Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Accession efficiency'

Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2009.<br>Vita: p. 127. Thesis director: Songqing Chen. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Nov. 11, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 120-126). Also issued in print.

The New Earnings Survey Panel Dataset is one of the largest datasets of its kind in the world. Its size and confidentiality restrictions present considerable difficulties for analysis using standard econometric packages. This thesis presents a number of methods for accessing the information held within the panel relatively efficiently, based upon the use of cross-product matrices and on data compression techniques. These methods allow, for the first time, the panel aspect of the dataset to be used in analysis. The techniques described here are then employed to produce an overview of changes in the UK labour market from 1975 to 1990 and detailed estimates of male and female earnings over a fourteen year period. These are the first panel estimates on the dataset, and they indicate the importance of allowing the parameters of any labour market model to vary over time. This is significant as panel estimators typically impose structural stability on the coefficients. A comparison of cross-section and panel estimates of earnings functions for males indicate that the allowance for individual heterogeneity also has a notable effect on the estimates produced, implying simple cross-sections may be significantly biased. Some preliminary estimates of the male-female wage gap indicate that variation over time has an important part to play in accounting for the differences in wages, and that "snapshot" studies may not capture dynamic changes in the labour market. Individual differences also playa significant role in the explanation of the wage gap.

Negli ultimi due decenni (2000-2018), non meno della metà e fino ai due terzi di tutte le spese sanitarie nazionali sono state effettuate per i servizi ospedalieri. Diversi studi dimostrano dunque che il miglioramento dell'efficienza del settore ospedaliero ha ricadute positive sull’intero sistema-Paese; di conseguenza questo dovrebbe essere un obiettivo dei governi. Il presente lavoro ripercorre il cammino che sia in Italia che in Brasile ha portato alla costruzione di un sistema sanitario nazionale, individuando le convergenze e le divergenze che si incontrano sul percorso della definizione dell’assistenza ospedaliera. Muovendosi all’interno dei rispettivi ordinamenti giuridici, si andranno ad enucleare le principali caratteristiche del modello ospedaliero italiano e brasiliano. L'evoluzione del diritto alla salute in Italia e in Brasile ha raggiunto risultati simili, soprattutto per quanto riguarda i testi costituzionali e la conformazione del sistema sanitario locale, sebbene fossero il risultato di contesti socioculturali diversi. Entrambi i Paesi hanno adottato strategie molto simili nelle loro politiche di protezione sociale per quanto riguarda la realizzazione del volto sanitario del diritto alla salute. Pur considerando le differenze punteggiate e i numerosi problemi esistenti, l'Italia e il Brasile sono riusciti a mettere in pratica molti dei punti della riforma sanitaria, in particolare la necessità di mettere la salute come centro di riflessione e azione per costruire sistemi basati sull'universalità. Entrambi i Paesi ottengono l’affermazione della salute come diritto universale. D’altra parte, un primo punto di divergenza tra i sistemi sanitari italiano e brasiliano è la durata del periodo della municipalizzazione mirata all’ampliamento dell'accesso ai servizi sanitari. Un secondo punto di differenziazione riguarda la regionalizzazione ovvero una maggiore concentrazione del potere decisionale in Italia, mentre in Brasile questa operazione è arrivata timidamente e solo nei primi anni della seconda decade di questo secolo. Il sistema sanitario italiano è regionalizzato, quindi ogni regione è autonoma e offre servizi di bassa, media e alta complessità. Nel caso brasiliano, l'accesso è stato ampliato nei primi venti anni del Sistema Único de Saúde, ma soprattutto per l'assistenza a bassa complessità. Pertanto, i cittadini brasiliani devono recarsi in altri comuni e persino in altri Stati quando necessitano di assistenza di media e alta complessità. La regionalizzazione del sistema sanitario brasiliano, come è stato fatto in Italia, può portare a una maggiore efficienza del sistema.<br>In the past two decades (2000-2018), no less than half and up to two thirds of all national healthcare costs have been made for hospital services. Various studies therefore show that improving the efficiency of the hospital sector has positive effects on the entire country-system; consequently, this should be a target for governments. This work traces the path that both in Italy and in Brazil has led to the construction of a national health system, identifying the convergences and divergences that are encountered along the path of defining hospital care. Moving within the respective legal systems, the main characteristics of the Italian and Brazilian hospital model will be listed. The evolution of the right to health in Italy and Brazil has achieved similar results, especially about the constitutional texts and the conformation of the local health system, although they were the result of different socio-cultural contexts. Both countries have adopted very similar strategies in their social protection policies regarding the realization of the health aspect of the right to health. While considering the dotted differences and the numerous existing problems, Italy and Brazil have managed to put many of the points of health reform into practice, the need to put health as a center of reflection and action to build systems based on universality. Both countries obtain the affirmation of health as universal law. On the other hand, a first point of divergence between the Italian and Brazilian health systems is the length of the period of municipalization aimed at expanding access to health services. A second point of differentiation concerns regionalization or a greater concentration of decision-making power in Italy, while in Brazil this operation came timidly and only in the first years of the second decade of this century. The Italian health system is regionalized; therefore, each region is autonomous and offers low, medium and high complexity services. In the Brazilian case, access was expanded in the first twenty years of the Sistema Único de Saúde, but above all for low complexity assistance. Therefore, Brazilian citizens must go to other municipalities and even to other states when they need medium and high complexity assistance. The regionalization of the Brazilian health system, as was done in Italy, can lead to greater efficiency of the system.

Il lavoro si pone come obiettivo lo studio del credito cooperativo italiano ed è diviso in due capitoli. Il primo indaga empiricamente l’efficienza del modello organizzativo a network studiando le economie di scala, le economie di scopo e il potere di mercato, alla luce della riforma che introduce la struttura organizzativa integrata nel 2018. Per 452 banche cooperative (e un gruppo di controllo di 223 banche commerciali) nel periodo 2006-2018, i risultati empirici mostrano che le banche cooperative sperimentano economie di scala e di scopo, ma sperimentano diseconomie di scala ed economie di scopo costanti sul lato dei ricavi. L’aumento di diversificazione e dimensione non impattano positivamente i ricavi. Le banche cooperative hanno un maggiore potere di mercato rispetto alle banche commerciali. Il secondo capitolo indaga empiricamente la persistenza dei vantaggi del relationship lending per le imprese italiane, misurati come un più facile accesso al credito bancario dovuto alla vicinanza di (almeno) una filiale di banca cooperativa. Per 348.019 imprese (1.135.125 osservazioni) nel periodo 2012-2019, i risultati empirici mostrano che le imprese situate in prossimità di filiali di banche cooperative hanno più accesso al debito bancario e ricorrono meno alla finanza informale (credito commerciale, prestiti dei soci). Questi effetti sono ancora più forti quando le imprese si trovano solo nelle vicinanze di filiali di banche cooperative.<br>The thesis aims to study Italian cooperative credit and is divided into two chapters. The first one empirically investigates the efficiency of the network organizational model by studying economies of scale, economies of scope and market power, in light of the reform introducing the integrated organizational structure in 2018. For 452 cooperative banks (and a control group of 223 commercial banks) over the period 2006-2018, the empirical results show that cooperative banks experience economies of scale and scope, but experience consistent diseconomies of scale and economies of scope on the revenue side. Increases in diversification and size do not positively impact revenues. Cooperative banks have greater market power than commercial banks. The second chapter empirically investigates the persistence of the advantages of relationship lending for Italian firms, measured as easier access to bank credit due to the proximity of (at least) one cooperative bank branch. For 348,019 firms (1,135,125 observations) over the period 2012-2019, the empirical results show that firms located near cooperative bank branches have more access to bank debt and resort less to informal finance (trade credit, member loans). These effects are even stronger when firms are only located in close proximity to cooperative bank branches.

There is a significant increase in demand for rapid laboratory medical diagnoses for various ailments in order for clinicians to make informed medical decisions and prescribe the correct medication within a limited specified time. Since no further informed action can be taken on the patient until the laboratory report reaches the clinician, the delivery of the report to the clinician becomes a critical path in the value chain of the laboratory testing process. The National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) currently delivers lab results in three ways: via a physical paper report, and electronically through a web application. The third alternative is for short and high-priority test results, like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB), that are delivered via short message service (SMS) printers in remote rural clinics. However, despite its inefficiencies, the paper report remains the most commonly used method. As turnaround times for basic and critical laboratory tests remain a great challenge for NHLS to meet the specified targets; there is need to shift method of final delivery from paper to a paperless secured electronic result delivery system. Accordingly, the recently-implemented centralised TrakCare Lab laboratory information system (LIS) makes provision for delivery of electronic results via a web application, 'TrakCarewebview'. However, the uptake of TrakCarewebview has been very low due to the cumbersomeness of the application; this web application takes users through nine steps to obtain the results and is not designed for mobile devices. In addition, its access in remote rural health care facilities is a great challenge because of lack of supportive infrastructure. There is therefore an obvious gap and considerable potential in diagnostic result delivery system that calls for an immediate action to design and development of a less complex, cost effective and usable mobile application, for electronic delivery of laboratory results. After obtaining research ethics clearance approval from the University’s Faculty of Science Research Ethics Committee a research was sanctioned. A survey of public sector clinicians across South Africa indicated that 98% have access to the internet through smartphones, and 93% of the clinicians indicated that they would use their mobile devices to access electronic laboratory results. A significant number of clinicians believe that the use of a mobile application in health facilities will improve patient care. This belief, therefore, set a strong basis for designing and developing a mobile application for laboratory results. The study aims to design and develop a mobile application prototype that can demonstrate the capability of delivering electronic laboratory test results to clinicians on their smart devices, via a usable mobile application. The design of the mobile application prototype was driven by user-centred design (UCD) principles in order to develop an effective design. Core and critical to the process is the design step which establishes the user requirements specifications that meet the user expectations. The study substantiated the importance of the design aspect as the initial critical step in obtaining a good final product. The prototype was developed through an iterative process alternating prototype development and evaluation. The development iterations consisted of a single paper prototyping iteration followed by further two iterations using an interactive Justinmind prototyping tool. Respective to the development iterations, cognitive walk-through and heuristic principles were used to evaluate the usability of the initial prototype. The final prototype was then evaluated using the system usability scale (SUS) survey quantitative tool, which determines the effectiveness and perceived usability of the application. The application scored an average SUS score of 77, which is significantly above the average acceptable SUS score of 68. The standard SUS measurement deems 80 to be an excellent score. Yet a score below 68 is considered below average. The evaluation was conducted by the potential user group which was involved in the initial design process. The ability of the interactive prototyping tool (Justinmind) to mimic the actual final product offered end users a feel of the actual product thus giving the outcome of the evaluation a strong basis to develop the actual product.

L’art. 62 del d.l. n. 1 del 2012, che riecheggia lo schema della Legge n. 192 del 1998, ma nello specifico settore agroalimentare, prevede non solo regole di forma, che hanno un obiettivo di protezione della parte debole del rapporto (neoformalismo contrattuale), ma anche regole di contenuto e di comportamento, che intendono prevenire la formazione di contratti iniqui. Lo scopo di questo studio non è soltanto quello di offrire un inquadramento sistematico ad una legislazione che, peraltro, si inserisce in un contesto sempre più frammentato, ma anche quello di analizzare i vari strumenti previsti e di valutare la loro capacità nel perseguimento dello scopo prefissato dalla legislazione, anche attraverso l'applicazione della disciplina generale prevista all'interno del codice civile, alla quale oggi, più che mai, si sente il bisogno di ridare spazio. Il lavoro si dipana lungo quattro capitoli, attraverso un percorso che inizia con l’analisi delle relazioni tra contratto e mercato, tramite un’indagine sistematica sulla nuova disciplina dei contratti, prosegue con l’approfondimento della disciplina dell’articolo 62, per poi analizzare gli strumenti introdotti in relazione all’impatto sull’efficienza del mercato, ed in particolare sul settore agroalimentare, in termini di food safety, food security e accesso al credito.<br>Article 62 of the d.l. n. 1 of 2012, which echoes the scheme of Law no. 192 of 1998, but in the agri-food sector, provides not only rules of form, which have the objective of protecting the weak part of the relationship (neoformalism), but also rules of content and behavior, which intend to prevent the formation of unfair contracts. The aim of this study is not only to offer a systematic framework for legislation that, moreover, is part of an increasingly fragmented context in italian legislation, but also to analyze the various instruments and to assess their ability to achieve the intended purpose, also through the application of the general principal of civil code which today, more than ever, feels the need to be applied. The work unfolds along four chapters, through a process that begins with the analysis of the relationship between contract and market, through a systematic survey on this new discipline of contracts, continues with the examination of the discipline of Article 62, and then analyze the tools introduced and their impact on the efficiency of the market, and in particular on the agri-food sector, in terms of food safety, food security and access to credit.

L’art. 62 del d.l. n. 1 del 2012, che riecheggia lo schema della Legge n. 192 del 1998, ma nello specifico settore agroalimentare, prevede non solo regole di forma, che hanno un obiettivo di protezione della parte debole del rapporto (neoformalismo contrattuale), ma anche regole di contenuto e di comportamento, che intendono prevenire la formazione di contratti iniqui. Lo scopo di questo studio non è soltanto quello di offrire un inquadramento sistematico ad una legislazione che, peraltro, si inserisce in un contesto sempre più frammentato, ma anche quello di analizzare i vari strumenti previsti e di valutare la loro capacità nel perseguimento dello scopo prefissato dalla legislazione, anche attraverso l'applicazione della disciplina generale prevista all'interno del codice civile, alla quale oggi, più che mai, si sente il bisogno di ridare spazio. Il lavoro si dipana lungo quattro capitoli, attraverso un percorso che inizia con l’analisi delle relazioni tra contratto e mercato, tramite un’indagine sistematica sulla nuova disciplina dei contratti, prosegue con l’approfondimento della disciplina dell’articolo 62, per poi analizzare gli strumenti introdotti in relazione all’impatto sull’efficienza del mercato, ed in particolare sul settore agroalimentare, in termini di food safety, food security e accesso al credito.<br>Article 62 of the d.l. n. 1 of 2012, which echoes the scheme of Law no. 192 of 1998, but in the agri-food sector, provides not only rules of form, which have the objective of protecting the weak part of the relationship (neoformalism), but also rules of content and behavior, which intend to prevent the formation of unfair contracts. The aim of this study is not only to offer a systematic framework for legislation that, moreover, is part of an increasingly fragmented context in italian legislation, but also to analyze the various instruments and to assess their ability to achieve the intended purpose, also through the application of the general principal of civil code which today, more than ever, feels the need to be applied. The work unfolds along four chapters, through a process that begins with the analysis of the relationship between contract and market, through a systematic survey on this new discipline of contracts, continues with the examination of the discipline of Article 62, and then analyze the tools introduced and their impact on the efficiency of the market, and in particular on the agri-food sector, in terms of food safety, food security and access to credit.

碩士<br>大同大學<br>資訊工程學系(所)<br>95<br>By the wireless network technology becomes popular and the handheld device is powerful to handle many applications for users. Users can access internet resources using handheld device to connect to internet through wireless network. But there is still some causes in handheld device and wireless network such as environment effect, performance, reliability, costs of connection, and finite energy resource. To improve the wireless network in handheld device more efficient, distributed file system technologies and web information present technologies are studied. In mobile information access, the detail of contents to be displayed is considered to improve. In this thesis, a coordinate mechanism with a handheld device and remote server is proposed. The partial database concept is also proposed. In the system, handheld device use agents to manage local database and connect to remote agent. Remote agent receives data and query remote database. The local database is designed using partial detailed concept. Handhels device can store different details of content for query to avoid unnecessary connection to reduce resource wasting. By an dictionary application implementation to verity the efficiency and the mechanism is practicable.

碩士<br>淡江大學<br>電機工程學系碩士班<br>99<br>In a cloud storage environment, file distribution and storage is processed by storage devices providers or physical storage devices rented from the third-party companies. Through centralized management and virtualization, files are integrated into available resources for users to access. Common file storage protocols include ISCSI, Fibre Channel, CIFS and so on, which transmit or store files based on blocks or types. Moreover, because of the wide range and extensive domains of the cloud network, it is very possible that files saved by different users on the same storage device are extremely similar. Also, due to the increasing number of files, the manager cannot guarantee the optimal status of each storage node. The great number of files not only leads to the waste of hardware resources, but also worsens the control complexity of data center, which further degrades the performance of the cloud storage system. For this reason, to decrease the workload caused by duplicated files, this paper proposes a new data management structure: Index Name Server (INS), which integrates data de-duplication with nodes optimization to enhance the performance of the cloud storage system. INS can manage and optimize the nodes according to the client-side transmission conditions. By INS, each node can be controlled to work in the best status and matched to suitable clients as possible. In such a manner, we can efficiently increase the performance of the cloud storage network and distribute the files reasonably to reduce the load of each node.

碩士<br>國立清華大學<br>資訊工程學系<br>102<br>Because of DRAM is its structural simplicity, high density per unit area and more inexpensive, it’s very suited to be a role of main-memory in computer architecture. However, from a historical point of view, since the DRAM was flourished, the rate of improvement in processor speed exceeds the rate of improvement in DRAM memory speed, that W. Wulf and S. McKee called the phenomenon “memory wall”. Nevertheless, over the past few decades the amount of on-chip cores comes from one to several, and the up-coming NoC-based (most is mesh) many-core architecture no longer blindly upgrades processor’s performance, but takes advantage of parallelism to achieve the throughput requirement with superior cost-effectiveness. Unfortunately, the demand for memory bandwidth or throughput is still increased. Therefore, many engineer try to do their best to enhance the efficiency between memory controller and DRAM devices by proposing better memory scheduling policy, increasing bandwidth and improving the access speed, etc. Recently, the emergence of 3D-stacked DRAM (wide I/O) slightly reduces the speed gap between processor and memory system. But the architecture which used Network-on-Chip as a bridge to connect processors and memory controllers has a characteristic that some DRAM requests from processors may go through very far distance to access memory controller. Based on the above motivation, in this thesis we present an architecture which improves efficiency of accessing stacked memories on many-core platforms. This architecture uses an extra switch network to transport the packets which come from processor to DRAM sub-system and groups few numbers of processor to specify DRAM-channel. By this method, we can alleviate the traffic contention between DRAM-requests and inter-processor communication. We use traditional method as a contrast, that all of DRAM-requests are routed by NoC. Experimental results of SPLASH2 applications demonstrate significant speed up that ranges from 1.13 times to 2.57 times, with cost-affordable crossbar switch network which also applies to the Wide I/O DRAM interface.

碩士<br>輔仁大學<br>資訊工程學系<br>100<br>Nowadays, many web applications and storage systems have been developed on cloud computing. Hadoop is a software framework that supports high speed distributed computing and stable storage. Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) is a file system designed to process large amount of data through large clusters on commodity hardware. However, HDFS does not work well and takes performance penalty when managing a large number of small files since those small files may cause heavy load on the Namenode site. Therefore, how to solve the small-file problem is a key issue of improving the performance of Hadoop. In this thesis, we introduce several ways to improve the performance of handling small files on HDFS. Our approach includes two improvements. First, we improve the space utilization of metadata by merging the related small files into large files, so that the memory usage ratio of Namenode can be reduced accordingly. Second, we reduce the accessing time of small files by three mechanisms - grouping, sorting, and improving two-level index searching in HAR file. Our main idea is to store the small files belonging to the same group on the same block whenever possible. In addition, we better the performance of searching small files by dynamically adjusting the length of two-level index in HAR files. In our experiments, we use the music charts from a famous music sharing platform, Last.fm, to demonstrate our approach outperforms the original HAR approach. The experiment results show that our work can reduce the memory usage ratio of Namenode by up to 5.54% and improve the efficiency of accessing huge numbers of small files on HDFS by up to 9.39%.

碩士<br>中原大學<br>電機工程研究所<br>91<br>Abstract In this thesis, we propose an efficient scheme of document access upon on hybrid access control to deal with access control rights for documents in digital campus. In the method, we discuss the access control in the digital campus. In order to simplify the complexity of access control of digital documents in campus, a two-layer access control is proposed. Based on such a two-layer scheme, a hybrid access control method including access control matrix, hierarchy access control and public access domain is applied to achieve an efficient way for user in campus to access their desired documents. At first, the user id, unit id and password of the user are given to login the system. Passing through the password authentication process, the legal user is allowed to enter Layer 1 to access the corresponding documents. The identities of the user’s accessible documents in Layer 1 are found according to the access rules designed by the author. The method of access control matrix is used in this Layer. Then, by the unit id of the user, he is allowed to enter Layer 2 to access the corresponding documents. The identities of user’s accessible documents in Layer 2 are found according to the access rules designed in this Layer. The methods of access control matrix and hierarchy access control are used in this Layer. Finally, the identities of accessible documents of the user including Layer 1 and Layer 2 are stored in an access stack. By this access stack, the accessible documents of the user will be searched according to the requirements of the user. The contributions of our works are as follows. (1) We propose a simple scheme for access control in campus. (2) The concept of hybrid access control is proposed to simplify the system design. It is believed that the results of our study in this thesis will be efficient and helpful for documents access control.

碩士<br>大同大學<br>資訊經營學系(所)<br>93<br>Though the cost of the wireless communication has dropped significantly, its utilization rate is low. One of the main reasons is the concern for security. Due to the increasing threat of unauthorized access, this research focuses on the access control to secure databases. It is especially applicable in the wireless environment, which is characterized by its short access life cycle, low bandwidth and frequent communication disruption. Efficiency is another important consideration in this research. Taking scheduling efficiency and data security into consideration, we proposed a Priority/MLS/AL framework for supporting transaction scheduling in wireless environment. In the framework we divide users into 3 priority levels and data objects into 4 security levels. Mobile stations used in the experiments are cellular phones, personal digital assistants, notebooks and personal computer. Altruistic locking are used as a mechanism for reserving data objects. A simulation of the system behavior is made. The result shows that the framework proposed will enchance scheduling performance and data security.

碩士<br>國立臺灣海洋大學<br>資訊工程學系<br>102<br>To reduce the repeated transmission of popular information in wireless network download channels, where limited wireless bandwidth resources are provided, data broadcasting is an efficient information transmission method. In this study, we designed a data broadcasting method called the windmill indexing algorithm (WIA), which balances the QoS and energy conservation. WIA provides new scheduling technology for broadcast systems and a new information searching method for mobile devices that simultaneously conserves mobile device energy and maintains favorable access latency of broadcast messages. The WIA constructs index and data channels based on the windmill concept, using the index channel to guide mobile devices to rapidly locate the nearest position of the desired message in the data channel. If searching for non-popular messages, the index channel guides mobile devices to enter the data channel directly to conduct a linear search. The results of numerical analysis verify that when accessed messages possess skewed access characteristics, the proposed WIA method attains extraordinary performance enhancements regarding energy conservation and access latency. Additionally, by adequately adjusting the parameter Pw provided by the WIA method, the most suitable tradeoff between energy conservation and access latency performance can be attained.