Academic literature on the topic 'Accelerating voltage'

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Journal articles on the topic "Accelerating voltage"

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Postek, M. T., and R. C. Tiberio. "Low-Voltage Accelerating-Voltage SEM Magnification Standard Prototype." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 198–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100103073.

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The National Bureau of Standards has had a continuing effort for almost a decade to develop feature-size measurement techniques and the associated linewidth standards for the semiconductor industry. Recently, work began on a scanning electron microscope (SEM) based feature-size measurement program specifically aimed at the development and certification of SEM linewidth standards and the associated techniques for their calibration and use.Primary to the development and use of SEM linewidth measurement standards is the calibration of the magnification of the SEM. The only standard reference material presently available from NBS for calibrating the magnification of the SEM is the NBS SRM 484.1 This standard provides a known pitch between gold lines in a nickel matrix that is traceable to NBS primary standards. This standard has proven useful for many SEM applications and should continue to be useful for some time to come. However, since SRM 484 was developed prior to the recent interest in low accelerating voltage operation for integrated circuit wafer inspection and measurement, this SRM, in its present form, is unsuitable for use in many of the newly introduced SEM measurement instruments.
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Miyokawa, T., S. Norioka, and S. Goto. "Development of a conical anode Fe-gun for low voltage SEM." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 978–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100106958.

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Field emission SEMs (FE-SEMs) are becoming popular due to their high resolution needs. In the field of semiconductor product, it is demanded to use the low accelerating voltage FE-SEM to avoid the electron irradiation damage and the electron charging up on samples. However the accelerating voltage of usual SEM with FE-gun is limited until 1 kV, which is not enough small for the present demands, because the virtual source goes far from the tip in lower accelerating voltages. This virtual source position depends on the shape of the electrostatic lens. So, we investigated several types of electrostatic lenses to be applicable to the lower accelerating voltage. In the result, it is found a field emission gun with a conical anode is effectively applied for a wide range of low accelerating voltages.A field emission gun usually consists of a field emission tip (cold cathode) and the Butler type electrostatic lens.
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Erdman, Natasha, Charles Nielsen, and Vernon E. Robertson. "Shedding New Light on Cathodoluminescence—A Low Voltage Perspective." Microscopy and Microanalysis 18, no. 6 (December 2012): 1246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927612001262.

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AbstractPreviously, imaging and analysis with cathodoluminescence (CL) detectors required using high accelerating voltages. Utilization of lower accelerating voltage for microanalysis has the advantages of reduced beam-specimen interaction volume, and thus better spatial resolution, as well as reduction in electron beam induced damage. This article will highlight recent developments in field emission gun–scanning electron microscope technology that have allowed acquisition of high spatial resolution CL images at very low accelerating voltages. The advantages of low kV CL imaging will be shown using examples of a geological specimen (shale) and a specimen of an industrial grade diamond.
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Dusevich, V. M., J. H. Purk, and J. D. Eick. "Choosing the Right Accelerating Voltage for SEM (An Introduction for Beginners)." Microscopy Today 18, no. 1 (January 2010): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929510991190.

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Historically, most SEM operators used accelerating voltages that were fairly high, quite often in the range of 15–20 kV. Now progress in electron optics has made low-voltage observations a routine mode of SEM operation. The greatly improved range of utilized accelerating voltages provides the SEM operator with additional flexibility and with additional responsibilities for choosing the right SEM settings for image acquisition.
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Goldenberg, A. L., M. Yu Glyavin, N. A. Zavolsky, and V. N. Manuilov. "Technological gyrotron with low accelerating voltage." Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics 48, no. 10-11 (October 2005): 741–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11141-006-0003-7.

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Gunell, H., L. Andersson, J. De Keyser, and I. Mann. "Vlasov simulations of trapping and loss of auroral electrons." Annales Geophysicae 33, no. 3 (March 4, 2015): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-279-2015.

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Abstract. The plasma on an auroral field line is simulated using a Vlasov model. In the initial state, the acceleration region extends from one to three Earth radii in altitude with about half of the acceleration voltage concentrated in a stationary double layer at the bottom of this region. A population of electrons is trapped between the double layer and their magnetic mirror points at lower altitudes. A simulation study is carried out to examine the effects of fluctuations in the total accelerating voltage, which may be due to changes in the generator or the load of the auroral current circuit. The electron distribution function on the high potential side of the double layer changes significantly depending on whether the perturbation is toward higher or lower voltages, and therefore measurements of electron distribution functions provide information about the recent history of the voltage. Electron phase space holes are seen as a result of the induced fluctuations. Most of the voltage perturbation is assumed by the double layer. Hysteresis effects in the position of the double layer are observed when the voltage first is lowered and then brought back to its initial value.
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Vaz, O. W., and S. J. Krause. "Low-voltage Scanning Electron Microscopy of polymers." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 676–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100144772.

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Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of polymers at routine operating voltages of 15 to 25 keV can lead to beam damage and sample image distortion due to charging. These problems may be avoided by imaging polymer samples at a “crossover point”, which is located at low accelerating voltages (0.1 to 2.0 keV), where the number of electrons impinging on the sample are equal to the number of outgoing electrons emerging from the sample. This condition permits the polymer surface to remain electrically neutral and prevents image distortion due to “charging” effects. In this research we have examined Teflon (polytetrafluorethylene) samples and studied the effects of accelerating voltage and sample tilting on charging phenomena. We have also determined the approximate position of the “crossover point”.
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Kaneko, Yasuko, Makoto Tokunaga, Kyoko Tanaka, Kimie Atsuzawa, and Masako Nishimura. "Backscattered electron imaging and elemental analysis of rapidly frozen plant cells using variable accelerating voltage." Microscopy 67, no. 2 (January 24, 2018): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfx133.

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Abstract Rapidly frozen rosemary leaves were observed at variable accelerating voltages in a low-vacuum scanning electron microscope equipped with a cryo transfer system. After water was sublimated from the fractured face of the leaf, distinct backscattered electron (BSE) images were obtained depending on the accelerating voltages applied. At 5 kV, surface cell wall structure was observed, whereas at 10 and 15 kV chloroplasts lining the inside of the cell wall and membrane were visualized. With energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, elemental information corresponding to the BSE images was obtained. Besides visualization of the structures and elemental composition close to the living state, information on layers at different depths from the surface could be detected by varying the accelerating voltage in this system.
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Zaluzec, Nestor J. "Comparison of experimental and theoretical XEDS k-factors as a function of accelerating voltage." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 2 (August 12, 1990): 460–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100135903.

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For nearly fifteen years k-factor measurements have been made by varying the composition of the standards at fixed accelerating voltage and measuring the change in the experimental k-factor with atomic number. From this data a “best model” of the ionization cross-section is frequently proposed for use in quantitative analysis, however it is valid only at that fixed voltage. Few if any studies seek to determine the systematic variation in the k-factor with accelerating voltage. In this paper experimental measurements of the variation in the k-factor as a function of accelerating voltage are reported. With the advent of medium voltage analytical microscopes routinely available to the microscopy community, it becomes essential to understand how the k-factor varies with accelerating voltage in order that errors in quantitative analysis can be avoided should experimental or theoretical k-factors from lower voltage instruments are applied to the medium voltage regime.Electropolished specimens of β-NiAl were studied in a Philips CM30T electron microscope, equipped with a Be-Window Si(Li) detector interfaced to an EDAX 9900 Energy Dispersive Analysis System.
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Chernoff, Don. "The Effect of Gas Type on Beam Scatter." Microscopy Today 6, no. 7 (September 1998): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500068619.

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Last month I addressed the phenomena of beam scatter in the environmental and low vacuum SEM. In that article I covered how beam scatter is affected by chamber pressure, working distance, and accelerating voltage. To briefly summarize, beam scatter becomes worse at higher chamber pressure, longer working distance, and lower accelerating voltages. As the beam scatters, electrons strike the sample some distance away from the primary beam and as a result, generate X-rays from unwanted areas of the sample. It is advantageous for the analyst to keep beam scatter to a minimum to reduce the generation of these X-ray signals. Under conditions of high chamber pressure, long working distance, and low accelerating voltage, it is possible for electrons from the beam to strike the sample on the order of a millimeter or more from the primary beam.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Accelerating voltage"

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Picard, Joël. "La pratique de la voltige aérienne : quelques conséquences physiologiques et pathologiques." Montpellier 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON11044.

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Davidová, Lenka. "Diagnostika polovodičových materiálů metodou EBIC." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-319289.

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Master´s thesis is focused on diagnostics of semiconductor materials by EBIC method (measuring of currents induced beam), determination of the lifetime of minority carriers, or their diffusion length. The theoretical part is aimed at the principle of scanning electron microscopy, the characteristic properties of the microscope and the signals generated by the interaction of the primary electron beam with the sample. The thesis describes a structure of semiconducting silicon, band models, types of lattice defects and doped of semiconductor structures. After that it is described the theory of calculation of the diffusion length of minority carriers in semiconductors of type N and P. The aim of the experiment part of the thesis is to measure the properties of the semiconductor structure by EBIC and determination of diffusion length and lifetime of minority charge carriers based on the measured data The aim of the experiment part of the thesis is to measure the properties of the semiconductor structure by EBIC and determination of diffusion length and lifetime of minority charge carriers on the basis of the measured data.
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Said, Sylvere. "Mécanisme de dégradation de films de polypropylène imprégné sous champ électrique en présence d'oxygène." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10047.

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Ce travail concerne le mecanisme de degradation de condensateurs moyenne tension au polypropylene impregne en presence d'oxygene. Cette etude a ete realisee sur des modeles de condensateurs en geometrie plane, avec des conditions experimentales (champ electrique alternatif compris entre 66 v/m-200 v/m, atmosphere d'oxygene, temperature de 80c) qui nous ont permis d'obtenir des resultats proches de la realite industrielle. Le vieillissement des condensateurs est essentiellement evalue par leur duree de vie et l'evolution des caracteristiques physico-chimiques du polymere et de l'impregnant. Le polymere est caracterise par sa rigidite dielectrique, ses pertes en basse tension, sa masse macromoleculaire (determinee par chromatographie sur gel), son absorption infra-rouge, sa cristallinite (mesuree par diffraction x aux grands angles) et l'observation microscopique de sa surface. Le liquide est caracterise par ses pertes dielectriques, son indice d'acidite, son absorption ultra-violette et infra-rouge. Nous montrons que la degradation du film par un mecanisme radicalaire conduit a un abaissement de sa rigidite dielectrique qui est responsable du claquage du condensateur. La presence de tetrachlorure de carbone et d'eau dans l'impregnant accelere le mecanisme de degradation du polypropylene en creant aux electrodes des especes capables d'initier une reaction radicalaire. L'acceleration de la degradation en presence d'oxygene s'explique par le schema classique de l'oxydation du film. Nous attribuons l'abaissement de la tension de claquage a la mise en solution de fragments de bas poids moleculaires. L'analyse de l'action des epoxydes sur les differentes etapes du mecanisme de degradation que nous proposons, nous permet d'ecarter son action comme antioxydant, piegeur d'acide ou encore comme reticulant du polypropylene. Pour interpreter leur action stabilisatrice dans la degradation des condensateurs, nous suggerons que les epoxydes agissent sur les especes formees aux electrodes
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Jhih-WunShih and 施智文. "Effect of Accelerating Voltage and Specimen Thickness on Physical Spatial Resolution of Transmission Electron Backscatter Diffraction in Copper." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21747125363357812379.

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Wang, Chih-Chieh, and 王致傑. "Modeling of SET-State Retention Failure Time and Its Voltage Accelerating Qualification Method in a Post-Cycling Resistive Switching Memory." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/xbjtpt.

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碩士
國立交通大學
電子研究所
108
In this thesis, we observe that the SET-state [i.e., low-resistance state (LRS)] current degradation exhibits a two-stage evolution in a hafnium oxide resistive switching memory. The decline of current follows an inverse power law time-dependence (I∝t-n) in the second stage. Two related analytical models are proposed. One is a voltage accelerating qualification method for SET-state retention failure time based on our previously published read-disturb model, and the other is cycling induced retention failure time degradation. We discover that retention failure time degradation is attributed to stress-induced oxide traps in the switching dielectric in SET/RESET cycling. Because the stress-created traps are likely to replace a number of oxygen vacancies in forming conductive percolation path and thus fewer oxygen vacancies are needed to reach the same current level, leading to the degradation of LRS retention. The experiment data for several decades of time support the validity of our proposed model.
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Martin, Joannie. "Optimisation des paramètres expérimentaux pour l’analyse des fibres d’amiante par microscopie électronique en transmission." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18437.

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L'amiante est un matériau connu et utilisé par l'homme depuis près de 5000 ans, sa définition commerciale comprend six différents types de minéraux fibreux. En raison de leurs nombreuses propriétés thermiques et mécaniques, l'amiante a été exploité intensivement pour un usage industriel au cours du siècle dernier. Il est maintenant bien reconnu que l'exposition à l'amiante peut causer des dommages sévères pour la santé, son usage et exploitation sont donc bannis dans de nombreux pays et son exposition est strictement réglementée. L'application de ces divers règlements nécessite des méthodes d'analyse pour les soutenir. La microscopie électronique en transmission (MET) est l'outil le plus puissant et efficace pour l'analyse des fibres d'amiante. Des erreurs d’identifications causées par l’endommagement des fibres d'amiante peuvent cependant se produire, cette problématique a été étudiée en profondeur. Des fibres d'amiante amosite ont été initialement étudiées pour évaluer les dommages causés par le faisceau d'électrons du microscope électronique à transmission. Puisque les rapports d'intensité de rayons X élémentaires, obtenus par spectroscopie des rayons X en dispersion des énergies (EDS), sont couramment utilisés pour l'identification de l'amiante, l'impact de l’endommagement sur ces rapports a été mesuré. Il a été déterminé que le rapport magnésium/silicium était le plus sensible à l’endommagement causé par le faisceau d'électrons. Différents essais ont montré que la plupart des fibres ont un seuil de densité de courant au-dessus duquel la composition chimique de la fibre est modifiée. La valeur de ce seuil de densité de courant varie en fonction de la fibre. L'existence d'une valeur seuil de dose électronique a également été démontrée. Cette valeur est dépendante de la densité de courant utilisée, et peut être augmentée lorsqu’une période de récupération entre les expositions au faisceau d'électrons est octroyée. Cette étude a également permis d’établir que le courant du faisceau d'électrons est directement lié au taux d’endommagement au-dessus d'une densité de courant de 165 A/cm2. Des lignes directrices ont été établies afin de veiller à ce que les fibres d'amosite ne soient pas endommagées pendant l’analyse. Il a été déterminé que l'analyse doit être effectuée en dessous d'une densité de courant de 100 A/cm2. Dans la deuxième partie de cette étude, l'objectif principal était d'évaluer si la température est un facteur influençant l’endommagement des fibres d'amiante et, si oui, comment il peut être utilisé pour minimiser cet endommagement. Il a été constaté que l'abaissement de la température jusqu’à 123 K peut inhiber, pendant un temps donné, la manifestation de l’endommagement. La diminution significative de la diffusion des atomes à basse température empêche momentanément la perte de masse, ce qui réduit considérablement la possibilité d'une identification erronée des fibres d'amiante anthophyllite. Les résultats obtenus dans cette étude suggèrent fortement que le mécanisme d’endommagement prédominant est probablement lié au modèle d’endommagement par un champ électrique induit (DIEF). Dans un troisième temps, l'effet de la tension d'accélération sur l’endommagement de quatre types de fibres d'amiante différents; chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite et anthophyllite a été étudié. Les résultats démontrent que, contrairement à ce qui est généralement recommandé, il est préférable d'utiliser une tension d'accélération de 200 kV à 100 kV afin d'éviter l’endommagement. Les résultats mettent en lumière les mécanismes d'endommagement possibles; le plus prédominant semble être causé par un champ électrique induit, la radiolyse n’est toutefois pas exclue, mais semble de moindre importance et le « knock-on » est considéré comme négligeable dans les conditions utilisées.
Asbestos is a material known and used by man for nearly 5000 years, its commercial definition includes six different types of fibrous mineral. Because of their numerous thermal and mechanical properties, asbestos has been mined intensively for commercial use in the last century. It is now well recognized that asbestos exposure can cause severe damage to health and thus its use and exploitation is therefore banned in many countries and its exposure is strictly regulated. The application of those regulations requires rigorous analytical methods to support it. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is the most powerful and efficient tool for the analysis of asbestos fibers. However, identification errors caused by damage to asbestos fibers can occur and this problem has been investigated in depth. Asbestos amosite fibers were initially investigated to evaluate the damage caused by a transmission electron microscope electron beam. Since elemental x-ray intensity ratios obtained by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) are commonly used for asbestos identification, the impact of beam damage on these ratios was measured. It was determined that the magnesium/silicon ratio was the most sensitive to damage caused by the electron beam. Various tests showed that most fibers have a current density threshold above which the chemical composition of the fiber is modified. The value of this threshold current density varied depending on the fiber. The existence of a threshold electron dose was also demonstrated. This value was dependent on the current density used and can be increased by providing a recovery period between exposures to the electron beam. This study also established that the electron beam current is directly related to the damage rate above a current density of 165 A/cm2. Guidelines were established in order to ensure that the amosite fibers are not damaged. It was determined that analysis should be conducted below a current density of 100 A/cm2. In the second part of this study, the main objective was to assess whether temperature is a factor influencing damage to asbestos fibers and, if so, how it can be used to minimize damage. It was found that lowering the temperature to 123 K can inhibit, for a given time, the manifestation of the damage. The significant decrease of atom diffusion at low temperature momentarily prevents mass loss, greatly reducing the possibility of misidentification of vi anthophyllite asbestos fibers. The results obtained in this study strongly suggest that the predominant mechanism damage is probably related to the induced-electric-field model. In a third part, the effect of the acceleration voltage on the damage of four different types of asbestos fibers; chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite and anthophyllite, was investigated. The results support the conclusion that contrary to what is usually recommended, it is best to use an acceleration voltage of 200 kV than 100 kV in order to avoid damage. The findings shed light on possible damage mechanisms; the most predominant seems to be caused by an induced electric field, radiolysis is not excluded but seems less important and knock-on is thought to be negligible for the conditions used.
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SVIDENSKÁ, Silvie. "Nicotiana Occidentalis Chloroplast Ultrastructure imaged with Transmission Electron Microscopes Working at Different Accelerating Voltages." Master's thesis, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-52639.

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The main goal of this thesis is to study and compare electron microscopy images of Nicotiana Occidentalis chloroplasts, obtained from two types of transmission electron microscopes,which work with different accelerating voltage of 80kV and 5kV. The two instruments, TEM JEOL 1010 and low voltage electron microscope LVEM5 are employed for experiments. In the first theoretical part, principle of electron microscopy and chloroplast morphology is described. In experimental part, electron microscopy images of chloroplast under different conditions of sample preparation are shown and discussed.
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"Reduction of longitudinal emittance of ion beams caused by the variation in acceleration gap voltages." 2012. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5549179.

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重離子核聚變是一種能源技術,它有可能為人類未來提供無限的潔淨能源。通過高能粒子撞擊含高濃度氘和氚的目標,從而產生強大的壓縮衝擊波,最終引發氘和氚核子聚變並釋放出巨大核能。在過去的幾十年裡,從離子注入到核反應控制技術,以至於整個重離子核聚變的基本概念都得到迅速的發展。其中一個重要的核聚變條件就是要求非常低的離子束的縱向發射度。
在論文的第一部分,我們研發了一種TSC 技術,它可以減少因粒子加速器的電壓變化而引起的縱向發射度增長。通過數值模擬,結果表明離子束的縱向發射度得到了約89% 的降低。如果把TSC 技術應用於重離子核聚變,離子束的縱向發射度就可以有效地被降低,從而促進更高效的核聚變反應。在論文的第二部分,我們以離子束的電流信號分析為基礎,研發了一種非干擾性的離子束能量測量方法。對於傳統干擾性的離子束能量測量,這種強調非干擾性的測量方法對未來重離子核聚變實驗以及高能粒子加速器研發都有實質的應用價值。在論文的第三部分,我們從NDCX 實驗數據分析中,證實離子束的電流信號能夠有效地揭示離子束微弱的能量變化。這個實驗結果相應肯定了論文第二部分的電流信號分析處理方法。在論文的第四部分,我們模擬在真實的NDCX 環境下測試TSC 技術。模擬結果表明TSC 技術可有效地把離子束的縱向發射度減少近89% ,從而證明了TSC 技術在實際應用中的能力。在論文的最後部分,我們在強電流離子束的一維波動行為中引入橫縱向稱合分析,解釋了一維波動行為與數值模擬結果之間的細小偏差。
Heavy Ion Fusion (HIF) is a technology that has the potential to provide an unlimited source of clean energy for human future. HIF works by shooting at a capsule containing Deuterium and Tritium with energetic heavy ion beams such that the huge amount of kinetic energy carried by the ions is converted into strong compression shock waves. DT fuel is then compressed to form a high temperature and high density hotspot at the center of the capsule, thus igniting nuclear fusion between Deuterium and Tritium. Over the past few decades, the fundamental concepts of HIF had been tested in scaled ex¬periments from the source injection to the reaction chamber. To achieve the highest performance of ignition, ion beams with low longitudinal emittance is demanded.
In the first part of the thesis, we developed a novel Two-Step Correction (TSC) technique to reduce the growth of longitudinal emittance in an induc¬tion linac driver caused by variations in acceleration gap voltages. Through numerical studies, we achieved a reduction of longitudinal emittance by about 89% for high perveance ion beams. As a spinoff from the formalism developed in this study, we developed in the second part of the thesis a new non-invasive approach for the measurement of ion beam energy. The proposed diagnostics may have practical utility for future HIF experiments, particularly as higher energy accelerators are developed. It works by a generalized time-of-flight method, using two adjacent beam current signals to reconstruct the beam velocity profile. In the third part of the thesis, we verified that beam current signals are capable to reveal small beam energy variations by an NDCX-I experiment performed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The result of this experiment confirms the formalism of the new non-invasive approach for the ion beam energy determination based on beam current signal analysis. In order to verify the effectiveness of TSC in real drivers, we proposed a new NDCX-I experiment in the fourth part of the thesis to test the limitations and performance of the correction technique in real environment. Through simulations with real driver features considered, a reduction of 89% of longitudinal emittance was observed, which confirms the ability of TSC in real applications. In the last part of the thesis, we revealed the limitation of the 1-D cold fluid model deployed in our analysis of space-charge waves for high perveance ion beams. We showed that inaccuracies are caused by transverse-longitudinal coupling which could be included in the wave equation for space-charge dominated beams.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Woo, Ka Ming = 抑制由粒子加速器的電壓變化所引起的縱向發射度 / 胡家明.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-156).
Abstracts also in Chinese.
Woo, Ka Ming = Yi zhi you li zi jia su qi de dian ya bian hua suo yin qi de zong xiang fa she du / Hu Jiaming.
Abstract --- p.ii
概論 --- p.iv
Acknowledgement --- p.v
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 2 --- Background --- p.4
Chapter 2.1 --- Highlight --- p.4
Chapter 2.2 --- Introduction to fusion energy --- p.4
Chapter 2.3 --- Fusion technology --- p.5
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Magnetic confinement fusions --- p.5
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Inertial confinement fusions --- p.7
Chapter 2.4 --- Inertia confinement fusion --- p.9
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Principle of ICF --- p.9
Chapter 2.4.2 --- Implosion dynamics --- p.11
Chapter 2.4.3 --- Rayleigh-Taylor instability --- p.13
Chapter 2.4.4 --- Fast ignition --- p.14
Chapter 2.5 --- Heavy Ion Fusion --- p.16
Chapter 2.5.1 --- Comparison between laser and heavy ion driven fusions --- p.16
Chapter 2.5.2 --- Linear Induction Accelerator --- p.18
Chapter 2.6 --- Operation of a HIF driver --- p.20
Chapter 2.6.1 --- Source injection --- p.20
Chapter 2.6.2 --- Transport of ion beams --- p.21
Chapter 2.6.3 --- Acceleration of ion beams --- p.22
Chapter 2.6.4 --- Neutralized drift longitudinal compression --- p.24
Chapter 2.6.5 --- Target chamber --- p.25
Chapter 2.7 --- Transverse beam dynamics --- p.26
Chapter 2.7.1 --- Beam envelope equation --- p.26
Chapter 2.7.2 --- Matched beams solutions --- p.29
Chapter 2.8 --- Longitudinal beam dynamics --- p.30
Chapter 2.8.1 --- Cold plasma model --- p.30
Chapter 2.8.2 --- Self longitudinal electric field --- p.32
Chapter 2.8.3 --- Longitudinal emittance --- p.34
Chapter 2.9 --- Intense ion beam simulation --- p.35
Chapter 2.9.1 --- Particle-In-Cell method --- p.35
Chapter 2.9.2 --- WARP code --- p.36
Chapter 2.10 --- Conclusion --- p.37
Chapter 3 --- Techniques for correcting velocity and density fluctuations of ion beams --- p.39
Chapter 3.1 --- Highlight --- p.39
Chapter 3.2 --- The quest for short-pulse length ion beams --- p.40
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Applications of short-pulse ion beams --- p.40
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Consequence of the growth of longitudinal emittance --- p.41
Chapter 3.3 --- Effect of gap voltage variation on εzn --- p.42
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Description of simulation scenario --- p.42
Chapter 3.3.2 --- The coasting of an unperturbed ion beam and a velocitytilt beam --- p.43
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Effect of many constant voltage gaps --- p.44
Chapter 3.3.4 --- Effect of non-uniform voltage gap --- p.46
Chapter 3.4 --- One-step correction --- p.48
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Criteria for the one-step correction --- p.52
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Space-charge dominated beams --- p.55
Chapter 3.5 --- Two-step correction --- p.56
Chapter 3.5.1 --- Principle of two-step correction --- p.56
Chapter 3.5.2 --- Result of two-step correction --- p.59
Chapter 3.6 --- Conclusion --- p.62
Chapter 4 --- A new non-invasive approach for the measurement of ion beam energy --- p.63
Chapter 4.1 --- Highlight --- p.63
Chapter 4.2 --- Introduction --- p.64
Chapter 4.3 --- Derivation of the ion beam energy based on two current signals --- p.65
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Obtaining the time evolution of the beam current --- p.65
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Deriving the beam energy profile --- p.67
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Obtaining the average velocity --- p.70
Chapter 4.4 --- Checking the beam energy profile with 3-D PIC simulations --- p.72
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Determination of the average velocity --- p.73
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Computation of the beam energy profile --- p.74
Chapter 4.5 --- Signal magnification --- p.74
Chapter 4.6 --- Error propagations --- p.77
Chapter 4.7 --- Conclusion --- p.81
Chapter 5 --- Experimental verification of the beam current signal amplification --- p.83
Chapter 5.1 --- Highlight --- p.83
Chapter 5.2 --- Introduction to NDCX-I --- p.84
Chapter 5.3 --- Design of the NDCX-I experiment --- p.88
Chapter 5.4 --- Voltage profiles applied at the source plate --- p.90
Chapter 5.4.1 --- Marx voltage profile --- p.90
Chapter 5.4.2 --- Voltage modulation --- p.91
Chapter 5.5 --- Signal amplification of beam currents measured at the Faraday cup --- p.92
Chapter 5.6 --- Modeling of the space-charge wave propagation --- p.94
Chapter 5.6.1 --- Solving for the line-charge density profile at the source plate --- p.94
Chapter 5.6.2 --- Procedure of space-charge wave modeling --- p.99
Chapter 5.7 --- Conclusion --- p.101
Chapter 6 --- Implementation of Two-Step Correction in NDCX-I --- p.103
Chapter 6.1 --- Highlight --- p.103
Chapter 6.2 --- Application of the current signal analysis to the Two-Step Correction --- p.104
Chapter 6.3 --- Proposal of the new NDCX-I experiment --- p.107
Chapter 6.3.1 --- Design of the beamline --- p.107
Chapter 6.3.2 --- Description of the simulation scenario --- p.110
Chapter 6.3.3 --- Result of the Two-Step Correction simulation --- p.114
Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.126
Chapter 7 --- Transverse-Longitudinal coupling in the wave equation --- p.128
Chapter 7.1 --- Highlight --- p.128
Chapter 7.2 --- Phenomenological study of residue --- p.129
Chapter 7.2.1 --- Description of the simulation scenario --- p.129
Chapter 7.2.2 --- Modeling of the velocity wave --- p.131
Chapter 7.2.3 --- Phenomenon of residue --- p.133
Chapter 7.3 --- Review of the space-charge wave equation --- p.141
Chapter 7.3.1 --- Fluid description of ion beams --- p.141
Chapter 7.3.2 --- Beam envelope perturbation --- p.145
Chapter 7.4 --- Conclusion --- p.149
Chapter 8 --- Conclusion --- p.150
Bibliography --- p.153
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Lai, Cheng-Hung, and 賴政宏. "Acceleration of Aging by High Voltage Electrostatic Field and Detection of Molasses Alcohol Adulteration by SNIF-NMR for Taiwanese Rice Spirits." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80897481266007058597.

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博士
大葉大學
生物產業科技學系
102
Taiwanese rice-spirits were treated by a designed adjustable parallel high-voltage electrostatic field (AP-HVEF) to investigate the acceleration effect on aging. On the other hand, the ratios of edible alcohol blended in rice spirits were detected by 2H nuclear magnetic resonance (SNIF-NMR) and isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). Experiments were divided into three parts and the results obtained were as follows. 1. Part I: Three model spirits were prepared by individually adding acetic acid, caproic acid, and lactic acid with a concentration of 20,000 ppm in 50% edible alcohol. The concentrations ethyl acetate, ethyl caproate, and ethyl lactate in the model spirits set at room temperature for 20 hr increased from initial 66, 12, and 19 ppm to 601, 243, and 328 ppm, respectively. While contrast to the control, the three esters increased 23.8%, 26.3%, 25.9% (600 kV/m) and 31.1%, 33.7%, 32.6% (900 kV/m) for that of treated by AP-HVEF. Unfortunately, extending treatment time to 20 days, the increase rate lowered to 17.1%, 7.8%, and 5.3%, respectively, for that of 900 kV/m. No obvious effect was shown for treatments of 300 kV/m and 600 kV/m. This indicated that time is probably primary factor on aging of spirit. 2. Part II: The aging effect of AP-HVEF on rice spirits blended with 1,000 ppm acetic acid and lactic acid was investigated. Ethyl acetate and ethyl lactate naturally increased to 57 and 23 ppm from initial 41 and 8 ppm for 40% rice spirits. Both esters increased due to AP-HVEF treatment with increasing field strength or extending time. Rice spirits treated at 900 kV/m for 7 days, showed 101 ppm ethyl acetate and 50 ppm ethyl lactate, while from initial 58 and 10 ppm to 163 and 132 ppm, respectively, for that of blended with acids. According to sensory test, the panel thought that AP-HVEF treatment at 900 kV/m obviously affected quality of rice spirits. 3. Part III: Five pure rice spirits labeled as TK-8, TK-9, TCS-10, TN-11 and TN 71 were made from rice varieties. Imitate rice spirits were made by adulterating molasses-spirit (MS) with various ratios to pure rice spirits. SNIF-NMR and IRMS were used to detect the added ratios. Significant difference in (D/H)I for SNIF-NMR index was observed. The (D/H)I linearly (R2 > 0.96) increased with addition of MS in TK-8, TK-9, TCS-10, TN-11 and TN-71. Test results demonstrated that TN-71 shows sensitive detectable limit which mixed molasses-spirit in rice-spirits is 3.62 %, and TK-8, TK-9, TCS-10 and TN-11 were shown the ranging from 8.20 to 11.73 %. Of the IRMS indices, TK-8, TK-9, TCS-10, TN-11 and TN-71.shown the 13C/12C ratio, δ13C = -27.4 to -28.9‰, and MS δ13C = -11.2‰. Though 13C/12C ratios increased with adding MS, it was not available as the index to distinguish how much MS is adulterated as SNIF-NMR analysis due to the low correlation of them.
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Grant, David William. "Reduced Burst Release of Bioactive rhBMP-2 from a Three-phase Composite Scaffold." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/25605.

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Recombinant human bone morphogenic proteins (rhBMPs) are extensively studied and employed clinically for treatment of various bone defects. Current clinical delivery vehicles suffer wasteful burst releases that mandate supra-physiological dosing driving concerns over safety and cost. It was therefore investigated whether a unique drug delivery vehicle sequestered within a composite scaffold could lower the burst release of rhBMP-2. PLGA-calcium phosphate tri-phasic composite scaffolds delivered model protein BSA with burst release of ~13% and sustained kinetics of 0.5-1.5% BSA/day up to 45 days. rhBMP-2 was delivered with zero burst release however at much lower levels, totaling 0.09% to 0.9 % release over 10 days, but had up to 6.3-fold greater bioactivity than fresh rhBMP-2 (p<0.05). In conclusion, the three-phase composite scaffold can deliver bioactive proteins with a reduced burst release and sustained secondary kinetics.
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Books on the topic "Accelerating voltage"

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Wright, A. G. Voltage dividers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0013.

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Voltage dividers provide accelerating voltages to generate multiplier gain. Dynode voltages must remain constant and independent of the light input to maintain stable gain. The standard resistive divider never quite satisfies this requirement, although acceptable performance can be achieved by careful design. The inclusion of zener diodes improves performance but field-effect transistor (FET) circuits can provide gain stability at high mean anode currents, regardless of whether the application is pulsed or analogue. Design procedures for active and semi-active voltage dividers are presented. Dividers based on the Cockcroft–Walton (CW) principle are particularly suited to portable instrumentation because of their low standing current. Consideration is given to pulsed operation, decoupling, switch-on transients, ripple, dynode signals, single cable dividers, and equivalent circuits at high frequencies. Gating is used to protect a photomultiplier, in the presence of high light levels, by reducing the gain electronically. Various methods for gating a voltage divider are presented.
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Book chapters on the topic "Accelerating voltage"

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Minty, Michiko G., and Frank Zimmermann. "Longitudinal Optics Measurement and Correction." In Particle Acceleration and Detection, 149–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08581-3_7.

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AbstractLongitudinal focusing for a bunched beam is provided by both the change in path length with particle energy and by the time-dependent accelerating voltage. Usually one employs a smooth approximation, i.e., one ignores the discrete locations of the rf cavities, in describing the particle motion. The longitudinal motion can then be modelled by second order differential equations. For small oscillation amplitudes these equations simplify to those of harmonic oscillators.
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Moons, Bert, and Marian Verhelst. "DVAFS—Dynamic-Voltage-Accuracy-Frequency-Scaling Applied to Scalable Convolutional Neural Network Acceleration." In System-Scenario-based Design Principles and Applications, 99–111. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20343-6_5.

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Jin, Jeong-Tae, Seung-Ho Jeong, Kwang-Won Lee, Dae-Sik Chang, Doo-Hee Chang, and Byung-Hoon Oh. "Design of a High Voltage Acceleration Power Supply for a Neutral Beam Injection System." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 387–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-26010-0_47.

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Shimizu, Kenichi, and Tomoaki Mitani. "Application Example 1: Lateral Resolution of in-Lens SE and High-Angle BSE Imaging at Low Accelerating Voltages, Below 2.0 kV." In New Horizons of Applied Scanning Electron Microscopy, 3–6. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03160-1_2.

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Freitag, B., G. Knippels, S. Kujawa, P. C. Tiemeijer, M. Van der Stam, D. Hubert, C. Kisielowski, P. Denes, A. Minor, and U. Dahmen. "First performance measurements and application results of a new high brightness Schottky field emitter for HR-S/TEM at 80-300kV acceleration voltage." In EMC 2008 14th European Microscopy Congress 1–5 September 2008, Aachen, Germany, 55–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85156-1_28.

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Padamsee, H. "RF Superconducting Accelerating Cavities." In High Voltage Vacuum Insulation, 431–57. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012437175-0/50016-6.

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Bahgaat, Naglaa K., and Mohamed Ahmed Moustafa Hassan. "Automatic Voltage Regulator System Tuning Using Swarm Intelligence Techniques." In Advances in System Dynamics and Control, 232–52. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4077-9.ch008.

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The voltage regulator may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages in power systems. Voltage regulator may be designed as a simple “feed-forward” or may include “negative feedback” control loops. It may use an electronic components or electromechanical mechanism on the design. AVR is keeping constant output voltage of the generator in a specified range. The PID controller can used to provide the control requirements. This chapter discusses some modern techniques to get the best possible tuning controller parameters for automatic voltage regulator techniques such as particle swarm optimization, adaptive weight particle swarm optimization, adaptive acceleration coefficients, adaptive acceleration coefficients. Also, it presents a new adjustment modified adaptive acceleration coefficients and a discussion of the results of the all methods used. Simulation for comparison between the proposed methods and the obtained results are promising.
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Venkobarao, Vivek. "Hybridized Genetic Algorithm Based Machine Parameters Estimation for Direct Torque Control of 3 Phase Motor for Wind Energy Systems." In Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering, 96–108. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9911-3.ch006.

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It is generally aware that real-time parameter estimation of A.C. induction machine is very important for the efficient operation of vector-controlled drives. However, most existing methods have not taken into account of the four imperfections within the system, i.e. the existence of severe power harmonics due to the PWM inverter drive, the imbalancing of the 3-phase supply from the inverter, the variation of supply frequency under load changing and acceleration/deceleration, and changes in resistance. In this example, we have developed a new method of parameter estimation based on real time data sampling of voltages and currents, no matter they are sinusoidal or not. Here, the assumption of a synchronous rotating speed of the stator flux is not critical. With the aid of hybrid genetic algorithm techniques, the model has been found useful for on-line speed/torque control in most field orientation control schemes as it is much easier to achieve a global minimum during the optimization process.
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Krishnan, Kannan M. "Scanning Electron Microscopy." In Principles of Materials Characterization and Metrology, 693–744. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830252.003.0010.

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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) focuses an electron beam to a sharp probe, with its diameter, which depends on the acceleration voltage and the aberration coefficients of the probe-forming lens, determining SEM resolution. This electron beam is scanned over the specimen and signals arising from a variety of beam-specimen interactions are recorded to form images using different detectors positioned in the specimen chamber. Secondary electrons, detected with the Everton-Thornley detector, reveal the topography and electrical properties; back-scattered electrons provide information about the average atomic number and local crystallography of the specimen. Ferromagnetic materials alter the trajectory of secondary (Type I) and back-scattered (Type II) electrons to provide magnetic contrast. The magnetic polarization of the secondary electrons can also be analyzed directly (SEMPA) to image domains. The electron beam also excites characteristic X-rays for chemical microanalysis. Luminescent specimens produce light (Cathodoluminescence); these photons provide information on the electronic structure, particularly the defect states, of the specimen. Environmental SEMs, with differential pumping, image the specimen in a gaseous environment and/or under hydration for biological materials. A SEM combined with a focused ion beam (FIB) column is used for nano-fabrication, including preparation of electron-transparent TEM specimens.
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Conference papers on the topic "Accelerating voltage"

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Georges, A., H. Dzitko, M. Mouillet, D. Reynaud, and R. Nicolas. "Lifetime testing of Airix accelerating units." In 2012 IEEE International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference (IPMHVC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipmhvc.2012.6518868.

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Mori, Irchiro, Toshiaki Shinozaki, Kazuyoshi Sugihara, Chikara Itoh, and Mitsuo Tabata. "Electron Beam Image Projection System with High Accelerating Voltage." In 1985 Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.1985.a-5-1.

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Hsu, Wen Cheng, Yu Hsiang Shu, and Chenglong Pan. "Using Higher Accelerating Voltage of SEM to Dig Out Implant Defects." In 2019 IEEE 26th International Symposium on the Physical and Failure Analysis of Integrated Circuits (IPFA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipfa47161.2019.8984876.

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Kobayashi, Hideo, Takao Higuchi, Keishi Asakawa, and Yasunori Yokoya. "PBS performance evaluation under a high-accelerating-voltage e-beam exposure." In 17th Annual BACUS Photomask Technology and Management, edited by James A. Reynolds and Brian J. Grenon. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.301222.

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Tang, Chao, Rui-jin Liao, Li-jun Yang, and Fei-long Huang. "Research on the dielectric properties and breakdown voltage of transformer oil-paper insulation after accelerating thermal ageing." In 2010 International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application (ICHVE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ichve.2010.5640744.

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Postek, Jr., Michael T., Andras E. Vladar, Samuel N. Jones, and William J. Keery. "Report on the NIST low-accelerating-voltage SEM magnification standard interlaboratory study." In SPIE'S 1993 Symposium on Microlithography, edited by Michael T. Postek. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.148941.

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Ginzburg, N. S. "Increasing of Peak Power of Superradiation Pulses by Variation of Accelerating Voltage." In BEAMS 2002: 14th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams. AIP, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1530856.

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Skorobogatov, Dmitry N., Maxim I. Bryzgunov, Anatoly D. Goncharov, Igor Gusev, Mikhail N. Kondaurov, Victor R. Kozak, Anatoly S. Medvedko, et al. "The precision high voltage power supply system for the accelerating column of the 2MeV electron cooler for COSY." In 2014 IEEE International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference (IPMHVC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipmhvc.2014.7287350.

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Ohye, Toshimi, Chiaki Morita, and Hiroshi Shimoyama. "Computer simulation of electron optical characteristics of accelerating tube for high-voltage electron microscope." In SPIE's 1993 International Symposium on Optics, Imaging, and Instrumentation, edited by William B. Thompson, Mitsugu Sato, and Albert V. Crewe. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.155700.

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Nagornov, Aleksey, and Roman Mikheev. "Circuitry Methods for Increasing the Pulse-Voltage Converter’s Radiation Resistance by Accelerating Relaxation Effects." In 2020 IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EIConRus). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eiconrus49466.2020.9039221.

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Reports on the topic "Accelerating voltage"

1

Postek, Michael T. Low accelerating voltage pitch standard based on the modification of NBS SRM 484. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.87-3665.

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Sereno, N. S. APS linac klystron and accelerating structure gain measurements and klystron PFN voltage regulation requirements. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/501502.

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Connolly, R., and J. Rose. Remnant voltages in the RHIC storage system during acceleration: PART II. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1118893.

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Himmel, Jeffrey, John Gualtieri, and John Kosinski. Acceleration Sensitivity and Mode Shape Relationship Tests of Voltage Controlled Surface Acoustic Wave Oscillator. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada299044.

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Bogart, Joanne R. A Fast and Accurate Phasing Algorithm for the RF Accelerating Voltages of the SLAC Linac. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/813031.

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Luc, Brunet. Systematic Equations Handbook : Book 1-Energy. R&D Médiation, May 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17601/rd_mediation2015:1.

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The energy equation handbook is the complete collection of physically coherent expression of energy computed using from 2 to 7 physical units among: density(ML-3) energy (ML2T-2) time (T) force (MLT-2) power (ML2T-3) current (I) temperature (Th) quantity (N) mass (M) length (L) candela (J) surface (L2) volume (L3) concentration (ML-3) frequency (T-1) acceleration (LT- 2) speed (LT-1) pressure (ML-1T-2) viscosity (ML-1T-1) luminance (L- 2J) MolarMass (MN-1) MassicEnergy (L2T-2) resistance (ML2T-3I-2) voltage (ML2T-3I-1) Farad (M-1L-2T4I2) Thermal- Conductivity (MLT-3Th-1) SpecificHeat (L2T-2Th-1) MassFlux (MT-1) SurfaceTension (MT-2) Charge (TI) Resistivity (ML3T-3I-2) The complete list of 4196 equations is sorted by number of variable required to obtain an energy in Joules. All the units are in MKSA.
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Xi Yang and Charles M Ankenbrandt and Jim Norem. Experimental estimate of beam loading and minimum rf voltage for acceleration of high intensity beam in the Fermilab Booster. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/822586.

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