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1
Worku, Yohannes, and Mammo Muchie. "The survival of business enterprises and access to finance: the case of 4 African countries." Problems and Perspectives in Management 17, no. 1 (2019): 326–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.17(1).2019.28.
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Microfinance institutions render essential services to start-up small, micro, medium-sized enterprises (SMMEs) by way of extending loans to entrepreneurs. SMMEs operating in South Africa have relatively better access to microfinance loans in comparison with those operating in Nigeria, Kenya and Ethiopia. A survey was conducted in order to compare the relative ease of access to microfinance loans in South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya and Ethiopia based on a survey conducted in the four Sub-Saharan African countries. The ease of access to microfinance loans was assessed based on criteria defined by Barry and Tacneng (2014). A total of 401 SMMEs participated in the study. Loan applicants were asked to provide answers to questions that indicated the ease of securing loans and meeting loan repayment conditions. Emphasis was placed on the demand for collateral as a requirement for extending loans to applicants, the assessment of entrepreneurial and auditing skills of loan applicants, the difficulty of meeting loan repayment conditions, and adherence to regulations and guidelines recommended by governments. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate methods of data analyses were used for data analyses. The study found that about 21% of SMMEs were satisfied with the ease of securing loans, whereas the remaining 79% of SMMEs did not. The ease of access to microfinance loans varied by country in which South African loan applicants were the most satisfied in comparison with the remaining three countries. Securing microfinance loans, as well as fulfilling loan repayment conditions were easiest in South Africa, and most difficult in Ethiopia. In terms of ease of securing loans and meeting loan repayment conditions, the order of nations was ranked as South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya and Ethiopia. In all four countries, the ease of access to microfinance loans was influenced by country of business operation, extent of benefits realized by SMMEs, and highest level of formal education.
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Suryani, Embun Suryani, Sri Wahyulina, and Siti Aisyah Hidayati. "Akses Usaha Kecil dan Mikro (UKM) terhadap Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR) dan Dampaknya terhadap Perkembangan Usaha: Kasus UKM di Kota Mataram." JURNAL SOSIAL EKONOMI DAN HUMANIORA 5, no. 2 (2019): 186–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jseh.v5i2.61.
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Small and Micro Enterprises (SMEs) have a significant role for Indonesia's gross domestic product and employment. However, most SMEs face capital constraints and limited access to formal financial institutions. Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR) Fund is one of the credit programs established by the Indonesian Government to overcome capital constraints on SMEs. The study aims to analyze the ability of SMEs to access the KUR loans and the loan’s impact on business development. Primary data was obtained from interviews of 40 respondents who are SMEs in Mataram City. Ability to access the KUR loans was analyzed by logistic regression method while Ordinary Least Square (OLS) was employed to analyze the impact of KUR loans on business development. The result of logit regression shows that the variable of savings and sales influence the ability of SME to access the KUR loan. The KUR funds granted are able to increase SME's sales value by 82.03 percent from 3.47 billion rupiah to 6.31 billion rupiah per year. Based on the OLS analysis, the ability of SMEs to access capital derived from KUR funds has a positive and significant impact on the value of SME business development
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Mbowe, Wilfred E., Fredrick R. Shirima, and Deogratius Kimolo. "Role of Financial Innovation in Enhancing MSMES Access to Credit: An Empirical Investigation on Tanzania." Applied Economics and Finance 7, no. 3 (2020): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/aef.v7i3.4777.
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This study assesses the extent to which financial innovations contribute to improving micro small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) access to credit in Tanzania. Information was collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire administered on a sample of 318 respondents. Probit estimates were used for robustness check of the factors that influence MSMEs borrowing behavior.The findings indicate that factors, which influence MSMEs to borrow money through innovative channels, comprise the need for meeting business start-up, operational and expansion costs. Other factors are in respect of ease of access; convenience; short loan process; and a relatively high degree of control of the loan process by the borrower. In contrast to progress made in improving access to financial services by MSMEs, loan access by individuals or businesses through innovative platforms is still low. Only 28.8 percent acknowledged having received loans through innovative platforms, and coefficient on innovation variable was found to be statistically insignificant. Explaining this anomaly include unfavorable terms of loans; high lending rates, inadequate knowledge; small-size loans; and short repayment period. Meanwhile, loan process time, loan size, loan access (distance) have a higher probability of increasing loan access by MSMEs.Therefore, there is a need to intensify measures towards enhancing MSMEs access to credit, taking advantage of available innovative platform channels. Increasing efforts towards reducing credit risk will help to lower the lending rates, while moral suasion measures by financial regulators together with borrowers’ traceable business-record can as well entice loan providers to offer loans of larger size and longer maturity. Meanwhile, capacity building is imperative in enabling MSMEs to acquire requisite business management skills and inculcate record-keeping culture. Equally crucial is enhancing measures towards maintaining the country’s macro-economic stability with a view to boosting demand for credit and improving MSMEs’ loan repayment capabilities.
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M Fahmy, Obaid, M. Rustam, and Evi Asmayadi. "Pengaruh Keuangan Inklusif Terhadap Kredit yang Disalurkan pada Sektor Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah di Indonesia." Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan 5, no. 2 (2016): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jebik.v5i2.17145.
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This research is a quantitative study which aims to find out the effect of financial inclusion(banking access dimension and banking service usage dimension) on loans channeled to theMicro Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (MSMEs) sector in Indonesia. The variables used inthis research were loans channeled to the MSMEs as dependent variable, and successivelybanking access dimension and banking service usage dimension as the independent variables.Using the purposive sampling method, a total of 33 provinces in Indonesia were selected as thesamples with an observation period from 2010 to 2013. LDR (Loan to Deposit Ratio) and NPL(Non Performing Loan) were used as the control variables. Simultaneously there was a positiveand significant effect of banking access dimension, banking service usage dimension, and LDRon loans channeled to the MSMEs sector, while NPL had a negative but insignificant effect.
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TEIXEIRA, AURORA A. C., and HALIMA ABDI SHARIFU. "FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ACCESS TO BANK LOANS IN TANZANIA: A DOUBLE-HURDLE MODEL APPROACH." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 22, no. 03 (2017): 1750019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946717500194.
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The present study assesses the perceptions of female entrepreneurs in Tanzania regarding the access to bank loans and the difficulties experienced in the process of financing their businesses. Focusing on small-scale businesses, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 75 female entrepreneurs from the Dar es Salaam area. Resorting to double-hurdle estimation models, we conclude that: 1) women who perceive higher discrimination and/or inequality in accessing bank loans, but who also recognize that female entrepreneurs often lack relevant business skills, tend to apply more often for bank loans; 2) women running larger business, operating in the tailoring industry, face fewer difficulties; 3) although highly educated female entrepreneurs apply less for bank loans, formal education acts as a shield to the difficulties faced by women when applying to bank loans; 4) more autonomous and money seeking female entrepreneurs are less likely to report difficulties during the bank loan application process.
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H. Rubin, Tzameret, and Nir Ben-Aharon. "Additionality of government guaranteed loans for SMEs in Israel." Journal of Economics and Finance 45, no. 3 (2021): 504–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12197-021-09538-8.
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Abstract The study examines the Israeli Government Loans for SMEs in 2015. Our findings are based on three surveys. A business survey of 384 businesses that were granted a Government loan, a business survey of 99 businesses that were granted loans but decided not to take them and a survey of 50 loan consultants who advised those businesses about their eligibility and the Terms and Conditions of the loans. We tested Loan Adjusted Additionality and Loan Baseline Additionality and found that 53% of loans taken from the Government Loans Foundation (GLF) are additional loans. SMEs would not have taken a loan, or any part of one, if not for the Government Loans Foundation Scheme. Our contribution to the literature is by including Indirect Additionality, demonstrating the importance of the GLF Scheme, not only by assisting SMEs in their financial planning and growth but also, by signalling early stage business resilience, reducing the risks for commercial banks through regulated, financial due diligence. This outcome expands the pool of SMEs which have access to free market loans and has the potential to improve their survival rate, thus fostering economic growth.
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Nguyen, Ngoc Nhan Nhu, and Chinh Duc Pham. "FACTORS AFFECTING ACCESS TO FORMAL CREDIT BY SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN AN GIANG PROVINCE." Science and Technology Development Journal 18, no. 1 (2015): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v18i1.1017.
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This study was conducted to determinefactors that affect the access to formal credit by smallholder farmers in An Giang province. Applying binary logistic regression analysis on a sample of 210 households, we found that the access to formal credit by these households are affected by five factors, namely total value of household assets, participation in organizations, demand for loans from credit institutions, loan guarantees and accumulated income, in which the demand for loans has the greatest impact. From the regression results, we built a model to forecast the access to formal credit by households with 93.8%. precise forecastprobability.
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Rana, Kanika, and Brinda Viswanathan. "Patterns of Access to Microfinance Loans in India." Review of Development and Change 24, no. 2 (2019): 259–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972266119886677.
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Due to various supply and demand factors, households in developing countries may borrow from a single source or combination of sources—formal, informal and microfinance institutions (MFI). Who is accessing what types of loan sources? This study uses Indian Human Development Survey (2011–2012) to analyse, for the first time, households accessing microfinance loans either alone (8%) or in combination with other sources (13%). We find that the more developed southern states have the highest MFI-linked borrowers (39%). Despite the low overall share of MFI borrowing, microfinance supports inclusiveness with higher presence among the economically disadvantaged and socially underprivileged, such as female-headed, casual labour, Other Backward Classes and dalit households. Expectedly, the effects of social networking are more pronounced among MFI-linked borrowers.
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Chepkwony, Kenneth, Hillary Bett, and Kenneth Waluse Sibiko. "Determinants of Table Banking Loan Utilization among Micro Agri-Enterprises Owners in Bomet County, Kenya." International Journal of Current Aspects 3, no. II (2019): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v3iii.12.
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Micro Agri-enterprises (MAEs) play a key role in economic development of Kenya. However, without finance they need to invest, their performance is stifled. Table banking (TB) strategy is an avenue through which MAE owners pool finances together, access credit and business development services. The study objective was to determine factors influencing utilization of table banking loans among MAE owners participating in table banking in Bomet County. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select a sample of 382 MAE owners who borrowed long-term loans between 2015 and 2016 from TB groups promoted by Joyful women organization (JoyWO). Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect primary data. Utilization of TB loans was measured by the amount of TB loan invested in MAE to the total amount of loan borrowed from TB within the study period. Two-limit Tobit model was used to analyse data. Entrepreneurship training received from TB program officers was found to have a positive and significant influence on utilization of TB loans. Location of agri-enterprise, agri-enterprise age and size were other factors found to influence utilization of TB loans positively and significantly. However, gender of MAE owners was found to have a negative and significant influence on utilization of TB loans. To boost utilization of table banking loans among MAE owners, table banking programme officers should tailor entrepreneurship and agribusiness trainings to meet the specific needs required by MAEs owners operating at different stages in the agricultural value chain.
 This is an open-access article published and distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License of United States unless otherwise stated. Access, citation and distribution of this article is allowed with full recognition of the authors and the source.
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The Dong, Phung, and Nguyen Thi Hong Nham. "The factors affecting accessibility to credit capital of small and medium enterprises in Vietnam." Statistics and Economics 15, no. 6 (2019): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2018-6-15-25.
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The difficulty in accessing loans is one of the major barriers to the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam. Low accessibility to capital forces SMEs to spend both official and unofficial costs in order to obtain loans, and/or to access the unofficial market at higher interest rates, thereby increasing cost of production of enterprises. Studies suggest that the determinants of bank loan processing through which small and medium enterprises can access official loans include: characteristics of enterprises; indicators, reflecting the performance of enterprises; characteristics of loans; characteristics of enterprises, enterprise owners; geographical position of enterprises; the creditworthiness of enterprises and the role of the network.Purpose of the study.The aim of this paper is the quantitative analysis of the factors, affecting accessibility to credit capital of small and medium enterprises in Vietnam.Materials and methods.This study was conducted on the basis of a survey in December 2017. The survey includes 301 enterprises in Hanoi city. Selected enterprises are also enterprises, surveyed in the annual enterprise survey by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam. This paper uses the Probit and Logit regression approach to estimate the impact of factors, affecting the disbursement probability of a loan of an enterprise. The number of SMEs accounts for 56.69% of the samples. The number of enterprises, applying for a bank loan accounts for 58.4% of the total samples, of which the percentage of disbursed loans for SMEs accounts for only 47.3%. For enterprises without a bank loan, eliminating the reasons for the lack of demand and unwish to be in debt, the main reasons not to access bank loans are high interest rates, complicated loan procedures and insufficient collateral.Results.The results obtained from the Logistic and Probit models show that the estimated coefficients are statistically significant, affecting the probability of taking a business loan, accepted by financial institutions. Although the coefficients, estimated from Logistics model are larger than those estimated from the Probit model, the estimated results show that the direction of impact of the variables in two estimation techniques gives quite similar results.Conclusion.Based on the results of this study, the Government of Vietnam should implement policies to support SMEs in the direction of improving their access to capital. The credit institutions should design products and services suitable to the characteristics of SMEs in Vietnam.
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Saleem, Misha. "The Effect of Ownership Rights on Urban Households’ Access to Credit in Lahore." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 16, no. 2 (2011): 111–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2011.v16.i2.a5.
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Land titling and ownership rights have recently been advocated in policy circles as a powerful tool for poverty reduction. The lack of formal titling prevents the use of property as collateral, and hence prevents the capital embedded in these assets from being "unlocked." Some studies show a fairly insignificant relationship between informal loans and property rights, while others indicate a significant positive relationship between formal loans (credit cards, bank loans, etc.) and land ownership. The objective of this article is to look at the impact of owned titled land on formal and informal loans among urban households in Lahore. Here, formal loans are seen in terms of bank loans and credit cards while informal loans are characterized as loans taken from relatives, friends, or local moneylenders. The findings suggest that land ownership has a positive and significant relationship with formal loans but no relationship with either bank loans or informal loans alone.
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Moreno, Margarita, and Anne Xu. "The National Library of Australia's document supply service: a brief overview." Interlending & Document Supply 38, no. 1 (2010): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02641611011025299.
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PurposeThis paper aims to describe the role of the National Library of Australia in the Australian interlibrary loan environment, not just in terms of providing access to National Library collections through the document supply service, but also in providing infrastructure to support interlibrary loans across Australia.Design/methodology/approachThe paper describes the various roles the National Library plays in the interlibrary loan/document delivery environment in Australia. It covers the document supply service and the Libraries Australia service, which provides the infrastructure that supports interlibrary loans/document delivery in Australia, and briefly reports on the evaluation of services currently being undertaken.FindingsProviding access to library collections is complex and constantly changing. Client expectations are increasing, and libraries need to change traditional practices to meet user needs.Originality/valueThe paper covers the services offered by the National Library of Australia in supporting interlibrary loans/document delivery. Very few papers cover this topic.
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Ruan, Wenjuan, and Erwei Xiang. "Which companies find it easier to obtain bank loans? Evidence from China." Corporate Ownership and Control 10, no. 3 (2013): 389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv10i3c3art5.
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The study investigates the determinants of bank loan financing of Chinese listed companies from 1996 to 2009. The empirical results suggest that the channels through which companies obtain bank loans are different. Companies controlled by the state can more easily obtain loans from state-owned commercial banks and policy banks, while privately controlled companies have significantly larger access to loans from foreign banks. The empirical results also show that political connectedness and institutional development are the significant determinants of the bank loan financing of private companies. If companies locate in an area with higher level of institutional development, the proportion of their loans from state-owned banks is smaller than that of companies locate in areas with lower level of institutional development
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Weber, Ron, and Oliver Musshoff. "Is agricultural microcredit really more risky? Evidence from Tanzania." Agricultural Finance Review 72, no. 3 (2012): 416–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00021461211277268.
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PurposeUsing a unique dataset of a commercial microfinance institution (MFI) in Tanzania, the purpose of this paper is to investigate first whether agricultural firms have a different probability to get a loan and whether their loans are differently volume rationed than loans to non‐agricultural firms. Second, the paper analyzes whether agricultural firms repay their loans with different delinquencies than non‐agricultural firms.Design/methodology/approachThe authors estimate a Probit‐Model for the probability of receiving a loan, a Heckman‐Model to investigate the magnitude of volume rationing for all loan applications and an OLS‐Model to examine the loan delinquencies of all microloans disbursed by the MFI.FindingsThe results reveal that agricultural firms face higher obstacles to get credit but as soon as they have access to credit, their loans are not differently volume rationed than those of non‐agricultural firms. Furthermore, agricultural firms are less often delinquent when paying back their loans than non‐agricultural firms.Research limitations/implicationsEven if the authors can show that access to credit and loan repayment is different for agricultural firms, the current regional focus of the MFI only allows for lending to agricultural firms in the greater Dar es Salaam area. Thus, these results might change in a rural setting. Besides general differences of the rural economic environment, the production type of agricultural firms might also differ in rural areas. Also, these results might change in different country contexts.Practical implicationsThe findings suggest that a higher risk exposition typically attributed to agricultural production must not necessarily lead to higher credit risk. They also show that the investigated MFI overestimates the credit risk of agricultural clients and, hence, should reconsider its risk assessment practice to be able to increase lending to the agricultural sector. In addition, the results might indicate that farmers qualify less often for a loan as they do not fit into the standard microcredit product.Originality/valueTo the authors' knowledge, this is the first paper which simultaneously investigates access to credit and the repayment behavior of agricultural firms.
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Asiedu, Elizabeth, James A. Freeman, and Akwasi Nti-Addae. "Access to Credit by Small Businesses: How Relevant Are Race, Ethnicity, and Gender?" American Economic Review 102, no. 3 (2012): 532–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.3.532.
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This paper employs data from the 1998 and 2003 Survey of Small Business Finances to analyze whether, after controlling for observable factors that influence loan decisions, there is a significant difference in the loan approval rate and the interest rate charged on approved loans for businesses owned by minority or white females and firms owned by white males.
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Bai, Chong-En, Jiangyong Lu, and Zhigang Tao. "Property rights protection and access to bank loans." Economics of Transition 14, no. 4 (2006): 611–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.2006.00269.x.
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Harris, Neville. "Social Security, Student Loans and Access to Education." Modern Law Review 54, no. 2 (1991): 258–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.1991.tb02651.x.
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Ogouvide, Tchekpo Fortune, Ygue Patrice Adegbola, Roch Cedrique Zossou, Afio Zannou, and Gauthier Biaou. "Farmers' preferences and willingness to pay for microcredit in Benin: results from in-the-field choice experiments in Benin." Agricultural Finance Review 80, no. 5 (2020): 665–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-01-2020-0004.
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PurposeThis document analyses farmers' preferences and willingness to pay (CAP) for microcredit, in order to facilitate their access in rural areas.Design/methodology/approachData are based on a discrete choice experiment with 400 randomly selected farmers from 20 villages of the 7 Benin agricultural development hubs (ADHs). The preference choice modelling was performed using mixed logit (MXL) and latent class logit (LCL) models. Farmers' willingness to pay for each preferred attribute was estimated. The endogenous attribute attendance (EAA) model was also used to capture attribute non-attendance (ANA) phenomenon.FindingsThe results indicate that, on average, farmers prefer individual loans, low interest rates, in kind + cash loans, cash loans, disbursement before planting and loans with at least 10-month duration. These preferences vary according to farmers' classes. Farmers are willing to pay higher or lower interest rates depending on attribute importance. The estimate of the EAA model indicates that, when taking the ANA phenomenon into consideration, people will show stronger attitudes regarding WTP for important factors.Research limitations/implicationsBased on these results from Benin, microfinance institutions (MFIs) in developing countries can, based on the interest rates currently charged, attract more farmers as customers, reviewing the combination of the levels of the attributes associated with the nature of the loan, the type of loan (individual or collective), the disbursement period of funds, the waiting period of the loan and the loan duration. However, the study only considered production credit, ignoring equipment or investment credit.Practical implicationsThe document provides information on the key factors that can facilitate producers' access to MFI products and services.Social implicationsFacilitating small farmers' access to financial service will contribute to poverty reduction.Originality/valueThis research contributes to the knowledge of the attributes and attribute levels favoured by farmers when choosing financial products and the amounts they agree to pay for these attributes. The implementation of the results would facilitate small producers' access to financial services; thus contributing to poverty reduction.
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Xu, Yilan. "Mandatory savings, credit access and home ownership: The case of the housing provident fund." Urban Studies 54, no. 15 (2016): 3446–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016676158.
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Several Asian countries have established savings and loan programs called housing provident funds, which comprise of a voluntary or mandatory savings account and eligibility for discounted mortgage loans. This study evaluates the impact of a mandatory housing provident fund in China on home ownership using the China Health and Nutrition Survey from 1989 to 2009. The empirical results indicate that households enrolled in the program were more likely to own a home since the housing provident fund loans became available in 1998, and such difference was fully explained by the length of the enrolment history which was related to the housing provident fund loan benefits by program design. The success of the housing provident fund was in part attributable to its program designs that feature behavioural economics theories, such as automatic enrolment, mental accounting, and self-discipline. The empirical findings have implications for designing effective housing policies to promote home ownership.
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Dachi, Hillary A. "Student Loans Financing in Tanza:." International Journal of African Higher Education 8, no. 1 (2021): 91–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ijahe.v8i1.13363.
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This study examined the mechanisms employed to finance student loans in Tanzania and who benefits and how. The findings show that student loans are financed by the public exchequer. The number of students fromhigh-income families accessing these loans is disproportionate to their representation in Higher Education Institutions, while the share for middle and low-income students reflects their representation. There is also animbalance between male and female beneficiaries across programmes, notably in the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) disciplines. It is concluded that such disparities are the result of the fact thatthe student loan scheme seeks to satisfy a number of government policy objectives in relation to higher education beyond access and equity, and that means testing is not rigorously conducted.
 Key words: Higher Education, higher education policy, financing higher education, higher education student loans, public subsidisation of higher education
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Sakanko, Musa Abdullahi, Joseph David, and Aliyu Musari Onimisi. "Advancing inclusive growth in Nigeria: The role of financial inclusion in poverty, inequality, household expenditure, and unemployment." Indonesian Journal of Islamic Economics Research 2, no. 2 (2020): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/ijier.v2i2.3914.
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This study employs ARDL bounds testing technique to examine the effect of financial inclusion on inclusive growth in Nigeria, using quarterly data from 2007-2018. The empirical evidence reveals the presence of cointegration between financial inclusion indicators (account ownership, access to bank, ATM and credit, loans to SMEs and internet usage) and inclusive growth (poverty, household expenditure, employment, and per capita income). The results demonstrate that, while increase in account ownership, and access to bank and ATM raise poverty, and access to credit, loans to SMEs and internet usage reduces employment and per capita income in the long-run, it was also discovered that access to credit reduce poverty and increase household consumption, while account ownership and access to bank increases employment and per capita income in the long-run. In the short-run: lag of account ownership, access to ATM and credit, loan to SMEs and internet usage reduces poverty; lag of household expenditure, account ownership, and access to ATM and lag of internet usage increases household expenditure; lags of access to ATM and lags of internet usage (and account ownership and access to bank) increases employment opportunities (and per capita income); and access to ATM and credit reduces employment and per capita income respectively.
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PFEFFERMAN, TALIA, and DAVID DE VRIES. "Gendering Access to Credit: Business Legitimacy in Mandate Palestine." Enterprise & Society 16, no. 3 (2015): 580–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2015.13.
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Although business historiography has demonstrated a variety of impediments placed on women’s entry to entrepreneurship and business, the negotiated mechanisms that constructed the gendered selection has been understudied. Based on an analysis of loan applications by Jewish women in British-ruled Palestine before 1948, this article shows how material considerations to approve the loans and facilitate entry to business activity were based not merely on gender-oriented perceptions on the legitimacy of doing business, but also on a mosaic of normative constructions of family, community, and nation building.
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Selaelo Maesela, Pabalelo, Taurai Hungwe, and Solly Matshonisa Seeletse. "Mysteries of success for small and medium enterprises in Ga-Rankuwa Township of Pretoria in Gauteng Province, South Africa." Environmental Economics 7, no. 1 (2016): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.07(1).2016.06.
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The small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are important to the South African economy and social development. This paper discusses the case of Ga-Rankuwa Township SMEs, causes of their proven failure and the methods used by the SMEs owned by people who came from foreign countries and operating in this township. These foreign SMEs did not have access to loans for business. On the other hand the local ones could apply for the loans but many did not know how and where. The locals then forfeited the opportunity, but still refused to partner with foreign ones who could assist them. The foreign ones were more successful in using business skills and knowledge to nurture their SMEs. They also contributed to the township’s economy by employing local people. Recommendations include that local SMEs should partner with foreign ones to develop synergies, and that the SME agency, Small Enterprise Development Agency (SEDA) should design policies for foreign SME access to business loan funds by ensuring and enforcing local empowerment as part of their loan access package
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Howard-Jones, P., J. Hцlscher, and D. Radicic. "Firm productivity in the western Balkans: The impact of European Union membership and access to finance." Ekonomski anali 62, no. 215 (2017): 7–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1715007h.
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This study examines the productivity performance of Balkan firms within and outside the European Union (EU), including the influence of loans. A multiple treatment model is used to compare the effects on productivity of membership and loans both separately and collectively, which in the case of loans allows a separate analysis of their influence on firms in non-member states. The use of conditional quantile regressions measures the effect on productivity of membership and loans separately as treatment variables. This provides an analysis of where the treatment influence is greatest across the distribution curve and identifies the significance of selected control variables on the outcome. In the full sample, the findings indicate that EU membership and loans have a positive effect on productivity, with membership being more important than loans. Outside the EU, firms in receipt of loans are more productive than those without. However, the significance of both membership and loans is restricted to the lower end of the productivity distribution curve. The manufacturing sample shows that EU membership has a significant positive effect across 70% of the deciles measured, whilst the influence of loans is restricted to the lower deciles, with rental capital (leasing) also positively significant in the lower four deciles. In the services sector, however, membership is significant up to 90% of the distribution, with loans at 60%.
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Weber, Ron, and Oliver Musshoff. "Can flexible microfinance loans improve credit access for farmers?" Agricultural Finance Review 73, no. 2 (2013): 255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-09-2012-0050.
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Mezza, Alvaro, Daniel Ringo, and Kamila Sommer. "Student Loans, Access to Credit and Consumer Financial Behavior." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2021, no. 049 (2021): 1–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2021.050.
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This paper provides novel evidence that increased student loan debts, caused by rising tuitions, increase borrowers' demand for additional consumer debt, while simultaneously restricting their ability to access it. The net effect of student loan debt on consumer borrowing varies by market, depending on whether the supply or demand channel dominates. In loosely underwritten credit markets, increased student loan debt causes borrowing to increase, while in tightly underwritten markets, increased student loan debt reduces the use of credit. These findings match predictions of a standard lifecycle model of household consumption and borrowing, augmented with a realistic student loan repayment contract.
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Awofeso, O. A., and A. O. Ademuson. "Social Capital and Cooperative Society Lending in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 17, no. 2 (2019): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/njsa/9102/71(0230).
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Cooperatives societies are seen as dependable and quick financial bailout institutions which can be used by business owners to secure quick and minimum interest on loans. This ethnographic study provides an understanding of the lending activities and criteria of obtaining a loan from co-operative societies in Ibadan, Nigeria as well as the social factors influencing how people access these loans. This empirical study gathered data using unobtrusive observation by attending weekly meetings of the cooperative (comprising of 102 members), asking questions during discussion times in the meeting as well as interacting with members of the co-operative society for 18 months. Additionally, 10 key informant interviews were done. Findings show that a strong social capital is needed and vital in obtaining loans in a co-operative society. The study concluded that cooperative societies are effective in lending business loans and supporting entrepreneurship but intending members must plan to join alongside others who can stand as guarantors for them in order to access loans easily and quickly. It is recommended that cooperative societies should find a modality of assisting those with no social resource to stand for them as guarantor in order to be able to help more people to start or grow their business enterprise. Those with no social resources should mingle well with other members in order to build one.
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Xu, Huacen (Brin), Heying Jenny Zhan, Claire Elizabeth-Ellen James, Lauren Denise Fannin, and Yue Yin. "Double bind in loan access in China: the reification of gender differences in business loans." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 10, no. 4 (2018): 182–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-08-2017-0048.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine gender differences in credit access and credit default. Design/methodology/approach Using panel data drawn from 917 valid credit borrowers covering the period 2012 to 2015 drawn from among 6,849 study subjects and a national household financial survey (n = 29,500) conducted in China, this study focuses on gender differences in small and micro entrepreneurs’ financial behavior, specifically with respect to credit access and credit default. Findings The study revealed the following: Women expressed having more barriers to obtaining a business loan than men; gender had a significant effect on women’ credit default; and women were less likely to default a loan than male loan borrowers did. An exploration of the reasons for credit access and default found that female loan applicants were more likely to display a lack of knowledge and confidence in loan application. Originality/value The study contributes to literature by using the Marxian concept of reification in explaining women and their financial behaviors in China.
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P.E, Adejo, Adejo E.G, and Shaibu U.M. "ASSESSMENT OF GENDER ACCESS TO AGRICULTURAL LOANS FROM COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN DEKINA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KOGI STATE, NIGERIA." Journal of Asian Rural Studies 1, no. 2 (2017): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v1i2.1183.
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This study assessed gender access to agricultural loans from cooperative societies in Dekina Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria. Primary data used were collected from 160 registered cooperative members in the study area. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, binary Logit regression analysis, and mean score. Results of the findings showed that 62.9% and 54.3% of the male and female cooperative members were married with household size of 1 – 5 members. Most of the respondents were within the age bracket of 31 – 50 years. Finding on gender difference indicated that male cooperative members had more access (3.52) to loan than the female (2.88). Estimates of the binary logit model showed that the slope coefficients of household size, educational status, years of membership, and income were positive and statistically significant at 10% and 5% for the male and female cooperative members respectively. Furthermore, the major problems faced by cooperative members in accessing loans are reluctance from financial institutions (M=2.8) and fear of repayment by borrowers (M=2.7). Amongst others, comprehensive development of gender specific policy interventions by government to enhance access to loan by female cooperative members was recommended.
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Asongu, Simplice, Sara le Roux, Jacinta Nwachukwu, and Chris Pyke. "Reducing information asymmetry with ICT." International Journal of Managerial Finance 15, no. 2 (2019): 130–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmf-01-2018-0027.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate loan price and quantity effects of information sharing offices with information and communication technology (ICT), in a panel of 162 banks consisting of 42 African countries for the period 2001–2011.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical evidence is based on a panel of 162 banks in 42 African countries for the period 2001–2011. Misspecification errors associated with endogenous variables and unobserved heterogeneity in financial access are addressed with generalized method of moments and instrumental quantile regressions.FindingsThe findings uncover several major themes. First, ICT when integrated with the role of public credit registries significantly lowered the price of loans and raised the quantity of loans. Second, while the net effects from the interaction of ICT with private credit bureaus (PCBs) do not improve financial access, the corresponding marginal effects show that ICT could complement the characteristics of PCBs to reduce loan prices and increase loan quantity, but only when certain thresholds of ICT are attained. The authors compute and discuss the policy implications of these ICT thresholds for banks with low, intermediate and high levels of financial access.Originality/valueThis is one of the few studies to assess how the growing ICT can be leveraged in order to reduce information asymmetry in the banking industry with the ultimate aim of improving financial access in a continent where lack of access to finance is a critical policy syndrome.
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Michney, Todd M., and LaDale Winling. "New Perspectives on New Deal Housing Policy: Explicating and Mapping HOLC Loans to African Americans." Journal of Urban History 46, no. 1 (2019): 150–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144218819429.
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Scholarship on the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) has typically focused on this New Deal housing agency’s invention of redlining, with dire effects from this legacy of racial, ethnic, and class bias for the trajectories of urban, and especially African American neighborhoods. However, HOLC did not embark on its now infamous mapping project until after it had issued all its emergency refinancing loans to the nation’s struggling homeowners. We examine the racial logic of HOLC’s local operations and its lending record to black applicants during the agency’s initial 1933-1935 “rescue” phase, finding black access to its loans to have been far more extensive than anyone has assumed. Yet, even though HOLC did loan to African Americans, it did so in ways that reinforced racial segregation—and with the objective of replenishing the working capital of the overwhelmingly white-owned building and loans that held the mortgages on most black-owned homes.
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Mezza, Alvaro A., Daniel R. Ringo, Shane M. Sherlund, and Kamila Sommer. "On the Effect of Student Loans on Access to Homeownership." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2016, no. 010 (2016): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2016.010.
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Szwarc, Monika. "Swoboda przemieszczania się studentów w Unii Europejskiej — prawo dostępu do szkolnictwa wyższego i stypendiów w kontekście transnarodowym." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 107 (April 4, 2017): 261–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.107.15.
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FREE MOVEMENT OF STUDENTS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION — RIGHT TO EDUCATION, ACCESS TO EDUCATION AND ACCESS TO GRANTS IN THE TRANSNATIONAL CONTEXTThe right to education, recognised by Article 14 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union must be analysed and interpreted in the light of the previous evolution of EU law in this domain, as well as of the preceding jurisprudence of the Court of Justice. In the present state of EU law there is no doubt that access to higher education as well as access to student grants or loans falls within the scope of EU law. Therefore the article contains the overview of where EU law stands at present in the domain of mobility of students. The main two fields of interest are: access to education of migrant students, when they move from their home Member State to a host Member State in order to undertake studies, as well as access to social benefits, namely student grants or loans, which enable or make easier the mobility of students. The second field of interest concerning student grants or loans is divided into two parts: the first concerns access to grants or loans accorded by the host Member State to migrant student; the second concerns access to grants or loans accorded by the home Member State to its own citizens in order to encourage them to study abroad. The analysis, on the one hand, reveals that the scope of application of EU law to the situation of migrant students, due to the jurisprudence of the CJEU, is very wide, which means the wide scope of rights accorded to students and the narrow scope of freedom left to the Member States. On the other hand, the analysis leads to a conclusion that the case of migrant students is an exemplification of the challenges faced by the Union in the field of free movement, in particular the pressure to limit the social benefi ts for EU citizens exercising their right to free movement.
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Elahi, Ali Raza, Alia Ahmed, Safyan Majid, and Muhammad Farhan Asif. "CRITICAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACCESS TO BANK CREDIT: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 3 (2021): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9315.
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Purpose of the study: The purpose of the current study is to get subjective information from SMEs about their views and elicit the experience of getting loans and why not getting loans.
 Methodology: This study has been used qualitative research and findings have been gathered using face-to-face in-depth semi-structured interviews.
 Main Findings: Findings showed that there are two types of SME firms categorized in 1) Firms that are willing to take a loan but unable to get them and 2) Firms that have access to finance but don’t want to obtain them, different themes have been extracted from the aforementioned categorization.
 Applications of this study: This research can be effective to develop an economy in terms of employment generation, human resource development, value addition, poverty alleviation, income equality, entrepreneurial culture, and innovation, and Pakistan is no exception in this regard.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: The study is contributing to running a manufacturing unit, usually a large land area is required. Moreover, business locations are preferred near to markets for ease of doing business. Since all these preferred choices require a lot of money to incur for capital expenditure which is hardly available for SMEs.
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LONG, BRIDGET TERRY, and ERIN RILEY. "Financial Aid: A Broken Bridge to College Access?" Harvard Educational Review 77, no. 1 (2007): 39–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.77.1.765h8777686r7357.
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In this article, Bridget Terry Long and Erin Riley argue that in recent years, U.S. financial aid policy has shifted its emphasis from expanding college access for lowincome students toward defraying the costs for middle- and upper-income families. They explain how loans, merit-based aid, and education tax breaks are increasingly replacing need-based aid and discuss how the declining role of grants may disproportionately disadvantage students already underrepresented in higher education. They document the rise in students' unmet financial needs over the past decade, showing that low-income students and students of color are especially likely to face substantial unmet need even after taking into account all available grants and loans, as well as family contributions. In response to these trends, the authors call for a greater emphasis on need-based aid, especially grants, to reduce the role of cost as a barrier to college access.
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Borowski, Piotr Feliks, Sufa Gemechu Balcha, and Mahteme Girma. "Issues Related to the Loans Action in the Opinions of the Customers and the Employees of a Commercial Bank - United Bank S.C. in Ethiopia." Journal of Management and Financial Sciences, no. 27 (July 29, 2019): 39–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/jmfs.2017.27.3.
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The development of the economy in generał and the firms development in particular depend on easy and unlimited access to financial support. The aim of this research is to investigate the cooperation between United Bank and firms in the loans field. Moreover, research indicates that the strengths and weaknesses of the loan process come from the staff as well as from customers’ point of view. The value of the research is due to the information gained from direct access to real cases from bank activities and from conducted interviews with both sides involved in the loan process. Individual in-depth interviews and ąuestionnaire are the formal mechanisms for gathering sensitive information.
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Msomi, Thabiso, and Odunayo Olarewaju. "Evaluation of access to finance, market and viability of small and medium-sized enterprises in South Africa." Problems and Perspectives in Management 19, no. 1 (2021): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(1).2021.24.
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Access to finance and market has been described as a predominant challenge confronting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Hence, this paper seeks to evaluate access to finance, market access and viability of SMEs. A quantitative research method and a purposive sampling technique were used to select the participants for this study. Respondents from retail, manufacturing, construction and agricultural SMEs operating in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, were selected to complete the structured questionnaires. 310 questionnaires were returned out of 321 distributed. The study revealed a significant effect of access to finance (absolute value 0.425) and access to market (absolute vale 0.373) on SMEs’ viability with a 5% level of significance. Thus, it was concluded that access to finance uniquely accounted for the larger proportion of the variance in the regression model. Thus, this study suggests that owners of SMEs should pay greater attention to access to finance in running their businesses, and the Government should aid SMEs to market their products and keep their businesses viable. Public loans or the government supported loans should be made available for SMEs with soften requirements in order to stimulate economic growth.
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Wachira, Bernard Ndirangu, Humphrey Opiyo Omondi, and Josphat K. Kinyanjui. "Analysis of Third Party Loan Guarantee and Performance of Non-Prime Household Loans in Microfinance Banks in Kenya." Management and Economics Research Journal 03 (2017): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/merj.2017.03.463579.
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Household loans remain the engine to productivity and economic growth globally. Non-prime household loan is essential, because it enables the borrowers with no collateral to access credit from Microfinance Banks. The survival and sustainability of non-prime household loans globally is therefore significant. Credit risk however remains the main deterrent of the soundness of Microfinance Banks. This leads to the poor performance of microfinance institutions in many economies in the world. Several countries globally are making inroad in reducing the credit risks, which lead to the poor performance of Microfinance Banks. It is still unknown why the credit risk affects the performance of non-prime household loans in the Microfinance Banks domiciled in Kenya. The reason for conducting this study is to determine the level at which the third party loan guarantee and the performance of non-prime household loans relate to the Microfinance Banks in Kenya. Particularly, this study is to determine how the amount secured by guarantee, recoveries from guarantors, percentage of loan secured, and percentage recoveries from guarantors relate to the performance of nonprime household loans in the Microfinance Banks in Kenya. The population was 516 senior management employees of the banks. The researcher conducted a multiple regression analysis for determining the relationship between the amount secured by guarantee—recoveries from guarantors, percentage granted, and percentage recoveries—and the performance of non-prime household loans. The R and R2 were used for determining the strength of the relationship and the coefficient of determination at 0.05 level of significance of variables. The result of this study reveals that there exists a strong relationship between the dependent and independent variables, thereby contradicting the null hypothesis, which states that the relationship does not exist. The percentage of the recoveries from the guarantors over the total recoveries did not have a strong relationship and was not significant. This study recommends the enhancement of the loan guarantee processes to reduce high loan default geared toward good performance of this loan so that it can be accessible to many people.
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Rimbano, Dheo. "PENERAPAN SPI–COSO ATAS PEMBERIAN KREDIT DANA BERGULIR KOTAKU." Jurnal Manajemen Kompeten 1, no. 2 (2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51877/mnjm.v1i2.47.
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“Kota Tanpa Kumuh” (KOTAKU) program is an advanced program of National Community Empowerment Program of Urban Mandiri that has accelerated program for handling urban slums and reducing poverty and so KOTAKU provides access to financial services for poor households by market – based micro loans with many activities which generate income that usually don’t have any access to other loan sources, to improve their economic conditions and activities those support economic growth and micro business , besides that teach them in managing loans and use it correctly.nevertheless, KOTAKU isn’t micro finance program, KOTAKU role only builds sustainable basic solutions for loan services and non – loan services at the “kelurahan” level. This research goal is to describe whether internal control system credit application applied to KOTAKU has been in accordance with the elements of internal control based on Committee Of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO). The method was used in this research is qualitative method, qualitative method is usually called as naturalistic research method because the research was conducted in the natural conditions, it’s also called as ethnography method, because in the beginning, this method is more widely used for research in cultural anthropology, it’s called as qualitative research because data have been collected and its analysis is more qualitative. The finding results is rolling loan lending system that is conducted by KOTAKU has completed internal controlling aspects based on COSO, except control activities components in the elements of separation of duties, namely lending isn’t separate from the loan inspection , and supervision component on the element of internal auditing that is internal which is not separate by LKM. And the recommendation can be given those are (1) giving and checking loans, and (2) internal auditing should be separated by LKM officer so that there is no collusion and irregulaties.
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Khan, Aubhik. "FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH." Macroeconomic Dynamics 5, no. 3 (2001): 413–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100500020046.
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We develop a theory of financial development based on the costs associated with the provision of external finance. These costs arise through informational asymmetries between borrowers and lenders that are costly to resolve. When borrowing is limited, producers with access to financial intermediary loans obtain higher returns to investment than other producers. This creates incentives for others to undertake the technology adoption necessary to access investment loans. Over time, as increasing numbers of producers gain access to external finance, borrowers' net worth rises relative to debt. This reduces the costs of financial intermediation and raises the overall return on investment. The theory is consistent with recent evidence that financial development reduces the costs associated with the provision of external finance and increases the rate of economic growth. Furthermore, the theory predicts that financial development will raise the return on loans and reduce the spread between borrowing and lending rates.
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Gregory, David J., and Wayne A. Pedersen. "Book Availability Revisited: Turnaround Time for Recalls versus Interlibrary Loans." College & Research Libraries 64, no. 4 (2003): 283–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crl.64.4.283.
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Librarians typically view interlibrary loan (ILL) as a means of providing access to items not owned by the local institution. However, they are less likely to explore ILL’s potential in providing timely access to items locally owned, but temporarily unavailable, particularly in the case of monographs in circulation. In a two-part study, the authors test the assumption that, on average, locally owned books that a patron finds unavailable (due to checkout) can be obtained more quickly via recall than via ILL. Phase 1 of this study establishes an average turnaround time for circulation recalls in a large academic library for comparison with well-established turnaround times for ILL borrowing transactions. In Phase 2, a more rigorous paired study of recalls and ILL compares the ability of each system to handle identical requests in real time. Results demonstrate that, under some circumstances, ILL provides a reasonable alternative to the internal recall process. The findings also underscore the need for more holistic, interservice models for improving not just access, but also the timeliness of access, to monograph collections.
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Kurebwa, Jeffrey. "Micro-finance as a Tool for Financial Access, Poverty Alleviation and Women Empowerment in Bindura District, Zimbabwe." Studies in Social Science Research 1, no. 1 (2020): p21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sssr.v1n1p21.
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The purpose of this study was to understand the role of micro-finance as a tool for women empowerment in Bindura Rural District of Zimbabwe. Qualitative methodology was used. Data collection methods used included semi-structured interviews, documentary search. The respondents for the study were drawn from rural women who had accessed loans from MFI, managers of MFI and the Zimbabwe Association of Micro Finance Institutions. The study found out that access to credit has positive outcomes on production, income, and consumption at household and macro-economic levels. Rural women in Zimbabwe lack adequate access to formal credit. The study found that that lack of adequate access to credit have significant negative effect on technology adoption, agricultural productivity, food security, nutrition, health, and overall welfare. The study concludes that the lack of collateral of the poor, their demand for smaller loans, and high transaction cost associated with small loans are the main factors that the poor are excluded from formal credit services.
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Gololo, Ibrahim Aliyu. "An Evaluation of the Role of Commercial Banks in Financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs): Evidence from Nigeria." Indian Journal of Finance and Banking 1, no. 1 (2017): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijfb.v1i1.82.
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In this study an attempt was made to evaluate the role of commercial banks in financing small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria. There is absolutely no doubt that small and medium scale enterprises play a pivotal role and contributes tremendously to the economic growth and development of many developing economy including Nigeria, but survival of Small and medium scale enterprises is often hampered by access to finance which key players were making attempt to solve. The objective of this study is to evaluate the extent to which commercial banks in Nigeria play their role in solving financing needs of small and medium scale enterprises. The study employed secondary data which use the ratio of loans to Small and Medium Scale Enterprises by commercial banks as a percentage of their total credit for the period between 1991-2012.The study utilize paired sample t-test and significance of ratio of loans to Small and Medium Scale Enterprises was tested to access the performance of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises Equity Investment Scheme by banks to provide finance to Small and Medium Scale Enterprises. The result shows that commercial banks loans even with the equity scheme introduction do not make significance positive impact on loan disbursement to finance SMEs. It is recommended that Nigerian commercial banks should embrace risk-averse behavior in respect of loans to SMEs, interest rate should be review for SMEs loans by Central bank of Nigeria and increase SMEEIS contribution by commercial banks. Specialized bank should be established by government to finance SMEs; it should also provide adequate infrastructural facilities in the country and address present security challenges so as to make Nigeria conducive for SMEs to operate.
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Jha, Anand, Siddharth Shankar, and Leonard Arvi. "Access to bank loans while in bankruptcy: the role of single vs. multiple banking relations." Managerial Finance 40, no. 7 (2014): 724–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-09-2013-0237.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to use a unique hand-collected data set from India to investigate whether firms with multiple banking relationships that are in bankruptcy get additional loans more easily than those with a single banking relationship. The authors find that firms that have a single banking relationship increase their bank borrowing by 5 percent every year compared to those with multiple banking relationships. The results are in contrast to the hypothesis that firms choose to have multiple banking relationships to increase the probability of getting additional loans in cases of financial distress. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that a larger number of banks increases the coordination and bargaining costs during bankruptcy and decreases the liquidation value of the assets, and that the banks take that into consideration before making loans. Design/methodology/approach – Regression and control. Findings – The choice of single vs multiple banking relationships is a widely studied topic in the banking literature. A large strand of theoretical and empirical literature argues that multiple banking relationships make it easier for a firm to get additional loans in case of financial distress. The study shows that such may not be the case in instances where bargaining and co-ordination costs due to poor bankruptcy procedures are severe. Originality/value – The authors use a unique hand collected data set from India to investigate if it is easier to get additional loans in bankruptcy for firms with multiple banking relationships compared to those with a single banking relationship.
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Li, Linyang, Niels Hermes, and Robert Lensink. "Political connections and household access to bank loans: evidence from China." Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 33, no. 1 (2020): 288–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1331677x.2019.1656099.
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Balsmeier, Benjamin, and Steven Vanhaverbeke. "International Financial Reporting Standards and Private Firms’ Access to Bank Loans." European Accounting Review 27, no. 1 (2016): 75–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2016.1229207.
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Ziderman, Adrian. "Promoting Access of Disadvantaged Groups Through Student Loans: Prerequisites for Success." Higher Education in Europe 34, no. 2 (2009): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03797720902867344.
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Baker, Amanda R., Benjamin D. Andrews, and Anne McDaniel. "The impact of student loans on college access, completion, and returns." Sociology Compass 11, no. 6 (2017): e12480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12480.
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Colombo, Massimo G., and Luca Grilli. "Funding Gaps? Access To Bank Loans By High-Tech Start-Ups." Small Business Economics 29, no. 1-2 (2006): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11187-005-4067-0.
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Mitchell, Karlyn, and Douglas K. Pearce. "Lending technologies, lending specialization, and minority access to small-business loans." Small Business Economics 37, no. 3 (2009): 277–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9243-1.
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