Journal articles on the topic 'Academic thesis prints'

The image of the seven liberal arts, that is, the disciplines of the trivium – grammar, rhetoric, dialectics and quadrivium – arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, and a number of sciences, which do not belong to the list of artes liberales, were among the most widespread personifications in European art of the 16th – 18th centuries. The early examples of the liberal arts’ iconography emerged during the early Middle Ages, gradually not only additional variants of their image appear, but also completely new personifications, which reflect dynamic changes in different areas of natural and exact sciences of the early modern age. The first known allegorical depictions of sciences in Ukrainian art belong to this period of the encyclopedic systematization of allegories, which was also a period, marked by coexistence of numerous iconographic versions of each allegory. Despite being innumerous, these preserved artworks provide a basis for elucidating the role of Western European examples in the figurative system of Ukrainian engraving of the 17th century. Objectives. The objective of this article is to analyze the features of the iconography of sciences’ personifications in Ukrainian panegyric engraving of the end of the 16th and 17th centuries on the basis of comparison with the main iconographic variants of the allegories of artes liberales and a number of other scientific disciplines in Western European graphic arts and theoretical treatises of that period. Methods. The current research requires use of several methods of art historical analysis, among them context analysis, which aims at distinguishing the function and significance of the artistic work in the period it was created. The central methodological approach to the study of the personifications of sciences is the iconographic analysis, which allows to highlight the peculiar features of each figure, considering their attributes and taking into account their possible relations with other visual images and texts. We also rely on the comparative analysis to show similarities and distinct features of personifications in Ukrainian and Western European engravings. Results. Personifications of sciences in Ukrainian engraving of the late 16th – 17th century can be seen on the title pages of scientific treatises, in illustrations of panegyric old-printed books and academic theses. The identification of these allegories on the title page engravings in treatises is a relatively simple task, despite the fact that the ways of their depiction vary from total absence of attributes to complex examples of combinative iconography, when the title of the publication is the only definite key to interpret the image correctly. The study of sciences’ allegories in panegyric illustration should imply the principle of correspondence between text and images. Since the panegyrical text is based on a clear scheme of rhetorical “places” (loci), the visual narrative is in certain way connected with this scheme – allegories of sciences correlate with loci victus (way of life) and studia (intellectual activity). In panegyric old-print illustration, which also may contain a portrait of the person praised, two approaches towards the selection of allegories can be noted. Artists usually depict a single figure (mainly Rhetoric or some of the exact sciences) or just their symbols, combining them with military trophies and insignia of secular power. Otherwise, they included personifications of those disciplines, which represented the intellectual activities of the portrayed person. Panegyric “Tentoria venienti” (1646) embodies the variation of the first approach, with the depiction of allegories holding the attributes of artes liberales. In the academic thesis prints, even if the panegyrical aspect clearly dominates, the allegories of sciences are less connected with the person to whom the engraving is dedicated and in most cases visualize the topic of the dispute. However, one of the most common topics was “ex universa philosophia”, the title, that often comprised not only numerous philosophical disciplines but also politics, economics, physiology, psychology etc. Therefore, it is possible to determine which sciences were present on the engraving either due to accompanying signatures, which can be rather rarely spotted or on the basis of a thorough comparative analysis of different versions of allegories’ depiction and their attributes. Distinctive iconographic types of personifications can be specific to the works by certain artist – they appear repeatedly with little or no changes in general appearance and attributes – as it is seen in the works of A. and L. Tarasevych and during the next period – those of I. Mygura. Conclusions. Early examples of personifications of sciences in Ukrainian visual tradition include both figures with a scarce number of attributes, as well as more complex variants, which demonstrate the influence of the iconography of virtues. In both cases, among visual examples for Ukrainian artists we can name the iconographic types of the allegories of various sciences, which originated in Netherlandish and German engraving of the 16th and 17th centuries. As a rule, allegorical images of sciences were not supposed to provide several levels of interpretation, so they become objects of mainly iconographic, rather than semiotic analysis. But in the 17th century Ukraine they were significant in verbal discourse as well – images of sciences (simply mentioned or presented through the rhetorical device of prosopopoeia) are associated with the idea of revival of schooling and academic education, repeated in panegyric and polemical literature by the authors of the Kyiv-Mohyla Collegium circle.

Abstract In academic thesis prints (dissertationes) from Early Modernity, questions of the appropriate or reprehensible behaviour of scholars were sometimes discussed. The debate on envy (invidia, also invidentia), which belongs among the mortal sins, is particularly interesting. On the one hand, writings on this topic are not always about the affect of envy, but sometimes also about being envied. The perspective on the persons concerned and thus also their moral judgement can therefore differ. On the other hand, invidia can also be interpreted in a broader sense as cautious prudence (prudentia) and then evaluated positively, for example if you withhold knowledge because you fear it could be misused. Some authors even consider invidia to be synonymous with aemulatio and see ‘envy’ of others as an incentive to improve one’s own performance. The article analyses several writings on the subject. At the centre is the disputation on ‘permissible’ envy (De licita eruditorum invidentia) held in Rostock in 1718 under the presidency of Franz Albert Aepin, which triggered an exciting debate. The historical context of the disputations is also considered. Therefore texts by René Descartes, Christian Thomasius and Gottlieb Spizel are discussed.

Most academic theses and dissertations are now born-digital assets (i.e., electronic theses and dissertations). As such, they often coexist with author-supplied metadata that has the potential for being repurposed and enhanced to facilitate discovery and access in an online environment. The authors describe the evolution of the electronic thesis and dissertation (ETD) cataloging workflow at a large research library, from the era of print to the present day, with emphasis on the challenges and opportunities of harvesting author-supplied metadata for cataloging ETDs. The authors provide detailed explanations of the harvesting process, creating code for the metadata transformations, loading records, and quality assurance procedures.

Rubashov — Honored Artist of Ukraine, Member of the National Union of Artists in Ukraine, Associ- ate Professor of the Department of Drawing the National Academy of Fine Arts and Architecture.Yurii Rubashov was born in Kyiv in 1947. After the end of the RCSU with the name of T. Shevchenko in 1965, he joined KSAI and till 1971 he studied in prominent Ukrainian graphists: V. Kasyana, I. Selivanov, V. Chebanyk.The artist turns to historical subjects and initiates graphic cycle, dedicated to the history of Kiev Rus and the activities of the kings who influenced the historical passing of events of that time.First of this thesis topic was a series of lithographs "Yaroslav the Wise" (1971), later — a series of graphic com- positions "Kiev Rus" (1979), a series of colored prints "Prince of Kiev", "Princess Olga, Svyatoslav, Vladimir, and Yaroslav the Wise (1992).The artist shows the greatest creative interest in landscape painting (cycles "On the Spain" (1982), "On the Sweden" (1985), "On the Jordan" (1983), "On the Armenia" (1983), "Roads of the Ukraine" (1996) and still life (Sweden Series, 2012–2013).It can be argued that Yu. Rubashov’s works absorbed the lyrics of landscapes with characteristic features of both southern and northern colors, and his still life is characterized by precise organization, a variety of styl- ized forms, which show confidence in the possession of the material and a balanced sense of compositional harmony. In the process of forming the author’s technique, he chooses the path of innovation and experiment, which in turn causes a peculiar interpretation of different technical means — a combination of materials and technologies of different nature. The artist exploits and applies multicolored pigments, oil pastels, watercolors and acrylic paints and the like, mixing everything with different solvents, which gives the opportunity to original express and crystallize a peculiar, author’s style.Drawing on the foundations of academic education, the artist experiments, seeks creative ideas and success- fully incorporates contemporary artistic problems into new imaginative solutions. This is a valuable example of growing skill and formation creative personality.In 2000 and 2015 he received first-degree diplomas All-Ukrainian Triennial of Graphic Arts, in 2012 — Di- ploma of the third stage of the exhibition-competition named G.Yakutovich.Yu. Rubashov fruitfully combines creative work with teaching. In the process of teaching his students, Yu. Rubashov not only lays the foundations of academic drawing, but also encourages to analyze creative material, to study and master the various drawing techniques and opportunities inherent in them.In the general process of contemporary search for an art, together with the academic pragmatism of the cur- riculum, the teacher, especially in the first courses of the Faculty of Fine Arts and Restoration, draws attention of the students in different artistic trends, teaches analytical and creative perception of natural objects and consciously approach the transformation of three-dimensional forms on a two-dimensional work plane of a paper sheet. These methodological principles meet the needs of modern times.The stylistic language of his works is recognizable and special. Not dwelling on what he has achieved, he im- parts his experience to the students, demonstrating the inexhaustible possibilities of drawing and the technical means of its implementation, including pastels. The high level of his works makes it possible to claim that Yu. Rubashov is a master of pastels and his contribution to the development of Ukrainian art is indisputable.

<div><p>Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Prof Saifuddin Zuhri's Library has a collection of theses, dissertations, and research reports from print to digital, which can be accessed through the institution's repository. Thesis and repository services are needed by final-year students who are completing thesis assignments. This paper assesses the quality of repository services using the LibQual+TM standard as set by the Association of Research Libraries (see http://libqual.org). The research method is quantitative, with the UIN student population from semester 8 and semester. The number of samples was 93 taken randomly. The results showed that the quality of repository services got an average value of 3.12 on a scale of 4.0, which indicates The lowest value of 2.76 shows that although users are satisfied as a whole, they still feel that the facilities in the institutional repository are incomplete with several proposals for improving the benefits of institutional repositories. Student suggestions for improvment include: an adequate internet network, an easy search menu, instruction of the functions of the repository and more intensive promotion of the repository to heighten access to research information. This study contributes heightened understanding for the value of digitized repository services in academic libraries as a vital information literacy tool for college students.</p></div>

Purpose This paper aims to examine some of the digitization projects at the library of the University of Jordan. As the library acts as the deposit centre for theses from the Arab world universities, an effective management policy for deposit, management and access is required. The paper illustrates some of the existing workflows and considers the challenges and possible improvements. Design/methodology/approach Interviews (n = 8) with library staff in the Information Division provided details about the methods used for the collection and management of print and electronic theses in the University of Jordan, in addition to some digitization projects. In addition, very recent unpublished brochure was collected from one member of staff in the computer applications and databases section to learn about theses deposit statistics from various countries in the Arab world. A business process modelling technique (Riva) (Ould, 2005) using role activity diagram illustrated some of the existing workflows, the challenges and possible improvements. Findings Some Arab universities do not send theses on regular basis; some do not collaborate at all. Workflows vary according to the format of the thesis. The number of digitized print theses has reached 77,885 titles, out of total of 84,043, but it is a slow process. All newly submitted theses from Jordanian universities come in print and on a CD, but other external institutions may use different methods (CD only by mail, or direct uploading to the webpage provided by the University of Jordan). The current online system for uploading theses was last updated in 2017. Deposit rates through the system are very low. Access to theses is relatively limited; print theses can be accessed within the library premises. The online theses repository provides full text and all academic staff; students and researchers can access these from any workstation within the university campus. Only registered users may access theses databases (read only) outside the network. Resourcing for digitization is limited, and the digitization itself is currently outsourced although other processes are done in-house. Practical implications The paper encourages the use of a practical online theses’ repository to deposit theses from the higher education within the Arab world. Social implications Establishing theses repository and ensuring proper and smooth deposit process by Arab universities libraries, would enhance communication and collaboration amongst them. Originality/value The paper supports the theme of the primacy of global access to information for learning and scholarship. The paper adds value in the context of theses access amongst Arab universities. As the library acts as the deposit centre for theses from the Arab world universities, an effective management policy for deposit, management, access and preservation is required. The paper provides a set of recommendations that would contribute to raise the visibility of research produced by Arab higher education, through a single source of access to theses.

The investigation aims to determine the relationship between academic self-efficacy and adversity quotient in students working on their thesis at Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga. This research untiliez the academic self-efficacy scale by Prianto (2010) based on Bandura’s theory and the adversity quotient scale by Boleng (2019) based on Stoltz’s theory. The participant in this study counted 106 studnts according to the number of student who filled out the scale via the google form. Moreover, the level of academic self-efficacy and adversity quotient in students is categorized low. The correlation test results with an r-value of 0,631 with a significance value of p < 0,05. These results demonstrate a positive relationship between academic self-efficacy and advercity quotient. This results can be used as student effort can feel academic self-efficacy when working on their thesis.

One of the significant elements of writing skills is cohesion. Cohesion is a concept that refers to the connection and smooth relationship between elements in a text or discourse. In the context of writing, cohesion is the ability to connect ideas, sentences, or paragraphs so that they form a coherent and easy-to-understand whole. Cohesion plays an important role in ensuring that a text has a logical flow and can be understood well by readers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate cohesive devices found in graduate students' theses. It is the case that the language that is utilized the most frequently in print, electronic, and internet media is English. Writing in English is becoming an increasingly crucial ability, particularly in the academic sphere, as English continues to prevail as the universal language of choice for scientific research and publications. To comprehensively analyze how cohesive devices are utilized in the thesis text, the present study employs a qualitative descriptive method. Coding was used to analyze the data from the theses written by one graduate students. The categories of text and texture, cohesion, grammatical cohesion, and lexical cohesion were considered during the analysis. Based on the findings of this study, grammatical coherence was examined in eight sentences, while lexical cohesion was examined in four sentences.

One of the important elements of the educational process at Vilnius University (established in 1579) was debate and defense. During a debate or defense, a student had to defend theses on a certain scholarly subject. For a long time, theses were treated as a secondary historical source in scholarly research. As the concepts of social science and history of ideas develop, the value of this genre is being reassessed and new methodological tools are being created. This trend inspired a comprehensive study of Vilnius University theses for 1579–1773. This article aims to identify the main features of theses as a specific genre of early modern scholarly literature – their functions, types, scope, and social context. In the Vilnius Academy, it was not mandatory to print theses prior to 1773, some of them were made public in manuscript form. Theses did not have a rigid internal structure, and their scope varied from a small publication to a large treatise. It is believed that while a large number of theses were published, most of them are not extant. Nowadays’ resources made it possible to identify 134 theses from the faculties of philosophy, theology, and law, printed at the Academy’s printing house from 1576 to 1773. Most of these theses (over 80 per cent, or 109 theses) were intended for student debates, mid-term exams and inauguration ceremonies for the new academic year, and only less than 20 per cent (i. e. 25 theses) contain information that they were meant for obtaining a degree (Bachelor, Master, Licenciate, Doctor). At European universities, the latter type of thesis is classified as “pro gradu”. A large number of theses were published without indicating the name of the degree candidates (16 theses were printed without the names of the candidates in 1576–1599, and 20 in the 18th century) – both clergy and laymen could defend their theses. 62 theses printed in 1585–1773 are held today by the Vilnius University Library. As some of them are in several copies, the total number amounts to 96 copies. It was observed that many theses are bound in artificially compiled composite sets. An analysis of ownership marks revealed that most of the thesis collection in the Vilnius University Library is related to the church environment. Usually, old dissertations would end up in the libraries of Catholic monasteries of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A relatively small number of copies belonged to Vilnius University (about 16 per cent). Studying the collection, we managed to find one case of a layman who had two 17th century theses in his personal library – it is the so-called “governor” of Slutsk and the founder of the Slutsk printing house, bibliophile Kazimieras Kristupas Klokockis (about 1625–1685). The presented conclusions show the originality of the Vilnius Alma Mater, although they are not exhaustive. Searching for old theses in the memory institutions of Lithuania and other countries would help to continue the research that would provide material for comparative studies of the history of science in Lithuania and Europe. The collection of theses of Vilnius University is digitized and freely accessible online – this is yet another incentive to delve further into the histories of old theses. Keywords: history of science; history of universities; printed theses; Vilnius University; Academy Printing House; Jesuit Order; Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

The study aims at examining libraries in four Sub-Saharan Africa countries and their role in propagating open science. It also seeks to explore existing open science practices, ascertain the level of participation of academic libraries in open science activities, identify the strategies used in marketing open science platforms and enumerate the challenges hindering the success of open science in the selected countries. The study was guided by the qualitative school of thought where the researcher builds a complex, holistic picture, analyses words, and reports detailed views of informants, and conducts the study in a natural setting. The study employed the multiple case study research design approach to assess how academic libraries in Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania and Uganda promote open science. The findings show that there are few scholarly journals which exist in open access for most African academies in Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania and Uganda. Though not massively adopted, open access institutional repositories have been used to preserve and publicize the digital contents in some academic institutions in Africa such as theses, dissertations, administrative and heritage materials, conference proceedings as well as pre-prints and post-print of journal articles. The study recommends the intensification of open science advocacy in academic libraries in Sub-Saharan Africa; institutions should ensure that there is a stable electricity supply as well as reliable internet connectivity, introducing regular training on emerging media technologies to the community members and strengthening the libraries consortium in Sub-Saharan Africa as an enabling platform to share intellectual productivity of their member countries.

The economic phenomenon of high urban housing prices in our country reflects asymmetry of rights and interests among government, real estate developers and buyers in essence, and behind this economic phenomenon imbedded financial crisis as well as political and social crisis. Regarding academic thought on the causes of high housing prices in the real estate market such as the theories of supply anddemand, cost, the system, and power imbalance between interest groups, this thesis proceeds institutional analysis, from the perspective of institutional economics, discusses the institutional causes of the persistent existence of four factors theories in the angle of vacancy of civil rights in the supply process of institution and rules, and puts forward policy suggestions of increasing effective supplies of institution in the system level.

Purpose This paper aims to provide an update to Tom Sanville’s 2007 overview of OhioLINK, a renowned US academic library consortium, and describe the current state of activity and services. Design/methodology/approach The approach used is descriptive. Findings OhioLINK’s main collaborative services include document delivery, resource sharing and the establishment of digital libraries, including electronic journals, electronic books and open-access materials such as electronic theses and dissertations. This update to Tom Sanville’s 2007 overview of OhioLINK issues and developments describes the current state of collaborative library services and resource sharing a decade later, including the challenges of hosted institutional repositories and the implications of shifting from shared print to e-book collections at the network level. Originality/value OhioLINK trends provide a snapshot of changing activity and sustainability in library resource sharing at network scale across many different types of academic libraries.

This study examined the research trends by period through content analysis and text network approaches of 747 papers published in the Journal of the Korean Real Estate Society. As a result, in the case of each thesis publication, it was confirmed that the status of the academic society was established as a convergent research platform for real estate industry, as well as academia and research. The topics of each field of published papers were in the order of “Real Estate investment,” “Real Estate development,” “Real Estate policy,” “Real Estate finance,” and “Real Estate management.” It is analyzed that the complexity of the Real Estate market and Real Estate phenomena was reflected in Real Estate research as the times progressed. In addition, as research approaches have diversified and quantified with the expansion of thesis topics, it has recently been confirmed that the phenomenon of the real estate market that combines Real Estate and IT technologies such as proptech and Bitcoin has also been reflected. In addition, research trends and directions were analyzed by period, and research keywords related to housing instability caused by changes in real estate prices were identified in in-depth studies and convergence studies. As the times changed, it was confirmed that the subject and research trend of the published paper of the Korean Real Estate Society continued to expand, and the direction the Korean Real Estate Society should pursue in the future was also confirmed in terms of the role of the society to find answers to find answers to real estate problems.

Purpose:While distribution channels of theses and dissertations have changed significantly in the digital age, they are generally still considered grey literature.‎ This paper aims to argue the applicability of the concept of grey to electronic theses and dissertations ‪(ETDs)‬.‎Design/methodology/approach:The paper is presented as a debate between two contradictory opinions on the application of the grey literature concept to ETDs.‎Findings:The paper provides a definition of grey literature and then discusses its application to electronic dissertations and theses.‎ In particular, it assesses the aspects of acquisition, quality, access and preservation.‎ Some arguments highlight the “grey nature” of ETDs, such as the limited access via institutional and other repositories.‎ Other arguments (e.g.‎ the development of ETD infrastructures and the quality of ETDs) question this grey approach to ETDs.‎ The paper concludes that “greyness” remains a challenge for ETDs, a problem waiting for solution on the way to open science through the application of the FAIR (findability, accessibility, interoperability reusability) principles.‎Research limitations implications:Library and information science (LIS) professionals and scientists should be careful about using the concept of grey literature.‎ The debate will help academic librarians and LIS researchers to better understand the nature of grey literature and its coverage, here in the field of ETDs.‎Originality/value:Some definitions from the print age may not be applicable to the digital age.‎ The contradictory character of the debate helps clarify the similitudes and differences of grey literature and ETDs and highlights the challenge of ETDs, in particular, their accessibility and findability.‎

Cyclical fluctuations in asset prices are closely related to the overall stability of the macroeconomy and have thus become a significant topic in academic and professional exploration. Among these fluctuations, changes in the supply of the U.S. dollar, the global reserve, and primary settlement currency have a broad and far-reaching impact on international financial markets. Since COVID-19, asset prices across various countries have shown differing trends due to fluctuations in the U.S. dollar supply. Housing prices, a key focus in asset pricing research, have been affected to varying degrees. This thesis utilizes seven house price indices from representative cities worldwide from 2020 to 2023 to compare the differential impacts across various countries using an empirical approach. The results indicate that the impact of the U.S. dollar money supply (M2) diminishes in a gradient from the U.S. to East Asia, and then to Europe.

In 1917–1921, being the first Professor of World Literature at the recently (1914) opened Saratov University, young Victor M. Zhirmunsky taught general courses in World literature – and seminar “Byron’s Contemporaries in Literature”, which concentrated on literary sources for Byron’s poems and their influence on Russian poetry. Zhirmunsky’s letter to B. Eichenbaum of July 29, 1918 contains an outline of his idea for a doctoral thesis on Byron’s poetics with “a long excursion” based on the seminar’s work – a research into “Byronic” Pushkin’s poems. Presented upon his return to Leningrad as his doctoral thesis, Byron and Pushkin (1924) proved to set the golden standard in comparative literary studies and to this day is in print. The book is analyzed as a methodological breakthrough, a combination of the approach of academic literary history with the emerging ideas of Russian formalism. Zhirmunsky’s arguments are backed up by his exhaustive reading of Russian Byronic poems, by his following his texts. His bold for the period exclusion of biographical and psychological aspects from his analysis allows him to demonstrate what exactly is transferred from the source to recipient text: the motive structure, narrative construction, ways of manifestation of the author’s position – in short, the genre model. Specifically, Zhirmunsky is shown to be an early forerunner of the concepts of the death of author and intertextuality.

The housing market over the years has been impacted by various factors in different ways. This review paper examines the growing literature on the impact of COVID-19 on the housing market to ascertain its positive and negative effects. Thus, a total of 40 published conference papers, thesis, academic journal articles, and others obtained from secondary sources were reviewed and revealed that the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in some scenarios had positive and negative impacts on the housing market. The paper found that the positive impacts include a rise in housing prices, increase in housing supply and reduction in mass evictions in some locations, while the negative impacts are on housing prices, demand and supply, constraints in mortgage return maintenance and delay in the construction of new housing apartments. The paper, therefore, concludes that both positive and negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic are felt on the housing market globally. These thereby form a basis for further studies on the growing impacts of the pandemic concerning the housing market.

AbstractThis study aimed to describe the education of sociology departement literacy used by students of sociology of education in preparing the final work in FKIP Tanjungpura University of. The method used is descriptive method survey form with a qualitative approach. Data collected by the indirect communication. Data collection tool used is a questionnaire and documentation in the form outline and design student research. The population of this study were all students of sociology of education that has been qualified in completing course credits a number of 110-115 credits and be eligible to apply for the title of the research to the academic supervisor. The research proves that students in general education courses sociology "in line" in preparing for the writing of the final work through the proposed outline and the design of the proposed research to the academic supervisor or to the sociology of education courses. In particular: 1) student of the sociology of education before writing her college thesis to perform a wide variety of approaches and work hard to get a variety of literacy suite of social media both print and non-print; 2) student education study program of sociology in doing literacy courses to prepare for the final works in sociology of education courses to experience various obstacles whether they are economic, technical as well as non-economic and non-technical; 3) the strategies used to overcome various obstacles in literacy preparation was writing the end of college students of education and sociology are doing searching brawshing using a web search engine sociology department, namely Google and Yahoo and other web search engines. Keywords: literacy, education of sociology, end of college preparatory works

Most contemporary conceptions of privacy are based on a notion of aseparation between the individual and the environment. On the oneside of this boundary lies ‘the private’ on the other lies ‘the public’.The struggle over the protection of privacy is about defending thisboundary and the individual's ability to determine who can access theprivate under what conditions. Such a conception of privacy, far from being universal, is in facthistorically specific. Its rise (and decline) is part of a particular culturalcondition connected to the dominance of print media from the 16th to the 20th century. As electronic communications rise in importance, print culture, part of which is the notion of privacy, erodes. Reacting to this development, academics and the general public havebeen concerned with the preservation of privacy for more 35 years, precisely the period when the shift from print to electroniccommunication accelerated. During most of this time, focus of privacyadvocates was on the development of policy frameworks. Despitesuccesses, this strategy has, by and large, failed to stop the erosion ofprivacy. More recently, a new approach to privacy protection which promises torestore personal privacy has been developed in the context of the Internet: Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs). This article analyses some of the key PETs and concludes that they, too, fail to protect privacy in the electronic environment. This supportsthe thesis of the historical situatedness of privacy and raises troublingquestions for privacy advocacy in the long term.

PurposeWhile distribution channels of theses and dissertations have changed significantly in the digital age, they are generally still considered grey literature. This paper aims to argue the applicability of the concept of grey to electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs).Design/methodology/approachThe paper is presented as a debate between two contradictory opinions on the application of the grey literature concept to ETDs.FindingsThe paper provides a definition of grey literature and then discusses its application to electronic dissertations and theses. In particular, it assesses the aspects of acquisition, quality, access and preservation. Some arguments highlight the “grey nature” of ETDs, such as the limited access via institutional and other repositories. Other arguments (e.g. the development of ETD infrastructures and the quality of ETDs) question this grey approach to ETDs. The paper concludes that “greyness” remains a challenge for ETDs, a problem waiting for solution on the way to open science through the application of the FAIR (findability, accessibility, interoperability reusability) principles.Research limitations implicationsLibrary and information science (LIS) professionals and scientists should be careful about using the concept of grey literature. The debate will help academic librarians and LIS researchers to better understand the nature of grey literature and its coverage, here in the field of ETDs.Originality/valueSome definitions from the print age may not be applicable to the digital age. The contradictory character of the debate helps clarify the similitudes and differences of grey literature and ETDs and highlights the challenge of ETDs, in particular, their accessibility and findability.

The purpose of this narrative review is to analyze the transition of the Candidate of Sciences (CSc) to the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) academic degree among doctors who defended their theses in modern Ukraine and who specialize in Surgical Dentistry (i.e., Oral Surgery) and Maxillofacial Surgery. The following were highlighted: (1) regulatory documents regarding obtaining a CSc/PhD degree, (2) institutions that issued and issue diplomas and diploma supplements of CSc/PhD, (3) eight CSc and PhD diplomas awarded to citizens of Ukraine and foreigners since 2002, as well as supplements to diplomas, (4) a digital analog of the PhD diploma in the Diia (Action) smartphone application, (5) capabilities of the Diia app for educational documents, and (6) the number and types of points awarded for defending theses and obtaining PhD diplomas. The article also suggests why the Diia app does not contain digital analogs of diplomas of Candidate and Doctor of Sciences. According to our analysis, this is the first publication that highlights the comparison of the CSc and PhD diplomas of densitst at different stages of development of the specialties Surgical Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery and with the first published visualization of the digital analog of the PhD diploma.

IntroductionA global variation in the pharmacy support personnel training programmes has been observed. The objective of this scoping review is to map out global evidence available on the pharmacy support personnel training programme characteristics, and interface between knowledge, practice and regulatory requirements.Methods and analysisThe scoping review will be undertaken by two independent reviewers. Peer-reviewed journal articles of any study design and grey literature will be included with no publication time limit. All literature published in English focusing on pharmacy support personnel training programmes, entry-level certification requirements, ongoing professional development and apprenticeship will be included. We will search MEDLINE (EBSCOhost), PubMed, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Web of Science, Academic Search Complete, (EBSCOhost) and Dissertation and Thesis (ProQuest), ProQuest Dissertation and Thesis Global and Google Scholar, and reference list of all included studies. We will also search grey literature from websites of international professional regulatory bodies and associations. All studies that meet the inclusion criteria will be imported into a reference management package (EndNote V.20) that facilitates study selection, screening and de-duplication. Data will be extracted by two independent reviewers using a jointly developed and piloted data charting form. Data items will include skills, knowledge, competencies, admission criteria, content, duration, qualification options, accreditation status, delivery models and approaches. Data extracted from the included studies will be collated, and quantitative results presented using descriptive statistics such as percentages, tables, charts and flow diagrams as appropriate. A narrative account of findings from the literature will be presented following qualitative content analysis of the extracted information using NVivo V.12. Quality appraisal of included studies will not be assessed as the purpose of the scoping review is to give a descriptive global overview of the pharmacy support personnel training programmes, and evidence will also be sourced from grey literature.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical approval is needed for this study as it does not include animals or human participants. The study findings will be disseminated electronically and in print with presentations done at relevant platforms, that is, in peer-reviewed journals, in print and in conferences.RegistrationOpen Science Framework (ofs.i0/r2cdn; registration DOI:https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/F95MH; internet archive link:https://archive.org/details/osf-registrations-f95mh-v1; registration type: OSF-Standard Pre-Data Collection Registration).

This report was made at the Doctor Honoris Causa conferred to Prof. Leonidas Donskis by Valahia University of Târgoviște on November 6th, 2014. The editors express their gratitudeto Vlad-Gabriel Ghiorghiu, a CoolPeace graduate, for the admirable translation of this report. The publication of this report is supported by EEA Grants, contract no 4/22.07.2014. Currently a professor of advanced studies and academic development at the ISM University of Management and Economics of Kaunas and Vilnius, Lithuania, and a former member of the European Parliament, Leonidas Donskis was born on the 13th of August 1962 in Klaipėda, Lithuania. From 2005 to 2009 he served as dean of the Faculty of Political Science and Diplomacy at Vytautas Magnus University of Kaunas, Lithuania. As a docent, visiting and associate professor, he also taught at the University of Helsinki, Finland, in the field of social and moral philosophy, at the University of Tallinn, Estonia, in the field of philosophy and theory of culture, as well as universities from the United States (Dickinson College, Pennsylvania and Montevallo University, Alabama) in the field of cultural studies and universities from England, Italy and Hungary in similar fields of endeavor. Alongside his scholarly career stands his remarkable contribution to the field of the mass-media, both as a producer and moderator of cultural programs for the Lithuanian Television or as editor for the print media (The Baltic Times, The Ukrainian Week etc). The academic bettering carried out in countries like Lithuania and Finland spawned his encyclopedic character and determined the ramification of his intellectual interests. His bachelor’s degree in philosophy and theater, received from the Lithuanian State Conservatoire (presently the “Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre”) in 1985 was followed by a master’s degree program in philosophical studies at the University of Vilnius (1987). From the same university he took his first doctorate in philosophy and the humanities, with a thesis about the culture in crisis and the philosophy of culture in the views of O. Spengler, A. J. Toynbee and L. Mumford (1990). This was soon to be followed by a second doctorate, received from the University of Helsinki, with a thesis dwelling on the relation between ideology and utopia, moral imagination and cultural criticism in the 20th century (1999).

The full extent of the large body of Latin literature produced by Scots in the early modern period has long eluded scholars. However, thanks to a growing range of research in this field, and particularly to the appearance of several major new bibliographic and electronic resources, it is possible for the first time to map out one aspect of its broad contours. This article uses a database comprising all currently known published first editions of Latin texts by Scots between 1480 and 1700 to examine the extent of Scottish Latin culture in print in the early modern period; how this related to the rise of printed texts in Scots and English; and the major genre types in which Scottish Latin authors published. The database reveals several major trends: firstly, that the publication of Scottish Latin texts reached its zenith in the reign of James VI and I, bolstered by the arrival of a domestic print market but also in part by an increased focus on literacy and education after the reformation; secondly, that by far the largest genres of printed Scottish Latin were poetry and academic theses, and not religious or political texts as might perhaps be expected; and thirdly, that the use of Latin as a literary and academic language in Scotland declined rapidly and irrevocably in the second quarter of the seventeenth century. The article concludes that the production of Latin literature by Scots was unique as an aspect of renaissance culture in Scotland because it had no strongly-defined presence before the reformation of 1560 and only became fully manifest in King James's later reign. It offers potential reasons as to why this may have been the case, and examines some implications the data has for understanding Scotland's developing intellectual and linguistic relationship with England after the union of the crowns. However, the article acknowledges the limited picture provided by print evidence alone and ends by calling for further research to assess how far this trend applies to all Latin literature produced by Scots, particularly the surviving corpus of Latin manuscripts.

IntroductionThe emergence of tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) coepidemic threatens the gains made in fighting the prevalence of these two diseases. As a result, in 2011, WHO and the International Union Against Lung Disease launched a framework to address the growing TB-DM coepidemic across the world. The aim of the proposed review study is mapping evidence on the implementation of the WHO collaborative framework for the management of TB-DM using a scoping review.Methodology and analysisThis study will map literature on the global implementation of the WHO collaborative framework for the management of TB-DM, using Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping review framework. An extensive literature search for the peer-reviewed articles, grey literature, unpublished studies, thesis, studies in the press and a list of references from the selected studies will be conducted to find eligible studies. PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct, the EBSCOhost platform (Academic search complete, health source: nursing/academic edition, CINAHL with full text) and the WHO library will be used to source literature. The researcher will perform title screening of articles using keywords in the databases, and two independent reviewers will then screen abstracts and full articles. The screening will be guided by the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Mixed Method Appraisal Tool V.2018 will be used to examine the quality of studies to be included. The findings will be analysed using the thematic content analysis approach and the results presented in the form of a narrative report.Ethics and disseminationThe study did not require ethics approval because it is a scoping review protocol. Findings from this study will be disseminated by print and electronic mediums.

At different times many respected and distinguished scientists, such as Ek. Takaishvili, D. Karichashvili, P. Ingorokva, Ak. Gatse­relia, G. Leonidze, Iv. Lolashvili, S.Phirtskhalava have worked on academic editions of Nikoloz Baratashvili's writings. Their merit in this work is undoubtedly great. For more than half a century, since the last academic edition of the poet's writings (we mean the 1972 edition by Ak. Gatserelia and Iv. Lolashvili, Tbilisi, "Soviet Geor­gia"), there have been a lot of noteworthy monographs, theses, re­sear­ches, articles and scientific letters in Baratashvilology, the re­sults of which must be reflected in the new academic two-volume edition of Nikoloz Baratashvili's writings and the bilingual (Geor­gian-English) digital chronicle of the poet's life and work. This res­ponsible work is currently being carried out within the grant pro­ject of the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (#FR-23-10216). The present article is devoted to some recent studies mainly concerned with the poet's epistolary heritage, which is an important and integral part of his work and, according to tradition, will take place in this edition with the appropriate scientific apparatus. These studies, along with others, naturally implied the work of finding new documents in archival and museum funds and reviewing the existing ones with a critical eye. The results obtained in the works and given in the article, consider the issues of the biography of Baratashvili's family circle – his two sisters. It should be noted, that our first aim was to verify the facts and circumstances, which, taking into account the latest Baratashvi­liological studies, appeared doubtfull and they need to be clarified in the academic and other scientific editions of the poet's works. In conclusion, it should be said that basing on the currently available archival materials, we tried to shed light on several issues of the biography of Nikoloz Baratashvili's two sisters: Ekaterine Baratashvili-Eristavi and Barbare Baratashvili-Vezirishvili. The results of the research, as already mentioned, should appear both in print and electronic editions determined by the grant project, as well as in other Baratashvilological and genealogical literature.

Periódicos científicos constituem a principal forma de comunicação acadêmica e são balizados por instituições indexadoras, provedoras e bibliotecas científicas. O cenário tecnológico no qual se encontram e a análise dos periódicos científicos brasileiros em melhor posição no ranking do Journal Citation Reports (JCR) são apresentados como parâmetro para a análise da revista Acta Amazonica, sob a ótica do processo de produção editorial e dando ênfase à mudança de suporte, de impresso para on-line e suas implicações. Esta avaliação apoia-se em dados a respeito da publicação online de 2004 a 2017 e nas implicações tecnológicas que interferiram na gestão editorial utilizada neste período de tempo. Estas informações podem colaborar para gerar diretrizes para o gerenciamento da produção dos periódicos científicos.*****Scientific periodicals are the main form of academic communication and are marked by indexing institutions, providers and scientific libraries. The correspondent technological scenario of theses journals and the analysis of the Brazilian scientific journals in the best position in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) ranking are presented as parameters for the analysis of the scientific journal Acta Amazonica, under the optics of the editorial production process, with emphasis on moving from print to online support and its implications. This evaluation is based in online publication data from 2004 to 2017 and on the technological implications that interfered in the editorial management used in this period of time. This information can collaborate to generate guidelines for the management of the production of scientific journals.

<strong>Abstract:</strong> Stereotyping has been a part of society to generalize what we think of different groups of people and although some are harmless, stereotypes can be seen as a negative way as well. Negative stereotypes can cause a multitude of effects to a student such as to their academic performance, self-esteem, and mental well-being which can influence them to not finish their college major and fulfill their dreams and shift to a different course altogether. This study focused on the effects of negative stereotyping and sorted them into three categories, psychological, academic, and career aspects. This thesis focused on the impact of stereotyping towards the Tourism and Hospitality students among selected higher education institutions in Dasmari&ntilde;as, Cavite. The research is a qualitative research, purposive and convenience sampling techniques were used to identify the participants of the study. Narrative analysis is used in order to analyze and interpret the data gathered through interview, focus group discussion, and journals. Research shows that students knew about the stereotype and experienced it even before starting their college life. Although the stereotypes and discrimination somewhat affected the students at first, it was shown that the effect of stereotyping made them stronger and it didn&rsquo;t let it stop them. Therefore, we the researchers conclude that most of the students managed to cope with the effects of stereotyping caused by different people they have interacted with. The researchers proposed that the colleges should have a course encouragement seminar to motivate their student&rsquo;s to help them cope with the stereotypes. <strong>Keywords:</strong> College, Hospitality, Stereotype, Student, Tourism. <strong>Title:</strong> Stereotyping: Impact to Hospitality and Tourism Students in Selected Higher Education Institutions in Dasmari&ntilde;as, Cavite <strong>Author:</strong> Hannah Belle S. Estillore, Gabriel Louis S. Pelareja, Nathalie P. Poblete, Ms. Mary Daffodil B. Cordero <strong>International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research&nbsp; </strong> <strong>ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)</strong> <strong>Vol. 10, Issue 2, April 2022 - June 2022</strong> <strong>Page No: 422-433</strong> <strong>Research Publish Journals</strong> <strong>Website: www.researchpublish.com</strong> <strong>Published Date: 01-June-2022</strong> <strong>DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6602201</strong> <strong>Paper download Link (Source)</strong> <strong>https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/stereotyping-impact-to-hospitality-and-tourism-students-in-selected-higher-education-institutions-in-dasmarias-cavite</strong>

ABSTRACT What are style guides? A style guide is a book of specifications used by publishers and printers to ensure that books and journal articles look professional, that they have a consistent layout and appearance, and that they accommodate their readers’ particular interests. Because professional organizations commonly have publishing components, most professional organizations have developed style guides of their own. Such organizations include, but are surely not limited to, the American Institute of Physics (AIP), the American Society of Mechanical Engineering (ASME), the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), and the American Institute of Architects (AIA). Among book-length style guides, the most widely used style guides include The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA), The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) IEEE Standards Style Manual, and The Modern Language Association Style Guide (MLA). The Turabian Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses and Dissertations was produced by the University of Chicago Press to govern the production of graduate theses, and it has become widely accepted as a style guide for academic writing. The University of Chicago Press also publishes the authoritative Chicago Manual of Style. The academic disciplines serving the built environment are vast. The mechanical engineer may be involved in heat transfer and the insulation of buildings; the electrical engineer may be involved in lighting, wiring and solar energy; the civil engineer is essential to understand materials and their various stresses and strains, and the architect is the professional tasked with preparing the guiding design that brings the building together into a unifying, aesthetic whole. Each of these disciplines has its own unique style guide often set forth by the professional organizations that represent them. Please check with the instructor of your course for their preferred style guide when writing reports. For the architecture student particularly, The American Institute of Architects (see AIA at https://www.aia.org/) offers a concise style guide (see https://content.aia.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/Content-Style-Guide-2021.pdf) that may prove useful. Architecture students can also refer to resources on writing about architecture like How Architects Write (Routledge, 2017) and Writing Architecture: A Practical Guide to Clear Communication About the Built Environment (Wiseman, 2014). In addition to specifying document design and page layout, style guides offer detailed discussions of ethics in research, appropriate approaches to research documentation, data preservation, conflicts of interest, and acknowledging the contributions of colleagues, subordinates and other researchers. Most professional journals provide online style guides, which are usually listed as “author information.” These guides only briefly define the layout and format requirements of the journal, although during copyediting a journal will typically provide a template that encodes the journal's print standards. Beyond this, author information guides usually provide considerable information about copyright and ownership of your submitted documents, and they will usually disclose the review criteria and procedures used by the journal's review editors. Most students will have limited direct contact with professional style guides. However, most instructors will provide specifications for the reports in their courses, and these specifications can be treated as a simplified style guide. Usually, an instructor's classroom style guide will be based on the guides provided by professional organizations—to familiarize students with professional standards—but with adjustments to facilitate efficient grading. In most cases, students will be aware of the instructor's style guide only in the format that is defined for reference citations and for the list of works cited. The remainder of this text focuses on these.

ABSTRACT What are style guides? A style guide is a book of specifications used by publishers and printers to ensure that books and journal articles look professional, that they have a consistent layout and appearance, and that they accommodate their readers’ particular interests. Because professional organizations commonly have publishing components, most professional organizations have developed style guides of their own. Such organizations include, but are surely not limited to, the American Institute of Physics (AIP), the American Society of Mechanical Engineering (ASME), the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), and the American Institute of Architects (AIA). Among book-length style guides, the most widely used style guides include The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA), The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) IEEE Standards Style Manual, and The Modern Language Association Style Guide (MLA). The Turabian Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses and Dissertations was produced by the University of Chicago Press to govern the production of graduate theses, and it has become widely accepted as a style guide for academic writing. The University of Chicago Press also publishes the authoritative Chicago Manual of Style. The academic disciplines serving the built environment are vast. The mechanical engineer may be involved in heat transfer and the insulation of buildings; the electrical engineer may be involved in lighting, wiring and solar energy; the civil engineer is essential to understand materials and their various stresses and strains, and the architect is the professional tasked with preparing the guiding design that brings the building together into a unifying, aesthetic whole. Each of these disciplines has its own unique style guide often set forth by the professional organizations that represent them. Please check with the instructor of your course for their preferred style guide when writing reports. For the architecture student particularly, The American Institute of Architects (see AIA at https://www.aia.org/) offers a concise style guide (see https://content.aia.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/Content-Style-Guide-2021.pdf) that may prove useful. Architecture students can also refer to resources on writing about architecture like How Architects Write (Routledge, 2017) and Writing Architecture: A Practical Guide to Clear Communication About the Built Environment (Wiseman, 2014). In addition to specifying document design and page layout, style guides offer detailed discussions of ethics in research, appropriate approaches to research documentation, data preservation, conflicts of interest, and acknowledging the contributions of colleagues, subordinates and other researchers. Most professional journals provide online style guides, which are usually listed as “author information.” These guides only briefly define the layout and format requirements of the journal, although during copyediting a journal will typically provide a template that encodes the journal's print standards. Beyond this, author information guides usually provide considerable information about copyright and ownership of your submitted documents, and they will usually disclose the review criteria and procedures used by the journal's review editors. Most students will have limited direct contact with professional style guides. However, most instructors will provide specifications for the reports in their courses, and these specifications can be treated as a simplified style guide. Usually, an instructor's classroom style guide will be based on the guides provided by professional organizations—to familiarize students with professional standards—but with adjustments to facilitate efficient grading. In most cases, students will be aware of the instructor's style guide only in the format that is defined for reference citations and for the list of works cited. The remainder of this text focuses on these.

IntroductionHealth education programmes (HEPs) have been associated with a number of benefits. These include providing individuals with information on matters related to their mental, social, physical as well as emotional health. HEPs also play a major role in preventing diseases and reducing the level of engagement of individuals in risky behaviours. While this is the case, there are barriers to the effective implementation of HEPs, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) where resources are scarce. Available evidence has revealed socioeconomic challenges ranging from literacy issues, discomfort about issues of sexuality, and cultural barriers to financial constraints as key barriers to the implementation of sexual and reproductive health HEPs in LMICs. We will focus on HEPs related to sexual and reproductive health; all age groups will be considered with no restrictions on geographical setting nor model of HEP delivery. This review will map literature on the barriers to the effective implementation of HEPs in LMICs to guide future implementation research.MethodsArksey and O’Malley’s 2005 scoping methodological framework will act as the guide for this review. We will search the following electronic databases: EBSCOhost (Academic search complete, PsycINFO, Health Sources, CINAHL and MEDLINE with full text), Google Scholar, PubMed, SCOPUS, Science Direct and Web of Science. Grey literature from Mount Kenya University theses and dissertations, governments’ as well as international organisations’ reports, such as WHO, and reference lists of included studies will be searched for eligible studies. We will limit our search to publications from 1 January 2000 to 30 September 2019. Using thematic content analysis, we will employ NVivo V.12 to extract the relevant outcomes from the included articles. We will conduct a quality appraisal of the included articles using the mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT) version 2018.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical approval is needed for the study as it will not include animal nor human participants. The results of the proposed scoping review will be disseminated electronically, in print and through conference presentation as well as at key stakeholder meetings.

This thesis entitled The Influence of Marketing Strategy on Increasing Oyster Mushroom Sales at Omah Mushrooms in Baru Village, Mestong District and aims to determine the effect of marketing strategy, product, price, place, promotion on increasing oyster mushroom sales in Baru village, Mestong sub-district in a quantitative descriptive manner regarding. This research is expected to provide benefits to writers, academic institutions related to increasing oyster mushroom sales, as well as being a source of information for SMEs to find out what the marketing strategy is. Based on the results of the research that has been done, data obtained from product, price, place, and promotion variables on increasing sales, The product has a significant effect on the increase in oyster mushroom sales. This is indicated by the X1 regression coefficient of 0.295. The significant value of the product variable is 0.003, which means it is less than 0.05. The value of tcount &gt; ttable or 3.092 &gt; 1.987, thus indicating that the product has a significant effect on oyster mushroom sales in Baru Village, then Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. Prices have a significant effect on increasing oyster mushroom sales because this is indicated by the X2 regression coefficient of 0.278. The significant value of the price variable is 0.004, which means it is less than 0.05. The value of tcount &gt; ttable or 2.573 &gt; 1.987 then Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. A significant place on the sale of oyster mushrooms in the Baru Village is due to the X3 regression coefficient of 0.229. The significant value of the price variable is 0.008, which means it is less than 0.05. The value of tcount &gt; ttable or 2.697 &gt; 1.987, thus indicating that location has a significant effect on the sale of oyster mushrooms in Baru Village, so Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. A significant promotion of the sale of oyster mushrooms in the New Village is due to the X4 regression coefficient of 0.132. The significant value of the price variable is 0.014, which means it is less than 0.05. The value of tcount &gt; ttable or 3.327 &gt; 1.987, thus indicating that promotion has a significant effect on oyster mushroom sales in Baru Village.

The digitization of information of print media has brought a new concept in all the fields of human life. This has marked the beginning of &lsquo;information era&rsquo;. Electronic resource is define as a resource which requires computer or any electronic product that delivers a collection of data, be it referring to full text bases, electronic journals, image collections, other multimedia products. These may be delivered on CD ROM, on tape, via Internet&rsquo;etc. These are more useful due to searching, providing information access.The developments in scientific publishing and the pricing policies of publishers posed new challenges and opportunities for academic libraries in purchasing and managing the journals within their restricted budget. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The library services of the 21st century are fastly changing. With the development of electronic publishing, libraries are not only buying reading materials such as books and journals but also arranging for providing E-Access to various learning resources.The E-Resources and the use of web as a tool is changing the way users live.While in the early phase, the World Wide Web was mainly used for&nbsp; push type applications to provide information and resources to users, the development of Web 2.0 and the spread of open sources and shared use concept have focused on user generated content and applications for sharing. This has led to the&nbsp; development of electronic resources. They convert information sources in electronic form. The different types of e-resources are, E-books, E-journals, Databases, CDs/DVDs, E-conference proceedings, EReports, E-Maps, Pictures, E-Manuscripts, E-Theses, E-Newspaper,etc. E-Resources may be delivered on CD-ROM / DVD, over the Internet and so on. Providing access to e-resources is a service to help library users to find e-Databases, e-Journals, e-Magazines, e-Books/ e-Audio/ e-Images, Dat, Digital Library Projects, Electronic Exhibitions, e-Subject Guide, e-newsletters, E-conferences proceedings and Web search tools on a range of topic. Eelectronic books are very helping because of their easy arability and its feature of incorporating more than one book in a single hand held device. The published materials also available on open access on web. They don&rsquo;t worry for licensing and usage of the information. According to Dr.S.R.Ranganathan, in his fifth law Library is a growing organism. Library is not a store house of books; it is a knowledge resource center. Every reader visits the library with the intention to get the solution for his problem. Library should fulfill the needs of user community.

International Journal of High Dilution Research (IJHDR, HD) published by Groupe International de Recherche sur I'Infinitésimal (GIRI), is a well-established name in homeopathy. HD started its journey under the able guidance Dr. Carlos Renato Zacharias in 2008, and since then the journal achieved the three most important attributes for a scientific publication: readability, respect, and citation. &#x0D; &#x0D; GIRI and Dr. Zacharias has now entrusted me with the responsibility of maintaining HD standards and carrying on the tradition of timely and quality publications. It is a matter of honour for me to join as the new Editor-in-chief of HD. I am grateful and humbled for this entrust GIRI has bestowed upon me. My association with HD editorial members Dr. Zacharias, Dr. Leoni Bonamin and Dr. Silivia Waisse has been a learning experience, and I aim to fully use this experience, to meet the new expectations. &#x0D; &#x0D; In the next few years we aim to achieve new milestones for HD. One of the important and controversial issues with a journal now a day is the impact factor (IF). Many a times, IF and indexing remains a barrier between authors and a journal, particularly in academic peers and recruitment bylaws, although the issue is fiercely debated worldwide. &#x0D; &#x0D; IF should not be the only matter of concern while submission of an article to a journal. It is worth quoting here that “Editors desiring to increase their influence will need to focus on a fast and friendly submission and review process, early online and speedy print publication, and encourage the rapid turnaround of high-quality peer reviews [1]”. But nonetheless, we are ready to deal IF issue in a logical and ethical way. Our aim is now to get HD indexed in major biomedical databases in next couple of years.&#x0D; &#x0D; Second important issue is the transition of HD to its own dedicated domain i.e. www.highdilution.org, which we have successfully achieved. We aim that this will hasten the online publication and sharing easy, quick and personalised. We also expect that this step will encourage more submissions, in an easy and quick manner. Our open access policy and quick review allows wider dissemination of the published work.&#x0D; &#x0D; Down the line our next major objective would be to increase the reader/author participation in HD. Book review, thesis indexing, case discussions and forums are few of popular scientific communication and we aim to explore these options for the HD through our online platform.&#x0D; &#x0D; Another important issue for a journal is quality and interesting article. A scientific article cannot be cooked, rather it is the reflection of research and efforts one puts in. HD not only supports publications of quality articles, but also believes in taking remedial measures. In next few years our target is to educate fraternity about scientific study design, research methodology, conduct, analysis, and publication.&#x0D; &#x0D; Together with Dr. Zacharias, I would like to welcome the new editorial committee members who begin their tenures with me. Most of the existing members will continue in their positions, as their experience of the last few years is invaluable. I would also like to thank all our readers, authors, and reviewers for their support of the journal. Our aim to be the pre-eminent bio-medical journal is only possible with your contributions.&#x0D; &#x0D; Wishing our readers a very happy and prosperous year 2015!

“Randy Harris has done a remarkable service to the intellectual world.” This is one of many positive reviews of Prof. Harris's work. Randy Allen Harris’ [1] Linguistic Wars. The book appeared in 1993 and even then challenged the academic world and theoretical linguistics, more precisely one of its branches, Noam Chomsky's generative grammar of the second half of the last century, which is an attempt to explain the concept of “human language”. “Randy Harris’ Linguistic Wars: Chomsky, Lakoff, and the Battle for Deep Structure [2] has been given new life with its updated 2021 edition. [3] It not only greatly expands our knowledge of language, it challenges all those interested in academic battles over knowledge, offered to us by some of the greatest minds in linguistics - the most influential American linguist and cognitive researcher Noam Chomsky and his talented colleagues and PhD students with whom he later diverged and entered into acrimonious controversy - George Lakoff [4], James McCauley [5], Paul Postal [6] and John Robert Ross. [7] They attempted to undermine his thesis of “deep structure” and did not accept the magister dixit principle. [8] They called themselves the “Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse.” [9] In contrast to Chomsky and his theory, known as “standard” [10] or “universal grammar,” Lakoff and his colleagues put the emphasis on semantics and created a very influential current that caused a furor as generative semantics. They were convinced that the meaning of words should be considered abstractly, at the semantic level, rather than at the syntactic level. Their hypothesis was later called “generative semantics”, which also attracted many linguists from Europe. It gave rise to alternative cognitive linguistics, which links the understanding of language to the concepts of cognitive psychology. The language wars actually began in 1967 and raged through the 1970s. At the heart of the heated debate is the answer to the question of how to approach the relationship between syntax and semantics. It is remarkable how Randy Harris achieves his main goal of introducing the complex matter of trans¬formational grammar [11] to a general readership with incredible ease. The histories of several prominent linguists and the controversies in American theoretical linguistics are presented in a way that makes the book accessible not only to professionally burdened linguists and specialists in communication and rhetoric. It goes far beyond the academic corset of the scholarly community and turns this complex subject of the relationship between semantics and syntax into a fascinating account of the intellectual and academic debates, theories, and concepts that not only shook the scholarly community in the second half of the last century, but also had a profound impact on contemporary linguistics at the turn of the 21st century. This book details the development of some of the theories and their characteristics that have influenced contemporary theories of language. Randy Harris's book has one undoubted and very important quality. It is written in a very engaging style that allows even those with no particular background in linguistics to gain an insight into the most important linguistic theories with an accurate analysis of the influence and legacy of the charismatic Noam Chomsky, who was ultimately the victor in the so-called linguistic wars. His terms “deep structure” and “surface structure” [12] are part of the toolkit of the great scientific adventure in the study of human cognitive abilities. Chomsky is convinced that syntactic structures are not learned, but “mastered”. His main conclusion is that “grammar is autonomous and independent of meaning.” [13] Chomsky's monograph Syntactic Structures is one of the most significant studies of the 20th century. Years later, in 2015, a team of neuroscientists at New York University exclaimed, “Chomsky was right: We do have a “grammar” in our head.” [14] “Language is the strangest and most powerful thing that ever existed on this planet. All other, more mundane and less powerful things, like nuclear weapons, quantum computers, and antibiotics, would be literally unthinkable without language” [15], writes Randy Harris. In fact, his book is not just about the history of battles in the field of theoretical linguistics or how certain theories evolved. It is above all a clever and exciting account of the way we think. In places, Randy Harris demonstrates a subtle sense of humor about the “har¬monious” scientific community that makes the book very appealing. The implications of the bitter linguistic disputes over theories and their alternatives in the 1960s and 1970s continue to influence us today. They brought much new knowledge to the field, and Harris's book is proof of the evolution of the theories. The intellectual argument between scholars enjoying their theories changed approaches, rethought theories of syntax and semantics, became the occasion for new ideas, and the cause of theoretical fame for teacher and students. Randy Harris’s fascinating and highly erudite account of the language wars is a book not only about history but also about the future of history, about trends in the understanding of language and knowledge, and about revolu¬tionizing linguistic research. It goes far beyond an inventive and remarkably balanced scholarly chronicle, and makes an undeniable contribution to linguistic and communication studies. The book offers an original analysis of language and thought, of the beauty of deep structure, of generative semantics, of ethos and collapse, of the vicissitudes of linguistic warfare, and of the transition from the linguistics of the 20th century to that of the 21st. It is no coincidence that the ninth chapter of the new edition of the book is entitled Linguistics of the 21st Century. Harris aptly quotes Shakespeare and the dialogue in which Hamlet tells Polonius that a cloud resembles a camel, and then convinces him that it is a weasel and even a whale. [16] To Harris, language is too complex to reveal its secrets in one fell swoop to a linguist, “hawk” though he may be. [17] “I wouldn’t bet against Chomsky,” Harris writes with a certain firmness, and casually conjures the reader’s association with Chomsky’s theoretical cloud war, in which he, like Hamlet, is not just an angel surrounded by devils. The philosophy implicit in Hamlet’s fateful question of “to be or not to be” shines through in the dramatic history of linguistics and its wars described by Randy Harris. And this is one of the many reasons for one of the most accurate characterizations of his book that we can read in Science, the scholarly journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Back in 1994, it called the first edition “intellectual history crossed with Shakespearean history play.” [18] Its updated and expanded edition, nearly thirty years later, is a truly remarkable service to the intellectual world and yet another endorsement of Randy Harris’s linguistic Shakespeare¬anism. References and Notes [1] Prof. Randy Allen Harris teaches linguistics, rhetoric, and professional writing in the English department at the University of Waterloo, and researches a smattering of things mostly around the cognitive and computational aspects of rhetorical figures. [2] Harris, Randy Allen, The Linguistics Wars: Chomsky, Lakoff, and the Battle over Deep Structure, 2nd ed. (New York, 2021; online ed., Oxford Academic, 18 Nov. 2021), https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199740338.001.0001, 2022. [3] Harris, Randy Allen, The Linguistics Wars: Chomsky, Lakoff, and the Battle over Deep Structure, 2nd edn (New York, 2021; online ed., Oxford Academic, 18 Nov. 2021), https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199740338.001.0001, accessed 3 Aug. 2022. [4] Lakoff, G. (1968). Instrumental Adverbs and the Concept of Deep Structure. Foundations of Language, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 4–29. [5] McCawley, J. D. (1976). Notes from the Linguistic Underground. Print version: Notes from the Linguistic Underground. Leiden Boston: BRILL, 1976 9789004368538. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004368859. [6] Postal, P. M. (1972). The best theory. In S. Peters (Ed.), Goals of linguistic theory. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice-Hall. [7] Ross, J. R. (1972). Doubl-ing. In J. Kimball (Ed.), Syntax and semantics. (Vol. 1, pp. 157–186). New York: Seminar Press. [8] Това каза учителят (позоваване на безспорен авторитет). [This is what the teacher said (reference to unquestioned authority).] [9] Според Християнската есхатология тези четири конника на Апокалипсиса са предвестници на Страшния съд. [According to Christian eschatology, these four horsemen of the Apocalypse are harbingers of the Last Judgment.] [10] See. Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic structures. London: Mouton. [11] Early versions of Chomsky's theory can be called transformative grammar, and this term is still used as a collective term to include his subsequent theories. The theory is also known as transformational-generative grammar. [12] Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton. [13] Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton. [14] Chomsky Was Right, NYU Researchers Find: We Do Have a “Grammar” in Our Head. 07.12.2015. NYU. https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2015/ december/chomsky-was-right-nyu-researchers-find-we-do-have-a-grammar-in-our-head.html. Retrieved on 16.08.2022. [15] Harris, R. A. (2021). The Linguistics Wars: Chomsky, Lakoff, and the Battle over Deep Structure, 2nd ed. (New York, 2021; online ed., Oxford Academic, 18 Nov. 2021), https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199740338.001.0001, accessed 3 Aug. 2022., 1. [16] Harris, R. A. (2021). The Linguistics Wars: Chomsky, Lakoff, and the Battle over Deep Structure. (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford Academic, 363. [17] Harris, R. A. (2021). The Linguistics Wars: Chomsky, Lakoff, and the Battle over Deep Structure. (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford Academic, 363. [18] Berreby, D. (1994). Linguistics Wars. The Sciences, Vol. 34, Issue 1, January-February 1994. Bibliography Berreby, D. (1994). Linguistics Wars. The Sciences, 34(1). Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton. Harris, R. A. (2021). The Linguistics Wars: Chomsky, Lakoff, and the Battle over Deep Structure (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford Academic. doi:https://doi.org/10. 1093/oso/9780199740338.001.0001. Lakoff, G. (1968). Instrumental Adverbs and the Concept of Deep Structure. Founda¬tions of Language, 4(1), 4–29. McCawley, J. D. (1976). Notes from the Linguistic Underground. New York: Academic Press. Postal, P. M. (1972). The best theory. In Goals of linguistic theory. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs N.J. Prentice-Hall. Ross, J. R. (1972). Doubl-ing. Syntax and semantics, 1, 157–186. Shakespeare, W. (1998). (V. Petrov, transl.) Sofia: Zachary Stoyanov.

Increasing preoccupations and interest manifested for the Romanian language as a foreign language compose a focused and clear expression in the volume “Romanian as a foreign language. Methodology and cultural applicability”, launched at the Turku University publishing house, Finland (2018). The editors, Paul Nanu (Department of Romanian Language and Culture, University of Turku, Finland) and Emilia Ivancu (Department of Romanian Studies of the Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznań, Poland) with this volume, continue a series of activities dedicated to the promotion of the Romanian language and culture outside the country borders. This volume brings together a collection of articles, previously announced and briefly presented at a round table organized by the two Romanian lectors, as a section of the International Conference “Dialogue of cultures between tradition and modernity”, (Philological Research and Multicultural Dialogue Centre, Department of Philology, Faculty of History and Philology, “1 Decembrie 1918” University of Alba Iulia). The thirteen authors who sign the articles are teachers of Romanian as a foreign language, either in the country or abroad. The challenge launched by the organisers pointed both at the teaching methods of Romanian as a foreign language – including the authors’ reflections upon the available textbooks (Romanian language textbooks) and the cultural implications of this perspective on the Romanian language. It is probably no accident that the first article of the aforementioned volume – “Particularities of teaching Romanian as a foreign language for the preparatory year. In quest of “the ideal textbook’’ (Cristina Sicoe, University of the West, Timișoara) – brings a strict perspective upon that what should be, from the author’s point of view, “the ideal textbook”. The fact that it does not exist, and has little chances ever to exist, could maybe be explained by the multitude of variables which appear in practice, within the didactic triangle composed by teacher – student – textbook. The character of the variables is the result of particular interactions established between the components of the triad. A concurrent direction is pointed out by the considerations that make the object of the second article, “To a new textbook of Romanian language as a foreign language’’ (Ana-Maria Radu-Pop, University of the West, Timișoara). While the previous article was about an ideal textbook for foreign students in the preparatory year of Romanian, this time, the textbook in question has another target group, namely Erasmus students and students from Centres of foreign languages. Considering that this kind of target group “forms a distinct category”, the author pleads for the necessity of editing adequate textbooks with a part made of themes, vocabulary, grammar and a part made of culture and civilization – the separation into parts belongs to the author – that should consider the needs of this target group, their short stay in Romania (three months to one year) and, last but not least, the students’ poor motivation. These distinctive notes turn the existent RFL textbooks[1] in that which the author calls “level crossings”, which she explains in a humorous manner[2]. Since the ideal manual seems to be in no hurry to appear, the administrative-logistic implications of teaching Romanian as a foreign language (for the preparatory year) should be easier to align with the standards of efficiency. This matter is addressed by Mihaela Badea and Cristina Iridon from the Oil &amp; Gas University of Ploiești, in the article “Administrative/logistic difficulties of teaching RFL. Case study”. Starting from a series of practical experiences, the authors are purposing to suggest “several ideas to improve existent methodologies of admitting foreign students and to review the ARACIS criteria from March 2017, regarding external evaluation of the ‘Romanian as a foreign language’ study programme”. Among other things, an external difficulty is highlighted (common to all universities in the country), namely the permission to register foreign students until the end of the first semester of the academic year, meaning around the middle of February. The authors punctually describe the unfortunate implications of this legal aspect and the regrettable consequences upon the quality of the educational act. They suggest that the deadline for admitting foreign students not exceed the 1st of December of every academic year. The list of difficulties in teaching Romanian as a foreign language is extremely long, reaching sensitive aspects from an ethical perspective of multiculturalism. This approach belongs to Constantin Mladin from Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Macedonia, who writes about “The role of the ethical component in the learning process of a foreign language and culture. The Macedonian experience”. Therefore, we are moving towards the intercultural competences which, as the author states, are meant to “adequately and efficiently round the acquired language competences”. In today’s Macedonian society, that which the author refers to, a society claimed to be multiethnic, multilingual and pluriconfessional, the emotional component of an intercultural approach needs a particular attention. Thus, reconfigurations of the current didactic model are necessary. The solution proposed and successfully applied by Professor Constantin Mladin is that of shaking the natural directions in which a foreign language and culture is acquired: from the source language/culture towards the target language/culture. All this is proposed in the context in which the target group is extremely heterogeneous and its “emotional capacity of letting go of the ethnocentric attitudes and perceptions upon otherness” seem to lack. When speaking about ‘barriers’, we often mean ‘difficulty’. The article written by Silvia Kried Stoian and Loredana Netedu from the Oil &amp; Gas University of Ploiești, called “Barriers in the intercultural communication of foreign students in the preparatory year”, is the result of a micro-research done upon a group of 37 foreign students from 10 different countries/cultural spaces, belonging to different religions (plus atheists), speakers of different languages. From the start, there are many differences to be reconciled in a way reasonable enough to reduce most barriers that appear in their intercultural communication. Beneficial and obstructive factors – namely communication barriers – coexist in a complex communicational environment, which supposes identifying and solving the latter, in the aim of softening the cultural shock experienced within linguistic and cultural immersion. Several solutions are recommended by the two authors. An optimistic conclusion emerges in the end, namely the possibility that the initial inconvenient of the ethnical, linguistic and cultural heterogeneity become “an advantage in learning the Romanian language and acquiring intercultural communication”. Total immersion (linguistic and cultural), as well as the advantage it represents as far as exposure to language is concerned, is the subject of the article entitled “Cultural immersion and exposure to language”, written by Adina Curta (“1 Decembrie 1918” University of Alba Iulia). Considered to be a factor of rapid progress and effectiveness of acquisition, exposure to language that arises from the force of circumstances could be extended to that what may be named orchestrated exposure to language. This phrase is consented to reunite two types of resources, “a category of statutory resources, which are the CEFRL suggestions, and a category of particular resources, which should be the activities proposed by the organizers of the preparatory year of RFL”. In this respect, we are dealing with several alternating roles of the teacher who, besides being an expert, animator, facilitator of the learning process or technician, also becomes a cultural and linguistic coach, sending to the group of immersed students a beneficial message of professional and human polyvalence. A particular experience is represented by teaching the Romanian language at the Sapienza University of Rome, Italy. This experience is presented by Nicoleta Neșu in the article “The Romanian language, between mother tongue and ethnic language. Case study”. The particular situation is generated by the nature of the target group, a group of students coming, on the one hand, from Romanian families, who, having lived in Italy since early childhood, have studied in the Italian language and are now studying the Romanian language (mother tongue, then ethnic language) as L1, and, on the other hand, Italian mother tongue students who study the Romanian language as a foreign language. The strategies that are used and the didactic approach are constantly in need of particularization, depending on the statute that the studied language, namely the Romanian language, has in each case. In the area of teaching methodology for Romanian as a foreign language, suggestions and analyses come from four authors, namely Eliana-Alina Popeți (West University of Timișoara), “Teaching the Romanian language to students from Romanian communities from Serbia. Vocabulary exercise”, Georgeta Orian (“1 Decembrie 1918” University of Alba Iulia) “The Romanian language in the rhythm of dance and hip-hop music”, Coralia Telea (“1 Decembrie 1918” University of Alba Iulia), “Explanation during the class of Romanian as a foreign language” and Emilia Ivancu (Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznań, Poland), “Romanian (auto)biographic discourse or the effect of literature upon learning RFL”. The vocabulary exercise proposed to the students by Eliana-Alina Popeți is a didactic experiment through which the author checked the hypothesis according to which a visual didactic material eases the development of vocabulary, especially since the textual productions of the students, done through the technique that didactics calls “reading images”, were video recorded and submitted to mutual evaluation as well as to self-evaluation of grammar, coherence and pronunciation. The role of the authentic iconographic document is attested in the didactics of modern languages, as the aforementioned experiment confirms once again the high coefficient of interest and attention of the students, as well as the vitality and authenticity of interaction within the work groups. It is worth mentioning that these students come from the Serbian Republic and are registered in the preparatory year at the Faculty of Letters, History and Theology of the West University of Timișoara. Most of them are speakers of different Romanian patois, only found on the territory of Serbia. The activity consisted of elaborating written texts starting from an image (a postcard reproducing a portrait of the Egyptian artist Eman Osama), imagining a possible biography of the character. In the series of successful authentic documents in teaching-learning foreign languages, there is also the song. The activities described by Georgeta Orian were undertaken either with Erasmus students from the preparatory year at the “1 Decembrie 1989” University of Alba Iulia, or with Polish students (within the Department of Romanian Studies in Poznań), having high communication competences (B1-B2, or even more). There were five activities triggered by Romanian songs, chosen by criteria of sympathy with the interests of the target group: youngsters, late teenagers. The stake was “a more pleasant and, sometimes, a more useful learning process”, mostly through discovery, through recourse to musical language, which has the advantage of breaking linguistic barriers in the aim of creating a common space in which the target language, a language of “the other”, becomes the instrument of speaking about what connects us. The didactic approach, when it comes to Romanian as a foreign language taught to students of the preparatory year cannot avoid the extremely popular method of the explanation. Its story is told by Coralia Telea. With a use of high scope, the explanation steps in in various moments and contexts: for transmitting new information, for underlining mechanisms generating new rules, in evaluation activities (result appreciation, progress measurements). Still, the limits of this method are not left out, among which the risk of the teachers to annoy their audience if overbidding this method. Addressing (Polish) students from the Master’s Studies Program within the Romania Philology at the Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznań, Emilia Ivancu crosses, through her article, the methodological dimensions of teaching Romanian as a foreign language, entering the curricular territory of the problematics in question by proposing an optional course entitled Romanian (auto)biographic discourse”. Approaching contact with the Romanian language as a foreign language at an advanced level, the stakes of the approach and the proposed contents differ, obviously, from the ones only regarding the creation and development of the competence of communication in the Romanian Language. The studied texts have been grouped into correspondence/epistolary discourse, diaries, memoires and (auto)biography as fiction. Vasile Alecsandri, Sanda Stolojan, Paul Goma, Neagoe Basarab, Norman Manea, Mircea Eliade are just a few of the writers concerned, submitted to discussions with the help of a theoretical toolbox, offered to the students as recordings of cultural broadcasts, like Profesioniștii or Rezistența prin cultură etc. The consequences of this complex approach consisted, on the one hand, of the expansion of the readings for the students and, on the other hand, in choosing to write dissertations on these topics. A “tangible” result of Emilia Ivancu’s course is the elaboration of a volume entitled România la persoana întâi, perspective la persoana a treia (Romania in the first person, perspectives in the third person), containing seven articles written by Polish Master’s students. Master’s theses, a PhD thesis, several translations into the Polish language are also “fruits” of the initiated course. Of all these, the author extracted several conclusions supporting the merits and usefulness of her initiative. The volume ends with a review signed by Adina Curta (1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba Iulia), “The Romanian language, a modern, wanted language. Iuliana Wainberg-Drăghiciu – Textbook of Romanian language as a foreign language”. The textbook elaborated by Iuliana Wainberg-Drăghiciu (“1 Decembrie 1918” University of Alba Iulia) respects the CEFRL suggestions, points at the communicative competences (linguistic, sociolinguistic and pragmatic) described for levels A1 and A2, has a high degree of accessibility through a trilingual dictionary (Romanian-English-French) which it offers to foreign students and through the phonetic transcription of new vocabulary units.

Reading sensibility constitutes the most spectacular transitional achievement in the prolonged existential process of man. Reading as is widely misunderstood does not mean the mere meanness of reading a piece of write up. It transcends all faculties of sensibility. Man’s observatory sense distinguishes him from the rest of his fellow creatures. In the broad perspective, the prototype that he made for his long run comfort by imitating the physical properties of the fellow creatures is an established testimony of his reading ability. He accomplished this feat, by putting all the substantial mastery of his sensibility in tandem with nature. All progress in physical, material, scientific, and technological by nature is the bye- product of his exceptional reading ability.Through this paper the author categorically analyses the reading impulse of man in the past and the laxity being exhibited by the presentgeneration in reading written materials. But the all hopes are pinnedon the future generation whose reading calibration would increase to a substantial level.In the past people heaved trust on books as the media for entertainment besides attaining satiation in the quest for knowledge. Man was on the verge of knowledge emancipation. The true search for unravelled knowledge led him to discover unending new areas of knowledge from which theories, theorems, equations, permutations, calculations, laws, thesis, principles etc., were generated for the future generation to engage in research and contribute further findings for the following generation. The great sages, saints and prophets who were transcendalists brought out new schemes of things on the then available materials. These were read and re-read paving way for further churning of thoughts. The resultant products were further subjected for study. Newer versions were created. In the process countless print materials were seen light of the day in the form of scriptures, fictions, biographies, travelogues, scientific matters, etc. These have been voraciously swallowed by the hungry readers who did not have a substitute for pass time and also felt insatiable thirst for furthering knowledge. A library revolution swept the reader’s quest which had felt its reverberation all over the world.The present generation is unique in many respects. First, information exodus created a blot on the otherwise ought to be vibrant generation. Speed and space were the ensigns. All things were judged in terms of speed. Values were seen as materialistic. With the inception of internet, the world was reduced into a fistful matter. Information became an ‘open sesame’ at a merely few clicks. Playing cricket tests of four days were treated tortuous by those who batted for limited over matches. The wide acclamation this new model received from the stakeholders proclaims the inclination of present generation to speed. Where then is a space for taking at least one hour a day for reading? Reading was symbolised as a lethargic exercise and stamped as the sign of mental retardation. The advent of electronic gadgets worsened the situation. Book publishers closed their shops. Research papers were written in the interest of academia and only as eligibility for elevation and more pecuniary benefits. Reading as an inevitable part of human culture has lost its significance in the present world.The readership would emerge eminence in the future. The future readership will be launched from the pad of the present scientific achievement. The research fraternity is prone to the institution of library where books on fictitious topics were replaced with printed journals. With the advent of internet, various platforms like blog writing, use of social media like Facebook, WhatsApp, LinkedIn, Twitter, etc., enhanced the scope of community literature where the gifted writers write for the curious readers to read. The concept of a library with typical infrastructure is going to be an old woman’s tale. As some of the stalwarts in this field had foreseen in the future library there shall be no material entities. There shall prevail only virtual library with infinite books on myriad topics. This will be known as E- Library and the stuff one can download and read repeatedly will be E-books. This magic system would serve miracle inthe future students whowill make use of the innovation to the fullest core.

READING THE BOOK OF NATURE: How Eight Best Sellers Reconnected Christianity and the Sciences on the Eve of the Victorian Age by Jonathan R. Topham. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2022. 544 pages. Hardcover; $47.50. ISBN: 9780226815763. *Jonathan R. Topham's Reading the Book of Nature examines the interplay between science and religion in nineteenth-century Britain, focusing on the Bridgewater Treatises--an influential collection of eight scientific works commissioned to explore the "Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God, as manifested in the Creation." Armed with a rich array of primary sources, Topham is particularly interested in setting this interplay against the backdrop of the evolving print culture. Topham's is not just a treatise on treatises, nor simply a history of ideas, but an exploration grounded in the lens of book history, which involves investigating the production, distribution, and reception of printed materials, including books, periodicals, and pamphlets. Topham thus wants to understand the entire "network of communication" in which the Bridgewaters were enmeshed, including publishers, reviewers, libraries, and readers. *Topham divides the book into three parts. The first examines the authorship of the Bridgewaters themselves, revealing the complicated (and often contested) process of "writing God into Nature" (p. 107). Chapter 1 navigates the intricacies of establishing oneself as a scientific author, which posed multifaceted challenges. Topham shows that many practical matters consumed the time of the authors, and sometimes delayed their work a great deal (p. 105). Moreover, the task of writing was rarely solitary. Topham highlights the collaborative nature of writing, emphasizing the contributions of the authors' wives and female relatives (pp. 91-105). *What is most interesting in this part, however, and which Topham emphasizes again and again throughout his book, is that the Bridgewaters should not be seen as mere works of "natural theology." Though the authors relate their work to William Paley's Natural Theology (1802), the Bridgewaters were not simply new arguments from design. They adopted a more comprehensive approach, examining various scientific disciplines to showcase the harmony between science and theology (p. 80). Topham introduces the concept of an emerging "theistic science," suggesting the series aimed to reassure readers that science and religion were not adversarial but rather mutually reinforcing (p. 14). It was, in short, an effort to present a tamed science tailored to align with Christian sensibilities. *In chapter 2, Topham examines the intended purpose of the treatises, such as the need to respond to popular science treatises and their alleged association with radical thought, particularly to the utilitarian approach to science advocated by such thinkers as John Stuart Mill or the materialism of French scientists such as Baron D'Holbach and Pierre-Simon Laplace. Indeed, according to Topham, it was mainly "French speculators" who motivated the Bridgewaters (p. 166). *In part two, Topham explores the significance of selecting a reputable publisher for the Bridgewaters. Chapter 3 gives insight into the decision to publish with William Pickering rather than John Murray. Murray was known for both its literary and scientific focus, publishing works by Jane Austen, Lord Byron, Charles Lyell, and Charles Darwin. This made the John Murray Publishing House a hub for nineteenth-century intellectual and literary circles. Conversely, Pickering was mostly known for classical literature, including works by John Milton and William Wordsworth. Because the Bridgewaters needed to be seen as "dignified" (p. 189), the authors were more philosophically (and socially) aligned with Pickering, with its focus on high-quality printing, crucial for the series' numerous iconic illustrations (p. 205). The authors settled nicely with a "publisher who was used to producing beautiful works for gentlemanly connoisseurs" (p. 224). *Chapter 4 offers a comprehensive overview of how the Bridgewaters were "serialized"--that is, how they were critically reviewed in scientific and religious periodicals. In general, the Bridgewaters were well received within academic and intellectual circles. Many scholars appreciated the efforts to reconcile scientific discoveries with religious beliefs. The series also had a notable influence on later Victorian thought, contributing to a broader conception of natural theology and the accessible popularization of science. Many religiously conservative periodicals were ambivalent if not "hostile" to natural theology (p. 246), albeit not natural theology in the traditional sense. If used properly, the "Bridgewaters could evoke suitable feelings toward God while developing an enlarged but theologically orthodox understanding of the creation" (p. 330). Periodicals less conservative than High Church and evangelical journals still found them "useful vehicles of scientific enlightenment" (p. 263). Medical and scientific journals, including the then radical Lancet, also found the Bridgewaters "trustworthy" (p. 273). *In the final section of his book, Topham focuses on case studies of "reading." Chapter 5, for instance, looks at how the Bridgewaters were used, remarkably, in the daily devotional reading practices of several individuals. Some readers even promoted Bridgewaters as courtship reading material (p. 311)! *Chapter 6 explores how Christian preachers utilized the Bridgewaters to reinforce theological and moral lessons and offer "a positive vision of the sciences" (p. 331). This affirmation of the "religious tendency of the sciences" was all the more important in an era marked by a growing separation of science from theology. *Chapter 7 provides an interesting examination of how the authors of the Bridgewaters constructed an image of the Christian "man of science" in an era when many scientific practitioners wanted to establish a new identity of the man of science, in direct opposition to the clerical gentlemen of science that the authors represented. As Steven Shapin has pointed out, in early modern culture the "man of science" was heterogeneous in that it attached to preexisting roles. A number of key figures spent their whole lives working within religious institutions or sustained by clerical positions, such as Nicholaus Copernicus, Marin Mersenne, and Pierre Gassendi. The argument that God had written two books by which his existence, attributes, and intentions might be known was foundational for "natural theology" to such English clerics such as John Ray, Stephen Hales, Gilbert White, and William Paley. The naturalist-parson, Shapin contended, belonged to the century's inventory of recognized characters, and the scientific portion of his activities was understood to flow from some version of what it was to be a minister. *But this "priestly" role is seen almost concurrently in other key figures who spent much of their careers as amanuenses, clerks, tutors, or domestic servants to the gentry and aristocracy. With the advent of the eighteenth century, we witness a vast expansion in the numbers of scientifically trained people employed as civic experts in commerce, the military, and government. The man of science as godly naturalist and moral philosopher buckled under the emerging identity of the valued civic expert. While professorial and medical roles included the "pious naturalist" and, more specifically, parson-naturalist, especially among Protestants, there was a growing perception by the beginning of the nineteenth century that men of science were objects of "religious suspicion" (p. 375). Thus the authors of the Bridgewaters strategically reemphasized "the vision of the man of science as pious, patient, and humble" (p. 390), "embedded within Christian orthodoxy and as inculcating Christian habits of mind" (p. 429). *Chapter 8 examines how the Bridgewaters influenced the scientific practices of notable readers such as Charles Babbage, Charles Darwin, Robert Chambers, Richard Owens, and William Carpenter. Topham illustrates how the Bridgewaters functioned as a foil, enabling them to negotiate between arguments advocating for intelligent design and those rooted in empirical scientific observation. The irascible Babbage, for instance, who published his own unauthorized Ninth Bridgewater Treatise, appreciated the design arguments presented in the series, but offered a radically different "vision of God's agency" (p. 436) which amounted to little more than deism. Darwin, moreover, included an epigraph from Whewell's Bridgewater at the start of his Origins of Species, but the two ultimately disagreed on the mechanism of evolution. *In his conclusion, Topham returns to the Bridgewaters as promoting a "theistic science" serving "to assure a generation that the rapidly changing disciplinary sciences ... would feed rather than undermine Christian faith" (p. 471). They were a "godsend to the sciences," he writes, convincing the public that the progress of science was not inimical to Christianity (p. 473). At the same time, the theological meaning of the Bridgewaters was "somewhat ill defined," in part since most authors came from strikingly different theological orientations (p. 474). Topham concludes, as I did in my research on the liberal Christians John W. Draper and Andrew D. White, who are often labeled "co-founders" of the "conflict thesis," that science and religion are fundamentally at war. While Draper and White believed that their liberal theologies offered a reconciliation of science and faith, secularists, free-thinkers, and atheists used their narratives as weapons against all religious traditions. *Similarly, Topham notes how the Bridgewaters led many radical thinkers, such as George Holyoake, to see theistic science as "hopelessly outmoded" (p. 477), hollow, and ultimately constraining science (p. 478). There seems to be a lesson here that, for whatever reason, today's theologians and Christian men and women of science keep ignoring. *Reviewed by James C. Ungureanu, PhD, Carthage College, Kenosha, WI 53140.

READING THE BOOK OF NATURE: How Eight Best Sellers Reconnected Christianity and the Sciences on the Eve of the Victorian Age by Jonathan R. Topham. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2022. 544 pages. Hardcover; $47.50. ISBN: 9780226815763. *Jonathan R. Topham's Reading the Book of Nature examines the interplay between science and religion in nineteenth-century Britain, focusing on the Bridgewater Treatises--an influential collection of eight scientific works commissioned to explore the "Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God, as manifested in the Creation." Armed with a rich array of primary sources, Topham is particularly interested in setting this interplay against the backdrop of the evolving print culture. Topham's is not just a treatise on treatises, nor simply a history of ideas, but an exploration grounded in the lens of book history, which involves investigating the production, distribution, and reception of printed materials, including books, periodicals, and pamphlets. Topham thus wants to understand the entire "network of communication" in which the Bridgewaters were enmeshed, including publishers, reviewers, libraries, and readers. *Topham divides the book into three parts. The first examines the authorship of the Bridgewaters themselves, revealing the complicated (and often contested) process of "writing God into Nature" (p. 107). Chapter 1 navigates the intricacies of establishing oneself as a scientific author, which posed multifaceted challenges. Topham shows that many practical matters consumed the time of the authors, and sometimes delayed their work a great deal (p. 105). Moreover, the task of writing was rarely solitary. Topham highlights the collaborative nature of writing, emphasizing the contributions of the authors' wives and female relatives (pp. 91-105). *What is most interesting in this part, however, and which Topham emphasizes again and again throughout his book, is that the Bridgewaters should not be seen as mere works of "natural theology." Though the authors relate their work to William Paley's Natural Theology (1802), the Bridgewaters were not simply new arguments from design. They adopted a more comprehensive approach, examining various scientific disciplines to showcase the harmony between science and theology (p. 80). Topham introduces the concept of an emerging "theistic science," suggesting the series aimed to reassure readers that science and religion were not adversarial but rather mutually reinforcing (p. 14). It was, in short, an effort to present a tamed science tailored to align with Christian sensibilities. *In chapter 2, Topham examines the intended purpose of the treatises, such as the need to respond to popular science treatises and their alleged association with radical thought, particularly to the utilitarian approach to science advocated by such thinkers as John Stuart Mill or the materialism of French scientists such as Baron D'Holbach and Pierre-Simon Laplace. Indeed, according to Topham, it was mainly "French speculators" who motivated the Bridgewaters (p. 166). *In part two, Topham explores the significance of selecting a reputable publisher for the Bridgewaters. Chapter 3 gives insight into the decision to publish with William Pickering rather than John Murray. Murray was known for both its literary and scientific focus, publishing works by Jane Austen, Lord Byron, Charles Lyell, and Charles Darwin. This made the John Murray Publishing House a hub for nineteenth-century intellectual and literary circles. Conversely, Pickering was mostly known for classical literature, including works by John Milton and William Wordsworth. Because the Bridgewaters needed to be seen as "dignified" (p. 189), the authors were more philosophically (and socially) aligned with Pickering, with its focus on high-quality printing, crucial for the series' numerous iconic illustrations (p. 205). The authors settled nicely with a "publisher who was used to producing beautiful works for gentlemanly connoisseurs" (p. 224). *Chapter 4 offers a comprehensive overview of how the Bridgewaters were "serialized"--that is, how they were critically reviewed in scientific and religious periodicals. In general, the Bridgewaters were well received within academic and intellectual circles. Many scholars appreciated the efforts to reconcile scientific discoveries with religious beliefs. The series also had a notable influence on later Victorian thought, contributing to a broader conception of natural theology and the accessible popularization of science. Many religiously conservative periodicals were ambivalent if not "hostile" to natural theology (p. 246), albeit not natural theology in the traditional sense. If used properly, the "Bridgewaters could evoke suitable feelings toward God while developing an enlarged but theologically orthodox understanding of the creation" (p. 330). Periodicals less conservative than High Church and evangelical journals still found them "useful vehicles of scientific enlightenment" (p. 263). Medical and scientific journals, including the then radical Lancet, also found the Bridgewaters "trustworthy" (p. 273). *In the final section of his book, Topham focuses on case studies of "reading." Chapter 5, for instance, looks at how the Bridgewaters were used, remarkably, in the daily devotional reading practices of several individuals. Some readers even promoted Bridgewaters as courtship reading material (p. 311)! *Chapter 6 explores how Christian preachers utilized the Bridgewaters to reinforce theological and moral lessons and offer "a positive vision of the sciences" (p. 331). This affirmation of the "religious tendency of the sciences" was all the more important in an era marked by a growing separation of science from theology. *Chapter 7 provides an interesting examination of how the authors of the Bridgewaters constructed an image of the Christian "man of science" in an era when many scientific practitioners wanted to establish a new identity of the man of science, in direct opposition to the clerical gentlemen of science that the authors represented. As Steven Shapin has pointed out, in early modern culture the "man of science" was heterogeneous in that it attached to preexisting roles. A number of key figures spent their whole lives working within religious institutions or sustained by clerical positions, such as Nicholaus Copernicus, Marin Mersenne, and Pierre Gassendi. The argument that God had written two books by which his existence, attributes, and intentions might be known was foundational for "natural theology" to such English clerics such as John Ray, Stephen Hales, Gilbert White, and William Paley. The naturalist-parson, Shapin contended, belonged to the century's inventory of recognized characters, and the scientific portion of his activities was understood to flow from some version of what it was to be a minister. *But this "priestly" role is seen almost concurrently in other key figures who spent much of their careers as amanuenses, clerks, tutors, or domestic servants to the gentry and aristocracy. With the advent of the eighteenth century, we witness a vast expansion in the numbers of scientifically trained people employed as civic experts in commerce, the military, and government. The man of science as godly naturalist and moral philosopher buckled under the emerging identity of the valued civic expert. While professorial and medical roles included the "pious naturalist" and, more specifically, parson-naturalist, especially among Protestants, there was a growing perception by the beginning of the nineteenth century that men of science were objects of "religious suspicion" (p. 375). Thus the authors of the Bridgewaters strategically reemphasized "the vision of the man of science as pious, patient, and humble" (p. 390), "embedded within Christian orthodoxy and as inculcating Christian habits of mind" (p. 429). *Chapter 8 examines how the Bridgewaters influenced the scientific practices of notable readers such as Charles Babbage, Charles Darwin, Robert Chambers, Richard Owens, and William Carpenter. Topham illustrates how the Bridgewaters functioned as a foil, enabling them to negotiate between arguments advocating for intelligent design and those rooted in empirical scientific observation. The irascible Babbage, for instance, who published his own unauthorized Ninth Bridgewater Treatise, appreciated the design arguments presented in the series, but offered a radically different "vision of God's agency" (p. 436) which amounted to little more than deism. Darwin, moreover, included an epigraph from Whewell's Bridgewater at the start of his Origins of Species, but the two ultimately disagreed on the mechanism of evolution. *In his conclusion, Topham returns to the Bridgewaters as promoting a "theistic science" serving "to assure a generation that the rapidly changing disciplinary sciences ... would feed rather than undermine Christian faith" (p. 471). They were a "godsend to the sciences," he writes, convincing the public that the progress of science was not inimical to Christianity (p. 473). At the same time, the theological meaning of the Bridgewaters was "somewhat ill defined," in part since most authors came from strikingly different theological orientations (p. 474). Topham concludes, as I did in my research on the liberal Christians John W. Draper and Andrew D. White, who are often labeled "co-founders" of the "conflict thesis," that science and religion are fundamentally at war. While Draper and White believed that their liberal theologies offered a reconciliation of science and faith, secularists, free-thinkers, and atheists used their narratives as weapons against all religious traditions. *Similarly, Topham notes how the Bridgewaters led many radical thinkers, such as George Holyoake, to see theistic science as "hopelessly outmoded" (p. 477), hollow, and ultimately constraining science (p. 478). There seems to be a lesson here that, for whatever reason, today's theologians and Christian men and women of science keep ignoring. *Reviewed by James C. Ungureanu, PhD, Carthage College, Kenosha, WI 53140.

performance of current athletes by building confidence and contributing to favorable conditions of retired athletes. This study investigated the influences of the years of retirement and physical self-inventory on human sufferings experienced by the retired athletes. Based on the literature review, there were limited empirical studies on the conditions of former athletes after years of retirement, their glory, physical inventory, and sufferings, and the relationships among these characteristics. Using mixed research methods, this research studied the conditions of retired athletes in Metro Manila. The study confirmed that physical self-inventory influenced post-retirement human suffering. Post-retirement athletic identity, financial status and decisions to voluntary retire were observed to be the most prevalent experiences related to human suffering. 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ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memetakan penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya tentang audit syariah dan perannya dalam meningkatkan kepatuhan syariah di lembaga keuangan syariah (LKS). Penelitian ini juga menguraikan tantangan yang dihadapi oleh LKS dan solusi dalam mengimplementasikan audit syariah. Sebanyak 308 publikasi diperoleh dari database Google scholar, Emerald Insight, Research Gate, Crossref, Microsoft Academic and Pubmed yang diakses dengan perangkat lunak Publish or Perish (PoP) dalam kurun waktu 2008-2021. Studi ini menerapkan analisis bibliometrik menggunakan VOSviewer, yang mengubah metadata publikasi menjadi visualisasi sesuai dengan co-occurrence. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa audit syariah telah diterapkan di beberapa negara yang didominasi oleh Malaysia. Sebagian besar praktik audit syariah merupakan bagian dari fungsi audit internal. Audit syariah diidentifikasi sebagai mekanisme untuk memastikan kepatuhan syariah. Tantangan utama dalam pelaksanaan audit syariah antara lain: kurangnya kerangka dan standar audit syariah yang menyebabkan perselisihan di antara praktisi LKS, kurangnya auditor syariah yang berkualitas yang memiliki pengetahuan syariah yang memadai dan terlatih dengan baik, audit syariah dianggap menciptakan masalah inefisiensi. Peran komite tata kelola syariah dan dewan pengawas syariah direkomendasikan agar lebih optimal untuk memastikan efektivitas audit syariah. Penelitian ini memberikan pembahasan komprehensif tentang audit syariah, perannya dalam meningkatkan kepatuhan syariah, tantangan dan solusi yang ditawarkan belajar dari berbagai negara. Kata Kunci: Audit syariah, kepatuhan syariah, lembaga keuangan syariah, bibliometrik. ABSTRACT This study aimed to map out previous studies on sharia auditing and its role in improving sharia compliance in Islamic financial institutions (IFIs). It also outlined the challenges faced by IFIs and solutions in implementing shariah audit. A total of 308 publications were obtained from the Google scholar database, Emerald Insight, Research Gate, Crossref, Microsoft Academic and Pubmed which were accessed using the Publish or Perish (PoP) software in the 2008-2021 period. This study finds that sharia audits have been implemented in several countries, dominated by Malaysia. Most shariah audit practices are part from internal audit function of IFIs. Sharia audit is identified as a mechanism to assure shariah compliance. The main challenges in implementing sharia audit include: a lack of framework and standard of shariah audit that led to dispute among IFIs practitioners, a lack of qualified shariah auditors who have an adequate shariah knowledge and well trained , shariah audit identifed creating an efficiency issue. The role of the shariah governance committee and the shariah supervisory board may be optimized to ensure the effectiveness of shariah audit. This study provides a comprehensive discussion of shariah audit, its role in improving shariah compliance, challenges, and solutions offered learned from various countries. Keywords: Sharia audit, sharia compliance, Islamic financial institution, bibliometric. REFERENCES Abd Rahman, N., &amp; Mastuki, N. (2019). Internal Shariah audit change: A conceptual paper. Journal of Muwafaqat, 2(April), 45–59. Abdul Rahman, A. R. (2010). Shari’ah audit for Islamic financial services: The needs and challenges. The Journal of Muamalat and Islamic Finance Research, 7(1), 133–145. Akbar, T., Mardian, S., &amp; Anwar, S. (2015). Mengurai permasalahan audit syariah dengan analytical network process (ANP). Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Keuangan Islam, 2(2), 101–123. https://doi.org/10.35836/jakis.v3i2.32 Alahmadi, H. A., Hassan, A. F. S., Karbhari, Y., &amp; Nahar, H. S. (2017). Unravelling shariah audit practice in Saudi Islamic Banks. International Journal of Economic Research, 14(15), 255–269. 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Journal of Islamic Finance, 4(1), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.12816/0024798 Alzeban, A. (2020). Internal audit as an antecedent of economic growth. Journal of Economic Studies, 48(7), 1267-1283. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-08-2019-0350 Amir Husin, M. N., Zakaria, M. Z., Salleh, A. Z., Mochammad Sahid, M., Abdullah Saidi, H. ’Azeemi, Ab Rahman, M. F., Ab. Aziz, M. R., &amp; Ab. Jalil, M. A. (2019). Ratification of shariah non-compliance issues: Solutions and its implementation in Islamic financial institutions-With Specific reference to tawarruq-based products and services. Graduate International Conference, Pascasarjana IAIN Bukittinggi, Sumatra Barat, November, 1–13. Antonio, M. S. (2001). Bank syariah dari teori ke praktek. Jakarta: Gema Insani. Antonio, M. S., Laela, S. F., &amp; Jazil, T. (2020). Abu Zahrah’S maqasid sharia model as a performance measurement system. Jurnal Akuntansi Multiparadigma, 11(3), 519–541. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jamal.2020.11.3.30 Aprillianto, B., Roziq, A., Agustini, A. T., Sayekti, Y., &amp; Jember, U. (2017). Praktik audit syariah dalam perspektif internasional. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Ekonomi dan Bisnis (SNAPER_EBIS 2017), 169-178. Arwani, A. (2018). Issues and challenges of shariah auditing in Islamic financial institutions and corporate governance compliance. Media Riset Akuntansi, Auditing &amp; Informasi, 18(2), 169–186. https://doi.org/10.25105/mraai.v18i2.3008 Auda, J. (2008). Maqasid al syariah as philosophy of Islamic law. The international institute of Islamic thought. Baehaqi, A., &amp; Suyanto, S. (2019). Audit internal lembaga keuangan syariah dalam perpektif al-hisbah. Jurnal Riset Keuangan Dan Akuntansi, 4(2), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.25134/jrka.v4i2.1694 Behrend, J., &amp; Eulerich, M. (2018). Exploring the scientific landscape of internal audit research: A bibliometric analysis. SSRN Electronic Journal, July, 1–65. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3178362 Behrend, J., &amp; Eulerich, M. (2020). Four decades of audit committee research: A bibliometric analysis (1977 – 2018). SSRN Electronic Journal, 1–46. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3496040 BNM-SGDP. (2019). Bank Negara Malaysia (Shariah Governance 2019). Bank Negara Malaysia. Retrieved from BNM/RH/PD 028-100, 1–22. Ciger, A. (2020). Audit quality: A bibliometric analysis (1981-2020). Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, 67(4), 473–494. https://doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2020-0031 Eck, N. J. Van, Waltman, L., Dekker, R., &amp; Berg, J. Van Den. (2010). A comparison of two techniques for bibliometric mapping: Multidimensional scaling and VOS. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 61(12), 2405–2416. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21421 Farida, F., &amp; Dewi, V. S. (2018). Kompetensi auditor dan shariah compliance terhadap praktik audit syariah. Jurnal Analisis Bisnis Ekonomi, 16(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.31603/bisnisekonomi.v16i1.2130 Fauzi, A., &amp; Supandi, A. F. (2019). Perkembangan audit syariah di Indonesia. Jurnal Istiqro, 5(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.30739/istiqro.v5i1.339 Fitriyani, N. I., &amp; Kusnugroho, Y. A. (2021). Audit syariah dan audit konvensional: Bukti empiris di Indonesia. AFRE (Accounting and Financial Review), 4(1), 137–145. https://doi.org/10.26905/afr.v4i1.5642 Ghani, N. L. A., &amp; Rahman, A. R. A. (2015). An analysis of Shari’ah audit practices in Islamic banks in Malaysia. Jurnal Pengurusan, 43, 107–118. Ghozali, M., Zeid, A. H., Prastyaningsih, I., &amp; Syauqoti, R. (2020). The implementation of sharia compliance in the murabaha contract. 409(SoRes 2019), 479–481. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200225.103 Haleem, A., Khan, M. I., Khan, S., &amp; Jami, A. R. (2020). Research status in Halal: A review and bibliometric analysis. Modern Supply Chain Research and Applications, 2(1), 23–41. https://doi.org/10.1108/mscra-06-2019-0014 Hameed, S., &amp; Ibrahim, M. (2005). The emerging issues on the objectives and characteristics of Islamic accounting for Islamic business organizations. Malaysian Accounting Review, 4(1), 75–92. Hanefah, M. M., Kamaruddin, M. I. H., Salleh, S., Shafii, Z., &amp; Zakaria, N. (2020). Internal control, risk and Sharīʿah non-compliant income in Islamic financial institutions. ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance, 12(3), 401–417. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIF-02-2019-0025 Harande, Y. (2001). An investigation of the relationship using the literature of technology. Libri, 51, 124–127. Hassan, A. F. S., &amp; Haridan, N. M. (2019). Shariah auditing and shariah compliance assurance in Malaysian Islamic Banks. Global Journal Al-Thaqafah, December, 61–72. Hassan, R. (2016). Shariah non-compliance risk and its effects on Islamic financial institutions. Al-Shajarah, 21(Special issue), 21–39. ICD - Thomson Reuters Islamic Finance Development Report 2021. (2021). Islamic finance development report (Issue 93 Islamic Banking 96 Takaful 98 Regulatory and Supervisory Framework 99 Talent). Isa, F., Ariffin, N., &amp; Abidin, N. (2020). Shariah Audit practices in Malaysia: Moving forward. Journal of Islamic Finance (ISSN: 2289-2109 e-ISSN: 2289-2117), 9(2), 42–58. ISLAM, K. M. A., &amp; BHUIYAN, A. B. (2021). Determinants of the effectiveness of internal shariah audit: Evidence from Islamic banks in Bangladesh. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(2), 223–230. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no2.0223 Islam, K. M. A., Sadekin, M. S., Rahman, M. T., &amp; Chowdhury, M. A. H. (2021). The impact of shariah supervisory board and shariah audit committee on corporate social responsibility adoption at Islamic banks in Bangladesh. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(3), 479–485. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no3.0479 Islamic Financial Services Board. (2005). Guiding principles of risk management for institutions (Other than insurance institutions) offering only Islamic financial services. Islamic Financial Service Board, December, 1–36. https://www.ifsb.org/published.php Kamaruddin, M. I. H., &amp; Hanefah, M. M. (2017). Enhancing shariah audit practices in Islamic financial institutions in Malaysia. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 13(11). https://doi.org/10.17265/1548-6583/2017.11.001 Karim, M. R., &amp; Shetu, S. A. (2020). Shariah audit in Islamic financial institutions (IFIs): A literature review. BUFT Journal of Business &amp; Economics (BJBE), 1, 45–66. Kasim, N., Sanusi, Z. M., Mutamimah, T., &amp; Handoyo, S. (2013). Assessing the current practice of Auditing in Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia and Indonesia. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 4,6(January), 414–418. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJTEF.2013.V4.328 Khalid, A. A. (2020). Role of audit and governance committee for internal shariah audit effectiveness in Islamic banks. Asian Journal of Accounting Research, 5(1), 81–89. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJAR-10-2019-0075 Khalid, A. A., Haron, H., &amp; Masron, T. A. (2018). Competency and effectiveness of internal Shariah audit in Islamic financial institutions. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 9(2), 201–221. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-01-2016-0009 Khalid, A. A., &amp; Sarea, A. M. (2021). Independence and effectiveness in internal Shariah audit with insights drawn from Islamic agency theory. International Journal of Law and Management, 63(3), 332–346. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-02-2020-0056 Laela, S. F., Rossieta, H., Wijanto, S. H., &amp; Ismal, R. (2018). Management accounting-strategy coalignment in Islamic banking. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 11(4), 667–694. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-04-2017-0088 Laili, N., Ghani, A., Ariffin, N. M., Rahim, A., Rahman, A. (2019). The measurement of effective internal shariah audit function in Islamic financial institutions. International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 27(1), 141–165. Lamboglia, R., Lavorato, D., Scornavacca, E., &amp; Za, S. (2020). Exploring the relationship between audit and technology. A bibliometric analysis. Meditari Accountancy Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEDAR-03-2020-0836 Mardiyah, Q., &amp; Mardian, S. (2015). Praktik audit syariah. Akuntabilitas, 8(1), 1–17. Martasari, L., &amp; Mardian, S. (2015). Persepsi masyarakat terhadap penerapan sharia compliance pada bank syariah di kecamatan Barabai. Jurnal Dinamika Akuntansi Dan Bisnis, 2(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.24815/jdab.v2i1.3607 Md Helal Uddin, M. H. U. &amp; M. M. H. (2013). An overview on the basics of Islamic audit. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(28), 9–18. Minarni, M. (2013). Audit syariah, dan tata kelola lembaga keuangan syariah. La_Riba, 7(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.20885/lariba.vol7.iss1.art3 Mohamad Puad, N. A., Abdullah, N. I., &amp; Shafii, Z. (2020). Follow up in Shariah auditing: Multiple approaches by Takaful operators. International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance Research, 3(1), 14–29. Mohd Ali, N. A., Shafii, Z., &amp; Shahimi, S. (2020). Competency model for Shari’ah auditors in Islamic banks. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11(2), 377–399. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-09-2016-0106 Muhammad, R. (2018). Shariah governance for Islamic banking: What can be learnt from Malaysia? Conference on Islamic Management Accounting and Economics, 1(1999), 111–123. Mulazid, A. S. (2016). Pelaksanaan sharia complience pada bank syariah (Studi kasus pada bank syariah mandiri, Jakarta). Madania, 20(1), 37–54. Nurcahyo, A., &amp; Hudrasyah, H. (2017). The influence of halal awareness, halal certification, and personal societal purchase intention. Journal of Business and Management, 6(1), 21–31. Nurhasanah, N. (2013). Pengawasan Islam dalam operasional lembaga keuangan syariah. MIMBAR, Jurnal Sosial Dan Pembangunan, 29(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v29i1.362 Nurhisam, L. (2016). Kepatuhan syariah (Sharia compliance) dalam Industri Keuangan Syariah. Jurnal Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM, 23(1), 77–96. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol23.iss1.art5 Omar, M. (2019). Issues and Challenges of Shariah Compliance Auditing in Islamic Financial Institution. Advanced International Journal of Banking, Accounting and Finance, 1(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.35631/aijbaf.11002 Oussii, A. A., &amp; Boulila, N. (2020). Evidence on the relation between audit committee financial expertise and internal audit function effectiveness. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, ahead-of-p(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/jeas-04-2020-0041 PricewaterhouseCoopers. (2011). Shariah Audit: Industry Insights. 1–28. Puneri, A., Chora, M., Ilhamiddin, N., &amp; Benraheem, H. (2020). The Disclosure of Sharia Non-Compliance Income: Comparative Study between Full-fledged and Subsidiaries Malaysian Islamic Banks. JESI (Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Indonesia), 9(2), 104. https://doi.org/10.21927/jesi.2019.9(2).104-117 Rahman, M. J. (2013). The current perception and practice of “Shariah Auditing” in Bangladeshi Islamic Banks. In Thesis MBA (Issue September). Rahman, N. A., Mastuki, N., Osman, M. R., &amp; Kasim, N. (2020). Islamic legal maxim for Shari’ah audit in Islamic bank. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11(2), 457–471. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-11-2017-0170 Ratu, M. K., &amp; Meiriasari, V. (2021). Analisis perbandingan audit syariah pada lembaga keuangan Islam di Asia Tenggara (Studi literatur di Indonesia, Malaysia, Dan Brunei). Jurnal Proaksi, 8(1), 50–57. https://doi.org/10.32534/jpk.v8i1.1526 Rohmah, F., &amp; Kusumo, R. W. (2020). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kualitas audit syariah pada perusahaan yang terdaftar di JII (Jakarta Islamic Index) tahun 2014-2018. The 11th University Research Colloquium 2020 Universitas ‘Aisyiyah Yogyakarta, 64–77. Salleh, S., Hanefah, M. M., &amp; Shafii, Z. (2019). Shariah audit practices in Malaysian Islamic Banks: An Audit Expectation. Shariah Governance and Assurance in Islamic Financial Sectors, 113-145. Shafii, Z., Salleh, S., Zakaria, N., Hanefah, M. M., Mohd Ali, N. A., &amp; Yunanda, R. A. (2014). Shariah audit certification contents: Views of regulators, shariah committee, shariah reviewers and undergraduate students. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 6(5). https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v6n5p210 Shafii, Z., Supiah, S., &amp; Syahidawati, S. (2010). Management of shariah non-compliance audit risk in the Islamic financial institutions via the development of shariah compliance audit framework and shariah audit programme. Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies, March, 14. Shah, S. A., Azhar, S. M., &amp; Bhutto, N. A. (2019). Halal marketing: a marketing strategy perspective. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(6), 1641–1655. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-11-2018-0211 Shahzad, M. A., Saeed, S. K., &amp; Ehsan, A. (2017). Governance framework: Exploratory study of Islamic banks in Pakistan. Business &amp; Economic Review, 9(1), 103–118. Sidiq, M. (2019). Panduan analisis bibliometrik sederhana. Journal Article, June. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.15688.37125 Siswadi, I. (2013). Mengenal konsep penetapan kata kunci. Jurnal Pustakawan Indonesia, 12(2), 53–55. Syed Alwi Mohammed Sultan. (2007). A mini guide to shari’ah audit for Islamic financial institutions: A primer. Kuala Lumpur: CERT Publications Sdn. Bhd. Tanudjaja, I., &amp; Kow, G. Y. (2018). Exploring bibliometric mapping in NUS using BibExcel and VOSviewer. IFLA WLIC Kuala Lumpur, 1–9. Widialoka, W., Hidayat, A. R., &amp; Azib. (2016). Analisis pengaruh kepatuhan syariah (shariah compliance) terhadap dana pihak ketiga pada bank umum syariah di Indonesia periode tahun 2010-2015. Prosiding Keuangan Dan Perbankan Syariah, 2(2), 672–678. Wuttichindanon, S., &amp; Issarawornrawanich, P. (2020). Determining factors of key audit matter disclosure in Thailand. Pacific Accounting Review, 32(4), 563–584. https://doi.org/10.1108/PAR-01-2020-0004 Yaacob, H., &amp; Donglah, N. K. (2012). Shari’ah audit in Islamic financial institutions: The postgraduates’ perspective. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(12), 224–239. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v4n12p224 Yahya, Y., &amp; Mahzan, N. (2012). 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. From the second half of the 19th century, Hungarian cultural and book historians have been collecting information about prints that were published in foreign printing houses in the early modern period (16th-18th centuries) and have Hungarian connections. A significant part of the bibliography of publications written by Hungarian authors and published abroad in foreign languages are school papers and thesis booklets published in print by Hungarian students during their studies abroad in connection with an oral debate. Unfortunately, the publication of the data collected on thesis booklets stalled at the end of the 20th century and there is no easily accessible database of these publications available today. However, the surge in the number of publications on early modern disputation in recent years and the inclusion of theses in various academic research has made disputation research an important branch of the history of universities, education and science. This is why it is important that the publication of these Hungarica data should continue. The following list contains legal and political disputations from foreign universities of the 16th and 18th centuries, which have been discovered during decades of research and which are not included in the volume III of Régi Magyar Könyvtár and its supplementary volumes, and thus may be new to those who are interested in the period.

In today’s economic climate, many academic libraries are faced with shorter budgets and rising costs of materials. Electronic databases and journals are growing in most libraries, while print materials are decreasing. A shift in the change from print to electronic collections has impacted routine serials workflows. This article examines the change from print to electronic resources, the impact of technology on traditional technical services tasks and the serials staff workflow transition from print to electronic theses and dissertations dissemination at F.D. Bluford Library.

<strong>Objective.</strong>&nbsp;The quality of library collection depends on how the librarians select materials for purchasing based on existing collection development policy. In the absence of approved policy, working guidelines take effect so there would be a selection guidelines criteria. The use of available selection tools, online book reviews, faculty recommendations, and standard lists will help the collection building. This paper aims to provide an overview of the type of materials Kazakh students utilize to complete their master&rsquo;s thesis. Specifically, it will have the following objectives: 1) to categorize the types of sources graduate students use in their thesis; 2) to compare the actual count of e-journal titles available in our collection versus the number of e-journal titles used in the reference list; 3) to identify the common journal titles used by the students and its overall journal ranking credibility based on prestige; 4) To further develop the e-resources collection based on the citation analysis.&nbsp;<strong>Methods.</strong>&nbsp;In 2019, 20 e-theses were uploaded in the repository coming from one school (may also be called college or faculty). It was decided to select from one school only to determine the relevance of the collection coming from one discipline. A sample of 10 theses (50%) was analyzed in this study. Citation analysis was used to measure which materials are currently available in the library. It will also give an impression of whether the material is being used or not. Collection of data was done in an organized manner. A table was created to list the number of referenced items found per thesis. The researchers identified the number of print books, e-journals, conference proceedings, theses and other types of materials. To determine the specific journal titles, they were carefully extracted. Duplicate titles were combined and were counted as one unique entry. Using the SJR online, the researchers identified the quartiles of each title and determined the impact of the journals based on the ranking. Journal titles were searched and availability was verified using the online journal finder A-Z journal title list provided by the EBSCOHost. Non-quartile journal titles were also verified using Scopus.&nbsp;<strong>Results.</strong> An average of 59 references was listed by a graduate student in his/her master&rsquo;s thesis. Each student may have used 17.6 print books to cite in their thesis and 32.4 journal articles in which some of them may have referenced a suspected predatory journal. There are 199 unique journal titles cited in 10 master&rsquo;s theses. 19.6% of which is unavailable in the subscription but needs to be verified if they are indexed in leading citation databases. At least 50% of the theses had more journal titles categorized as Q1 journals. Another 50% the theses included more Q2 journals than Q1. One thesis cited more journal publications with no quartile but was able to reference 68% of journal titles coming from Q1-Q4 journals. In terms of journal availability, the library holds 80% of the journal titles cited in the reference list that are available whether by subscription or Open Access.&nbsp;<strong>Conclusions.</strong>&nbsp;It is apparent that master&rsquo;s students from the graduate school of education will likely cite more journal articles than books. At least 50% of the students get their references from Q1-ranked journals based from the SJR ranking. The library has a promising and huge collection of e-journal titles as it has almost 80% of the titles available in the library subscription. The sample revealed that the library is capable of providing a good quality of journal collection that can be used by the students and faculty members as well. We can proudly say that our collection is above the average. We need to still dig deeper how much of our collection is used extensively by the other members of the academic community.

The phenomena that appear in the library as an information center, there are twt all of information sources are available in rhe library. It indicates that user has a special consideration ro preparing the theses, and dissertation using the infonnation sources by internet in the Library of the Faculty of Philosophy of Gadjalt Mada University.The purpose of rite research is analyze rite attributes as a major preferencefor the users who is writing the thesis and dissertation using internet information sources. The attribute that is used in research is the ease factor ro find the information, accessibility, availability of rite library collections. librarian behavior and user behavior.The data thor is used in this research is the primary data that fouaded byquestionnaire of respondents who are writing the thesis and dissertation in the library of the Faculty of Philosophy of Gadjah Mada University between 2005 to 2010 academic years . The instmmem are used in this research using SPSS to get the variables that is considered writing thesis and dissertation as well as tofi nd the most coveted combi110tion for the user looking for information source from online diltabases.The result of the research show that the user references of the informationsourcesfrom onli11e databases however the collections that are available in print in the librtuy of the Faculty of Philosophy of Gadiah Mada University are still needed. Based on the demographic of respondents, the most user who come in the library qf the Faculty of Philosophy of Gadjah Mada University is man in bachelor degree with the rate is 50,8%, 72,9 % are the bachelor degree respondents In productive age between 21-30 years old. and the most respondents is bachelor degree (Sf ) is 55%,While the use of internet is 3-5 hour a day, the use of online darabases as references in write rhe thesis mtd dissertation is 83.1 %. The research show that the users who access of the information sources using online databases in the library of the Faculty of Philosophy of Gadjah Mada University to writes the thesis mul dissertation is more than the users who looks for print reforences in the Library of the Faculty of Philosophy of Gadjah Mada University to writes the thesis and dissertation. The t«ers choose the online databases as a means of accessing i'![ormation because of low cost, the information is up dare, and complete, it can used to shore the in.fonnarion, and easy to use depend use prim collection in the library.

While the internet, culture and technology have been reshaping publishing and information media for years, academic publishing and scholarship still functions within a model that is effectively several hundred years old. It is time to start asking the hard questions about what it means to publish as an academic, how we engage with published research and how higher degree students engage with research publication. While it is true that most journals now exist in an online format, the vast majority of these simply echo a print format in electronic form - the scholarly paper as a document has remained unquestioned, and persists despite often low levels of true readership. Yet, outside of academia, the definition of publishing is no longer limited to a 'container' of content. Text can exist in a contextual network and be framed by fluid, constantly changing content around it. Identified in this paper are issues in traditional publishing and some of the possibilities and considerations in breaking open the 'container' model to move into an open and dynamic online space. Central to this is the enabling of thesis and dissertation publication in alternative formats via the oScholar project. Please note that this paper makes use of QR codes - a QR-enabled mobile device is recommended but not required when reading this paper.

AbstractInternet technology has facilitated the use of a wide variety of different activities and applications in online contexts. Despite a large amount of research regarding these activities including online social networking, online gaming, online shopping, online sex, and online gambling, very little is known regarding online eating shows called ‘mukbang’ (i.e. a portmanteau of the South Korean words for ‘eating’ [‘meokneun’] and ‘broadcast’ [‘bangsong’] that refers to online broadcasts where individuals eat food and interact with the viewers). The present study carried out a scoping review of the academic and non-academic literature (i.e. peer-reviewed publications, academic theses, and the print media) in order to examine the psychological characteristics of mukbang viewers and consequences of mukbang watching. A total of 11 academic outputs from different disciplinary fields (mainly peer-reviewed papers) and 20 articles from national UK newspapers were identified following an extensive literature search. Results from the scoping review indicated that viewers use mukbang watching for social reasons, sexual reasons, entertainment, eating reasons, and/or as an escapist compensatory strategy. Furthermore, mukbang watching appears to have both beneficial consequences (e.g., diminishing feelings of loneliness and social isolation, constructing a virtual social community,) and non-beneficial consequences (e.g., altering food preferences, eating habits, and table manners, promoting disordered eating, potential excess, and ‘addiction’). Implications of the study and directions for future research are also discussed.

The general thesis of this essay states that Gutenberg’s print revolution has been a constitutive factor in the formation of the modern scholarship of the Bible. Specifically, the essay explores the historical-critical study of the New Testament from the angle of the typographic medium. Gutenberg’s print Bible is explained as setting the standards for the technologically-organised typographic space. The bulk of the essay describes both the constructive and the deconstructive impact that the fully rationalised format of the Bible has had on theological, exegetical, and hermeneutical sensibilities. Among the issues illuminated by the typographic examination are: entirely identical biblical texts; a text-centred concept of Christian origins; the spread of a post-Gutenberg intellectualism; the rise of the critical, textual edition; the Protestant principle of sola scriptura; the diminution of oral, memorial sensibilities; the premise of originality versus derivativeness, and many others. In all, it is argued that the print medium deeply affected the modern academic scholarship of the New Testament, for better and for worse.

Concerns on copyright infringement in HEIs are not only due to its deprivation of the potential economic earnings to rightsholders, and its role in hindering academic innovativeness and creativity, but mainly it being viewed as a criminal act with perceived violators subjected to lawsuits. However, the copyright protection regimes put in place by HEIs have been excoriated as ‘a one size (extra-large) fits all mode of protection’. There is therefore the need to understand, so as to enable the design of appropriate strategies that will respond to different acts of copyright infringement. Data was generated from 530 postgraduate students and 38 library staff to investigate how information type and/or format influence copyright infringement in academic libraries using the sequential mixed methods approach. Textbooks were the topmost materials whose copyright were ‘infringed’ upon whilst theses and dissertations on the one hand, and lecture notes, and sermons and essays on the other hand, topped the list of materials with the ‘most infringed’ and ‘extremely infringed’ copyright respectively. Digitalized information formats were adjudged as ‘sometimes infringed’ upon. The copyright on print formatted materials (33.6%) was indicated as ‘often infringed’ followed by audio formatted information (28.7%). Video formatted information was ‘always infringed’ upon (29.8%). Among the reasons for infringing the copyright on textbooks were: (i) affordability and (ii) credibility of the information they contain. Reasons for infringing the copyright on print materials included the fact that they afford one the ability to underline portions as well as make notes in them for easy reference.