Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Accident ischémique cérébral'
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Coeroli, Lionel. "Mégadolichoartères intracraniennes et accident ischémique cérébral : à propos de dix-huit observations." Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON11001.
Full textHanna, Georges. "Les accidents ischémiques cérébraux de l'adulte jeune : enquete étiologique menée au C.H.R. de Bordeaux entre janvier 1990 et avril 1993 : à propos de 55 cas." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR23053.
Full textLemesle, Martin Martine. "Epidémiologie des accidents vasculaires cérébraux et des accidents ischémiques transitoires dans la ville de Dijon, France." Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOMU10.
Full textXie, Yu. "Facteurs pronostiques en IRM chez les patients présentant un accident vasculaire cérébral ischémique aigu." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0143.
Full textMRI plays an important role in evaluating ischemic stroke and determining the treatment strategies. Diffusion weighted imaging and perfusion weighted imaging are two essential sequences in ischemic stroke assessment. The principal objective of this work was to study the predictive role of MRI in ischemic stroke, including the role of MRI-derived parameters in tissue viability prediction; the relationship of the ischemic lesional volume and the functional outcome and mechanical thrombectomy efficacy; and the impact of the pretreatment ischemic location on functional outcome after mechanical thrombectomy. Our results suggested that apparent diffusion coefficient and relative cerebral blood flow were potential candidates to predict tissue viability; pretreatment lesional volume was an independent predictor for functional outcome; the clinical benefit of adding mechanical thrombectomy to thrombolysis decreased with the increase of lesional volume; however, patients with large lesional volume could still benefit from reperfusion treatment; the pretreatment ischemic location provided important prognostic information for functional outcome. The overall results of the thesis provided a better understanding of the role of MRI in acute ischemic stroke assessment, especially in patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy. Our work provided new perspective in clinical application of MRI and suggested future research of ischemic stroke imaging
Feydy, Antoine. "Plasticité cérébrale et récupération motrice après un accident vasculaire cérébral ischémique : étude en imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf)." Paris 13, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA132018.
Full textBoulanger, Marion. "Amélioration de la prévention secondaire après un infarctus cérébral ou un accident ischémique transitoire (AIT)." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC416.
Full textThe current long-term prognosis after transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or ischaemic stroke is not well known. I aimed to determine the long-term absolute residual risks of recurrent stroke and coronary events after TIA or ischaemic stroke and identify individuals who remain at high absolute risk of recurrent ischaemic events despite current secondary prevention management.In a population-based cohort of consecutive TIA or ischaemic stroke patients (OXVASC study, 2002-2014), the overall absolute risks of recurrent ischaemic stroke and coronary events after TIA/ischaemic stroke have decreased over the study period, and are likely to be explained by the improvement of secondary prevention over time. However, despite current secondary prevention, the subgroups of patients with prior coronary artery disease and those without prior coronary artery disease but with an Essen score of 4 remain at sufficiently high absolute risk of recurrent ischaemic events to justify more intensive treatment. Nevertheless, future secondary prevention therapies would need to achieve a substantial absolute risk reduction to outweigh increased side effects or cost compared to current therapies. Indeed, in these high-risk subgroups, more intensive lipid-lowering therapies might be justified, but we showed that the total cost of PCSK-9 inhibitors seems to exceed the generally accepted cost-effectiveness threshold while benefit from increased antithrombotic treatment might be offset by the higher risk of extracranial bleeding
Rosso, Charlotte. "Prédiction de la récupération après un accident ischémique carotidien grâce à la séquence de diffusion : de la pénombre ischémique aux échelles cliniques." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066299.
Full textPuisieux, François. "Etude des mécanismes impliqués dans l'induction d'une tolérance à l'ischémie cérébrale chez le rat." Lille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIL2MT15.
Full textCherif, Mona. "Prévalence de la valve d'Eustachi et implication dans les accidents cérébrovasculaires ischémiques." Paris 13, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA130010.
Full textGaffet, Berteaux Béatrice. "Intérêt de l'exploration électrophysiologique endocavitaire dans les accidents ischémiques transitoires d'étiologie indéterminée." Lille 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LIL2M243.
Full textAnquetil, Typhaine. "Rôle de la phosphoinositide 3-kinase de classe II beta dans la dysfonction endothéliale lors d'un accident vasculaire cérébral ischémique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30248.
Full textIschemic stroke is the second cause of death and disability worldwide and is characterized by the occlusion of a cerebral artery. The only treatments approved are based on the recanalization by fibrinolysis and/or thrombectomy. However, despite a complete recanalization, 20 % of patients develop secondary ischemia known as ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injuries. The major consequences are the defect and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the exacerbation of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation leading to an increase of vascular permeability and edema. Thus, protecting the BBB from breakdown could be an attractive therapeutic approach to limit I/R injuries and neurological outcomes. Class II phosphoinositide 3-kinases alpha and ß (PI3KC2alpha and ß) are lipid kinases that phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol into phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) and PtdIns4P into PtdIns(3,4)P2, two lipids known to control endocytosis and endosomal trafficking. At the beginning of my thesis, very little was known about the role of the PI3KC2ß and its products in endosomal trafficking and physiopathology. The objective of my thesis was to study the role of the PI3KC2ß in the thrombo-inflammatory context of ischemic stroke. In vivo experiments, using mice genetically inactivated for the PI3KC2ß (PI3KC2B^D1212A/D1212A, KI), showed a strong resistance towards BBB breakdown as assessed by a decrease of Evan's blue leakage and edema after I/R following experimental stroke induction. These results were correlated with a strong decrease of ischemic injuries and inflammation with a reduction of leucocytes infiltration, cytokines, and adhesion molecules expression in two different mouse models of stroke. Generation of bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice highlighted a major role of the non-hematopoietic compartment in the neuroprotection pointing a potential role of endothelial cells. Indeed, in vitro experiments, carried out with human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells depleted for the PI3KC2ß by shRNA, showed a functional accumulation of VE-Cadherin at the plasma membrane. The depletion of PI3KC2ß increases the amount and stability of junctional VE-Cadherin even in the presence of TNFalpha or oxygen and glucose deprivation leading to a preservation of the endothelial barrier. Furthermore, the absence of PI3KC2ß decreases the amount of PtdIns3P, but not PtdIns(3,4)P2, and alters endosomal maturation towards the lysosomal pathway in favor of the Rab11a+ recycling path. This disruption of endosomal traffic promotes the recycling of VE-Cadherin at the plasma membrane, which preserves the integrity of the endothelial barrier. These results were confirmed by reversion experiments with the addition of exogenous cell-permeant PtdIns3P or the expression of a dominant-negative form of the GTPase Rab11a. Overall, these in vitro data provide a molecular and cellular explanation supporting the strong effect of PI3KC2ß inhibition in protecting the BBB in vivo. This work identifies the PI3KC2ß as a new potential therapeutic target to prevent brain injuries following ischemic stroke. Inhibiting this lipid kinase at the reperfusion time could preserve the BBB and thus improve survival and neurological outcome
Richard, Sébastien. "Explorations des fonctions plaquettaires exposées à l'aspirine au décours de l'accident vasculaire cérébral ischémique." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10132.
Full textAspirin is the most commonly used antiplatelet treatment during the acute phase of cerebral ischemic events. But, despite this protection, early ischemic recurrences are frequent, and considered as clinical failures of this therapy. We studied laboratory parameters of the first 300 mg oral dose of aspirin given, within 48 hours, after ischemic cerebral event. Fifty patients were included. For all patients, two blood sampling were performed, the first, during the third hour after aspirin intake (T1) and the second during the twenty-fourth hour (T2). For patients already treated with a daily dose of aspirin, a supplementary withdrawn was done before aspirin intake (T0). Platelet reactivity was studied on the basis of serum thromboxane (TX) B2 levels and light transmission aggregometry after stimulation of platelet-rich plasma by acid arachidonic and collagen 2µg/mL reported to results with collagen 20 µg/mL (ratio Col2/20). Inhibition of platelet activity was observed, at T1, for all patients. There is a significant increase of TXB2 values, and of relative values of the ratio Col2/20, at T2 as compared to T1. For already aspirin treated patients, there is a significant decrease of TXB2 levels at T1 as compared to T0. There is a platelet reactivity recovery within 24 hours, following the first 300 mg oral dose of aspirin, during the acute phase of a cerebral ischemic event, and demonstrated by TXB2 levels and ratio Col2/20. This fact would favour early ischemic recurrences. However, this dose is able to complete the inhibition of the TXA2 pathway for already aspirin treated patients
Madinier, Alexandre. "Influence de la microglie et du BDNF sur l'induction de la neuroplasticité après un accident vasculaire cérébral ischémique." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00692476.
Full textAnfray, Antoine. "Aspect vasculaire de l'interaction tPA / R-NMDA : implications dans le couplage neurovasculaire et dans l'AVC ischémique." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC416/document.
Full textThe tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease initially discovered in the blood for its ability to convert plasminogen into plasmin, an enzyme capable of degrading fibrin chains of blood clots. tPA is the only pharmacological treatment currently used for the acute phase of ischemic stroke, although it has several limitations. Besides its role in fibrinolysis, tPA also modulates various physiological and pathological phenomena within the central nervous system and neurovascular unit, such as memory, excitotoxicity and neurovascular coupling, which has been described recently. Several functions of tPA involve its interaction with N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which leads to an increase in NMDA signaling. Structurally, two forms of tPA have been identified: a single chain form (sc-tPA) and a double chain form (tc-tPA). These two forms, whose proportions vary in the solution administered for thrombolysis during ischemic stroke, share some common functions but may also differ in their therapeutic action. The first objective of our work was to better understand the implication of tPA in neurovascular coupling, which is an essential phenomenon for cerebral functioning that allows active brain regions to benefit from increased blood supply in order to meet local energy demands. In the second part of our work, we investigated the effects of sc-tPA and tc-tPA in a murine model of ischemic thromboembolic stroke.Our results establish a role for vascular tPA in increasing functional hyperemia in neurovascular coupling. We show that vascular tPA interacts with NMDA receptors present at the surface of endothelial cells of arteries and arterioles to increase their dilation during neuronal activity. In the context of cerebral ischemia, our results indicate that when administered during early thrombolysis, sc-tPA and tc-tPA have different and sometimes opposite effects. tc-tPA is less effective than sc-tPA in reducing lesion volume and protecting against functional impairment. In fact, our data show that tc-tPA worsens the integrity of the blood-brain barrier compared to sc-tPA. Overall, these data improve our knowledge of the mechanisms of action of tPA in important physiological and pathological phenomena. Our work underlines the need to take into account differences between sc-tPA and tc-tPA when trying to improve the current treatment for stroke and in the development of future therapeutic strategies involving this molecule
Bennis, Youssef. "L'Erythropoïétine, agent d'optimisation de la thérapie cellulaire par progéniteurs endothéliaux dans l'AVCischémique et l'ischémie aiguë des membres inférieurs." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5500.
Full textPavilla, Aude. "Quantification simultanée de la diffusion et de la perfusion cérébrale en imagerie par résonance magnétique : application au diagnostic de l’accident vasculaire cérébral ischémique." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B025/document.
Full textIschemic stroke is a serious neurological disease of public health concern that constitutes a major cause of death and high costs of medical care. A quick and accurate diagnosis based on both clinical signs and medical images is necessary for the therapeutic decision (thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy). In accordance with the current recommendations, MRI is the primary intention modality to perform in order to confirm the ischemic stroke suspicion. The choice of a thrombolysis treatment is guided by the presence of a diffusion-perfusion mismatch, determined with two different sequences, and is associated with a better life outcome for the patient. The IVIM (« Intravoxel Incoherent Motion ») MRI sequence allows for the simultaneous diffusion and microperfusion quantification with the biexponential analysis of the diffusion signal obtained by a diffusion sequence sensitized to perfusion. This sequence could be of great interest for the ischemic stroke diagnosis. The methodological aspects implemented during this thesis consisted of the optimization of the acquisitions and data processing of IVIM imaging for quantitative assesments of cerebral diffusion and perfusion. First of all, the conventional biophysical model and IVIM sequence acquisitions were implemented and validated with a study on healthy subjects, in comparison with perfusion assesments obtained using ASL (Arterial Spin Labeling). Secondly, the conventional model was modified to consider the non-gaussian diffusion behavior in tissues with an additional quantitative parameter estimation, the kurtosis (DKI-IVIM model). This new model was also validated with a study on healthy subjects in comparison with the standard biexponential IVIM model. Finally, this method was applied in a clinical setting on five stroke patients. The preliminary results demonstrated the DKI-IVIM method efficiency for the acute ischemic stroke diagnosis when compared with the conventional diffusion-ASL perfusion with the additional estimation of the kurtosis for a better lesion characterization
Couret, David. "Effet protecteur des HDL en phase aiguë d’AVC ischémique en condition d’hyperglycémie." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0034/document.
Full textIschemic stroke is a major public health problem. Currently, available therapies are based on a vascular approach. The advent of mechanical thrombectomy as a routine treatment for stroke exposes the patient to reperfusion injury such as hemorrhagic transformation (HT). Acute hyperglycemia increases this risk. We have developed a relevant and reproducible preclinical model in mice to study the mechanisms of these HT. High density lipoproteins (HDL) are molecular complexes with protective properties. We demonstrated that during the acute phase of stroke, these HDLs become dysfunctional. One of the mechanisms of this alteration is represented by the oxidation of surface proteins including apoA-1 by myeloperoxidase (MPO) released by neutrophils recruited into the ischemic zone. The MPO plasmatic level determination in the acute phase of stroke could be relevant. The injection of HDL has already proved effective in reducing the size of infarct and in the occurrence of HT in murine models of stroke. The hypothesis of a lack of efficiency of HDL in this particular pathological condition leads us to consider an improvement of their functions thanks to their vector property of protective molecules. These HDLs would then be used as a transporter of molecules increasing their neuro- and endothelio-protective potential in the treatment of ischemic stroke
Seners, Pierre. "Recanalisation artérielle précoce après thrombolyse intraveineuse d’un accident ischémique cérébral avec occlusion artérielle proximale : incidence, prédiction et physiopathologie Indicidence and predictors of early recanalization following IV thrombolysis. A systematic review and meta-analysis Post-thrombolysis recanalization in stroke referrals for thrombectomy: Incidence, predictors and prediction scores Relationships between brain perfusion and early recanalization after intravenous thrombolysis for acute stroke with large vessel occlusion Better collaterals are independently associated with post-thrombolysis recanalization before thrombectomy Thrombus length predicts lack of post-thrombolysis early recanalization in minor stroke with large vessel occlusion Early recanalization in tenecteplase vs. alteplase-treated drip-and-ship patients referred for thrombectomy." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB222.
Full textIn acute stroke patients with large-vessel occlusion (LVO), the goal of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) is to achieve early recanalization. Whether all patients with LVO need to undergo intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) before mechanical thrombectomy (MT) – i.e. bridging therapy, which is standard-of-care since 2015 – is debated as: i) thrombolysis may be harmful in patients unlikely to recanalize following IVT; and, ii) conversely, transfer for MT may be unnecessary in patients highly likely to recanalize. It is therefore timely and important to investigate the mechanisms and predictors of post-IVT recanalization, since the findings could have major clinical implications, such as the development of more efficient intravenous therapies, as well as moving towards personalized medicine, involving the selection of individual patients for best therapy, i.e., IVT alone, bridging, or MT alone. In the present thesis, we studied the incidence and predictors of post-IVT early recanalization in a large French multicentric cohort of acute stroke with LVO (n=1107), where all patients were treated with IVT and referred for MT between 2015 and 2017. Recanalization was evaluated on first intracranial angiogram or non-invasive vascular imaging within the first 3h following IVT start. The incidence of early recanalization following IVT was substantial in the overall cohort, occurring in ~1 in 5 patients. Thrombus site and length, time elapsed between IVT start and recanalization assessment, and quality of the leptomeningeal collateral flow or severity of hypoperfusion, were all independently associated with early recanalization occurrence. These findings are novel and important, and shed new light on the mechanisms underlying post-IVT recanalization. A six-point score derived from the three former variables afforded >90% specificity for no-recanalization, but did not reliably predict occurrence of early recanalization. This score should prove of value for patient selection into trials, testing e.g. bridging therapy vs. MT alone, but may not be used to support decisions to withhold referral for MT. In the subgroup of LVO patients with minor neurological symptoms (NIHSS score <6), in whom the optimal treatment is unknown, we found that thrombus length was a powerful independent predictor of no-recanalization, and that the optimal cutoff (9mm) had a high sensitivity/specificity ratio for no-recanalization, which may help design randomized trials aiming to test bridging therapy vs. IVT alone in this population. Lastly, unlike the EXTEND-IA TNK randomized trial which found 2-fold higher early recanalization rate before mechanical MT following IVT with tenecteplase as compared to alteplase in patients directly admitted to MT-capable centres, we found similar early recanalization rates with these two thrombolytic agents in patients transferred for MT from a non MT-capable centre (i.e., with longer IVT-to-MT delays than in EXTEND-IA TNK), currently the most frequently encountered clinical situation. Taken together, these data suggest that recanalization may occur earlier with tenecteplase, which if confirmed would have clinical relevance. Towards further clarifying the pathophysiology of post-thrombolysis early recanalization failure and develop more efficient intravenous therapies for acute ischemic stroke, specific studies will need to address two additional potentially important predictors of early recanalization, namely haemostatic biomarkers and thrombus composition
Quenault, Aurélien. "Apport de l'imagerie par résonance magnétique dans l'accident ischémique transitoire : imagerie moléculaire de l'inflammation et imagerie du système glymphatique." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN3150.
Full textTransient ischemic attack (TIA) is a transient episode of neurological dysfunction caused by focal ischemia without acute infarction on brain imaging. TIA is major sign of ischemic stroke. Therefore TIA requires rapid assessment to evaluate and manage this risk. However, TIA diagnosis is difficult due to many differential diagnoses. This results in a waste of opportunity for some patients and unnecessary consumption of expensive resources for other. Therefore it is necessary to identify new tools and new approaches to understand the pathophysiology of AIT and for better evaluation. We have developed a preclinical model of TIA in which, thanks to two non-invasive and semi-quantitative techniques of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) we have: I) shown a deficit of the glymphatic system, a key regulator of the exchanges of metabolites in the extracellular spaces of the brain parenchyma; ii) developed molecular imaging of P-selectin, which can reveal cerebrovascular inflammation after TIA. Imaging of the glymphatic system unmasks tissue abnormalities and may improve the risk assessment after TIA. Molecular imaging of P-selectin could identify vascular territories at risk and areas impacted by the ischemia. The clinical application of these results could improve diagnosis and management in the context of TIA
Simerabet, Malika. "Pré et postconditionnement ischémique et pharmacologique dans un modèle d'ischémie cérébrale focale : rôle du canal potassique mitochondrial ATP dépendant dans la neuroprotection." Lille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL2S043.
Full textGiacalone, Mathilde. "Traitement et simulation d’images d’IRM de perfusion pour la prédiction de l’évolution de la lésion ischémique dans l’accident vasculaire cérébral." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1194/document.
Full textStroke – a neurological deficit resulting from blood supply perturbations in the brain – is a major public health issue, representing the third cause of death in industrialized countries. There is a need to improve the identification of patients eligible to the different therapies, as well as the evaluation of the benefit-risk ratio for the patients. In this context, perfusion Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast (DSC)-MRI, a prominent imaging modality for the assessment of cerebral perfusion, can help to identify the tissues at risk of infarction from the benign oligaemia. However, the entire pipeline from the acquisition to the analysis and interpretation of a DSC-MRI remains complex and some limitations are still to be overcome. During this PhD work, we contribute to improving the DSC-MRI processing pipeline with the ultimate objective of ameliorating the prediction of the ischemic lesion evolution in stroke. In a first part, we primarily work on the step of temporal signal deconvolution, one of the steps key to the improvement of DSC-MRI. This step consists in the resolution of an inverse ill-posed problem and allows the computation of hemodynamic parameters which are important biomarkers for tissue fate classification in stroke. In order to compare objectively the performances of existing deconvolution algorithms and to validate new ones, it is necessary to have access to information on the ground truth after deconvolution. To this end, we developed a numerical simulator of DSC MRI with automatically generated ground truth. This simulator is used to demonstrate the feasability of a full automation of regularization parameters tuning and to establish the robustness of a recent deconvolution algorithm with spatio-temporal regularization. We then propose a new globally convergent deconvolution algorithm. Then, this first part ends with a discussion on another processing step in the DSC-MRI pipeline, the normalisation of the hemodynamic parameters maps extracted from the deconvolved images. In a second part, we work on the prediction of the evolution of the tissue state from longitudinal MRI data. We first demonstrate the interest of modeling longitudinal MRI studies in stroke as a communication channel where information theory provides useful tools to identify the hemodynamic parameters maps carrying the highest predictive information, determine the spatial observation scales providing the optimal predictivity for tissue classification as well as estimate the impact of noise in prediction studies. We then demonstrate the interest of injecting shape descriptors of the ischemic lesion in acute stage in a linear regression model for the prediction of the final infarct volume. We finally propose a classifier of tissue fate based on local binary pattern for the encoding of the spatio-temporal evolution of the perfusion MRI signals
Simoes, Braga Boisserand Ligia. "Optimisation de la thérapie par cellules souches par l'application d'un hydrogel injectable après un accident vasculaire cérébral : une étude histologique et par IRM." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV038/document.
Full textAs the leading cause of disability in adulthood, stroke remains an important subject of study because no effective treatments except by rehabilitation are currently available after the first hours. The acute phase therapy reperfusion is conditinated to a rapid detection and management. For this reason, just around 10% of patients benefit of this. The application of new brain imaging techniques can be relevant for the comprehension of acute stroke mechanism and for a more accurate identification of candidates for acute phase reperfusion therapies. In our first study in a rat model of ischemic stroke (by occlusion of middle cerebral artery, MCAo) we characterized the microvascular, hemodynamic and local saturation in oxygen (StO2) alterations in the acute phase (around one hour after stroke onset), using multiparametric MRI. We demonstrated the potential of StO2 MRI map for detecting the ischemic core without the inclusion of any reversible ischemic damage.Therapeutic approaches that can be applied beyond acute phase are urgently needed. Most evidences suggest that cell therapies have the potential to reduce post-stroke disability through neuroprotection and brain remodelling mechanism. Despite of beneficial effects were demonstrated, some issues need to be addressed, such as the important loss of grafted cells reported when cells are administrated into infarct cavity. We evaluated an innovating biomaterial hydrogel in vivo and their potential to promote long term protection of grafted cells. In a pilot study, we demonstrated that hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel (HA) HyStemTM-HP (Sigma-Aldrich, France) presented a long lasting (over 28 days) in healthy brain suggesting to be a good candidate for cell therapy.When co-administrated by intracerebral route combined with human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSC from bone marrow) seven days after MCAo, the HAhydrogel promoted an increase of hMSC survival and improved angiogenic process. In the immunohistological study, RECA1+ (vessel endothelial cells makers) were increased. Collagen-IV+ cells (vessel basal membrane) were also increased. Post stroke angiogenesis is a key process for brain recovery. No difference in lesion volume was detected among the ischemic groups by in vivo MRI. Despite the pro-angiogenic beneficial effect, neither hMSC+HA nor hMSC alone were able to improve functional results 3 weeks after intracerebral injection (assessed by modified neurological severity score (mNSS), and adhesive removal test)
Jean-Leblanc, Noémie. "La voie canonique Wnt est nécessaire pour le maintien de l'intégrité de la barrière hémato-encéphalique après un accident vasculaire cérébral : impacts sur la thérapie thrombolytique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33473.
Full textStroke triggers blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and hampers tissue recovery by impairing the local brain microenvironment. Administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) within a therapeutic window of 4.5 hours after onset constitutes the only existing treatment. Beyond this window, tPA worsens BBB disruption and causes haemorrhagic transformation. Canonical Wnt pathway induces BBB formation during ontogeny. We hypothesize here that pathway activity is required to maintain BBB integrity after stroke and that its activation might constitute a promising approach to improve rtPA therapy via protection of the BBB. Therefore, we have first assessed pathway activity in the brain of mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Next, we have evaluated the effect of pathway deactivation early after stroke on BBB integrity Finally, we have assessed the potential of pathway activation on BBB breakdown associated to the delayed administration of rtPA. Our results show that pathway activity is induced specifically in brain endothelial cells early after ischemic stroke. Early deactivation of the pathway using a potent inhibitor, XAV939, aggravates BBB breakdown, and increases the incidence of spontaneous haemorrhagic transformation, without affecting brain infarct. On the other hand, pathway activation using a potent specific activator, 6-Bromoindirubin-3’-oxime (6-BIO), attenuates BBB breakdown, and reduces the incidence of haemorrhagic transformation associated to delayed rtPA administration by inducing expression of the tight junction claudin-3, and attenuates endothelial basal permeability by repressing the expression of PLVAP, without affecting brain infarct, vascularization and inflammation. Our study demonstrates that activation of the canonical Wnt pathway constitutes a clinically relevant strategy to extend the therapeutic window of rtPA by attenuating BBB breakdown via regulation of BBB-specific mechanisms
Kuntz, Mélanie. "Influence de l'environnement périvasculaire cérébral sur la dysfonction de la barrière hémato-encéphalique au cours d'une ischémie transitoire." Thesis, Artois, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ARTO0409/document.
Full textIn the recent years, while no neuroprotective agent was clinically effective in reducing brain ischemic damage, the neurovascular unit (NVU) concept emerged as a new paradigm for stroke investigation and treatment. The breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), localized in brain capillaries, with ensuing vasogenic edema and intracerebral hemorrhage, appears as a critical event of this disease, and severely restricts the eligibility of patients for rtPA thrombolysis, the only acute-phase treatment currently available. The complex intercommunications occurring within the NVU makes the microvascular dysfunction difficult to study in vivo, highlighting the importance of in vitro approaches to complete the knowledge in this field. In this context, the work done in this PhD demonstrates that brain tissue necrosis influences the kinetics of the loss of BBB integrity during reperfusion. However, even when the BBB remains functional in a non-lesional ischemic context, it becomes vulnerable to certain molecules such as rtPA in a thrombolysis situation. These results illustrate the key role of molecular perivascular environment on the BBB dysfunction during cerebral ischemia, and orientate new therapeutic strategies towards the protection of the entire NVU
Hubert, Violaine. "Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique des cellules phagocytaires cérébrales dans des modèles murins de neuroinflammation." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1226.
Full textStroke is a major public health issue. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly used for the emergency management of these patients, during the interruption of blood flow to better select patients who are candidates for reperfusion therapies, the only treatment approved to date. The discovery of new therapeutics is therefore a real challenge to protect the brain following a stroke. Among the different lines of research, anti-inflammatory therapeutics are particularly interesting. Indeed, cerebral ischemia causes an inflammatory reaction and it has been shown that the runaway of this reaction would cause an aggravation of the cerebral lesions. Although the establishment of this inflammatory reaction is still to be characterized more precisely, significant progress has been made in this area. It is now recognized that cells of the phagocytic monoclonal system play a predominant role in the establishment and maintenance of this inflammatory response, contributing in some cases to tissue damage. More recently, it has also been shown that choroid plexuses play an important role in the recruitment of immune cells to the level of ischemic injury, including circulating monocytes/macrophages. To improve our understanding of phagocytic cells involvement in ischemic stroke and neuroinflammatory pathologies in general, in vivo imaging is a promising translational tool. In our team, the non-invasive MRI method coupled with the intravenous injection of iron oxide nanoparticles, the USPIOs, has been developed and validated through pre-clinical and clinical studies. This technique enables to image the phagocytic cells present at the level of the ischemic lesion, following their internalization of the USPIOs.In this context, my thesis was articulated around the following two axes:1) Evaluate the potential of a new multimodal nanoparticle composed with gadolinium fluoride, the "NanoGd", to image phagocytic cells present in the ischemic lesion. A precise experimental protocol was implemented in a model of permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in CX3CR1-GFP transgenic mouse. The originality of our study rests on the fact that these mice were imaged in vivo with MRI sessions back-to-back with intravital two-photon microscopy sessions, allowing us to obtain valuable information on the biological origins of the signals visualized with the MRI. Our results indicate that multimodal imaging of NanoGd can be used to image phagocytic cells in vivo following ischemic stroke. 2) Evaluate the potential of USPIO-enhanced MRI as a tool to image in vivo the involvement of choroid plexuses in early inflammatory phenomena. For this, we worked with a mouse model of neuroinflammation induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide. The presence of USPIOs at the level of the choroid plexuses was quantified on the MRI images using a multi-operator scoring system and compared between the LPS mouse group and the control group. We have shown with our study that the MRI coupled with the iv injection of USPIOs allowed to highlight in vivo the inflammatory phenomena inside the choroid plexuses. This study on in vivo imaging of inflammation in choroid plexuses followed the writing of a review about the clinical imaging of choroid plexuses in physiological and pathological conditions. In this study, we have shown that choroid plexuses are involved in many ways in maintaining cerebral homeostasis, and that although this is a rapidly expanding field, the clinical imaging of these structures is still largely insufficient. This work has allowed to develop and validate two in vivo imaging approaches for the study of brain inflammation, in stroke and pathologies with a neuroinflammatory component, and the use of these methods in mouse models of neuroinflammation has already made it possible to improve the understanding of inflammatory mechanisms in these pathologies
Lafon, Arnaud. "Evaluation du rôle de l'inflammation buccale sur l'athérogénèse dans la survenue des accidents vasculaires cérébraux ischémiques." Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOMU08.
Full textThe aim of this work is to investigate the suspected link between oral inflammation and the occurrence of ischemic stroke. In Western countries, the incidence of ischemic stroke is rising despite prevention campaigns aiming at limiting the exposure to common risk factors for ischemic diseases. Nearly 9% of strokes are of unknown etiology. The triggering factor for ischemic stroke or "trigger key" remains unknown. Recent studies have shown that ischemic stroke is more likely to occur in the week following an infectious event. Therefore, oral inflammation, that causes a rise in various inflammatory biomarkers is studied as potentially increasing the risk of stroke. Firstly, a meta-analysis was performed to synthesize data about the relationship between oral inflammation and the occurrence of stroke. It has shown that the risk of fatal ischemic stroke increases by 38% in patients with severe periodontitis. Secondly, two observational clinical studies have been implemented to strengthen the validity of the supposed epidemiological links and bring new elements in our understanding about the pathophysiological mechanisms linking oral inflammation and the occurrence of ischemic stroke. The results show a proportional relationship between the degree of oral-inflammation and biological assessments that demonstrate pro-atherosclerotic and pro-inflammatory state. Indeed, we observe an increase in CRP levels, VLDL triglycerides and a decrease in HDL in patients with severe periodontal disease. Bone loss, that is easily measurable on a dental panoramic radiograph, appears to be the main risk factor of the occurrence of ischemic stroke.The results of this thesis show that the presence of an inflammatory oral environment is an additional marker for the discovery of a cardiovascular risk in patients combining other conventional risk factors of ischemic stroke. In addition, our results suggest the need for cooperation between the neurologists and odontologists to improve the management of cardiovascular risk in patients with ischemic stroke and oral inflammation
Dupont, Damien. "Cartographie in vivo des remaniements anatomo-fonctionnels de l’architecture des réseaux neuronaux dans le système nerveux central au cours du développement par Imagerie du Tenseur de Diffusion et Imagerie renforcée par le manganèse." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112021/document.
Full textThe thesis aim is to develop MRI methods to study the impact of focal transient ischemia in neonatal rat brain. The principal techniques used are MEMRI (Manganese Enhanced MRI), DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging) and QBI (Q-Ball Imaging). MEMRI was used to observe in a dynamic way the cortico-thalamic manganese transport combined with the structural informations extracted from the DTI experiments. Results have shown a cortico-thalamic pathway disturbance, at seven and fourteen days after ischemia. Globally DTI results have shown a slowed brain structuration. From these results, the feasibility of a fast acquisition method and the post processing steps of Q-ball protocol was established and applied in an immature rat. The different MRI protocols developed during this thesis have shown good efficiency to follow the rat brain maturation, in healthy and pathological conditions, thus opening new perspectives for brain development studies
Aly, Jean-François, and Chantal Marie. "Facteurs étiologiques des accidents vasculaires cérébraux ischémiques." Caen, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991CAEN3080.
Full textGautier-Morel, Sophie. "Complications hémorragiques induites au cours de la fibrinolyse par rtPA : mécanismes physiopathologiques et approches pharmacologiques." Lille 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LIL2S005.
Full textThe use of rtPA (tissue-plasminogen recombinant activator) in stroke is associated with a risk of cerebral hemorrhagic complications, whom physiopathological mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Using a model of cerebral ischaemia by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), our objective was to firstly study the respective implication of thrombus, vascular wall and ischaemia in the physiopathology of rtPA-induced hemorrhages. Secondly, potential pharmacological targets for their prevention were studied. Our data confirmed that the treatment by rtPA led to hemorrhagic complications and suggested the role of thrombolysis products, in particular of plasmine, in the severity of these complications. In parallel, we observed an increase in the infarct volume, an increase in the vascular endothelial post-ischemic alterations and an increase in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Th e modification of the BBB permeability was associated with an activation of metalloproteinase-9, enzyme implied in the matrix extracellular degradation, and contributed to the polymorphonuclear infiltration. Concerning the potential pharmacological targets, two pathways were explored : (i) the induction of a neutropenia by vinblastine prevented from post-ischaemic vascular alterations and limited the risk of rtPA-induced hemorrhagic complications in parallel to a reduction in the infarct volume (ii) the use of fenofibrate, agonist of the PPAR alpha receptors, protected from post-iscaemic vascular alterations in parallel with a reduction in the ischaemic lesions. Preliminary results suggested that the use of fenofibrate was also associated with a reduction of rtPA-induced hemorrhagic complications. In conclusion, the protection of vessels during the fibrinolysis seems to be a relevant pharmacological target to prevent the risk of rtPA-induced hemorrhagic complications
Baillieul, Sébastien. "Syndrome d'apnées du sommeil et cerveau : une relation bidirectionnelle Continuous positive airway pressure improves gait control in severe obstructive sleep apnoea: A prospective study Hypoxic conditioning and the central nervous system: A new therapeutic opportunity for brain and spinal cord injuries?" Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. https://thares.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/2020GRALS025.pdf.
Full textThe human brain is a perfect example of our dependence on oxygen. Brain physiological constraints render it vulnerable to hypoxia, such as encountered in environmental conditions (high altitude exposure) or pathological hypoxemic conditions. Among those pathological conditions, and due to its high prevalence in general population and the various levels of hypoxia resulting of the different degrees of severity of the pathology, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is a pathophysiological model of choice to investigate the detrimental effects of hypoxia on the brain. The cyclical, repeated episodes of apnoea and hypopnea during sleep that characterize OSAS result in intermittent hypoxia, sleep fragmentation and fluctuations in intrathoracic pressure, which are stressors that triggers mechanisms contributing to the initiation and progression of life-threatening cardiometabolic diseases, as well as several brain repercussions, such as cognitive impairment and stroke. This Thesis work explores the bidirectional relationship between sleep apnoea syndromes (SAS) and the brain. The first axis is focused on the neurocognitive consequences of OSAS through the lens of gait control. The neurocognitive signature of OSAS has been thoroughly investigated but recently, gait impairments have been highlighted in severe OSAS, with dose-response relationship between OSAS severity and the magnitude of gait impairments. As gait control relies at least partly on frontal lobe functions, it has been suggested that gait could represent a marker of OSAS brain repercussions. We investigated the effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment on gait control, with contrasting results. In a first prospective controlled study, eight weeks of CPAP improved gait control in severe OSAS patients (Baillieul et al., 2018, Plos One). In order to validate those results and investigate the neurophysiological correlates of the link between gait control and OSAS, we conducted a randomized controlled trial which investigated the impact of an 8-week CPAP treatment compared to sham-CPAP on gait control in severe OSAS patients (Baillieul et al., 2020, Submitted). Contrary to our hypothesis, we found no improvement in gait control in the CPAP group and this result is substantiated by the absence of impact of CPAP on the determinants of gait control, further illustrating the complexity of the OSAS-neurocognitive relationship. The second axis is focused on the cerebrovascular repercussions of SAS. SAS and stroke are both severe intertwined conditions, SAS being both cause and potentially consequence of stroke. The present work is focused on the identification of phenotypic traits of SAS in post-stroke patients, to improve diagnosis of SAS following stroke (Baillieul et al., in preparation). Screening stroke patients for SAS is crucial due to the high risk of morbimortality and functional consequences associated to SAS following stroke but cannot be achieved without a more accurate identification of patients at risk to develop SAS following stroke. The third axis has been conceived as a perspective that will serve the development of the second axis. In this last axis, the potential of brain imagery and in particular magnetic resonance imagery to develop markers of stroke recovery as well as investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying stroke-related deficiencies are presented, with a specific focus on gait and walking activity. The neural correlates of walking activity following stroke are highlighted, using a voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping approach (Baillieul et al., 2019, Hum. Mov. Sci.). Imagery markers of walking recovery following stroke using diffusion tensor imaging are also presented (Soulard et al. 2019, Neurology). This work on brain imagery markers of stroke recovery will further serve the development of investigations focused on the neural correlates of SAS following stroke
Macrez, Richard. "Modélisation et traitement des accidents vasculaires cérébraux ischémiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10136.
Full textReperfusion with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only approved treatment for ischemic stroke. However, thrombolysis has some limitations, including a narrow therapeutic window, an elevated risk of hemorrhage transformation and a low level of effective recanalization. Moreover, there is a growing body of evidence that both endogenous and exogenous tPA (able to cross the blood-brain barrier) could mediated pro-excitotoxic effects. We have proposed that this noxious effect results from the cleavage of the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor. My thesis work consisted in: 1) Improving pre-clinic approaches by developing a new model of thrombo-embolic ischemia in mice and by taking into account a major risk factor for stroke, aging; 2) Developing a strategy of immunotherapy targeting the interaction between tPA and NMDA receptor. I have thus shown that ischemic lesions decrease as a function of age, due to reduced levels of tPA. Moreover, I have identified DBP (D-site albumin Binding Protein), as being the transcription factor responsible for the control of tPA levels as a function of age. I have also developed a new model of thrombo-embolic ischemia in mice, in which tPA-induced thrombolysis is beneficial, provided it is performed soon enough. In this model, I have demonstrated by using a strategy of active immunization the in vivo occurrence of the cleavage of the NMDA receptor NR1 subunit by tPA. Finally, I have produced an antibody able to prevent the interaction between tPA and the NMDA receptor subunit, of which a single injection confers long lasting brain protection and neurological recovery and can also increase the therapeutic window of thrombolysis. This strategy could thus significantly increase the proportion of treatable ischemic stroke patients
Baronnet-Chauvet, Flore. "IRM fonctionnelle au repos après un accident ischémique : de la connectivité fonctionnelle au handicap." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066229/document.
Full textResting-state functional MRI is increasingly used to investigate brain networks in stroke patients. Most studies focused specifically on motor, attentional and language deficits. Here we have investigated the relationships between global post-stroke disability and functional connectivity of seven major cortical networks in subacute ischemic stroke patients. We have studied 50 patients with first-ever unilateral hemispheric stroke (29 men, 22 left strokes, 57 ± 14 years) with a median post-stroke delay of 4.5 weeks and 75 healthy volunteers (27 men, 55 ± 15 years). Seven cortical networks were characterized with a seed-based approach and for each network we distinguished inter-hemispheric, ipsi- and contra-lesional functional connectivity. The 22 patients without disability (modified Rankin’s scale 0-1) had normal functional connectivity in all networks whereas the 28 disabled patients had widespread and bilateral decreases in functional connectivity explaining 22 % of the variance. Secondary analyses showed that abnormalities mainly differentiate no disability from mild disability and may predominate in default-mode and top-down control networks. We have computed for each subject a functional connectivity index that summarizes all these abnormalities. This simple tool was strongly predictive of residual disability with a specificity of 91% and a sensitivity of 86%. In conclusion, widespread and bilateral alterations in cortical connectivity occur in disabled subacute stroke patients, whereas normal indicate excellent global outcome
Chapuisat, Guillemette. "Ondes progressives et modélisation des accidents vasculaires cérébraux ischémiques." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112225.
Full textStroke is the third cause of death and the first cause of acquired handicap in occidental countries. One way to study it is to design mathematical models. This thesis is made of two parts, one on the modeling of stroke and the other on the theoretical study of some equations coming from the model. In the first part, we present a phenomenological model of stroke that takes into account the reduction of the blood flow, the cell energy dealing, the spreading depressions (a depolarization of the neurons that spreads through the cortex) and two ways of cellular death (apoptosis and necrosis). Various numerical simulations are then made. The numerical results on the reopening of the vessel lead to new biological hypotheses. In the second part of the thesis, we study some theoretical problems coming from numerical experiments on the model of spreading depression. In particular, we study the existence of generalized travelling fronts solutions of a bistable reaction-diffusion equation on a cylinder which diameter is suddenly increased. We prove the non existence of such fronts if the diameter is strongly increased. We also have interest in the existence of curved travelling fronts solutions of reaction-diffusion equation in a cylinder and diffusion-absorption equation outside the cylinder. If the diameter of the cylinder is large enough, we prove the existence of a curved front by studying the energy of the solution in a travelling referential
Naouri, Michèle. "Intérêt de l'aspirine dans la prévention des accidents vasculaires cérébraux d'origine ischémique." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05P076.
Full textBohdana, Wlachovská. "Diagnostic des accidents vasculaires cérébraux (AVC) ischémiques aigus - scanner et IRM." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066725.
Full textJouve, Jean-Marc. "Apport de la tomodensitométrie cérébrale précoce dans les accidents anoxo-ischémiques de l'enfant." Montpellier 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON11158.
Full textLaigle, Christophe. "Etude multimodalitaire du rôle des canaux potassiques K2P TREK-1 et TRAAK dans la physiopathologie de l'ischémie cérébrale." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX20686.
Full textDucrocq, Xavier. "Contribution de l'électrophysiologie cardiaque à l'étude étiopathogénique des accidents ischémiques cérébraux indéterminés de l'adulte jeune." Nancy 1, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2000_0294_DUCROCQ.pdf.
Full textAlthough new syndromes were identified in a recent past, up to one third of ischemic strokes in young adults remain unexplained. In a first prospective study, data of 296 young stroke patients were analysed. Patients without deterurined etiology, as compared to others, were significantly younger, had less risk factors, had a better prognosis and more frequently atrial septal abnoarmalities. An ancillary angiographie study showed that unexplained ischemic stroke had an embolie mechanism. In a second part, a series of 97 young stroke patients were investigated by means of atrial electrophysiology evaluating the presence or atrial vulnerability (AV), the electrophysiological substrate of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Results were analysed and discussed with data of the literature. AV is significantly more frequent than in normal control patients and associated to septal abnormalities, but does not modify prognosis
Dolatkhani-Smith, Mina. "Accidents vasculaires cérébraux ischémiques systématisés du nouveau-né : étude rétrospective de 20 cas." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR23025.
Full textWaselynck, Sandrine. "Accidents vasculaires cérébraux ischémiques de la femme jeune à propos de 6 observations." Montpellier 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON11125.
Full textGranier, Isabelle. "Intérêt de l'IRM dans la prise en charge des accidents ischémiques cérébraux à la phase hyper aigue͏̈." Montpellier 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON11148.
Full textLabrande, Christelle. "Neuroprotection et thérapie cellulaire : deux approches expérimentales dans le traitement des accidents vasculaires cérébraux ischémiques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX22959.
Full textHermier, Marc. "Apport de l'IRM à l'étude du pronostic des accidents ischémiques aigus carotidiens traités par thrombolyse intraveineuse." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10036.
Full textBeaurain, Christophe. "L'ischémie cérébrale : utilisation d'un antagoniste calcique." Lille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIL2P004.
Full textMasse, Isabelle. "Les agents hypolipémiants (fibrates, statines) : approche expérimentale et clinique des effets protecteurs dans les pathologies ischémiques et dégénératives." Lille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL2S048.
Full textBest knowledge of metabolic pathway involved in Alzheimer and stroke pathogenesis leads to new therapeutic approach to induce neuroprotection. The pleiotropic effects, such as anti-inflammatory or anti-oxidants effects, were described for lipid lowering agents (LLAs). First we investigate in an observational study whether LLAs are associated with a slower cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Patients treated with lipid lowering agents had a slower decline on the MMSE (1. 5/year, p=0. 0102) than patients with untreated dyslipemia (2. 4), or normolipemic patients (2. 6). Patients with a slower decline were more likely to be treated with LLAs. Logistic regression analysis, with low annual cognitive decline as dependant variable, showed that the independent variable LLAs was positively associated with the probability of lower cognitive decline (OR=0. 45, p=0. 002). Second, we aim to determine clinical and pharmacological factors taht could influence the initial severity and short term outcom of cerebral ischemia. 362 consecutive patients were included in a cross-sectional hospital-based study of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Independent factors associated with a lower severity measured on the NIH scale at admission were previous leisure-time physical activity (OR=1. 67), TIA (OR=2. 28) and treatment with lipid lowering agents (OR=1. 76). Third, 1 week after reperfusion, we observed in rats submitted to cerebral ischemia, appearance of amyloid peptide immunoreactivity associated with decreased performance on place recognition task of Y-maze. Fenofibrate allows to prevent partially these alterations : a trend for decreased cognitive impairment and amyloid peptide immunoreactivity and a significant reduction of infarct size
Lelong, Dominique. "Etablissement d'un nouveau modèle murin d'accident vasculaire cérébral : l'amaurose transitoire chez la souris." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077144.
Full textThis study aims to characterize a new murin model of retinal ischemia, reproducing amaurosis fugax physiopathology. Amaurosis is a therapeutic emergency but its acute treatment remains controversial. Its poor prognosis when it is not quickly reversible, the difficulty to conduct decisive randomized prospective clinical trials, and the limitations of the existing animal models, makes the establishment of a new retinal ischemia preclinical model a priority for the field. We established, for the mouse, by observation of flat-mounted retinas after fluorescein systemic injection that the ligature of the pterygopalatin artery, coupled with the section of the homolateral external carotid artery interrupts the ipsilateral retinal blood circulation. Ligature's withdrawal comes along with retina reperfusion. Four weeks after a 30 min ischemic episode, significant functional changes quantitatively measurable by electroretinography contrast with a preserved histology. A preliminary qRT-PCR study of some ischemic key genes expression had for purpose to supply temporal biomarkers useful for the later design of therapeutic protocols. This purely vascular amaurosis fugax model is simple, reversible, reproducible, usable to the rat as to the mouse. It comes to complete the already available murin stroke models and can be also adapted to modelize diverse clinical situations of retinal ischemia
Zuba, Vincent. "Les plexus choroïdes : une entrée au niveau cérébral pour l'activateur tissulaire du plasminogène (tPA)." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC410.
Full textTissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a protease initially discovered in the blood for its fibrinolytic role. Accordingly, recombinant tPA has become the gold standard to treat the acute phase of ischemic stroke, despite some limitations. Exogenous tPA can switch from the vascular compartment to the brain parenchyma, where it can influence physiological processes, and participate in neuronal fate, including a worsening of neuronal death during ischemic stroke. In the team, it has been shown that tPA can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), by a transcytosis through BBB endothelial cells, under the control of LRP1 receptors (Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1). The central nervous system has other barriers, including the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), that relies on choroid plexuses (CPs). CPs are a migration route for inflammatory cells and a major source of CSF, which carries solutes to the cerebral parenchyma, via peri-arterial spaces. Thus, in a first study, we tested the hypothesis of a passage of vascular tPA through CPs. We thus produced a fluorescent tPA that can be tracked in vivo and in vitro. We first studied the distribution of tPA following intravenous (IV) injection, focusing on CPs and CSF. We show that after an IV injection, exogenous tPA is sequentially found in the CPs and then in the CSF. tPA is therefore able to cross the CPs. We then developed a model of primary culture of mouse choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) to dissect the mechanism (s) underlying the internalization of tPA. This model allowed us to demonstrate that the internalization of tPA by CPECs is an active phenomenon, mediated by a member of the family of LRP receptors, but which is neither LRP1 nor LRP2. We also highlight the requirement for the Finger domain of tPA for its internalization by CPECs. A preliminary study in a murine stroke model suggests that ischemia alters the tPA passage kinetics, since there is more tPA in ischemic CPs than non-ischemic CPs.In a second study, we investigated the effect of endogenous tPA on CPs. We show that the absence of endogenous tPA influences neither CPs morphology nor CSF diffusion . Moreover we show that the absence of tPA does not influence the number of macrophages and T cells in the stroma of PCs under basal conditions
Tisserand, Marie. "Evolution des lésions ischémiques aiguës en IRM de diffusion." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA05T026/document.
Full textWithin the first 24 hours after IV-rtPA, diffusion-weighted ischemic lesions can reverse, remain stable or grow. The aim of this thesis is to study these reversal and growth phenomena, to better understand their pathophysiology and to gain insight into the prognostic value of diffusion lesion volume. Diffusion lesion reversal was reported in animals and humans after arterial recanalization. In our sample of 155 patients, we studied this phenomenon with MRI performed before and 24 hours after thrombolysis using a voxel-based approach. First, we demonstrated that 24 hours diffusion reversal was frequent and sustained on a late MRI (median 54h) for over two-thirds of the voxels. Second, sustained reversal was associated with 24hr neurological improvement (OR=1.15, IC95%[ 1.03-1.27], P=0.008 per 1mL). Animal studies have suggested that white matter is more resistant to ischemia than gray matter. In humans, we confirmed that diffusion lesion reversal was more frequent in white matter than in gray matter and disclosed that white matter voxels were more prone to reverse than gray matter voxels. The amount of white matter in the initial diffusion lesion may therefore be a significant determinant of reversibility. Large diffusion lesion volume is associated with poor outcome. However, revascularization therapy can prevent infarct growth or even promote lesion reversal. It is still unclear whether these treatments are beneficial in patients with large diffusion volumes (≥70mL). In our series including 267 patients with middle cerebral artery stroke treated with thrombolysis, 54 patients had a ≥70mL diffusion volume, of which 12(22%) had a 3 month favorable outcome. Odds-ratio of recanalization for favorable outcome in the ≥70mL group was 4.87 [1.15-20.73], P=0.03 supporting a benefit of recanalization in this subgroup. Diffusion lesions growth is usually located within the ischemic penumbra. We hypothesized that if it occurred beyond its boundaries, it would translate into neurological deterioration. Unexplained early neurological deterioration is frequent (70% of early neurological deteriorations, 7% in our series of 309 thrombolysed patients) and its causes are not well-known (no symptomatic intra cerebral hemorrhage, malignant edema or post-stroke seizure). We confirmed our hypothesis in these patients with diffusion growth beyond the penumbra. This growth occurred in 9 of the 10 studied patients (7-137mL; > 10mL in 8 patients) and it was significantly larger than in the 30 controls with early neurological deterioration (P=0.047). Moreover its topography matched the neurological items that deteriorated. All together, these results contribute to a better understanding of acute ischemic lesions using diffusion-weighted imaging and may offer perspectives to adapt individual patient care
Desgeorges, Marine. "Déterminants moléculaires de l'atrophie musculaire induite par une ischémie cérébrale chez la souris : rôle potentiel de l'inhibition de la myostatine." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STET012T.
Full textStrokes are considered as the most severe neurological disease in terms of mortality and disability. The incidence of stroke in France is estimated at 140 000. Ischemic stroke, which represents about 80% of strokes occur as a result of an obstruction of a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain. Motor, cognitive and sensory deficits are common impacts of stroke and can seriously compromise the autonomy and patient quality of life. Ischemic stroke leads to muscle atrophy, wich occurs primarily in the paretic limb, but also to a lesser extent in the nonparetic limb. However, the molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy is unknown. In a first study, the purpose was to identify the molecular determinants involved in skeletal muscle atrophy following cerebral ischemia. To meet this objective, the work was carried out on a mouse model of cerebral ischemia, which involves the occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) with a nylon monofilament. We have shown that cerebral ischemia leads to skeletal muscle atrophy of quadriceps, soleus and tibialis anterior muscles of the paretic side, 3 days after MCAO. This muscular atrophy was associated with motor deficits in the balance, coordination, muscle strength, posture and walking. From a molecular point of view, we reported an imbalance between the rates of synthesis and degradation of muscle protein, in favour of protein degradation in both paretic and nonparetic muscles. In particular, we showed that the expression of myostatin, a master negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass was significantly increased. In a second study, the purpose was to identify a target for therapeutic intervention in order to maintain muscle mass following cerebral ischemia. In view of the results obtained in the first study, we targeted the myostatin. Our results show that myostatin inhibition increases body weight and muscle mass recovery, 15 days after cerebral ischemia. In addition, myostatin inhibition tends to improve motor behavior (balance, coordination, strength). From a molecular point of view, we reported no major change in mRNA or protein level of actors involved in Akt/mTOR, Smad2/3, autophagy-lysosome and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways, involved in the control of muscle mass, 15 days after cerebral ischemia. These preliminary results strongly suggest that pharmacological inhibitors of myostatin may provide significant therapeutic benefit for muscle atrophy following cerebral ischemia
Castel, Hervé. "Développement d'une stratégie complémentaire de la thrombolyse dans le traitement des accidents vasculaires cérébraux." Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN2016.
Full textAlthough intraveinous administration of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only approved treatment for ischaemic stroke, this therapy has some important limitations related to its pro-haemorrhagic effects; only 5% of patients can benefit from tPA-induced thrombolysis. Moreover, it is now proven that tPA can potentiate excitotoxic neuronal death by cleaving the aminoterminal domain of the NR1 subunit (ATD-NR1) of NMDA receptors. One of the main objectives of this thesis was to use an immunological approach in order to modulate tPA’s pro-excitotoxic effects in the central nervous system without altering the beneficial thrombolytic activity noted in stroke patients. We demonstrated previously that active immunization with ATD-NR1 prevents the potentiating effect of tPA on NMDA-induced striatal lesions, or focal ischaemic lesions, in mice. Furthermore, this immunological approach allowed us to study to what extent the tPA/NR1 interaction is implicated in memory processes in which tPA is involved. By using antibodies obtained during our investigations, we were able to evidence, in vivo, the NR1 cleavage under physiological conditions. Our data demonstrate the action of tPA on the NR1 subunit in vivo and suggests new bases for the use of passive immunization as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of ischaemic stroke