he juxtaposes the progressive patina of corporate culture against the circumstances of African-American labour conditions in the deep South, the shocking incongruity of which eventually cause the old bluesman to turn in his grave. Fredric Jameson may have good reason to lament the depthless a-historical pastiche of postmodern popular culture, but this is no “nostalgia film”: Sexsmith articulates an artfully framed set of subtle, sensitive, and carefully contextualised observations. Songs about coffee also intersect with politics via lyrics that play on the mid-brown colour of the beverage, by employing it as a metaphor for the sociological meta-narratives of acculturation and assimilation. First popularised in Israel Zangwill’s 1905 stage play, The Melting Pot, this term is more commonly associated with Americanisation rather than miscegenation in the United States—a nuanced distinction that British band Blue Mink failed to grasp with their memorable invocation of “coffee-coloured people” in Melting Pot (1969). Re-titled in the US as People Are Together (Mickey Murray, 1970) the song was considered too extreme for mainstream radio airplay (Thompson). Ike and Tina Turner’s Black Coffee (1972) provided a more accomplished articulation of coffee as a signifier of racial identity; first by associating it with the history of slavery and the post-Civil Rights discourse of African-American autonomy, then by celebrating its role as an energising force for African-American workers seeking economic self-determination. Anyone familiar with the re-casting of black popular music in an industry dominated by Caucasian interests and aesthetics (Cashmore; Garofalo) will be unsurprised to find British super-group Humble Pie’s (1973) version of this song more recognisable. Conclusion Coffee-flavoured popular songs celebrate the stimulant effects of caffeine, provide metaphors for courtship rituals, and offer critiques of Neat Capitalism. Harold Love and Guthrie Ramsey have each argued (from different perspectives) that the cultural micro-narratives of small social groups allow us to identify important “ethnographic truths” (Ramsey 22). Aesthetically satisfying and intellectually stimulating coffee songs are found where these micro-narratives intersect with the ethnographic truths of coffee culture. Examples include the unconventional courtship narratives of blues singers Muddy Waters and Mississippi John Hurt, the ritualised storytelling tradition of country performers Doye O’Dell and Tommy Faile, and historicised accounts of the Civil Rights struggle provided by Ron Sexsmith and Tina Turner. References Argenti, Paul. “Collaborating With Activists: How Starbucks Works With NGOs.” California Management Review 47.1 (2004): 91–116. Althusser, Louis. “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses.” Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. London: Monthly Review Press, 1971. Bridges, John, and R. Serge Denisoff. “Changing Courtship Patterns in the Popular Song: Horton and Carey revisited.” Popular Music and Society 10.3 (1986): 29–45. Carey, James. “Changing Courtship Patterns in the Popular Song.” The American Journal of Sociology 74.6 (1969): 720–31. Cashmere, Ellis. The Black Culture Industry. London: Routledge, 1997. “Coffee.” Theme Time Radio Hour hosted by Bob Dylan, XM Satellite Radio. 31 May 2006. Cooper, B. Lee, and William L. Schurk. “You’re the Cream in My Coffee: A Discography of Java Jive.” Popular Music and Society 23.2 (1999): 91–100. Crow, Sheryl. “Coffee Shop.” Beacon Theatre, New York City. 17 Mar. 1995. YouTube 1 Feb. 2012 ‹http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_-bDAjASQI ›. Curry, Andrew. “Drugs in Jazz and Rock Music.” Clinical Toxicology 1.2 (1968): 235–44. Dawson, Michael C. “A Black Counterpublic?: Economic Earthquakes, Racial Agenda(s) and Black Politics.” Public Culture 7.1 (1994): 195–223. de Larios, Margaret. “Alone, Together: The Social Culture of Music and the Coffee Shop.” URC Student Scholarship Paper 604 (2011). 1 Feb. 2012 ‹http://scholar.oxy.edu/urc_student/604›. Englis, Basil, Michael Solomon and Anna Olofsson. “Consumption Imagery in Music Television: A Bi-Cultural Perspective.” Journal of Advertising 22.4 (1993): 21–33. Fox, Aaron. Real Country: Music and Language in Working-Class Culture. Durham: Duke UP, 2004. Fox, Aaron. “The Jukebox of History: Narratives of Loss and Desire in the Discourse of Country Music.” Popular Music 11.1 (1992): 53–72. Garofalo, Reebee. “Culture Versus Commerce: The Marketing of Black Popular Music.” Public Culture 7.1 (1994): 275–87. Habermas, Jurgen. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry Into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989. Hamilton, Andy. Aesthetics and Music. London: Continuum, 2007. Harris, Craig. “Starbucks Opens Hear Music Shop in Bellevue.” Seattle Post Intelligencer 23 Nov. 2006. 1 Feb. 2012 ‹http://www.seattlepi.com/business/article/Starbucks-opens-Hear-Music-shop-in-Bellevue-1220637.php›. Harris, John. “Lay Latte Lay.” The Guardian 1 Jul. 2005. 1 Feb. 2012 ‹http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2005/jul/01/2?INTCMP=SRCH›. Holt, Douglas. “Why Do Brands Cause Trouble? A Dialectical Theory of Consumer Culture and Branding.” Journal of Consumer Research 29 (2002): 70–90. Horton, Donald. “The Dialogue of Courtship in Popular Songs.” American Journal of Sociology 62.6 (1957): 569–78. Jameson, Fredric. Postmodernism, or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham: Duke UP, 1991. Juliano, Laura, and Roland Griffiths. “A Critical Review of Caffeine Withdrawal: Empirical Validation of Symptoms and Signs, Incidence, Severity, and Associated Features.” Psychopharmacology 176 (2004): 1–29. Koller, Veronika. “‘The World’s Local Bank’: Glocalisation as a Strategy in Corporate Branding Discourse.” Social Semiotics 17.1 (2007): 111–31. Lawson, Rob A. Jim Crow’s Counterculture: The Blues and Black Southerners, 1890-1945 (Making the Modern South). Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 2010. Love, Harold. “How Music Created A Public.” Criticism 46.2 (2004): 257–72. “Loxcel Starbucks Map”. Loxcel.com 1 Mar. 2012 ‹loxcel.com/sbux-faq.hmtl›. Lovett, Richard. “Coffee: The Demon Drink?” New Scientist 2518. 24 Sep. 2005. 1 Apr. 2012 ‹http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18725181.700›. Lynskey, Dorian. “Stir It Up: Starbucks Has Changed the Music Industry with its Deals with Dylan and Alanis. What’s Next?”. The Guardian 6 Oct. 2005: 18. 1 Feb. 2012 ‹http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2005/oct/06/popandrock.marketingandpr›. Lyttle, Thomas, and Michael Montagne. “Drugs, Music, and Ideology: A Social Pharmacological Interpretation of the Acid House Movement.” The International Journal of the Addictions 27.10 (1992): 1159–77. McCracken, Grant. “Culture and Consumption: A Theoretical Account of the Structure and Movement of the Cultural Meaning of Consumer Goods.” Journal of Consumer Research 13.1 (1986): 71–84. McNeil, Legs, and Gillian McCain. Please Kill Me: The Uncensored Oral History of Punk. London: Abacus, 1997. “New Music News” 120 Minutes MTV 28 Sep. 1986. 1 Feb. 2012 ‹http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TnqjqXztc0o›. O’Neil, Valerie. “Starbucks Refines its Entertainment Strategy.” Starbucks Newsroom 24 Apr. 2008. 1 Feb. 2012 ‹http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=48›. Pincus, Steve. “‘Coffee Politicians Does Create’: Coffeehouses and Restoration Political Culture.” The Journal of Modern History 67 (1995): 807–34. Primack, Brian, Madeline Dalton, Mary Carroll, Aaron Agarwal, and Michael Fine. “Content Analysis of Tobacco, Alcohol, and Other Drugs in Popular Music.” Archives of Pediatrics &amp; Adolescent Medicine 162.2 (2008): 169–75. 1 Feb. 2012 ‹http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3004676/›. Ramsey, Guthrie P. Race Music: Black Cultures from Bebop to Hip-Hop. Berkeley: U of California P, 2003. Rojek, Chris. Cultural Studies. Cambridge: Polity P, 2007. Rosenbaum, Jill, and Lorraine Prinsky. “Sex, Violence and Rock ‘N’ Roll: Youths’ Perceptions of Popular Music.” Popular Music and Society 11.2 (1987): 79–89. Shapiro, Harry. Waiting for the Man: The Story of Drugs and Popular Music. London: Quartet Books, 1988. Singer, Merrill, and Greg Mirhej. “High Notes: The Role of Drugs in the Making of Jazz.” Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 5.4 (2006):1–38. Squires, Catherine R. “Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres.” Communication Theory 12.4 (2002): 446–68. Thompson, Craig J., and Zeynep Arsel. “The Starbucks Brandscape and Consumers’ (Anticorporate) Experiences of Glocalization.” Journal of Consumer Research 31 (2004.): 631–42. Thompson, Erik. “Secret Stash Records Releases Forgotten Music in Stylish Packages: Meet Founders Cory Wong and Eric Foss.” CityPages 18 Jan. 2012. 1 Feb. 2012 ‹http://www.citypages.com/2012-01-18/music/secret-stash-records-releases-forgotten-music-in-stylish-packages/›.Tickle, Cindy. “Sheryl Crow Performs at Starbucks Annual Shareholders Meeting.” Examiner.com24 Mar. 2010. 1 Feb. 2012 ‹http://www.examiner.com/starbucks-in-national/sheryl-crow-performs-at-starbucks-annual-shareholders-meeting-photos›.Tolson, Gerald H., and Michael J. Cuyjet. “Jazz and Substance Abuse: Road to Creative Genius or Pathway to Premature Death?”. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 30 (2007): 530–38. Varma, Vivek, and Ben Packard. “Starbucks Global Responsibility Report Goals and Progress 2011”. Starbucks Corporation 1 Apr. 2012 ‹http://assets.starbucks.com/assets/goals-progress-report-2011.pdf›. Werder, Olaf. “Brewing Romance The Romantic Fantasy Theme of the Taster’s Choice ‘Couple’ Advertising Campaign.” Critical Thinking About Sex, Love, And Romance In The Mass Media: Media Literacy Applications. Eds. Mary-Lou Galician and Debra L. Merskin. New Jersey: Taylor &amp; Francis, 2009. 35–48. Wilson, Jeremy “Desolation Row: Dylan Signs With Starbucks.” The Guardian 29 Jun. 2005. 1 Feb. 2012 ‹http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/jun/29/bobdylan.digitalmedia?INTCMP=SRCH›. Winick, Charles. “The Use of Drugs by Jazz Musicians.” Social Problems 7.3 (1959): 240–53.