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1
Killen, Karen L. "Ratio of Income Tax Expense to Operating Income as an Indicator of Fraud." Thesis, Northcentral University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10105357.
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Financial statement fraud is so prevalent that the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) both issued guidelines dealing with revenue recognition specifically because the majority of financial statement fraud involves overstating revenue. The specific problem addressed by this study was that although there are analytical procedures used throughout the audit process, only 10% - 12% of detected frauds are found using this method. Research has shown that companies with large differences between reported net income and taxable income showed among other things, fraudulently overstated earnings compared to companies with average differences. The study examined how income tax expense related to operating income, which included all revenue less expenses but before income taxes payable; and, whether the ratio of income tax expense to operating income differs for public companies with and without detected financial statement fraud. The full census sample included examination of fraud firms and non-fraud firms for all cases occurring between the years 1993 and 2005. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics including measurements of central tendency and variability and inferential statistics including z-scores and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The results indicated that there is a relationship between non-fraud income tax expense and income before income taxes r = .996, N = 332, (p < .01), two tails, and for fraud firms, there is a correlation between income tax expense and income before income taxes r = .963, N = 386, (p < .01), two tails. This research also indicates that a correlation exists for non-fraud firms between income tax expense and operating income, r = .702, N = 196, (p < .01), two tails and for fraud firms r = .842, N = 386, (p < .01), two tails. Finally, the results also indicate there may be a significant correlation between the ratio of income tax to operating income for fraud firms compared to the ratio of income tax expense to operating income for nonfraud firms where r = .169, N = 196, (p < .05), two tails. Converting the fraud ratio to a z-score demonstrates that any ratio greater than .46 gives a greater than 50% chance of indicating fraud (Field, 2009).
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Pence, Diana Kay. "An Examination of the Accounting Debate over the Determination of Business Income: 1945-1952." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279147/.
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George O. May's (1952) prescient statement that "if accounting had not already become, it was well on its way to becoming a political phenomenon" provides the motivation for this study. Changing socioeconomic relationships in the post-World War II period make it an ideal period to examine the politicalization of accounting. Keynesian economic policies justified active government intervention in the economy to manage demand and ensure full employment. No longer could it be assumed that competitive market forces would ensure that corporations produced goods and services at a socially optimal level or that income would be distributed equitably. Claims that accounting profit provides a measure of managerial efficiency are based on these premises. This dissertation examines the political dynamics of one particular accounting measurement debate--the debate over the determination of business income. Policies, such as wage/price controls, the excess profits tax, and the undistributed profits tax, brought the accounting income determination debate to center stage. The perseverance of the historic cost allocation model in the face of significant economic changes presents a fascinating glimpse of the important role accounting played in justifying continued reliance on the private property rights paradigm. I use retrodiction (reasoning from present to past) to examine why the historic cost allocation model has been so enduring. In my examination, I use personal correspondence, transcripts of Congressional hearings, published financial statements, and relevant journal articles. My analysis indicates that, while accountants empathized with managers who claimed that inflation distorted reported earnings and recognized that a serious measurement scale issue existed, they also recognized that abandonment of historic cost would not be politically feasible. If accountants had adopted a strongly partisan position that favored management with respect to bargaining with labor, this could have undermined the profession's claim to neutrality and opened the standard-setting process to closer political scrutiny. Accountants responded to management in a less visible way. Standard setters adopted techniques that gave managers maximum flexibility in managing income while retaining the aura of objectivity that attached to historic cost.
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Sun, Zizhuo. "Accounting for the Gender Income Gap in Urban China." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31059.
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Using data from the China Housing Survey, that was conducted in 1993, the present study attempts to learn whether and how specific factors--human capital (including education and health), guanxi (social connections), housework, and employment in different sectors of the economy influence the income gap between men and women in urban China when traditional, socialist, and market mechanisms are all present.
The data were collected from two large Chinese cities, Tianjin and Shanghai. The results of regression show that 1) Differences in education account for much of the gender differences in income. With the same amount of education, women still earn somewhat less than men. Health reduces the gender income gap between men and women in urban China. 2) Sector segregation accounts for much of the gender differences in income. The private sector pays much more than the public sector. Guanxi and housework do not help explain the difference in income between men and women.
The present study reveals that the income inequality between men and women comes mainly from market forces. The market factors of education, health, and sector are the primary areas in which women suffer disadvantages that result in their lower income.Master of Science
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Coulombe, Daniel. "Voluntary income increasing accounting changes : theory and further empirical investigation." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26983.
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This thesis presents a three step analysis of voluntary income increasing accounting changes. We first propose a theory as to why managers would elect to modify their reporting strategy. This theory builds on research on the economic factors motivating accounting choices, since it is assumed that accounting choices are a function of political costs, manager's compensation plans and debt constraints. Specifically, we claim that adversity motivates the manager to effect an income increasing accounting change.
Secondly, the thesis proposes a theoretical analysis of the potential market responses to a change announcement. The stock price effect of a change announcement is examined as a function of investors' rational anticipations of the manager's reporting actions and as a function of the level of information about adversity that investors may have prior to a change announcement.
An empirical analysis is presented in the third step of this thesis. Our empirical findings are that:
1- Change announcements, on average, have no significant impact on the market.
2- Relative to the Compustat population as a whole, firms that voluntarily adopt income increasing accounting changes exhibit symptoms of financial distress, suggesting that such change announcements are associated with financial adversity.
3- Firms which voluntarily adopt income increasing accounting changes tend to exhibit symptoms of financial distress one or more years prior to the change year, suggesting that change announcements tend not to be a timely source of information conveying distress to the market.
4- There is a significant negative association between investors' proxies for prior information about adversity and the market impact of the change, especially for the subset of firms with above average leverage, suggesting that the information content of the accounting change signal is inversely related to investors prior information about adversity.
The empirical results thus support the view that investors, at the time a change occurs, have information about the prevailing state of the world, and that they have rational anticipations with respect to the manager's reporting behavior. In this respect, the accounting change is, on average, an inconsequential signal that adds little to what investors already knew before the change announcement.Business, Sauder School of
Graduate
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Bialostozky, Jacques. "Analysis and Empirical Testing of Income Smoothing Using Discretionary Accounting Changes." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1615.
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One way to smooth earnings is to use accounting changes. This paper focuses on discretionary accounting changes as the smoothing device used by firms. This paper tests for smoothing behavior as a function of incentives. The association between the smoothing behavior displayed within a sample of firms and firm-specific explanatory variables is examined.
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Stagnol, Lauren. "Accounting for risk in the design of fixed-income benchmarks." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100056.
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L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des schémas de pondérations alternatives visant à prendre en compte le risque dans la construction d’indices obligataires. Nous partons du constat suivant : les indices obligataires qui existent sur le marché sont pondérés en fonction de la capitalisation des émetteurs. L’implication n’est pas négligeable, dans la mesure où utiliser cette approche implique de sur-pondérer les entités les plus endettées. Sur cette base, nous proposons dans le premier chapitre de pondérer les entreprises au sein de l’indice en fonction de leur solvabilité. Dans le deuxième chapitre, toujours sur l’univers des obligations d’entreprises, nous appliquons le principe du risque en parité. Plus précisément, les secteurs sont pondérés de façon inversement proportionnelle à une mesure du risque de crédit innovante : la Duration Times Spread. Enfin, le dernier chapitre s’intéresse à l’application de cette même technique du risque en parité, mais cette fois-ci à l’univers des obligations souveraines. Nous nous engageons dans la modélisation d’une structure de taux à terme, permettant de mesurer le risque de taux d’intérêt dans un contexte global. Plus généralement, nous démontrons que ces pondérations alternatives, qui intègrent une notion de risque (crédit ou taux) et s’éloignent ainsi du pur aspect “niveau d’endettement”, fournissent une nouvelle grille de lecture pour la compréhension de la dynamique des marchés obligataires ainsi que des améliorations significatives dans le profil rendement-risqueIn this thesis, we are keen to explore alternative weighting schemes that account for risk in the fixed-income indexing market. We start with the following observation: bond indexes that exist on the market are generally cap-weighted. The implication is not trivial: when holding such index, an investor is exposed to the most indebted issuers. From that standpoint, in the first chapter we make the proposal to consider an issuer’s creditworthiness as a weighting metric. Then in the second chapter, still working on the corporate bond market, we decide to turn to risk-parity indexing. More precisely, sectors are weighted inversely proportional to an innovative credit risk measure. Finally, the third chapter is devoted to the transposition of such risk-based philosophy to the sovereign bond universe. Particularly, we examine term structure modeling to appraise interest rate risk in a global framework. On a more general note, we show that these alternative indexing schemes - that do not emanate from pure indebtedness, but that are rather based on more sensible definitions of risk (credit or interest rate) provide a new reading grid for understanding bond market’s dynamics as well as appealing improvements in the indexes’ risk-return profile
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Malyuga, Natalia Mykhailivna, and Viktoriya Sergeevna Vitchenko. "Management model of income reflection in accounting and financal statements." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/53919.
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1. Національне положення (стандарт) бухгалтерського обліку 1 «Загальні вимоги до фінансової звітності»: Наказ Мінфіну України від 07.02.2013 р. № 73. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0336-13
2. Податковий кодекс України від 02.12.2010 р. № 2755-VI. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2755-17.
3. Цал-Цалко Ю. С., Мороз Ю. Ю., Мельник Т. Ю. Облік, статистика, аналіз та аудит в системі контролювання фінансових результатів підприємства: монографія. Житомир: ЖНАЕУ, 2016. 300 с.
4. Завгородній В.П. Бухгалтерський облік в Україні. В.П. Завгородній. – К.: А.С.К., 2002. – 420 с.
5. Міакова Г.І. Фактори впливу на прибуток / Міакова Г.І., Мяло В.В. Наукові праці КНТУ. – 2005. – Вип. 74. – С.15-17.
6. Нашкерська Г.В. Оцінка прибутку підприємства. Вісник Національного університету Львівська політехніка. "Менеджмент та підприємництво в Україні" – 2007. – № 576. – С.194-196.Examination of the concept of "profit", consolidation of approaches to the identification of mechanisms of formation and use of profit, as well as the search for the optimal management model for the reserves of its increase.
Дослідження поняття "прибуток", узагальнення підходів щодо визначення механізмів формування і використання прибутку, також пошук оптимальної управлінської моделі для резервів його збільшення.
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Carolin, John. "The information content of cash flows versus accrual-based income numbers." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5629.
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Mahangila, Deogratius Ng'winula. "SMEs' corporate income tax compliance in Tanzania." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/370451/.
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Many governments are struggling with inadequate tax revenue and increasing tax gaps. Consequently, changing behaviour of non-compliant taxpayers as small and medium enterprises (SMEs) because of their tax revenue potential and non-compliance behaviour is essential. This thesis examined the impact of corporate income tax penalty incidence, retributive justice, procedural justice, the interaction between retributive and procedural justice on corporate income tax compliance behaviour. Also, the thesis analysed whether corporate income tax compliance costs affect SMEs tax compliance behaviour. Laboratory experimental methods found corporate income tax penalties levied on individual tax managers might be more effective than corporate income tax penalties charged on corporates. Also high tax compliance costs may decrease tax compliance levels. Likewise, a survey method discovered perceptions of retributive and procedural justice might associate with tax compliance behaviour. However, a perception of procedural justice can moderate the relationship between retributive justice and tax compliance. Conclusively, tax authorities may increase SMEs’ corporate income tax compliance by imposing corporate income tax penalties on tax managers, but these penalties should be perceived to fit the crime of corporate tax non-compliance and imposed through fair procedures. Also, the authorities may increase SMEs’ corporate tax compliance by decreasing tax compliance costs. Shortly, the thesis contributes to the limited tax literature on corporate income tax compliance, procedural and retributive justice and usage of real taxpayers in an experiment.
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Hjelström, Anja. "Understanding international accounting standard setting : a case study of the process of revising IAS 12 (1996), income tax /." Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics (EFI), 2005. http://web.hhs.se/efi/summary/667.htm.
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Pae, Jinhan. "Earnings management and its impact on the information content of earnings and the properties of analysts forecasts." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0023/NQ38951.pdf.
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Besong, Joseph. "Financial sector development, income inequality and human welfare in Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2016. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/28533/.
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This thesis contains the findings of an examination of the joint and endogenous evolution of financial development, income inequality and human welfare using data for a sample of 29 Sub-Sahara African countries from 1990 to 2010. Specifically, the study purposed to investigate whether the relationship between human welfare measured by the aggregate Human Development Index and financial sector measured by broad money (M2) is influenced by the level of income inequality in SSA. Unlike previous studies, this study uses the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) methodology to correct for biases arising from the presence of unit roots, serial correlation and endogeneity. The results suggest that financial sector development measured by its size or broad money as a percentage of GDP (M2/GDP) yields a disproportionately higher and significant robust effect on living standards in SSA when national incomes are highly unequally distributed (GINI > 0.45) both in the long and short run. This finding is strongly causal and irrespective of whether a multidimensional measure of welfare such as the human development index (HDI) or a one-dimensional measure such as the infant mortality rate is employed. Also, the finding that high income inequality is not a fatality in SSA could be taken as evidence in support of the Kuznets (1955) hypothesis. In addition, the results suggest that the disproportionate impact of financial sector deepening (credit to the private sector) on human welfare in the highly unequal countries only occurs in the long run. Contrary to Beck et al. (2007), the liquidity, savings and transactions functions offered by a more developed financial sector in terms of broad money (M2) provides a higher economic wellbeing for the residents of our highly unequal SSA sub-sample than credit issued to private individuals and businesses. Again, this study found that the disproportionate impact of financial sector development in the highly unequal countries is related to an average ratio to GDP of broad money (M2) of 25 percent and credit to the private sector of 18 percent calculated independently of the VECM model. The implication is that these average ratios could be important thresholds for which the impact of financial development on human welfare becomes vital. This is consistent with theories that suggest that there is increasing returns to scale as the financial sector develops from a lower level. Consequently, and because of the finding that there is strong causality between M2 and human welfare in the highly unequal SSA countries in our sample, any policy designs to combat poverty and enhance living standards in such countries must have a strong financial sector development component. Then too, the findings suggest that low income SSA countries must enact adequate policies to increase the size and depth of their financial sectors to reach at least, a long term average ratio to GDP of 25 percent for M2 and 18 percent for credit to the private sector.
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Masters, Colin David. "The avoidance of tax on income, profits and gains." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1990. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/349251/.
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This thesis deals with the various ways taxpayers have employed to avoid paying tax on income, profits and gains and the responses of the judges and legislators. Each type of avoidance is followed from its first appearance to the present day, where appropriate. The respective manoeuvres of the taxpayers, on the one hand, and the Legislature, on the other, are chartered, as is the attitude of the courts. There are four sections. In the first, the various categories of tax avoidance arrangements that have been implemented over the years in the United Kingdom are examined. The second is concerned with international tax avoidance as seen from a United Kingdom perspective. Thirdly, the approach in the United Kingdom is compared with that of other countries, with particular reference to the United States of America, Canada and Australia. The last section analyses the role of the judges and examines the extent to which they have been prepared to look through the form of a transaction to consider the underlying substance. The role of the judges as makers of tax law is also considered. The way in which the subject was researched was to examine each category of tax avoidance in a chronological order, beginning with the first moves by the taxpayer, and charting the ensuing battle of wits between the taxpayer and the Legislature from the standpoint of those who have had to adjudicate on the process: the Judges.
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Beaudoin, Cathy A. Agoglia Chris Tsakumis George T. "Earnings management : the role of the agency problem and corporate social responsibility /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/2805.
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Attia, Khalid Abd El-Aziz. "Environmental accounting in a developing country : a case study of Egypt." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1999. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21342.
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The existing United Nations System of National Accounting (IJNSNA) provides useful indicators of economic performance in terms of traditional macroeconomic variables such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), investment, savings and depreciation of capital. However, they fail to account for the depletion and degradation of environmental capital and hence give a misleading picture of sustainable development. The need for a broader assessment of growth and welfare in terms of modified accounts has therefore become a pressing concern. The main objective of this research is to modify the current Egyptian System of National Accounting (SNA) to include environmental factors, in order to provide a basis for calculating Egyptian sustainable income. Firstly, an environmental accounting approach and model is developed for Egypt to value the depletion and degradation of natural resources caused by economic activities. Secondly, valued environmental costs are incorporated into the Egyptian System of National Accounts to build up the Egyptian Environmental Macro and Sectoral Accounting, which will be helpful in decision-making, planning and policy analysis. The main findings of this research are as follows. Firstly, the environmentally adjusted macro accounting indicators portray a totally different picture of the growth and development of the Egyptian economy compared to the one resulting from conventional SNA. In addition, they indicate that Egypt has experienced an unsustainable path in at least half of the ten-year study period. Secondly, sectoral concerns, which involve measurement of sectoral productivity and performance, indicate that both the performance and the productivity of tradable sectors decrease when their depletion and degradation costs are incorporated. On the other hand, the opposite result is found for the service sectors, which may indicate a potential leading role for the service sectors in the Egyptian economy. Finally, the results indicate that Egypt's natural wealth, which lies in its people, land, the Nile river, oil and gas, and the surrounding seas, has been depleted by many economic "development' programmes that have been carried out to date.
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Gevers, Willem Rudolf. "The association between inflation-adjusted accounting income and the behaviour of share prices." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4865.
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Thesis (PhD (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 1992.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this dissertation the association between inflation-adjusted data and the behaviour of share prices is investigated. The primary purpose of this investigation is to make a contribution to the body of knowledge regarding share price behaviour, and more specifically with respect to the relationship between inflation accounting and the share market. The disclosure of inflation-adjusted data is not mandatory in South Africa, and few companies have disclosed supplementary current cost income statements. A somewhat larger number of companies make provision for inflation in their financial results by revaluing their assets and accounting for additional depreciation. Prior to 1984 a fair proportion of the companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange also used the LIFO method of inventory valuation. The disclosed inflation-adjusted data is very limited, necessitating the estimation of the inflation-adjusted data. To estimate the inflation adjustments, a number of inflation accounting models were developed based either on AC 201 or other suggestions found in the literature. These models were then applied to the financial results of listed industrial companies. In the first empirical analysis contained in this dissertation the inflation adjustments generated by the various models were compared to identify unique models for further use in the market related empirical work. From this analysis it was established that AC 201 is open to such a divergent interpretation that significantly different inflation adjustments are generated. From the literature reviewed, three research designs showed promise for application to the market related empirical analyses. The first design used was the event study which was used to evaluate the share market's reaction to the abolition of the tax benefits associated with the LIFO method of inventory valuation. The share market showed no significant reaction for a period of 21 weeks surrounding the announcement, making possible statements regarding the relative efficiency of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange impossible. It was, however, established that the research design used is very sensitive to sample formation, and it is recommended that special care should be used in market related studies to ensure that both operating and holding companies are not included in the same sample. The second research design used was the incremental information content design. Limited incremental information content was found in the inflation-adjusted income for companies which disclosed no inflation adjustments. For companies that did disclose some aspects of inflation accounting, the inflation-adjusted income was often the better explanatory variable of the residual share returns, but no incremental information content could be detected. Based on analyses performed on single years of data it was found that the inflation-adjusted income was as good an explanatory variable of the residual share returns as the historic cost variable. The final research design used was the income measurement perspective. It was found that in general the historic cost income behaved as expected, but the inflation adjustment to income seldom displayed any income measuring properties. The only inflation accounting model that displayed signs of income measurement properties contained as part of its adjustment unrealised holding gains on fixed assets. This could be a indication that the disclosure of unrealised holding gains could be useful. The lack of results found for AC 201 possibly points to its inadequacy. In general the relationship between the inflation-adjusted data and the share market was found to be very weak.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie proefskrif word die verwantskap tussen inflasie-aangepaste data en die gedrag van aandeelpryse ondersoek. Die primere doel met hierdie studie is om by te dra tot die kennis oor die gedrag van aandeelpryse, en dan meer spesifiek met betrekking tot die verwantskap tussen inflasie-rekeningkunde en die aandelemark. In Suid-Afrika is dit nie verpligtend om inflasie-aangepaste data bekend te maak nie, en min maatskappye publiseer 'n aanvullende inkomstestaat van huidige koste. 'n Ietwat groter aantal maatskappye maak voorsiening vir inflasie in hul finansiele resultate deur hul bates te herwaardeer en addisionele waardevermindering af te skryf. Voor 1984 het 'n aantal maatskappye wat op die Johannesburgse Effektebeurs genoteer is, ook voorraad volgens die LIEU metode gewaardeer. Slegs beperkte inflasie-aangepaste data is dus beskikbaar, wat die skatting van sodanige data noodsaak. Om die inflasie-aangepaste data te kan skat, is 'n aantal inflasie-rekeningkunde modelle ontwikkel, op grond van of RE 201 of ander voorstelle in die literatuur. Hierdie modelle is daarna toegepas op die finansiele resultate van genoteerde nywerheidsmaatskappye. In die eerste empiriese ondersoek wat in hierdie proefskrif vervat is, is die inflasieaanpassings wat deur die onderskeie modelle gegenereer is, met mekaar vergelyk om te bepaal watter uniek is vir gebruik in die markverwante empiriese ondersoek wat volg. Met hierdie ondersoek is vasgestel dat RE 201 so uiteenlopend vertolk kan word dat inflasie-aanpassings wat statisties beduidend van mekaar verskil, gegenereer word. Uit die literatuur wat bestudeer is, blyk dit dat drie verskillende navorsingsontwerpe geskik vir toepassing in die markverwante ondersoeke is. Die eerste ontwerp wat gebruik is, is die gebeurtenisstudie waarmee die effektebeurs se reaksie bepaal is op die afskaffing van die belastingvoordeel wat aan die LIEU-voorraadwaardasie gekoppel was. Die effektebeurs het gedurende die 21 weke rondom hierdie aankondiging geen betekenisvolle reaksie getoon nie. Dit maak enige afleidings oor die relatiewe doeltreffendheid van die effektebeurs onmoontlik. Daar is wel vasgestel dat die navorsingsontwerp baie sensitief vir die samestelling van die steekproef is. Dit word aanbeveel dat sorg gedra behoort te word dat 'n bedryfsmaatskappy nie saam met sy houermaatskappy in dieselfde steekproef opgeneem word nie. Die tweede navorsingsontwerp wat gebruik is, berus op die inkrementele inligtingsinhoud. Die inflasie-aangepaste inkomstesyfers van maatskappye wat geen aanpassings vir inflasie toon nie, bevat beperkte inkrementele inligting. Vir maatskappye wat wel inflasieaanpassings openbaar maak, is die inflasie-aangepaste inkomstesyfer dikwels die beste beskrywende veranderlike van die residuele aandeelopbrengste, maar geen inkrementele inligting kon gevind word nie. Uit ontledings wat op 'n jaarbasis uitgevoer is, kan daar afgelei word dat die inflasie-aangepaste inkomstesyfer net so 'n goeie beskrywende veranderlike van die residuele aandeelopbrengste as die historiesekoste-inkomstesyfer is. Die laaste navorsingsontwerp wat gebruik is, berus op die inkomstemetingsperspektief. In die algemeen is daar gevind dat die historiesekoste-inkomstesyfer volgens verwagting reageer, maar dat die inflasie-aanpassing selde enige inkomstemetingseienskappe bevat. Die enigste inflasie-rekeningkunde model wat tekens van inkomstemetingseienskappe toon, bevat ongerealiseerde houwinste op vaste bates as deel van sy regstelling. Dit kan beskou word as 'n teken dat die openbaarmaking van ongerealiseerde houwinste nuttig kan wees. Die gebrek aan betekenisvolle resultate vir RE 201 hou die moontlikheid in dat dit ontoereikend is. In die algemeen is gevind dat die verwantskap tussen inflasie-aangepaste data en die gedrag van aandele op die effektebeurs baie swak is.
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Ribbens, Jane. "Accounting for our children : differing perspectives on #family life' in middle income households." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276135.
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Chen, Cheng-Chung. "Changes in retirement adequacy, 1995-2004 accounting for retirement stages /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1196285548.
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Hjelström, Anja. "Understanding international accounting standard setting : a case study of the process of revising IAS 12 (1996), income tax." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Redovisning och Finansiering (B), 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-525.
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Considerable energy and resources continue to be expended on accounting rule-making, particularly through standard setting. This has been the case both at the national and international (global) level for a long time. Despite this, there is continuing dissatisfaction with what has been achieved. Criticism continues to be expressed over the rule-makers, their processes of setting rules as well as the rules being produced. Based on a detailed longitudinal case study of one process of setting an international accounting standard this study suggests a comprehensive model for understanding the (international) accounting standard setting process. In addition to the previously emphasised role of politics, it also recognises the potential significance of learning and executive concerns, as well as significant interactions between these three sub-processes of accounting standard setting. In doing this the suggested model provides a framework for approaching concerns regarding the prospects of, and problems involved in, accounting standard setting as a means of achieving (more) standardised accounting practices. A significant part of this book provides a detailed account explaining why the IASC published a standard on income tax requiring the balance sheet liability method in 1996. This case is especially interesting, not only because income tax constitutes a considerable expense for most companies, but also because the revised standard implied a change in financial accounting practices in most countries. The appendix contains several numerical examples illustrating the difference between alternative methods of accounting for income taxDiss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2005
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Ozili, Peterson Kitakogelu. "Bank income smoothing and loan loss provisioning practices in Africa." Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/20804/.
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The primary objective of the thesis is to investigate whether African banks use loans loss provisions estimates to smooth reported earnings, and to determine the factors that influence the extent of earnings smoothing among African banks. Earnings smoothing via loan loss provision has been examined in several regions, but the case of Africa remain unexplored in the literature. In the thesis, earnings smoothing is viewed as an earnings management practice while loan loss provisions estimate is considered to be the tool used by African banks to smooth reported earnings. Using African bank data obtained from Bankscope database, I test the earnings smoothing hypothesis for 370 African banks during the 2002 to 2014 period using the specific-accrual approach. The specific-accrual approach estimates a specific discretionary accrual as a function of its non-discretionary determinants and other factors that influence the manipulation of the specific accrual. The model specification expresses discretionary loan loss provisions as a function of earnings before provisions and tax, its non-discretionary determinants and other factors that influence the decision regarding the level of bank provisions for each period. The findings indicate that African banks manipulate loan loss provisions estimates to smooth reported earnings and this behaviour is influenced by bank differences, accounting disclosure differences and institutional differences across African countries. The primary contribution to knowledge of the thesis is its extension of our understanding of the role of discretionary accruals in the bank financial reporting, focusing on African banks - a context that has not been extensively examined in the literature. Also, the thesis extends the bank earnings smoothing debate to the African context and the findings of this study are useful to bank regulators in Africa in their evaluation of whether bank loan loss provisions solely reflect credit risk considerations or whether bank loan loss provisions estimates reflect opportunistic considerations of African bank managers. Finally, the findings are useful to local accounting standard setters in the region in their evaluation of several accounting numbers that bank managers might use to manipulate reported earnings.
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Asseeri, Abdullah Ali Abdullah. "Income management practices of UK companies : an empirical and theoretical investigation." Thesis, University of Dundee, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337720.
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Lewis, Judy D. (Judy Dianne). "Examination of the Effects of Experience and Missing Information on Tax Preparer Judgment." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279220/.
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This research examines how experience and missing information affect judgments of tax return preparers. Tax return preparers may often be faced with the problem of incomplete information, and their responses to this problem may be conditioned by whether or not they recognize information is missing. Based on the Holland et al.'s cognitive theory of induction as applied to tax judgment by Marchant et al., it was hypothesized that experienced tax preparers would correctly classify more items as to their relevance to a specific tax issue than novice tax preparers. Additionally, it was hypothesized that the strength of recommendations of tax preparers who had no relevant information missing would be greater than the strength of recommendations of tax preparers who had relevant information missing and were prompted that information was missing. Lastly, it was hypothesized that prompting that relevant information was missing would have a greater effect on the strength of recommendations of tax return preparers with lesser specific experience than it would on the strength of recommendations of tax return preparers with greater specific experience. The results suggest that experienced tax preparers do recognize the relevance of information to a greater degree than novice tax preparers. There was no significant difference, however, in the strengths of recommendation of tax preparers who had no missing information and those who were prompted that information was missing. There was a significant difference in the strengths of recommendations of tax preparers with lesser specific experience who had been prompted that relevant information was missing and those who had not been prompted that relevant information was missing. Among tax preparers with greater specific experience, however, there was no significant difference between the two groups. These results suggest that tax preparers with greater specific experience recognized that relevant information was missing without being prompted, while tax return preparers with lesser specific experience did not.
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Rowles, Thomas (Tom), and n/a. "Development of Concepts of Capital and Income in Financial Reporting in the Nineteenth Century." RMIT University. Accounting and Law, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080808.142536.
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The study is concerned with the conception of capital and income in the changing economic circumstances of the late nineteenth century. This issue arises as a matter of interest from the confusing accounting for capital assets then followed, and which has become the subject of a small but significant literature. Methodologically the issue, and the literature it has provoked, provide a 'set' in which an accounting calculation is identified, its context considered and consequences evaluated. It introduces the idea that accounting had macroeconomic implications, and meets Hopwood's (1983) injunction that accounting ought to be considered in the context in which it arises. The study illustrates the significance of a flawed accounting founded on an inadequate definition of capital to adversely affect economic life by reference to the legal debate and litigation in English courts about the definition of profit available for distribution as dividends that occurred at the end of the nineteenth century. The study explores nineteenth century understanding of the concept of capital in economic philosophy on the basis that it would be in that body of philosophic literature that such ideas would have to be examined. The study finds that, for most of the nineteenth century, understanding of the nature of capital and income derived from the works of William Petty and Adam Smith. It held that capital and income were separate states of wealth. This conception of capital continued in the work of David Ricardo, Marx and J. S. Mill, and is evident also in the work of Alfred Marshall. The modern, twentieth century, understanding of capital and income as antithetical states of wealth is identified in the study as deriving from the work of the American economist Irving Fisher in 1896. The contribution of this thesis is to Establish that the crisis in late nineteenth century financial reporting derived from the prevailing conception of capital and its relationship to income, note that the conception in legislative requirements determining profit were consistent with that definition, and identify the origin of the modern, twentieth century understanding of capital and income as antithetical states of wealth. The study provides an in-principle view that nineteenth century capital accounting had the capacity to cause misallocation of resources within an economy.
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Villano, Michael C. "OUTSOURCING AND THE UNRELATED BUSINESS INCOME TAX:A SURVEY OF COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY BUSINESS OFFICERS." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1466164215.
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Tsvetkova, O. V. "Taxation of interest income in the European Union." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2019. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/14067.
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Lacroix, Carol Josephine. "The politics of need : accounting for (dis)advantage : public housing co-operatives in Western Australia /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2006. https://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20080411.150027.
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Sova, Andrew. "The Effect of Negative Special Items on Future Income in Different Sectors." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1361.
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With increasing scrutiny over standards of financial statement transparency, this paper attempts to resolve misconceptions about effects of negative special items on future earnings. Value investor Benjamin Graham advises students to avoid firms that consistently post special items, because it is indicative of the volatility of the business. Using panel data from 2003 to 2014 and a regression structure used by Burghstaler et al. (2002), I find in contrast to Graham’s warning, that negative special items significantly increase earnings in the four quarters following its occurrence. Furthermore, I analyze results by sector and find that negative special items in the Information Technology sector have the most dramatic positive effects on future earnings. This study gives investors more insight as to what negative special items mean for future earnings of a company.
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Cunha, Fábio Lima da. "O imposto de renda e a juridicização da contabilidade: o conceito de renda no direito tributário e suas relações com a ciência contábil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-13102016-164805/.
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O imposto de renda, em seus mais variados aspectos e particularidades, tem se mostrado um dos temas mais complexos e debatidos pela doutrina especializada e pelos tribunais ao redor do mundo. No Brasil, jurisdição em que o Sistema Tributário Nacional encontra-se ampla e rigidamente arquitetado pela Constituição Federal, o tema ganha especiais contornos, dada a necessidade de fiel compatibilidade entre a legislação infraconstitucional e os limites minuciosamente desenhados pelo constituinte. A presente pesquisa pretende entrar nessa seara para abordar o intrigante binômio aspecto material e base de cálculo do imposto de renda das pessoas jurídicas. No que tange ao aspecto material, investigaremos o grau de influência da rigidez do Sistema Constitucional Tributário sobre a composição dos elementos que caracterizam a renda constitucionalmente tributável. Nesse mister, será necessário discorrer sobre as teorias que propugnam pela ampla liberdade do legislador infraconstitucional para estabelecer o significado de renda (teoria legalista) até aquelas que apontam pouca (ou nenhuma) autorização para construção do conceito de renda no âmbito infraconstitucional, eis que isso seria matéria eminentemente constitucional. E assim se fará para que, posteriormente, viabilize-se o cotejamento entre a renda constitucionalmente tributável e o lucro contábil apurado de acordo com a legislação societária, eis que, tradicionalmente, é esse o ponto de partida para a apuração da base de cálculo do imposto de renda das pessoas jurídicas. Para tanto, será preciso analisar as funções e os usuários da contabilidade, identificando a atual perspectiva e os critérios que guiam a elaboração dos relatórios contábeis. Feito isso, tratar-se á de responder a seguinte indagação: poderia o legislador tributário brasileiro adotar o modelo de dependência total, isto é, adotar o lucro contábilsocietário como base de cálculo do imposto de renda das pessoas jurídicas sem nenhuma correção ou limitação no seu processo de determinação, como acontece em alguns países? Em última análise, analisar-se-á criticamente se o lucro contábil, juridicizado que foi pelo Direito Societário e Tributário, confirmaria ou infirmaria o aspecto material do indigitado tributo a teor do Texto Magno.The income tax, in its various aspects and particularities, can be considered as one of the most complex and discussed issues by specialized doctrine and courts around the world. In Brazil, a jurisdiction that the National Tax System is comprehensive and almost tightly provided by the Federal Constitution, the issue gains special contours, specially about the compatibility between ordinary legislation and the limits provided by the constituent. This study intends to going through in this matter in order to discuss the intriguing binomial taxable event (material aspect of taxable event) and taxable basis of corporate income tax. Regarding to the taxable event, this study will investigate the influence of the Constitutional Tax System on the composition of the elements that characterize the constitutionally taxable income. At this point, it will be necessary discuss the theories that advocate the wide freedom of ordinary legislature to establish the significance of income (legalistic theory) and those theories that advocate little (if any) authorization to construct the concept of income by ordinary legislature under the argument that this matter would be eminently constitutional. And it will be done in order to make possible the comparison between constitutionally taxable income and accounting income determined in accordance with Brazilian corporate legislation, behold, traditionally, it is the starting point for calculating the taxable basis for corporate income tax purposes. For that, we will need to analyze the functions and users of accounting, identifying the current perspective and criteria that guide the preparation of financial reports. After this, we will be able to answer the following question: could the Brazilian legislature adopt the tax total dependency model, i.e., the corporate accounting as the taxable basis for corporate income tax without any correction or limitation on your determination process, as happens in some jurisdictions? In essence, this study intends to perform critical analysis of if the accounting profit, which was provided for Corporate and Tax Law purposes, confirm (or not) the taxable event provided by Federal Constitution.
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Woods, Maef. "The Valuation and Contracting Roles of Restated Earnings." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1249607063.
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Mentz, Melanie. "Share incentive schemes in South Africa : an analysis of company law, accounting and income tax implications." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021109.
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In the last decade South Africa saw the introduction of s 8C into the Income Tax Act, no.58 of 1962, the introduction of IFRS 2 into the International Financial Reporting Standards and the promulgation of the 2008 Companies Act. Each of these changes is relevant to and impact on the consequences flowing from executive share incentive schemes, from the perspective of both the employer company offering the scheme and the employee participating in the scheme. The aim of this study was to analyse, from the employer company’s perspective, the implications of each discipline in isolation, as well as the interrelationship of the three disciplines. The further aims of this study were to utilise the findings from the analyses to identify where legislative amendment is required to close loopholes or ensure equitable results, to identify where the interrelationship of the three disciplines result in unintended consequences, and to provide recommendations on how to avoid these adverse consequences. The most significant findings of this study are summarised below. Due to the legal precedent created by the Supreme Court of Appeal in the Labat case, the mode of settlement – cash or equity – will be the determining factor as regards the availability of an income tax deduction in the hands of the employer company. It is submitted that legislative amendment is required to rectify this inequitable result. Where payment by the employer pursuant to a share appreciation rights scheme occurs in a year of assessment subsequent to the year of assessment in which vesting occurred, changes in the value of the underlying equity instrument from the vesting date to the payment date could result in adverse income tax consequences to the employer and/or the fiscus. To address this, it is recommended that the Income Tax Act should be amended to expressly bring cash-settled executive share incentive schemes within the scope of s 7B and to align the provisions of s 7B and 8C in order to avoid anomalies existing between these two sections in so far as the income tax consequences in the hands of the participating employees are concerned.
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Moroz, Yuliya Yuzyfivna, and Maryna Viktorivna Plysak. "Conceptual aspects of the profit generation in the accounting system for management purposes." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/53921.
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1. Дорош Н. І., Кізенко Є. С. Особливості бухгалтерського обліку та оподаткування прибутку підприємств. Проблеми системного підходу в економіці : зб. наук. пр. Київ. Вип. 2 (76). 2020. C. 117-125.
2. Коцеруба Н.В., Гилюк Л.О. Фінансовий контроль формування, розподілу та використання прибутку суб’єкта господарювання. Причорноморські економічні студії. 2020. Т. 50. № 2. С. 155-161.
3. Національне положення (стандарт) бухгалтерського обліку 1 «Загальні вимоги до фінансової звітності»: Наказ Мінфіну України від 07.02.2013 р. № 73. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0336-13.
4. Податковий кодекс України від 02.12.2010 р. № 2755-VI. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua /laws/show/2755-17.Substantiation of profit as an object of accounting and taxation of business, methods of its formation for business and taxation and reflection in the accounts of accounting, financial reporting and tax return.
Обґрунтування прибутку як об’єкта бухгалтерського обліку та оподаткування бізнесу, методики його формування для бізнесу та оподаткування та відображення на рахунках бухгалтерського обліку, фінансової звітності та в податковій декларації.
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Rathke, Alex Augusto Timm. "Transfer pricing e income shifting: evidências de empresas abertas brasileiras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-22012015-113125/.
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O presente estudo buscou identificar indícios da prática de income shifting por meio da manipulação dos preços de transferência por empresas abertas brasileiras, antes e após as alterações nas normas fiscais instituídas pela Lei nº 12.715/12 e pela IN RFB nº 1.312/12. A teoria econômica infere que as firmas multinacionais possuem incentivos a manipular os preços nas transações com suas partes relacionadas, de modo a transferir resultados a localidades com menores cargas fiscais, com o objetivo final de reduzir a carga tributária sobre o lucro total do grupo econômico. Com base na análise de dados em painel de 52 empresas abertas brasileiras que realizaram transações internacionais com partes relacionadas no período de 2010 a 2013, os resultados revelam que as empresas analisadas cujas controladas têm maior volume de transações com partes relacionadas internacionais apresentam menor tributação no grupo consolidado, e que firmas com maiores incentivos ao income shifting possuem maiores indicativos de transferência de resultados entre a controladora e o grupo total. Os resultados indicam que tais relações não sofreram modificações no período de vigência das novas normas tributárias no Brasil. As constatações levantadas representam robustos indícios de que as empresas brasileiras utilizam os preços de transferência para o alcance do income shifting, e que as alterações na legislação fiscal não foram capazes de coibir essa prática no seu primeiro ano em vigor. Os resultados representam uma contribuição importante para a literatura atual, porque trazem evidências inéditas obtidas em empresas sujeitas a regras tributárias domésticas, as quais não foram objeto de estudo empírico até então.This study investigated evidences of income shifting practice via transfer prices manipulation by Brazilian listed companies, before and after the new fiscal rules promoted by Law nº 12.715/12 and Normative Instruction RFB nº 1.312/12. The economic theory infers that multinational firms have incentives to manipulate prices on intra-group transactions, in order to transfer profits to low-tax locations, aiming to reduce the global tax burden. Based on panel data analysis of 52 Brazilian listed companies with international transactions with related parties in the period from 2010 to 2013, the results reveal that companies whose controlling company has higher volume of transactions with related parties have lower global income tax burden in the consolidated group, and that companies with greater income shifting incentives have greater signs of profit transfers between the controlling company and the consolidated group. Results indicate that there were no changes in these relations in the period when the new tax rules became valid in Brazil. The outcomes represent robust evidences that Brazilian companies make use of transfer prices with aims to achieve income shifting, and the tax rules modifications were not capable to restrain this practice in the first valid year. The results represent a relevant contribution to the current literature, because they bear original and unknown evidences obtained by the exam of firms subjected to domestic tax rules not empirically studied up to now.
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Mello, Helio Rieger de. "Lucros contábil e fiscal: efeitos do regime tributário de transição - RTT." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-23112011-193031/.
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A Lei nº 11.638/07 iniciou a convergência da contabilidade brasileira para as normas internacionais do IASB. A MP 449/08, a Lei nº 11.941/09 e os órgãos de regulação contábil continuaram essa adequação, promovendo, entre outras, duas relevantes modificações: i) a definitiva separação entre a contabilidade societária e a tributária; e ii) a implementação da ampla hegemonia da essência sobre a forma - dito de outro modo, a prevalência da visão econômica na contabilidade financeira -, enquanto se manteve na contabilidade fiscal, majoritariamente, a predominância da perspectiva civil, que de forma inversa, privilegia a forma. Como é sabido, apesar de a contabilidade tributária partir da societária, as regras da primeira se assentam na legislação que normatiza sua matéria, enquanto a contabilidade societária segue o Pronunciamento Conceitual Básico da Contabilidade. E o lucro, uma das mais importantes concepções formuladas pela contabilidade, é adotado pelo Fisco Federal como base de cálculo do IRPJ e da CSLL. Como os efeitos das novas regras contábeis causariam impacto positivo, nulo ou negativo no lucro tributário, a partir de 2008, foi instituído o Regime Tributário de Transição-RTT, com o objetivo de neutralizar-se todos os novos critérios de reconhecimento de receitas, despesas ou custos. As empresas ainda puderam, no biênio 2008-2009, optar ou não por esse novo regime, mas, a partir de 2010, sua adoção se tornou obrigatória. Entretanto, tratou-se de decisão difícil, principalmente, porque o prazo original era até 16/10/2009, quando o último trimestre ainda não estava encerrado e, também, pela insegurança na interpretação das novas normas contábeis e dos seus efeitos na legislação fiscal. Posteriormente, em 13/04/2010, a IN RFB nº 1.023/10 reabriu o prazo para opção, sanando-se, assim, a primeira instabilidade, e, igualmente, confirmando-se a hipótese da necessidade de sua edição, pois o número de retificações da DIPJ de 2008 girou em torno de 39%, superior, portanto, ao realizado em 2007. Mas dessas alterações, apenas 973 empresas modificaram a opção - de não para sim - pelo RTT. A partir da comparação dos períodos 2008-2009 (anos com adoção de nove novas regras contábeis) com 2005-2007 foram apurados os valores de cinco variáveis, quais sejam, receita e lucro brutos, lucros fiscal e contábil e a diferença entre os dois últimos. A amostra pesquisada foi composta por 69.712 empresas de lucro real que não optaram pelo RTT e representou 73% desses contribuintes e 48% de todas as empresas de lucro real no ano-base 2008. É relevante estudar os efeitos dessas novas regras nas empresas não optantes por esse regime, entre os quais se incluem a consideração dos resultados das novas regras contábeis sob um enfoque econômico no lucro tributário. Essa pesquisa constituirá fonte de subsídios para possíveis alterações na legislação fiscal. Em princípio, uma empresa não optaria por esse regime se incorresse em maiores despesas e custos em comparação com as receitas - todas decorrentes das novas regras contábeis -, pois, assim, teria uma redução do IRPJ e da CSLL a pagar. Foram levantados indícios nesse sentido, baseados no fato de o lucro fiscal ter variado menos do que a receita e lucro brutos, entre os períodos 2008-2009 e 2005-2007. Os resultados obtidos pela investigação também foram discriminados pelos quatro setores: agricultura, comércio, indústria e serviços. Entretanto, alimenta-se a expectativa de que novos estudos investiguem de forma mais profunda para confirmar essa questão anterior.Law 11.638/07 represents the beginning of convergence of Brazilian accounting practices towards international standards established by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Provisional Measure 449/08, Law 11.941/09 and accounting regulatory bodies furthered this adjustment process by introducing significant changes, such as: i) complete separation between corporate accounting and tax accounting, and ii) implementation of the principle of essence over form - in other words, the prevalence of an economic outlook on financial accounting - whereas a civil stance was adopted mostly for tax accounting, which conversely focuses on form. Although tax accounting steams from corporate accounting, as commonly known, the former is governed by the legislation that regulates its matter, while the latter complies with the Statement of Basic Accounting. Profit, one of the crucial concepts postulated by accounting, is adopted by the Federal Treasury as the basis for calculating the company income tax (IRPJ) and social contribution on net profit (CLSS). As the new accounting rules would have a positive, null or negative impact on taxable income, the Transition Tax Regime (RTT) was established as of 2008. The aim was to neutralize all new criteria for recognizing revenues, expenses or costs. Companies had the option to adopt this new regime or not along 2008-2009, however, adoption became mandatory as of 2010. Nevertheless, companies found it difficult to carry the process through due to the original term, which expired on October 16th, 2009, before the end of the last quarter, and issues concerning the interpretation of the new accounting standards and their effects on tax legislation. Thereafter, on April 13th, 2010, Normative Instruction 1.023/10 extended the initial deadline, which solved the first issue, and also confirmed the need for its enactment, as the number of amendments to DIPJ (Statement of Economic and Tax Information) in 2008 was nearly 39%, a number greater than in 2007. However from these amendments, only 973 companies decided to adopt the RTT. By comparing the period of 2008-2009 (when nine new accounting rules were introduced) to that of 2005-2007, the value of five variables was obtained, namely, taxable income, accounting income, the difference between them, gross revenue and gross profit. The study sample consisted of 69,712 taxable income companies that did not opt for the RTT and represented 73% of these taxpayers and 48% of all taxable income companies in the base year 2008. It is relevant to study the impacts the new rules have on companies that did not opt for this system, including the results of new accounting rules under an economic approach to taxable income. This research will provide subsidies for possible changes in tax legislation. In principle, a company would not opt for this regime if it could incur higher expenses and costs compared to revenues - all arising from new accounting rules - since that would reduce IRPJ and CSLL payables. Evidence of that was found based on the fact that taxable income varied less than gross revenue and profit between 2008-2009 and 2005-2007. The outcomes of this research were broken down into four sectors: agriculture, commerce, industry and services. We expect, however, that new studies investigate this matter more thoroughly to confirm this finding.
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Haboub, Ahmad. "Essays on equity valuation and accounting conservatism for insurance companies." Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/15823.
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This thesis contributes to the literature in the finance and accounting field throughout its three empirical chapters. The first empirical chapter contributes to the literature on accounting conservatism in several ways; first, it investigates the accounting conservatism of US insurance companies using four measures, namely, non-operating accruals, skewness of earnings and cash flows, book to market ratio and asymmetric timeliness measures. Second, this paper compares these four measures in order to determine the association and differences between them. Finally, the level of accounting conservatism of the insurance companies is compared to that of a sample of commercial banks to check whether they have similar levels of accounting conservatism. The results of the first chapter suggest that the changes in accounting performance, as measured by return over assets, can be partly explained by accounting conservatism, since it is measured by the accumulation of non-operating accruals, skewness of operating cash flow and accruals, book to market ratio, adjusted book to market ratio and Basu's asymmetric measure. All of these four measures give robust evidence that insurance companies' accounts tended to be conservative for the whole sample period, and that the level of conservatism has risen over the years. More interestingly, a t test for the differences in means suggests that accruals conservatism show on average a higher level of accounting conservatism than book value conservatism does. Finally, our results, based on a constant sample consist of 92 banks and 46 insurance companies whose data are available for all the sample years; they suggest that both insurance companies and banks have similar levels of accounting conservatism due to their similar reporting characteristics. The second empirical chapter contributes to the existing literature on equity valuation in two ways. First, it confirms the importance of imposing linear information dynamics when predicting the equity values of insurance companies, because the restricted models result in fewer error metrics. Second, it highlights the role of the accruals components in the equity valuation of US insurance companies by demonstrating that the incorporation of accrual components in the residuals income valuation model suggested by Ohlson (1995) has smaller error metrics than those of aggregate net income. Our results are based on a sample of US insurance companies, which consists of 718 firm-year observations over the period from 2001 to 2012. For instance, our results suggest that total accruals, changes in insurance reserve, changes in account receivables, and deferred acquisition costs have an incremental ability to predict equity market value over abnormal earnings and book values. Furthermore, the predictive ability of changes in insurance reserves is higher than the predictive ability of changes in account receivables and the change in deferred acquisition costs without imposing the LIM structures. However, when the LIM structure is imposed the predictive ability of changes in deferred acquisition costs is higher than the predictive ability of both changes in accounts receivable and changes in insurance reserves. Our final empirical chapter contributes to the literature on accounting anomalies by investigating the value to price anomaly (V/P), where the fundamental value (V) is estimated using the residual income valuation model. Motivated by the findings of Hwang and Lee (2013), Fama and French (2015), and Fama and French (2016), Chapter Four asks whether V/P strategies reflect the risks factor or whether this is better explained by market inefficiency, and whether Fama and French's five-factor model can explain the excess return of V/P. To answer the previous questions we use data from the merger of COMPUSTAT, CRSP, I/B/E/S for all the non-financial firms listed in AMEX, NYSE, and NASDAQ during the period from 1987 to 2015. Our findings suggest that the V/P ratio is positively correlated to future stock returns after controlling for several firm characteristics, which are known to be proxies of common risks. Our results indicate that the omission of risk factors is not likely to be an explanation of the V/P effect. To answer the second question, we compare the performances of different asset pricing models by calculating the GRS F-statistics. Our findings clearly indicate that the five-factor model of Fama and French performs better than either the CAPM or the traditional Fama and French three factor model. These results confirm that the excess returns of V/P strategy vary due to the differences in size, the B/M ratio, operating profit and betas across quintile portfolios. However, these factors cannot explain all the variation in excess returns; moreover, the stocks in the high V/P may be riskier than the stocks in the low V/P portfolios in certain other dimensions.
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Silva, Amélia Sofia Carvalho Damião da. "Application of Benford's Law in detecting accounting fraud in the Financial Sector." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11030.
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Mestrado em FinançasEste estudo pretende aplicar a Lei de Benford na deteção de fraude contabilística, através da análise dos resultados líquidos das empresas financeiras cotadas durante os anos de 2003 a 2012. O principal objetivo é verificar se esta lei se mantém após a crise de 2007/2008. Como medida de significância estatística utilizou-se o teste Z com um intervalo de confiança de 95%. Confirma-se que a nossa amostra segue a lei de Benford à exceção dos resultados líquidos positivos após o ano 2008 para os dígitos 1, 6 e 9,o que demonstra o efeito da crise de 2007/2008 nas empresas financeiras.
This study aims to apply Benford's Law in detecting accounting fraud on the analysis of net income from listed financial companies, through years 2003-2012. Its main purpose is to confirm whether Benford?s Law is still valid after the 2007/2008 financial crisis. To measure the statistical significance, a Z test with a 95% confidence interval was employed. With the exception of a sample showing positive net income after 2008, for the digits 1, 6 and 9, it was confirmed that our sample follows Benford's Law which demonstrates the effect of the 2007/2008 crises on financial companies.
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Hauger, Michael. "Net income, risk and business plan for Hauger farm." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17401.
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Master of AgribusinessDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Bob Burton
The purpose of this thesis is to compare the net income and risk associated with custom farming, cash rent, and crop-share. This analysis will help provide insight on the best option for my 40 acres of farm land, which I recently was given from my mother. The 40 acres is located in Codington County, SD and has been previously in a corn, soybean, and wheat rotation. Another goal of the thesis is to create a business plan for Hauger Farm, which will lay out the activities involved for custom farming. The 40 acres will continue to be in a corn, soybean, and wheat rotation. A 12-year analysis was developed to determine the net income and risk associated with custom farming, cash rent, and crop-share. The analysis consisted of historical data from the past nine years while predicting the next three years. After creating the net income statement, the option providing the most income over the long-run was to have the land custom farmed. Custom farming also brought the most income variability or risk; while cash rent showed to have the lowest risk with the least variable income.
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Yu, Jiewei. "Loan spreads and unexpected earnings." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1180535745.
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Papa, Vincent. "Impact of US Derivatives Accounting Policy (SFAS 133) on Income Smoothing Choices and Disclosure of Derivatives Related Information." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/4521.
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This study is on the effects of United States (US) Statement of Financial Accounting Standards number 133 (SFAS 133), Accounting for Derivatives Instruments and Hedging Activities, which was introduced in 2001. The first area of investigation focuses on the impact of SFAS 133 on income smoothing through the application of derivatives and discretionary accruals. The second key aspect is how SFAS 133 influences the disclosure of derivatives related information. Addressing these two issues together, provides an integrated understanding of how accounting policy can affect both risk management and risk disclosure choices.
The study comprises a detailed literature review of extant empirical and analytical studies. It primarily extends the work of studies that initially looked at derivatives and discretionary accruals as income smoothing substitutes, such as Barton (2001) and Rajgopal and Pincus (2002). The theoretical framework developed during the literature review, discusses the genesis and key features of SFAS 133, and the determinants of the two key income smoothing choices of derivatives use and discretionary accruals. These include capital markets, managerial risk and corporate governance determinants. In addition, the theoretical framework outlines how SFAS 133 fair value recognition requirements can influence disclosure of related information through the footnotes. It presents the argument that the extent to which notes are complementary to recognition and measurement requirements should outweigh the extent to which they may be considered substitutes. It further describes the literature on disclosure incentives, including capital markets, proprietary cost concerns, managerial talent, managerial risk incentives based on compensation and litigation cost. This is as a precursor to the univariate and multivariate empirical testing of 1999 to 2003 data from 253 US firms (i.e. 850 firm-year observations).
In conducting the empirical testing, I endeavour to address the problems of model endogeneity that could arise due to derivatives use and discretionary accruals being determined jointly. I also address the individual effects that arise due to the application of panel data. A key empirical finding is that after adopting SFAS 133, corporate managers increase discretionary accruals. However, there is no conclusive multivariate evidence of SFAS 133 reducing derivatives use, as hypothesized. An additional finding is that there is a substitution relationship between derivatives use and discretionary accruals. However, I also find that SFAS 133 adoption weakens the extent to which accruals influences derivatives use, but not the other way round. This latter finding suggests a partial substitution relationship exists after SFAS 133 and lends itself to a number of plausible explanations. These include accruals being complements rather than substitutes to derivatives use, after SFAS 133. SFAS 133 could trigger either increased earnings volatility or the greater use of speculative derivatives. Either of these could then induce the increased use of accruals in a manner that confounds the income smoothing substitution relationship.
Despite the substitution relationship, the use of derivatives to smooth income is more akin to economic reality, as derivatives use also influences cash flow and fundamental economic volatility. Thus the finding that managers increase their use of accruals in general, after SFAS 133, suggests that SFAS 133 adoption, results in choices that are less beneficial to shareholders. I come to this conclusion based on the empirical evidence of Huang, Deis, Zhang and Moffit (2009). Their study shows that for income smoothing purposes, derivatives enhance shareholder value to a greater extent than the use of accruals.
Further to the study of its impact on income smoothing, the empirical findings of SFAS 133 on derivatives related disclosure, build a collective picture of how different reporting practices can be influenced by accounting policy. The study finds a significant positive association between SFAS 133 and derivative information disclosure index, in all the models. This suggests that the derivatives recognition and measurement requirements have encouraged the provision of greater disclosures. The results also show a significant positive association of capital markets incentives measured as the logarithm of trading volume. However, there is no evidence of association of proprietary costs. The results further show that auditor expertise and the level of derivatives use are positively associated with observed derivatives disclosure levels. In the same vein, litigation risk and discretionary accrual levels have a negative association.
In sum, this study shows that SFAS 133 adoption has potentially adverse consequences on income smoothing choices, but at the same time it has positive consequences through its encouraging disclosures that lower the information asymmetry on risk exposures.
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Moodley, Dennis. "Analysis & reform a review of section HK11 of the Income Tax Act 2004 and its effectiveness : a dissertation submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business (MBus), 2008." Abstract Full dissertation, 2008.
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Gasnolar, Jasmina. "Additions to the present USB database : income statements (1990-2000) : an exploratory study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49743.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study involves an examination of the current situation of the responsibility of companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange on the disclosure requirements of the accounting standards. In 1995, Statement AC 108 'Inventories' was introduced and it deals with the definition and disclosure of cost of sales. In 1997, Statement AC 306 was introduced and deals with the scope, calculation and disclosure of headline earnings per share (HEPS). The research shows that since the disclosing requirements of Statements 108 and 306 (cost of sales and HEPS) were published, there has been a significant effect on the nature of disclosure of these items by listed South African companies. In addition, income statement items (not yet part of the USB database) were identified and will be loaded onto the USB database of income statements of industrial companies listed on the JSE. These items are: ~ Cost of sales, ~ Gross profit, ~ Gross profit percentage, and ~ HEPS. A large sample of four hundred companies' financial statements over an eleven year period (1990 - 2000) was reviewed, and the data regarding sales, cost of sales, EPS, HEPS, exceptional items, abnormal items and extraordinary items were recorded on a spreadsheet model. Regarding cost of sales, the gross profit and gross profit percentage were calculated, and the arithmetic and weighted means were calculated. The data was analysed against the disclosure requirements and it was found that thirty percent of the companies on the USB's database reports cost of sales as an item on the income statement (without disclosing the item as specified above in "notes to the income statement)". Seventy percent reports cost of sales as a note underoperating profit in the income statement. First in, first out (FIFO) is the method of inventory valuation that is clearly the dominant method used by listed companies in South Africa. An analysis of the HEPS of the listed companies revealed a similar trend and the majority of companies disclosing HEPS do so as per the requirements set out in Statement AC 306.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie behels 'n ondersoek na die huidige situasie van maatskappye wat genoteer is op die Johanneburg Effektebeurs se verantwoordelikheid ten opsigte van bekendmaking van rekeningkundige standaarde. Gedurende 1995 is Standpunt RE 108 gepubliseer en dit handel oor die defineëring en openbaarmaking van koste van verkope. Gedurende 1997, is Standpunt RE 306 bekendgestel en handel oor die omvang, berekening en bekendmaking van wesensverdienste per aandeel. Die navorsing toon dat sedert Standpunte 108 en 306 (koste van verkope en wesensverdienste per aandeel) gepubliseer is, daar 'n aansienlike effek op die aard van bekendmaking van hierdie items deur genoteerde Suid Afrikaanse maatskappye is. Verder is inkomstestaat items (wat nog nie deel van die USB databasis is nie) geidentifiseer en sal op die USB databasis van inkomstestate van industriële maatskappye genoteer op JEB geplaas word. Hierdie items is: ~ Koste van verkope, ~ Bruto wins, ~ Bruto wins persentasie, en ~ Wesensverdienste per aandeel. 'n Groot steekproef van 400 maatskappye se finansiële state oor 'n 11 jaar tydperk (1990 - 2000) is nagegaan, en die inligting aangaande verkope, koste van verkope, verdienste per aandeel, wesensverdienste per aandeel, abnormale en uitsonderlike items is opgeneem in 'n sigblad model. Wat die koste van verkope betref, is die bruto wins en bruto wins persentasie bereken, en die gewone sowel as die geweegde gemiddeldes is bereken. Die data is geanaliseer teen die bekendmaking vereistes en daar is gevind dat ongeveer dertig persent van die maatskappye op die USB se databasis rapporteer koste van verkope as 'n item op die inkomstestaat. Sewentig persent rapporteer koste van verkope as 'n nota onder bedryfswins in die inkomstestaat. Eerste in, eerste uit (EIEU) is duidelik die vooraadwaardasie wat die meeste gebruik word deur genoteerde maatskappye in Suid Afrika. 'n Analise van die wesensverdienste per aandeel van die genoteerde maatskappye dui 'n soortgelyke tendens en die meerderheid van maatskappye wat wesensverdienste per aandeel verklaar, doen so volgens die vereistes soos neergelê in Standpunt RE 306.
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Oliveira, Ana Andreia Caria de. "Realidade económica : resultado contabilistico ou resultado fiscal." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11019.
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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças EmpresariaisA realidade económica que as empresas espelham para o mercado representa um factor predominante do seu sucesso. É, no entanto, necessário ter em consideração que muitas das vezes, no cumprimento das suas obrigações fiscais, a empresa tende a aproximar os seus resultados, contabilístico e fiscal, recorrendo a uma gestão fiscal ao invés de uma gestão contabilística. Neste relatório recolhemos uma amostra de cinco PMEs e procurámos apurar se existe diferenças entre o resultado contabilístico e o resultado fiscal para os anos 2009 a 2011. Para tal, recolhemos os dados que são registados no Modelo 22 e tentámos apurar se as mesmas procuram a aproximar os resultados de modo a reduzir o valor do imposto a pagar. Torna-se necessário apurar se esta aproximação do resultado contabilístico ao resultado fiscal tem implicações que possam constituir uma inadequada contabilização das operações realizadas no seio da empresa e uma distorção ao nível da publicação das Demonstrações Financeiras que a empresa é obrigada a apresentar. Neste trabalho procura-se sintetizar as diferentes perspectivas tentando justificar a problemática da aproximação de ambos os resultados com base na legislação corrente e demonstrar quais as matérias que têm um impacto mais significativo para a diferenciação dos resultados.
The economic reality that companies share to market is a predominant factor in its success. It is, however, necessary to take into consideration that many times, when fulfilling their tax obligations, the company tends to approach their results using a fiscal management rather than management accounting. In this study we collected a sample of five SMEs and sought to ascertain their differences between accounting income and taxable income for the years 2009 to 2011. For such, we used the data that are recorded in the Model 22 and tried to ascertain if companies approach results in order to reduce the amount of tax payable. It is necessary to account whether this approach to income tax accounting result has implications that could constitute an inadequate transactions' accounting within the company and a distortion at the financial statements' publication level, which the company is required to submit. This paper seeks to summarize the different perspectives trying to justify the problem of the approximation of both results based on current legislation and demonstrate the matters which have a more significant impact for the differentiation of results.
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LEWIS, PHILIP ASHBY. "CULTURE AND ITS EFFECT ON INCOME MEASUREMENT PRACTICES - AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF GRAY'S THEORY OF CONSERVATISM." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1003848338.
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Vaičiulytė-Petrauskienė, Edita. "Apskaitos politikos formavimo įmonėje tyrimai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090608_163655-57997.
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Tyrimo objektas – apskaitos politikos formavimas įmonėje. Darbo tikslas – nustačius veiksnius, sąlygojančius apskaitos politikos pasirinkimą, sudaryti apskaitos politikos pasirinkimo pelno atžvilgiu modelį ir patikrinti jo tinkamumą Lietuvos įmonėse. Uždaviniai: 1) nustatyti pelną didinančios/mažinančios apskaitos politikos pasirinkimą sąlygojančius veiksnius; 2) išskirti ir nustatyti pelną didinančius ir pelną mažinančius apskaitos metodus, kuriuos pasirinkdamos įmonės formuoja savo apskaitos politiką; 3) sudaryti apskaitos politikos pasirinkimo pelno atžvilgiu modelį ir patikrinti jo tinkamumą Lietuvoje veikiančiose įmonėse; 4) patikrinti hipotezes, kurių priėmimas ar atmetimas gali parodyti teigiamą ar neigiamą ryšį tarp įmonės rodiklių ir pelną didinančių/mažinančių apskaitos metodų ir būdų pasirinkimo. Tyrimo metodai – mokslinės ir teisinės literatūros analizė ir sintezė, palyginimo, apibendrinimo, loginis ir grafinis modeliavimas. Išanalizavus lietuvių ir užsienio autorių darbus bei apskaitą reglamentuojančius norminius aktus, sudarytas apskaitos politikos pasirinkimo pelno atžvilgiu modelis, kuriame atsispindi ryšys tarp veiksnių, sąlygojančių apskaitos politikos pasirinkimą, ir apskaitos metodų, kurie lemia pelną didinančios/mažinančios apskaitos politikos formavimą įmonėje. Sudaryto modelio tinkamumas buvo tikrinamas Lietuvos įmonėse.The object of the research is accounting policy formation in a company. The aim of the research is when the factors which influence the choice of accounting policy will be identified, prepare theoretical model of accounting policy choice in point of income and test this model in Lithuanian companies. Objectives: 1) To assign factors influencing income increasing/decreasing accounting policy choice. 2) To except and assign income increasing and income decreasing accounting methods, with this selection a company can form it’s accounting policy. 3) To make a model of accounting policy choice in point of income, and check how this model fit in Lithuanian companies. 4) To test hypotheses, which can show negative or positive relationship between factors, influencing accounting policy choice, and income increasing/decreasing accounting methods choice? The research methods include science and legislation literature analysis and synthesis, comparison, generalization, logical and graphical modeling. After analysis of Lithuanian and foreign literature and regulation of accounting policy, was made accounting policy choice in point of income model, which shows the connection between factors influencing accounting policy choice and accounting methods, which determine income increasing/decreasing accounting policy formation in a company. This model’s possibilities of adaptation were verified in Lithuanian companies.
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Sticca, Ralph Melles. "Assimetria de informação na comprovação da natureza de hedge de operações financeiras para fins de dedutibilidade no imposto sobre a renda: um estudo de caso." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/96/96133/tde-30072012-112312/.
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A natureza de hedge (proteção) das operações financeiras realizadas em bolsas de valores, mercadorias e futuros e assemelhadas pelas companhias brasileiras é requisito legal para o aproveitamento do benefício da dedutibilidade integral das perdas auferidas e prêmios pagos no cálculo do imposto sobre a renda no Brasil. Entretanto, entraves na comprovação documental destas operações perante a Secretaria da Receita Federal do Brasil (RFB) têm resultado em autuações fiscais e aplicações de multas tributárias milionárias, colocando em cheque os instrumentos de gestão de risco utilizados pelas empresas justamente com o intuito de evitar resultados indesejáveis ou imprevistos. Neste contexto, com fundamento nas prescrições da teoria da agência e com base em estudos empíricos em contabilidade e tributação que discutiram as causas e os efeitos da assimetria de informação, o presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar fatores que afetam a assimetria informacional entre contribuintes e Fisco federal, especificamente no que se refere ao controle, contabilização e comprovação da natureza de hedge de operações financeiras praticadas e o consequente tratamento concedido às perdas no cálculo do Imposto de Renda da Pessoa Jurídica (IRPJ). Por meio da realização de estudo de caso em empresa comercial exportadora autuada em R$ 16.438.314,10 (valor equivalente a 41,08% de seu Patrimônio Líquido em 2004) pelo Fisco federal em 2008, no intuito de glosar as perdas excedentes aos ganhos auferidos com instrumentos derivativos e contratos de swap nos anos-calendários de 2003 e 2004, verificou-se que mesmo diante da existência comprovada de exposição ao risco ex ante de variação de preços de commodities agrícolas (açúcar e etanol) e de cotação de moeda estrangeira, a ausência na legislação brasileira de critérios gerenciais e contábeis claros para a elaboração de controles internos obrigatórios ou de formulários padronizados para a apresentação das informações relativas às operações com instrumentos financeiros em geral (com finalidade de hedge ou não) - os quais não foram integralmente supridos pelas normas contábeis relativas ao hedge accouting vigentes a partir de 2008 -, resultou no agravamento das perdas auferidas pela cobrança adicional do IRPJ. Ademais, por meio de pesquisa documental e análise de conteúdo de decisões administrativas da RFB relativas ao tema \"comprovação de hedge\", foram identificados como fatores decisivos para a redução ou eliminação da assimetria informacional por parte dos contribuintes a correta vinculação das operações financeiras às atividades operacionais da companhia, a modalidade dos instrumentos financeiros selecionados e a estratégia de hedge adotada e, principalmente, a assertividade dos documentos apresentados à fiscalização federal para este fim. Estes resultados corroboram que os mesmos fatores identificados no estudo de caso podem ser atribuídos às demais companhias brasileiras autuadas pela RFB sob o mesmo fundamento - sucesso ou não na comprovação da natureza de hedge das operações financeiras praticadas em determinado período.The hedge purpose in the financial operations on stock and commodities exchange and similar carried out by companies is legal condition to benefit the full deductibility of accounted losses and paid prizes in the income tax assessment in Brazil. However, obstacles in the documental prove of these operations before Brazilian Federal Revenue Office (RFB) are resulting in tax deficiency notices and millionaire fines\' application, jeopardizing the risk management instruments applied by companies exactly to avoid unexpected and unwanted results. In this sense, based on the agency theory prescriptions and on empirical studies on accounting and tax which discussed the informational asymmetry causes and effects, this paper aimed to identify factors which affect the information asymmetry between taxpayers and federal tax authorities, specifically with regards to controlling, recording and proving financial operations with hedge purposes, and consequently their tax treatment in the Corporate Income Tax (IRPJ) assessment. By means of a case study with a Brazilian trading company which was notified to collect R$ 16,438,314.10 (value equal to 41.08% of its equity in 2004) by Brazilian tax authorities in 2008, in order to disallow the deductibility of losses excessive to gains assessed on derivatives and swap operations on the calendar-years 2003 and 2004, it was verified that even before the proved existence of ex ante exposure to risk of soft commodities (sugar and ethanol) prices and foreign currency variations, Brazilian legislation´s lack with regards to clear both managerial and accounting criteria in elaborating obligatory internal controls or standard sheets to present information related to operations with general financial instruments (with hedge purposes or not) - which was not sufficiently supplied by the accounting Standards related to hedge accounting in force since 2008 -, results in a marginal loss related to the IRPJ additional cost. Moreover, by means of a broad documental research and content analysis of administrative case law issued by RFB and related to hedge prove, it was verified as critical factors to information asymmetry reduction or elimination the adequate compliance of financial operations to company\'s operational activity, the financial instruments applied and hedge strategy selected and mainly the documentation repertory presented to Brazilian tax authorities. This results corroborate that the same factors raised on the case study can be projected to other Brazilian companies also notified by RFB under the same basis - success or not on the prove of hedge purposes of financial operations carried out in determined period.
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Fuentes, Karen, and Annelie Persson. "R&D Capitalization and The Income Smoothing Hypothesis – A study of Swedish listed Companies." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-155564.
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This paper examines whether Swedish listed firms use research and development (R&D) accounting as a tool for income smoothing (hypothesis 1). One controversial accounting issue concerning R&D is that R&D capitalization could be influenced by earnings management purposes due to a subjective accounting treatment. We also examine whether firms´ degree of fluctuation in return on assets (ROA) has an effect on income smoothing behavior (hypothesis 2). Finally, we investigate if the level of flexibility allowed in the R&D accounting with the different accounting standards, BFN R1, RR 15 and IAS 38 has an effect on income smoothing behavior (hypothesis 3). We study the accounts for 21 firms for the years 1998-2000, 52 firms for 2002-2004 and 59 firms for 2007-2009. Using multiple regression analysis we find that the income smoothing hypothesis is supported in period two (2002-2004). The regression analysis also indicates that firms with low change in ROA tend to capitalize more R&D when they are less profitable than prior year. Our results also imply that the level of flexibility in different accounting standards does not have an effect on income smoothing behavior and hypothesis 3 is not supported.
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В’язовченко, М. М. "Організація обліку та аналізу доходів основної діяльності підприємства." Master's thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2019. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/76151.
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У роботі досліджено стан організації обліку та аналізу доходів основної діяльності підприємства, первинного, аналітичного та синтетичного обліку. Здійснено аналіз доходів основної діяльності на підприємстві. Виявлено проблемні питання та надано пропозиції щодо вдосконалення обліку та аналізу доходів на досліджуваному підприємстві. Основною метою роботи є дослідження теоретичних та практичних питань з організації обліку й аналізу доходів, а також розробка шляхів їх удосконалення.The paper investigates the state of organization of accounting and income analysis of the main activity of the enterprise, primary, analytical and synthetic accounting. The analysis of the income of the main activity at the enterprise. Issues identified and suggestions for improving accounting and revenue analysis at the studied enterprise. The main purpose of the work is to investigate theoretical and practical issues in the organization of accounting and analysis of income, as well as to develop ways to improve them.
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Петренко, В. М. "Організація і методика обліку та аналізу доходів і витрат основної діяльності підприємства." Master's thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2018. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/68802.
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У роботі досліджено сутність доходів і витрат основної діяльності підприємства, нормативно-інформаційне забезпечення організації їх обліку та аналізу, методичні аспекти проведення аналізу. Основною метою цього дослідження є розробка рекомендацій щодо підвищення ефективності організації і методики обліку та аналізу доходів і витрат основної діяльності підприємства.The master’s thesis focuses on the essence of income and expenses of the main activity of the enterprise, normative and informational support of the organization of their accounting and analysis, methodical aspects of the analysis are investigated. The main aim of this reseach is to recommendations to improve the efficiency of the organization and methods of accounting and analysis in income and expenses of the enterprise main activitiy.
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Chytilová, Gabriela. "Pojetí leasingu dle IAS/IFRS a českého účetnictví , daňové a právní aspekty." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221415.
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This master thesis is adverting a leasing problematic form view of accounting and taxation. Because the Czech Republic is the part of European Union this master thesis includes theory of leasing according to International accounting standards IAS/IFRS. Principally in the leasing sector is appearing the difference from the Czech accounting system. The diversity of leasing theory is shown here as an example where leasing is displayed from the basic its forms to the developed system according to IAS/IFRS.
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Polizelli, Victor Borges. "O princípio da realização da renda e sua aplicação no imposto de renda de pessoas jurídicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-18112011-145517/.
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No contexto do sistema tributário nacional brasileiro, uma apuração correta da renda tributável demanda o respeito a princípios abrigados pela Constituição Federal expressa ou implicitamente e, dentre estes, vale citar o princípio da realização da renda que, numa descrição simplificada, auxilia na detecção da capacidade econômica apta a sofrer tributação, uma vez que delineia diretrizes mais concretas para a identificação do momento adequado para que tal tributação se implemente. Este estudo enfoca o momento temporal em que se consideram ocorridos os fatos econômicos individuais que se ajuntam para compor a apuração da renda tributável. Não se trata, portanto, de uma abordagem direta acerca do aspecto temporal próprio da regra-matriz de incidência do imposto de renda, aquele que se identifica normalmente com o término do período de um ano. O tema é abordado com enfoque na tributação da renda, apresentando parâmetros para a conceituação do referido princípio e buscando delinear suas funções, bem como descrever seu âmbito de aplicação no Direito Tributário brasileiro, especialmente no que concerne à apuração do imposto de renda (sobretudo o de pessoas jurídicas). O princípio da realização é examinado sob três diferentes perspectivas. Primeiro, faz-se uma análise dos conceitos de renda (e noções correlatas de realização) fornecidos pelas ciências financeiras e econômicas. Segundo, há uma análise sob a perspectiva histórica que apresenta a evolução deste princípio na Alemanha, nos E.U.A., no Reino Unido e também no Brasil. E, por fim, sob a perspectiva estritamente jurídica, enfocando-se o sistema normativo atualmente vigente no Brasil, discutem-se a posição sistêmica do princípio da realização e as limitações impostas pela Constituição Federal de 1988 e pelo Código Tributário Nacional. Ainda nesta última perspectiva, avaliam-se as funções desempenhadas pelo princípio da realização como integrante dos princípios de contabilidade geralmente aceitos e as relações entre Direito Contábil e Direito Tributário. O princípio da realização é examinado em seus diferentes elementos (cumprimento da obrigação, mudança da posição patrimonial, troca no mercado, mensurabilidade, liquidez e certeza). Por fim, propõe-se uma estrutura para classificação dos diferentes critérios que informam o princípio da realização à luz da legislação brasileira.In the context of the Brazilian tax system, a correct calculation of taxable income demands respect for the principles sheltered, expressly or implicitly, by the Federal Constitution and, among these, it is worth mentioning the realization principle. In a simplified description, said principle helps in the detection of the economic capacity that is able to suffer taxation, since it outlines more specific guidelines for identifying the right time where taxation may be implemented. This study focuses on the timing of the economic facts that are gathered up to comprise the basis for calculation of the taxable income. It is not, therefore, a direct approach on the temporal aspect of the basic rule of incidence of income tax (aspect which is usually identified with the end of the taxable period of one year). The issue is discussed with focus on taxation of income, showing parameters for the conceptualization of realization principle and seeking to outline its functions, as well as to describe its scope within the Brazilian Tax Law, especially on what concerns the calculation of the income tax (especially the corporate income tax). The realization principle is examined from three different perspectives. First, the study presents an analysis of the concepts of income (and related notions of realization) provided by the financial and economic sciences. Second, there is an analysis on the historical perspective that presents the evolution of this principle in Germany, the USA, the UK and also in Brazil. Finally, under a strictly legal perspective, focusing on the regulatory system currently in force in Brazil, it discusses the systemic position of the realization principle and the limitations imposed by the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the National Tax Code. With respect to the latter perspective, the study examines the functions performed by the realization principle as part of the generally accepted accounting principles and the relations between Accounting and Tax Law. The realization principle is examined in its different elements (achievement of the obligation, change in the property position, market exchange, measurability, liquidity and certainty). Finally, it proposes a structure for the classification of the different criteria that inform the realization principle in accordance with the Brazilian legislation in force.
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Denk, Robert. "The quantity theory v. the income expenditures theory using Robert Eisner's adjusted federal budget deficit." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41909.
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