Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Accounting of property'

Approved for public release, distribution unlimited
One area not identified by the Defense Management Review currently in progress is accountability for the commercial use of the Government Furnished Property located in Defense contractors' facilities. This study focused on this issue to determine if the Department of Defense should strengthen its accounting for contractors' use of Government Furnished Property on commercial work. The results of interviews with 50 Government and contractor Property Administrators at headquarters, field level activities, and contractors' facilities are reported. It was concluded that the current accounting procedures utilized by Defense agencies involved with contractors using Government Furnished Property for commercial work are inadequate and 15 recommendations are presented to correct these accounting deficiencies.

"June 2002" Includes bibliographical references: (p. 30-35). The papers examines the association between the transparency of corporate financial reporting on intangible assets relative to a proxy for total intangible assets, and analyst incentives to follow firms and properties of analysts' earnings forecasts - controlling for endogeneity among these factors. More transparent financial reporting on intangible assets is measured by higher recognition of intangible assets on the balance sheet relative to a proxy variable for total (underlying) intangible assets, market value added which equals equity market value minus book value with intangible assets subtracted. The results suggest (1) a reputation for transparent financial reporting on intangible assets is associated with increased demand for analyst research and thus analyst following incentives; and (2) a reputation for less transparent reporting on intangible assets is associated with higher forecast dispersion and errors due to analysts' greater reliance on their own private information. The study extends research on determinants of analyst following, forecast dispersion and accuracy, and research on the impact of public disclosure on private information acquisition activity.

The aim of this Masters thesis has been to find out if, and how, listed Swedish property companies have prepared themselves for the regulation passed by the European Parliament that requires all EU companies listed in a regulated market as well as companies preparing admission to trading, at the latest from 2005 onwards, to prepare their consolidated financial statements in accordance with a single set of accounting standards, International Accounting Standards (IAS). The thesis work has been concentrated on the analysis of the fair value model in IAS 40, investment property and how companies will measure the fair value of their property. The data and results for this study were collected through interviewing various actors in the real estate market in Sweden, the UK and the Netherlands on the use of fair value accounting for investment properties. Results from the study show that: • 57% of the listed Swedish property companies have started preparations to apply IAS by the year 2005 but it is not likely that any of the companies will change before 2005. • Currently there is significant divergence between some of the IAS and the RRs, which is causing some problems in the conversion process. However there is a general misconception that Swedish laws will need to be revised before the EU regulation can come into effect. • Changes in accounting principles will not affect the underlying cash flows and financial analysts will probably not take much notice of the new " IAS profits". • Unlike in the UK and the Netherlands, use of the fair value model will not affect the dividend payouts or remuneration policies in Sweden. But it will affect the accounting for long leasehold property investments in all of the three countries. • The fair value model was considered to have a lot of advantages over the cost model. • Listed Swedish property companies, unlike the English and Dutch companies, are not ready to adopt the use of the fair value model mainly due to the uncertainty surrounding the measurement of the fair values. • Measurement of the fair values will be based mainly on the discounted cash flow method. • In contrast to the companies studied in the UK and the Netherlands, Swedish property managers were distrustful of the exclusive use of external valuers.
Enligt ett beslut i EU-parlamentet ska bolag vars aktier eller skuldebrev är noterade på en börs, upprätta sin externa redovisning enligt International Accounting Standards (IAS)/International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)1 senast år 2005. Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att undersöka om och hur svenska börsnoterade fastighetsbolagen har förebrett sig för kravet om IAS som i praktiken kommer att medför redovisning enligt verkligt värde. Arbetet har koncentrerats till att analysera verkligt värde modellen i IAS 40 och hur fastighetsbolagen kommer att verkligt värdera sina fastigheter. För att får en uppfattning av hur redovisning av fastigheter enligt verkligt värde fungerar i praktiken gjordes ett antal intervjuer hos noterade fastighetsbolag och andra aktörer på fastighetsmarknaden i Storbritannien och Nederländerna innan intervjuerna i Sverige. Undersökningen visar att: • 57 % av de börsnoterade fastighetsbolagen i Sverige har kommit i gång med förberedelserna att redovisa enligt IAS/IFRS senaste år 2005 men det är osannolikt att noterade fastighetsbolagen övergår till IAS/IFRS tidigare än år 2005. • Det finns ett antal väsentliga skillnader mellan några IAS och RR vilket komplicerar konverteringsarbetet. Emellertid finns det en missuppfattning att det behövs några lagändringar innan beslutet om IAS/IFRS kan vara tillämplig i Sverige. • Ändringar i redovisningsnormer kommer inte att påverka företagets kassaflöde och finansanalytikerna troligen kommer inte att bry sig så mycket om de nya "IAS vinsterna". • I motsats till policyn i de engelska och nederländska fastighetsbolagen kommer tillämpning av den verkligt värde modellen inte att påverka utdelningspolicy eller ersättningar i de studerade svenska fastighetsbolagen. Men det kommer att ha en stor betydelse i frågan om leasingavtal. • Den verkligt värde modellen i IAS 40 ansågs att ha många fördelar över den kostnadsmodellen. •De undersökta svenska börsnoterade fastighetsbolagen, i motsats till de i UK och Nederländerna, är inte redo att välja verkligt värde modellen i IAS 40 mest på grund av osäkerheten kring värderingsprocessen och metoderna. • Undersökningen visar också på att bedömning av det verkliga värdet kommer, för det mesta, att baseras på kassaflödesmetoden. • I motsats till fastighetsbolagschefer i Storbritannien och Nederländerna är de svenska fastighetsbolagscheferna mycket negativa till att ha enbart externa värderare. • Den gemensamma tillämpningen av IAS/IFRS i Europa kommer att underlätta jämförelsen av noterade bolags finansiella rapporter och leda till mer fokus på bolagsledning och dess effektivitet. Men än så länge tillämpas inte gemensamma värderingsnormer i alla länder, eller ens i samma land, och därför rekommenderas fortsatt försiktighet gällande rapporterna.

The globalization of world economy has inevitably affected also the movements in harmonization process of accounting standards around the world. International Financial Reporting Standards have become the ultimate accounting and reporting tool of most developed countries. The only remaining counterpart -- the US GAAP, is slowly subsiding to the enormous spread momentum that IFRS gained in recent years. In this setting I examine the application of International standards on accounting treatment of Property, Plant and Equipment, and also the Intangible Assets. Subsequently I compare this treatment to US GAAP and document all major differences still persistent at the end of year 2008. Considering that there are still many divergences between the two sets of standards, I try to document their impact on the reporting and presentation of financial statements of several blue chip companies. My analysis suggests that differences in reported numbers depending on standards chosen can distort comparability of financial statements and performance assessment, thus potentially biasing the decision making process of involved stakeholders.

In recent years, the Cape Town CBD has experienced urban renewal and regeneration. The Bo-Kaap and De Waterkant, two inner city neighbourhoods adjacent to one another, have reacted differently to this process. De Waterkant is completely gentrified, and the Bo-Kaap not. This research study aimed to demonstrate the contrasting potential and pace for gentrification and account for the differentiating gentrification outcomes of two neighbourhoods within the same city. Based on the literature reviewed and key informant interviews this study finds that gentrification does not develop as a single process. The pace and potential for gentrification is determined by the contextual particularities, investment opportunities and the nature and strength of the community. In the case of the Bo-Kaap and De Waterkant, the historical context directed the future potential for gentrification, while the respective communities currently determine the pace.

[Truncated abstract] The primary aim of this study was to examine, and compare, the value relevance and any bias associated with the reporting of intangible assets in Australia and the US over the ten-year period 1994 to 2003. The study adopts a disaggregated form of the Feltham and Ohlson (1995) valuation model and associated linear information models (LIMs) to allow goodwill and identifiable intangible assets to be separately examined using unbalanced panel regression analysis. The results for the Australian sample suggest that the adaptation of the Feltham and Ohlson (1995) valuation model used in this study is particularly useful in examining Australian equity securities. For example, the pooled sample analysis results in an adjusted R2 of 71%, which is consistent with similar US studies by Ahmed, Morton and Schaefer (2000) and Amir, Kirscenheiter and Willard (1997). Further, the results from the disaggregated Feltham and Ohlson (1995) valuation models suggest that the information presented with respect to intangible assets (both goodwill and identifiable intangible assets) under Australian GAAP is value relevant. However, the results from the valuation models also suggest that (for the average Australian company) the market believes goodwill is reported conservatively and identifiable intangible assets aggressively. ... As noted earlier, the increasing importance of intangible assets in the `new-economy’ suggests that (wherever possible having regard to the measurement difficulties) all intangible assets should be recognised in financial statements to maximise the value relevance of those statements. It should be noted, however, that there was some evidence to suggest that certain Australian companies (that is, those not consistently reporting positive abnormal operating earnings) might be reporting goodwill and/or identifiable intangible assets aggressively and this is an area that standard setters might need to carefully consider in future. I trust that the findings presented in this study will prove helpful to both researchers and those involved with formulating international accounting standards in this particularly difficult area of intangible assets. I also hope the results will help to allay any fears regulators (and others) might have that providing managers with accounting discretion will (necessarily) lead to biased reporting practices; based on the findings of this study for the majority of Australian and US companies, any such fears appear unwarranted.

This thesis proves that intangible assets are impossible to accurately value because of their inherently complex attributes. Intangibles have always existed in the market, but their presence has nearly quadrupled in the last few decades due to the Information Revolution. This technological breakthrough was characterized by the globalization of knowledge, communication, and trade. This dissemination of knowledge due to the infrastructural changes of both the telecommunication and transportation industries transformed the economy from a ‘product-driven’ market to a ‘knowledge-driven’ market. This surge in intangible assets is significant because it proves that “knowledge-driven” elements are now material to company value. As such, accurate measurement of intangible assets is essential to preserving the reliability of financial statements. Current accounting practices largely ignore the value created by intangible asset and this has serious consequences for investors, firms, and the economy as a whole. Insufficient accounting of intangible assets distorts company value, increases the cost of capital, and compromises the reliability of financial statements. While it is utterly impossible to create accounting standards that will, without fail, accurately measure all intangible assets as well as take into account their lifespans, volatility, increasing economies of scale, partial excludability, and lack of tradability, this thesis proposes a way to help mitigate the disparity between what financial statements recognize and what companies actually generate.

Fair value accounting for investment property has been mandatory in the EU since the adoption of IFRS 13 and has been both heavily criticized and praised. Previous research suggests that there are some inherent issues with fair value accounting for investment property, such as lacking reliability and persistence of reported unrealized earnings. There is also evidence of unrealized earnings influencing dividends and share price development related to fair value accounting in a procyclical manner. The purpose of this study is to enhance knowledge about whether fair value accounting in listed Nordic investment property companies causes procyclical effects on dividend payout and stock market behaviour. To fulfil this purpose, a quantitative analysis of financial reports and share prices of listed Nordic investment property companies was conducted. This study confirms that fair value accounting has a strong influence on dividends and share price development.

Business Administration/Accounting
D.B.A.
This paper examines the informational role a Property & Casualty (P&C) insurers’ loss accrual (an estimate of expected losses) provides in a merger. This accrual is the largest liability for an insurer and an accurate evaluation of this liability is important in valuing a merger. Our focus is on one specific aspect of the loss accrual. This is the loss accrual’s transparency (or how easy is it to be modeled) and used in a valuation exercise. We propose a two-stage methodology to examine how transparency affects the valuation of acquirers in mergers. In the first stage, we use an event study to measure the acquirer’s cumulative abnormal stock return following the merger announcement. This is a measure of how the market values the transaction.  In the second stage, we then investigate whether, and to what extent, the merger parties’ loss accrual transparencies are related to the market’s valuation of the acquirer.
Temple University--Theses

Object of the research – state-owned property. Purpose of the research – to assess the condition of state property’s potential, to substantiate its valuation instruments and to suggest necessary changes to the active part of the state property management model. In the study a systemic analysis of state property concepts, classification, accounting and management was conducted and provisions for the transformation of the management strategy for property disposed of by state enterprises (important state commercial property) have been suggested.
Mokslinio darbo objektas – valstybei nuosavybės teise priklausantis turtas. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti valstybės turto potencialo būklę, pagrįsti jo vertinimo instrumentus ir numatyti būtinus valstybės turto aktyviosios dalies valdymo modelio pokyčius. Moksliniame darbe atlikta sisteminė valstybės turto sampratos, klasifikavimo, apskaitos ir valdymo analizė ir numatytos valstybės įmonių disponuojamo turto (svarbaus valstybės komercinio turto) valdymo strategijos transformacijos prielaidos.

Mokslinio darbo objektas – valstybei nuosavybės teise priklausantis turtas. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti valstybės turto potencialo būklę, pagrįsti jo vertinimo instrumentus ir numatyti būtinus valstybės turto aktyviosios dalies valdymo modelio pokyčius. Moksliniame darbe atlikta sisteminė valstybės turto sampratos, klasifikavimo, apskaitos ir valdymo analizė ir numatytos valstybės įmonių disponuojamo turto (svarbaus valstybės komercinio turto) valdymo strategijos transformacijos prielaidos.
Object of the research – state-owned property. Purpose of the research – to assess the condition of state property’s potential, to substantiate its valuation instruments and to suggest necessary changes to the active part of the state property management model. In the study a systemic analysis of state property concepts, classification, accounting and management was conducted and provisions for the transformation of the management strategy for property disposed of by state enterprises (important state commercial property) have been suggested.

The current problems and possible solutions surrounding United States transfer pricing regulations are discussed and studied. The schemes large multinational companies are implementing to legally evade taxes are uncovered as the financial effects to the United States Treasury and government are becoming material. The benefits for these schemes are financially advantageous for corporations as they are able to report larger profits and higher returns for investors. But this is being done at the expense of our government. Corporations are finding ways to escape the high U.S. corporate tax rate and lower their global tax liabilities by allocating income to lower tax jurisdictions. Tax havens like Ireland or Bermuda are popular to have subsidiaries which hold a corporations intangible property. Five United States Tax Court cases concerning transfer pricing are studied and the outcomes are analyzed. The current problems studied from these cases are, shipping intangible property, valuing intangible property, the arm’s length standard. The possible solutions to these currents problems are by no means easy to solve and no one revision can relieve all the problems. The arm’s length standard is the corner stone to the current problems and if the government can find a way to better enforce the standard or replace it, it will be a large step in the right direction.

The purpose of financial reporting is to provide information that is useful for decision making. Recently, however, there has been a systematic decline in the usefulness of such information. Indeed, the current reporting model seems to be no longer sufficient mainly due to the fact that it ignores many of the nonfinancial intangible factors which are increasingly becoming important in determining corporate value and performance. That is, there is a need for the traditional reporting model to be modified or at least broadened to reflect Intangible Assets (IA) in order to enhance the usefulness of information being provided to different stakeholders. In the absence of mandatory reporting requirements, one alternative way of disseminating information regarding IA is to engage in voluntary disclosure practices. It has also been suggested that companies which would benefit the most from such practice are those originating from emerging economies looking to expand into international markets. While there exists an array of empirical studies which have examined the voluntary disclosure practices of corporations from developed economies, less considered are the reporting practices of emerging market companies regarding their IA. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the voluntary disclosure practices of the top 200 emerging market companies regarding the variety, nature and extent of IA and to consider some of the factors that may be associated with the level of such disclosure. Using a disclosure index based on the Value Chain Scoreboard??? (Lev, 2001), narrative sections of the 2002 annual reports of the top 200 emerging market companies are analysed. The findings indicate that emerging market companies engage in voluntary disclosure practices in order to disseminate different varieties of mainly quantitative IA information to their global stakeholders. Further, the variety and the extent of IA disclosure are associated with corporate specific factors such as leverage, adoption of IFRS/US GAAP, industry type, and price to book ratio. Contrary to the existing literature on voluntary disclosure, however, firm size and ownership concentration are not found to be associated with the IA disclosure level. Country specific factors such as the level of risks associated with economic policy and legal system are also found to be significantly associated with the IA voluntary disclosure level.

IFRS allows firms to choose between fair-value accounting and historical cost accounting with impairment testing for property, plant and equipment (PPE). This study examines the effect of firms' accounting choices for this group of non-financial assets on over-investment after IFRS mandatory adoption in the European Union (EU). My results indicate that over-investment in PPE (or capital expenditures) is lower following IFRS adoption among EU firms that used historical cost accounting with impairment testing in the post-IFRS period, consistent with EU firms having more timely loss recognition for PPE under IFRS strict impairment rules. In my analysis of United Kingdom (UK) firms, I find that most UK firms elected to use historical cost accounting with impairment testing for PPE after IFRS mandatory adoption. I also find that UK firms that previously used fair-value accounting under UK GAAP and then switched to historical cost accounting with impairment testing under IFRS exhibit greater reductions in over-investment relative to other EU firms that used historical cost accounting with impairment testing prior to IFRS adoption. Additional analysis suggests that the reductions in over-investment after IFRS mandatory adoption are greater as the severity of agency conflicts increases, consistent with outside shareholders demanding timely loss recognition as a means of addressing agency conflicts with managers.

This study develops a bibliometric and empirical analysis of the relevance of accounting information when biological assets are measured at fair value versus at historical cost, using an international sample of firms with biological assets.

Background: The increased globalization and trade over domestic borders within the European Union (EU) has lead to the implementation of new international accounting standards. This is necessary to create an effective capital market, where comparisons between companies located in different countries can be made, due to a more harmonized accounting. Obstacles to overcome when establish a more harmonized accounting in the EU is for example different accounting backgrounds and valuation methods.

Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to as far possible study whether the establishment of IAS 40 contributes to an increased harmonization and more comparable accounting of investment property for listed companies within the EU.

Method: This thesis involves both a quantitative –and a qualitative research method. We have used primary data in forms of interviews, and secondary data in forms of annual reports, regulations, literature and articles in the thesis. Using both primary –and secondary data results in a higher reliability and validity.

Frame of reference: There are two alternative valuations methods according to IAS 40, the cost –and the fair value model. The cost model means a valuation to historical cost minus depreciation. Valuation in compliance to the fair value model on the other hand means that the investment property shall be valuated to market value. When using the cost model a note of the fair value shall be included in the financial statement. A company has according to IAS 40 the possibility to choose between internal –or external valuation when estimating the fair value.

Empirical results and analysis: Our empirical result is presented mainly through annual reports from listed investment property companies in Sweden, England and Germany. We found that the fair value model was used by all the analysed companies in Sweden and England in 2005, the year of the implementation of IAS 40 in the EU. By analysing the annul reports from the investment property companies we found indications that the fair value model also tends to become the generally excepted valuation model in Germany. Furthermore, our empirical result shows that a majority of the Swedish investment property companies regularly used internal valuation, but there is a pattern of external valuation as a complement to the internal valuation. In England and Germany all investment property companies used external valuation and there was no use of internal valuation even as a complement to the external valuation.

Conclusions: Based on our empirical results we draw the conclusion that the accounting for listed investment property companies within the EU is more harmonized and comparable today than before the implementation of IAS 40 in 2005. However, IAS 40 gives the companies the possibility to decide weather to use the cost –or the fair value model and the use of external valuation is optional. This can be viewed as obstacles to achieve a total harmonization of the accounting within the EU for listed investment property companies. From our empirical findings we draw the conclusion that the fair value model tends to become the generally excepted valuation model within the EU. Also, we do not perceive the use of the cost model as a barrier to the harmonization process because the fair value still has to be left in a not in the financial statement. However, we believe that in order to achieve a more harmonized and more comparable accounting for listed investment property companies within in the EU a directive about a minimum of external valuation must be included in IAS 40. This in order to avoid companies to use only internal valuation of the properties as this may effect the result.

Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact possible revisions to the international accounting standard (IAS) for intangible assets, under international financial reporting standards (IFRS), could have on the perception of value of information technology. Furthermore, the study discusses the fact that value of IT is still a debate and asks the question why. The use of the term information technology capability in IT research is used in many different contexts. The study also tested a framework that could possibly be used to view IT capability as, and used this framework to ascertain how accounting treatment of IT capability is happening in practice. The study is exploratory in nature since the impact of the possible revisions on IT capability is a current event. The revisions are in a second round of discussion and as such this study could provide insight to the discussion regarding the possible influence on IT capability. The revisions primarily focus on the recognition and measurement of internally generated intangible assets. It is currently being proposed that internally generated intangible assets be recognised as it would during a business combination at any point and also that fair value be considered as an alternative to the cost basis during initial recognition. While those are the most significant revisions, the discussion paper makes minor proposals regarding the identification of intangible assets and makes no suggestions regarding disclosure. A number of CIO’s and CFO’s or their direct delegates were interviewed to determine from a practitioner perspective what the impact of the revisions could be from both a financial perspective and IT management perspective. The participants were engaged through a semi-structured interview and the collective responses analysed for common themes. The study found that while the debate around IT value still exists, from the participant’s perspective, it centres on the fact that in the absence of appropriate performance measurement of businesses, it is difficult at best to reflect how IT contributes value to the organisation. The participants do not see the currently proposed revisions as being able to improve the perception of value of IT. This is primarily due to the fact that the financial reports are not for consumption of internal business stakeholders to whom CIO’s need to communicate the value contribution. Secondly, the cost focus of the financial reports is acknowledged and as well as the fact that increasing the uncertainty of values in financial reports due to subjective valuation of IT capability, will detract from the integrity of the financial accounting and reporting. Lastly, participants also recognised that it would be a significant revision if internally generated assets are recognised in the same way as during business combinations and that the use of fair value during initial recognition is allowed. As such the participants felt that it would be a long time before the revisions move onto the next stage. This pragmatic response indicated that the focus should rather be on ensuring business performance is measured and IT capability measured through business measures. The study is limited by focusing on organisations that do not create IT capability for resale. Also, the focus is on internally generated IT capability, and excludes the process of acquiring IT capability through merger and acquisition activity. Lastly, the focus has been limited to the impact of the revision on IT value perception. Practically, given the fact that the revisions are not seen to create an opportunity for IT value to be reported, practitioners are advised to focus on using benchmarking to report IT value for the business-as-usual IT capability, in business terms. Furthermore, in terms of ensuring the value of investment in IT capability is articulated, the upfront business case and investment decision process must articulate the business benefits clearly and thereafter ensure benefits tracking is done to measure the performance and value of the constituent parts that deliver the benefits can be measured. This study has value since these particular concepts have not been analysed in this way before. Previous studies have focused on certain elements of IT capability, or organisations that create IT capability for resale, not internal use, amongst others. The originality stems from linking accounting treatment to the definition of IT capability and investigating the impact it has on how the value of IT is perceived.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om vas te stel wat die impak van moontlike hersienings van die internasionale boekhoudingstandaard (IAS) vir ontasbare bates, volgens internasionale finansiële verslagdoeningstandaarde (IFRS), sal wees op die persepsie van inligtingstegnologie (IT) se waarde. Voorts bespreek die studie die feit dat die waarde van IT steeds 'n voortgaande debat is en vra waarom dit die geval is. Die term inligtingstegnologievermoë in IT-navorsing word in verskillende kontekste gebruik. Die studie het ook 'n raamwerk getoets wat moontlik gebruik kan word om IT-vermoë holisties te bekyk. Die studie is verkennend van aard aangesien die impak van moontlike hersienings op IT-vermoë 'n gebeurtenis is wat tans plaasvind. Die hersienings is tans in die tweede ronde van bespreking en die studie sou insig kon verskaf oor die moontlike invloed van die bespreking op IT-vermoë. Die hersienings fokus primêr op die erkenning en meting van intern gegenereerde ontasbare bates. Tans word voorgestel dat intern gegenereerde ontasbare bates erken moet word soos dit in 'n besigheidskombinasie op enige punt erken sou word, en ook dat billike waarde oorweeg moet word as 'n alternatief tot die kostebasis gedurende aanvanklike of inisiële erkenning. Terwyl hierdie die mees belangrike hersienings is, sluit die besprekingsdokument kleiner voorstelle in oor die identifisering van ontasbare bates, maar verskaf geen voorstelle oor die bekendmaking van ontasbare bates nie. 'n Aantal hoof inligtingsbeamptes en hoof finansiële beamptes of hulle direkte gedelegeerdes, is ondervra om vas te stel, vanuit 'n praktisyn se oogpunt, wat die impak van die hersienings sou kon wees – gesien uit beide 'n finansiële en 'n IT-bestuursperspektief. Die deelnemers is betrek deur 'n semi-gestruktureerde onderhoud en die kollektiewe response is geanaliseer vir gemeenskaplike temas. Die studie het bevind dat, hoewel die debat rondom ITvermoë steeds bestaan, vanuit die deelnemers se perspektief, die debat sentreer rondom die feit dat in die afwesigheid van toepaslike prestasiemeting van besighede, dit op sy beste moeilik is om te besin oor hoe IT waarde bydra tot die organisasie. Die deelnemers sien nie in dat die voorgestelde hersienings by magte sal wees om die persepsie oor die waarde van IT te verbeter nie. Dit is primêr as gevolg van die feit dat die finansiële verslae nie beskikbaar is vir interne besigheidsbelanghebbers nie aan wie hoof inligtingsbeamptes die waardebydrae moet kommunikeer. Tweedens word die kostefokus van finansiële verslae erken, asook die feit dat om die onsekerheid van waardes in finansiële verslae te verhoog weens die subjektiewe waardasie van IT-vermoë, die integriteit van die finansiële boekhouding en verslagdoening sal benadeel. Laastens het deelnemers ook erken dat dit 'n belangrike hersiening sal wees indien intern gegeneerde bates op dieselfde manier erken word as gedurende besigheidskombinasies en dat die gebruik van billike waarde gedurende aanvanklike erkenning toegelaat word. As sodanig was die deelnemers van mening dat dit nog lang sal duur voordat die hersienings na die volgende fase sal beweeg.

This dissertation follows a three-essay format. Each essay evaluates a different fiscal institution from a public administration perspective. In the first essay I examine whether state-funded property tax exemptions are effective in reducing the property taxes. This class of exemption is characterized by a grant from state to local governments that is intended to replace property tax revenue and lower property tax payments. Two separate theories of local fiscal behavior predict that that price effects and fiscal illusion will reduce the effectiveness of this type of tax relief. I test these predictions using panel regression analysis on county-level data from Georgia. I find that only two thirds of the revenue allocated to this program is actually used for tax relief. In the second essay I test a model of the property tax in which the levy is set to balance the difference between budgeted expenditures and expected receipts from all other revenue sources. This model demonstrates how the property tax can be used to offset unexpected changes to other revenues given a change in personal income. This model is contrasted with an alternative model in which expenditures are budgeted after expected total revenues have been determined. I will estimate both models for local governments in Georgia and test which more accurately describes local fiscal performance. I will also use both to predict changes to the property tax over a period of time and measure which model generated the more accurate forecast. Unlike the first two papers, which are quantitative analyses of fiscal data, this chapter is a case study of the contract city model of governance as implemented in the newly incorporated city of Sandy Springs, Georgia. I investigate whether the scope of outsourcing in contract cities creates additional challenges for city officials that manage contractor performance. I evaluate the incentive structures in the contract agreements that influence the principal-agent relationship using a textual analysis research method. I find that certain combinations of municipal functions in a single public-private partnership creates the potential for negative synergies to arise which would increase the difficulty of monitoring and managing the private partner.

The purpose of this thesis is to study the legitimacy perspective in sustainability reporting in the given context, and to find out whether Swedish construction companies define and value their legitimacy. In the thesis we have performed a qualitative study using the inductive method; in the research we have used hermeneutics as our starting point and constructionism as the research strategy. In the empirical part we have conducted structured interviews with a list of pre-formulated questions. For the interviews, we have chosen Sweden’s major property developers: Skanska AB, PEAB AB, NCC AB, JM AB and Midroc AB. Companies can get motivation to report their sustainability from their perceived obligation to support license to operate. Not all the companies use stakeholder analysis in the preparation of annual reports, which lets us assume that the companies base their choice of data mainly on internal perceptions of what is required. Data is not selected basing only on what company itself finds interesting; stakeholders’ information needs are reflected in the selection process, although, just like in the first question, not necessarily deliberately. Financial rationale is merely a criterion when choosing sustainability projects to work with; it does not define whether a company is focusing on sustainability in general.
Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera legitimitetsteorin hållbarhetsredovisningar i en särskild kontext och att studera om den svenska fastighetsutvecklingsbranschen definierar och värderar deras legitimitet. I vår uppsats har vi utfört en kvalitativ studie genom att använda induktiv metod. I forskningen har vi använt hermeneutik till att börja med och konstruktionism som forskningsmetodik. I vår empiri har vi utfört intervjuer med hjälp av ett frågeformulär. Till intervjuerna har vi valt Sveriges största fastighetsutvecklingsbolag: Skanska AB, PEAB AB, NCC AB, JM AB and Midroc AB. Bolagen kan motiveras att rapportera hållbarhet genom deras påtvingade skyldighet att upprätthålla licence to operate. Alla företag använder inte intressentanalys i förberedelserna inför årsrapporteringen, vilket ledde oss att antaga att företagen baserar deras val av innehåll huvudsakligen genom en intern föreställning om vad som förväntas från omvärlden. Fakta blir inte enbart utvald efter vad bolagen själv finner intressant. Intressenternas informationsbehov är reflekterade i urvalsprocessen, dock ej helt medvetet. Finansiella motiv är endast ett kriterium när företagen skall välja hållbarhetsprojekt; det avgör inte om ett företag fokuserar på hållbarhet i allmänhet.

No presente trabalho trato das escolhas contábeis nas empresas genuínas exploradoras de propriedades para investimentos que têm suas ações negociadas no Brasil. A escolha do tema é pelo fato das normas contábeis (CPC 28, correspondente ao IAS 40) permitirem a mensuração das propriedades de investimento ou por custo histórico ou por valor justo. O objetivo do trabalho foi investigar os fatores (individuais ou em conjunto) que possam ter influenciado os agentes internos da empresa a escolher o critério de mensuração. Tais fatores, conforme a literatura, são: grau de alavancagem, custo político, grau de concentração acionária, relevância da informação e aversão a mudanças por parte do elaborador da informação contábil. No trabalho exponho dados secundários das doze principais empresas de capital aberto exploradoras de propriedades para investimento com o objetivo de identificar as características de cada uma das empresas. Para obter conhecimento mais profundo sobre as escolhas contábeis, adotei um método inovador no Brasil, ao menos nessa linha de pesquisa (mensuração de propriedades para investimento) com entrevistas semiestruturadas em duas das mais relevantes empresas do setor (uma de custo histórico e outra de valor justo). Os resultados das entrevistas reforçaram que há características relevantes distintas das empresas que podem explicar as escolhas contábeis. Tais achados, para fins de validade interna, foram confrontados com mais três empresas externas às entrevistas, e as mesmas características encontradas nas entrevistas foram também encontradas nas três empresas usadas para validação. Como resultado dos dados analisados identifiquei que as empresas optantes pelo custo histórico têm seu modelo de negócio (estratégia para ser competitiva e criar valor) pautado na \"visualização do dono\" fundador e acionista controlador, que por sua vez participa desde a escolha do local para aquisição do terreno até seleção dos clientes para quem irá locar o empreendimento. Já as empresas de valor justo são empresas com origens no mercado financeiro, não têm controle acionário concentrado e seus acionistas são fundos de investimento internacionais que cobram resultados mais expressivos da companhia, resultados esses antecipados pela adoção do valor justo. Além disso, as companhias de valor justo, diferente das de custo histórico, adquirem a maior parte de seus empreendimentos e atendem as classes emergentes da economia; já as empresas de custo histórico constroem seus empreendimentos e buscam a atender as classes mais altas da economia. Ou seja, o modelo de negócio das empresas exploradoras de propriedade de investimento explica a escolha contábil de se mensurar ou pelo custo histórico ou pelo valor justo a conta no balanço patrimonial. E essa é a principal contribuição do trabalho: a explicação do principal fator que motiva a adoção do valor justo ou do custo histórico que é o modelo de negócio de cada companhia.
This study discusses accounting choices in companies that are authentic explorers of investment property and are publicly traded in Brazil. The choice of the theme is due to the fact that the accounting standards (CPC 28, corresponding to IAS 40) permit the measuring of investment properties by their historical cost or their fair value. The objective in this study was to investigate the (individual or combined) factors that may have influences the company\'s internal agents to choose the measuring criterion. According to the literature, these factors are: degree of leverage, political cost, degree of stockholder concentration, information relevance and aversion to changes by the elaborator of the accounting information. In the study, secondary data are presented for the twelve main companies that explore investment property with a view to identifying the characteristics of each. To obtain more in-depth knowledge about the accounting choices, a method was adopted that is innovative in Brazil, at least in this research area (measuring of investment property), involving semi structured interviews in two of the most relevant companies in the sector (one of which adopted the historical cost and the other the fair value). The interview results highlighted that the companies display relevant distinct characteristics that can explain their accounting choices. For the sake of internal validity, these findings were confronted with three other companies external to the interviews, and the same characteristics found in the interviews were also found in the three companies used for the purpose of validation. As a result of the data analyzed, it was identified that the business model (strategy to be competitive and create value) in the companies that choose the historical cost is based on the \"visualization of the founding owner\" and controlling stockholder, who in turn participates from the choice of the location to purchase land to the selection of the clients to whom the business will be rented. On the other hand, companies that choose the fair value originate in the financial market, do not have a concentrated stock control and their stockholders are international investment funds that expect more expressive results from the company, anticipated by the adoption of the fair value. In addition, as opposed to the historical cost companies, the fair value companies purchase most of their businesses and attend to the emerging economic classes; the historical cost companies, on the other hand, build their business and aim to attend to the higher economic classes. In other words, the business model of the companies that explore investment property explain the accounting choice to measure the account in the balance sheet using the historical cost or the fair value. That is the main contribution of this study: the explanation of the main factor that motivates the adoption of the fair value or the historical cost, which is each company\'s business model.

There is a strong belief amongst human resource specialists, professionals and academics that strategic human-resource management is critical to the success of the business and wellbeing of employees, and the organisation in which they work. There are two sides to human resources, as a strategic partner: Firstly, how it looks and portrays itself; and secondly, how the organisation views the importance of its human capital. Ulrich, Younger, Brockbank and Ulrich (2012) and the RBL Group (2012) identified six human-resource competencies for human resource (HR) practitioners. These not only identify the role they play in an organisation; but they also assist an organisation in achieving its objectives. These competencies, which apply to all HR practitioners, are: strategic positioner, change champion, credible activist, capability builder, technology proponent, innovator, and integrator. The implementation of the Government Immovable Asset Management Act No.19 of 2007 (GIAMA), and its policy implementation, are critical to infrastructural developments, economic development, and skills development, redressing any imbalances from the past and current history, and also developing a public service that assists the country in being internationally competitive. An HR practitioner with a worldview is critical in facilitating one of the most important transformative pieces of legislation. The research problem in this study is to investigate the role of human resources in the implementation of GIAMA and its policy framework in the Eastern Cape Province’s Port Elizabeth Regional Office by the National Department of Public Works. To achieve this objective, a quantitative study was undertaken on the role of human resources as a “strategic partner”. It involved an extensive literature review to assess the role of strategic human resources. An empirical study was later conducted to investigate the role of human resources in the Port Elizabeth Regional Office (from the National Department of Public Works); and how well this office succeeds in playing its assigned role. The conducted survey was compared with the literature review, to determine whether the Port Elizabeth Regional Office’s human resources are in line with the objectives of being a “strategic partner”. The overall findings revealed that the role of human resources is not that of a “strategic partner”. It also revealed that of the six competencies identified by Ulrich et al. (2012) and the RBL Group (2012), none of them could really be viewed as strategic. Notwithstanding the progressive pieces of legislation, it was appalling to receive the outcome, which indicated organisational failure for the past six years (see Figure 1.1). The conclusion of the study indicated that the Port Elizabeth Regional Office (from National Department of Public Works) must implement legislative recommendations as a starting point, and grow from there. The legislation and regulations are very supportive, and encourage innovative thinking – to achieve government goals – and to be on a par with the private sector.

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This study approaches the form of evaluation of the acquired goodwill and make other considerations on the goodwill developed internally in the companies, as well examine as the subsequent treatment to his evaluation. In the first chapter, it is make the introduction of the present study, where is made the historical considerations on the goodwill. Still in the first chapter it is exposed the context, the problem, the hypotheses, the objectives, the delimitation of the study, the justifications, the contributions and the research methodology used for the elaboration of this study. Being considering the goodwill an Intangible Assets, it is make soon afterwards an approach about the definition of Active Intangible, as well as his importance in the life of the companies. In the chapter III are examined some definitions of goodwill, as well the factors that do with that it exists, it is approached still some classifications attributed to the goodwill. In the chapter IV it is approached the form of evaluation of the goodwill when bought and some forms of evaluation of the goodwill when no bought, being included calculations exemplify. In the chapter V it is verified the relationship between the profit of a company and the existence of the goodwill. Soon afterwards are presented the forms of recognition accounting of the goodwill, as well as some comparative international practices. In the denominated chapter THE AGIO IN BRAZIL, are treated the registration forms and maintenance of the agio as active in the brazilian ambient, when in the study examples of her accountancy are included. Concluding the present study, are presented the conclusions on the theme
This study approaches the form of evaluation of the acquired goodwill and make other considerations on the goodwill developed internally in the companies, as well examine as the subsequent treatment to his evaluation. In the first chapter, it is make the introduction of the present study, where is made the historical considerations on the goodwill. Still in the first chapter it is exposed the context, the problem, the hypotheses, the objectives, the delimitation of the study, the justifications, the contributions and the research methodology used for the elaboration of this study. Being considering the goodwill an Intangible Assets, it is make soon afterwards an approach about the definition of Active Intangible, as well as his importance in the life of the companies. In the chapter III are examined some definitions of goodwill, as well the factors that do with that it exists, it is approached still some classifications attributed to the goodwill. In the chapter IV it is approached the form of evaluation of the goodwill when bought and some forms of evaluation of the goodwill when no bought, being included calculations exemplify. In the chapter V it is verified the relationship between the profit of a company and the existence of the goodwill. Soon afterwards are presented the forms of recognition accounting of the goodwill, as well as some comparative international practices. In the denominated chapter THE AGIO IN BRAZIL, are treated the registration forms and maintenance of the agio as active in the brazilian ambient, when in the study examples of her accountancy are included. Concluding the present study, are presented the conclusions on the theme
Este estudo aborda a forma de avalia????o do goodwill adquirido e faz outras considera????es sobre o goodwill desenvolvido internamente nas empresas, bem como examina o tratamento subseq??ente ?? sua mensura????o. No primeiro cap??tulo, faz-se a introdu????o do presente estudo, quando s??o feitas as considera????es hist??ricas sobre o goodwill. Ainda, no primeiro cap??tulo, exp??e-se o contexto, o problema, as hip??teses, os objetivos, a delimita????o do estudo, as justificativas, as contribui????es e a metodologia de pesquisa utilizada para a elabora????o deste estudo. Sendo considerando o goodwill um Ativo Intang??vel, faz-se em seguida uma abordagem sobre a defini????o de Ativo Intang??vel, bem como sua import??ncia na vida das empresas. No cap??tulo III s??o examinadas algumas defini????es de goodwill, bem como elencados fatores que fazem que ele exista. Exp??e-se, ainda, algumas classifica????es atribu??das ao goodwill. No capitulo IV aponta-se a forma de avalia????o do goodwill quando comprado e algumas formas de avalia????o do goodwill quando n??o comprado, incluindo-se c??lculos exemplificativos. No cap??tulo V verifica-se a rela????o entre o lucro de uma empresa e a exist??ncia do goodwill. Em seguida, s??o apresentadas as formas de reconhecimento cont??bil do goodwill, bem como algumas pr??ticas internacionais comparativas. No cap??tulo denominado O ??GIO NO BRASIL, s??o tratadas as formas de registro e manuten????o do ??gio como ativo no ambiente brasileiro, quando no estudo, s??o inclu??dos exemplos de sua contabiliza????o. Finalizando o presente estudo, s??o apresentadas as conclus??es sobre o tema.

The master´s thesis focuses on excluding certain asset groups by IFRS and czech accounting legislation. The target of the thesis is the charecteristics of assets, there dispence, awards, managment from the point of view of mentioned systems as described by the czech accounting legislation and international accounting standards. In the master´s thesis i compare systems and pointing out the mostsignificant differences in reporting and then application to the selected entity.

The study deals with the accounting for real estate in the group of existing companies. Particular passages are devoted to defining real estate, the initial and follow-up valuation of real estate. Applying standards are IFRS, Czech accounting standards and Czech tax regulations. The study also compares these standards.

The thesis deals with the valuation of the Ferring-Léčiva, a.s.. The estimated value of the company refers to April 1, 2012. Financial analysis of the company, analysis of the macroeconomic environment and industry analysis are applied in the process of valuation. The methods which are applied for the company valuation are free cash flow to the firm and free cash flow to the equity. Both methods are applied with two-stage model. After delivery of the statement of the enterprise value the attention is focused on the comparison with the method based on the accounting property of the company which is based on difference of the total assets and liabilities of the firm.

The primary aim of a Performance Management System is the development of a process where goals are set based on the needs of the organisation, while taking the development needs of the individual into account. These goals are negotiated and finalised through a continuous process of communication between all interested parties. In Higher Education, students, other internal clients, managers/supervisors and functional experts evaluate performances against these set goals. A well-designed system, if applied correctly, will benefit employees at various levels. Individuals become involved in setting goals or objectives; this in turn becomes the basis of a performance agreement. Performance feedback is regularly given and in terms of specific scoreboards, these scoreboards, in turn, indicated to which extent the performance goals were met or not. Over-achievers are rewarded accordingly while individuals, who do not meet their performance goals, are assisted and development programmes are suggested to improve relevant performance. Higher Education Institutions, particularly in South Africa, have been very unenthusiastic in adopting and implementing Performance Management Systems, especially when it involves management and appraisal of academic staff at institutions of higher learning. A possible reason for this reluctance may be found with the high opinion placed on the concept of 'academic freedom', and specifically, the difficulties associated with 'measuring' excellence in academic outputs and pursuits, and 'measuring intellectual property'. The goal of this study is to address and solve the stated problem and to evaluate Performance Management Systems currently used in Higher Education, in an attempt to measure their contribution to the Human Resource Management process. This research study was undertaken with the aim of investigating current levels of satisfaction with Performance Management as applied to Higher Education Institutions. The Balanced Scorecard, a Management Accounting tool, was also examined with the idea of serving as a tool to measure the viability of Performance Management of academia in Higher Education Institutions. This research study formulated one main objective, and four secondary objectives. The main objective of this study was to determine, with Management Accounting as a tool, the viability of Performance Management for the academia in Higher Education in South Africa. The secondary objectives were summarised as follows: • A review of Performance Management Systems, • A comprehensive study of Performance Management Systems for academia in South Africa, • The impact of Performance Management on academic staff performance, and staff development, • An investigation into the Balanced Scorecard as a Management Accounting tool. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, and from the literature it became evident that Performance Management of academia in Higher Education Institutions is problematic. A questionnaire circulated to the academia of four Higher Education Institutions served as basis for the empirical section of this study. The empirical evidence gathered through the responses captured from the questionnaires suggested first hand that there is great dissatisfaction amongst academia regarding the Performance Management as applied to them. In this case the findings gathered from the empirical study corresponded with the findings from the literature review conducted for this study. Evidence gathered through the responses from the questionnaires suggested great dissatisfaction with the current Performance Management System and that academia is eager to investigate alternative methods of implementing Performance Management . The findings also suggested that the Balanced Scorecard, a Management Accounting tool, should be investigated further in an attempt to find an alternative method of Performance Management The findings of this study also identified areas for future possible research; there is a need for more extensive research studies to validate the use of the Balanced Scoreboard, a Management Accounting tool, as an alternative to the Performance Management Systems currently applied.
Thesis (Ph.D. (Management Accounting))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.

Ekonomikos nuosmukio sąlygomis kiekvienai įmonei labai svarbu teisingas investavimo sprendimas, efektyviai valdyti ilgalaikį materialųjį turtą, disponuoti teisingai ir laiku pateikiama apskaitos informacija, leidžiančia atspindėti organizacijos finansinius rezultatus. Ilgalaikį materialųjį turtą turi ir naudoja visos įmonės. Daugelyje įmonių šis turtas sudaro didžiąją dalį disponuojamo turto. Todėl ilgalaikio materialiojo turto apskaita ir analizė yra labai aktuali tema magistro baigiamajam darbui. Siekiant pateikti tikslią ir teisingą informaciją apie įmonės būklę ir jos veiklos rezultatus įmonės finansininkams ir vadovams svarbu pasirinkti tinkamiausius ilgalaikio materialiojo turto įtraukimo į apskaitą ir nusidėvėjimo būdus. Pagrindinė ilgalaikio materialiojo turto apskaitos problema nagrinėjama darbe yra ta, kad neteisingai suprasti įstatymai ar jų prieštaravimas iškreipia finansinius rezultatus, kas leidžia apgauti finansinių ataskaitų vartotojus. Tyrimo objektas: Ilgalaikio materialiojo turto apskaita ir analizė UAB „Skuodo šiluma“. Darbo tikslas. Ištirti teorinius ir praktinius ilgalaikio materialiojo turto apskaitos principus, analizės klausimus ir pateikti pasiūlymus kaip efektyviau, atskleisti ilgalaikio materialiojo turto panaudojimo rezervus. Darbe iškeltos hipotezės: tinkamai pasirinkta ilgalaikio materialiojo turto apskaitos metodika turi didelį poveikį įmonės veiklos rezultatams; UAB „Skuodo šiluma“ racionaliai valdo ilgalaikį materialųjį turtą, o tai turi... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
In the conditions of economic depression it is very important for each organization to make correct decisions regarding financing and investments, to effectively manage the assets, and to command the timely and correct accounting information that allows reflecting financial results of the organization. Tangible assets are used and the total businesses. In many companies, this property makes up most of the available assets. Therefore, fixed assets accounting and analysis is a very hot topic master thesis. In order to provide accurate and truthful information about the company's status and performance of the company accountants and managers is important to choose the most appropriate long-term tangible assets in the accounting and depreciation methods. The main tangible fixed assets accounting issue discussed in the paper is that it misunderstood the law or conflict distorts financial results, which makes it possible to deceive financial statement users. The object of research: tangible asset accounting and analysis of JSC "Skuodas siluma“ Objective. To investigate the theoretical and practical aspects of fixed asset accounting principles, analysis of issues and make proposals on how better to reveal the use of property, plant and reserves. Hypothesis: the proper choice of fixed asset accounting methodology has a significant impact on the performance of companies JSC "Skuodas siluma" rationally manage fixed assets, which has a positive impact on overall company performance. The... [to full text]

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Accounting applied to the public sector in Brazil is being elevated to a new level, through convergence to international standards. This convergence process in the public sector has as objective the adoption of IPSAS (International Public Sector Accounting). From this process was rescued in the Brazilian public sector the focus on patrimony, which made possible the introduction of new accounting procedures of the asset, such as revaluation decrease in recoverable value (impairment) and depreciation. Therefore, the present research aimed to analyze the impact on fixed assets of the city of Santa B??rbara D'oeste, due to the adoption of international standards. The methodology used was the action research, where we sought to perform procedures for the initial evaluation of the fixed assets of the city, due to the adoption of new accounting standards. The data was collected from the asset management system. To start the analysis of the fixed assets, there was the need of some items that did not meet the criteria for assets. Giving progress in the analysis were defined the life and the residual value of each of the fixed assets account group. Passing finally for the initial assessment process of fixed assets through market research, were later identified the existence of goods with nominal values very underestimated. As a result, one can consider that the situation problem and the overall objective of this work has been achieved, since through the involvement of the researcher and the commission of public employees in this research were demonstrated the impact on fixed assets of the city due to the convergence to international standards. In general it was found that the Liquid Asset was reduced and the Fixed Assets increased. In addition, could be identified several particularities involving the permanent assets of the public sector, due to the budget focus, such as the lack of registration of assets, assets that should not be registered and assets under or overvalued.
A Contabilidade Aplicada ao Setor P??blico no Brasil est?? sendo elevada a um novo n??vel por meio da converg??ncia aos padr??es internacionais. Este processo de converg??ncia tem como objetivo a ado????o das IPSAS (International Public Sector Accounting). A partir desse processo foi resgatado no setor p??blico brasileiro o foco patrimonial que possibilitou a introdu????o de novos procedimentos de contabiliza????o do ativo, tais como reavalia????o, redu????o ao valor recuper??vel (impairment) e deprecia????o. Sendo assim, a presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar o impacto no ativo imobilizado da C??mara Municipal de Santa B??rbara D???Oeste, em raz??o da ado????o das normas internacionais. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa-a????o, onde buscou-se realizar os procedimentos para a avalia????o inicial do ativo imobilizado da C??mara Municipal, em virtude da ado????o das novas normas cont??beis. Os dados foram coletados a partir do sistema de patrim??nio. Ao iniciar a an??lise do ativo imobilizado, verificou-se a necessidade da baixa de alguns itens que n??o atendiam ao crit??rio de ativo. Durante o progresso da an??lise foram definidas a vida ??til e o valor residual de cada grupo de conta do ativo imobilizado. Posteriormente foi identificada a exist??ncia de bens com valores irris??rios, passando finalmente para o processo de avali????o inicial do ativo imobilizado, atrav??s da pesquisa de mercado. Como resultado, pode-se considerar que a situa????o problema e o objetivo geral deste trabalho foram alcan??ados uma vez que, atrav??s do envolvimento do pesquisador e da comiss??o de servidores nessa pesquisa, foram demonstrados os impactos no ativo imobilizado da C??mara Municipal em consequ??ncia da converg??ncia aos padr??es internacionais. Verificou-se que os bens m??veis sofreram uma redu????o e o bem im??vel um aumento. Al??m disso, foram identificadas v??rias particularidades que envolvem o ativo imobilizado do setor p??blico, em virtude do foco or??ament??rio, como por exemplo a falta de registro de bens que n??o deviam mais estar registrados e bens sub ou superavaliados.

Abstract

Title: The Swedish real estate companies choices of valuation within investment properties and its further effects on the qualitative characteristics of accounting.

-A study of the Swedish real estate companies listed and non - listed on the stock market, after the application of the international rule board.

Background and Problem: From January 2005, all companies, listed on a stock market within the European Union, are required to prepare their consolidated accounts using common set of International Accounting Standards, IAS/IFRS. In Sweden, this opportunity has also been given to non-listed companies, to voluntary implement these rules in their consolidated accounts. One difference between Swedish accounting rules and contemporary International rules, deals with the accounting treatment of investment properties, which foremost affects the real estate market’s accounts. In contrast to the Swedish Financial Accounting Standards Council’s recommendation RR 24, the new standard, IAS 40, permits a choice between different accounting alternatives. Investment properties can either be measured according to the Fair value model or the Cost model. By applying the Fair value model, enterprises get the opportunity to allow internal or external valuers to implement the valuation. Furthermore they can also choose if the fair value should be determined by market price/value or cash flow analysis. Difficulties concerned with the fair value model are that the market value has the tendency to follow inflation-developments and there is a high level of uncertainty in the valuation process. This combined with increased choices, can have negative effects on the qualitative characteristics of accounting; relevance, reliability, comparability and consistency. The International Standards has been implemented in Swedish companies and the first indications of the real estate companies’ choices regarding investment properties can be found in their published consolidated accounts for year 2004, as well as in the semi-annual reports for 2005. Therefore interests arose to find out if it exist any uniform accounting of investment properties among listed as well as non- listed Swedish real estate companies. Has a practice has occurred? and how has the quality of the real estate market’s accounting information been affected by IAS 40 and fair value?

Purpose: The purpose of this study has been to state the choices the real estate companies, listed and non- listed, on the stock market, have made in compliance with accounting of investment properties, concerning the principles of valuation, valuers and the basis of valuation. On the basis of this, the possible causes of these choices and the further effects on the qualitative characteristics of the accounting; relevance, reliability, comparability and consistency, has been analyzed with independent auditors perspective on the subject.

Method: This study has been carried out partly with a quantitative study of the real estate companies’ financial reports and partly with a qualitative study consisted of interviews with independent auditors.

Result and Conclusion: All of the listed Swedish real estates companies have through cooperation chosen the Fair value model, mainly because the component depreciation is considered being a poor alternative. The majority have chosen both internal and external valuers to make the valuations. Through this combination companies can achieve better valuations as well as control and quality safety. All have chosen the cash flow analysis as the basis of valuation. This choice is due to the lack of a transparent market value. Only four of the non- listed Swedish real estate companies in this study, have chosen the fair value model. Due to their size and some loans listed on the market, these companies gain more by being comparable with the listed companies. The qualitative characteristic relevance is considered most beneficial, where reliability is considered least. Comparability and consistency are also considered beneficial, but there are some conditions to be considered for them in order to benefit more in the future. The conclusion can be drawn that there exist a uniform accounting of investment property only amongst listed Swedish real estate companies. Thereby a practice has occurred only amongst them. Since three out of four qualitative characteristics of accounting are considered being beneficial, the conclusion can be drawn that fair value measures have a positive effect on the Swedish real estates market companies’ accounts.

Bakgrund och problem: Alla bolag noterade på en reglerad marknad inom den Europeiska Unionen skall från och med januari 2005 tillämpa gemensamma redovisningsregler, IAS/IFRS standarder, vid upprättandet av koncernredovisningen. I Sverige har även onoterade bolag fått möjligheten att frivilligt tillämpa dessa regler i koncernredovisningen. En skillnad som förekommer mellan tidigare svenskt och ny internationellt regelverk berör redovisningen av förvaltningsfastigheter, vilket framför allt påverkar fastighetsbranschens redovisning. I motsatts till redovisningsrådets rekommendation RR 24 beviljar den nya standarden IAS 40 val mellan olika redovisningssätt. Förvaltningsfastigheter kan antingen redovisas till verkligt värde eller till anskaffningsvärde med komponentavskrivningar. Vid förstnämnda valet får bolagen vidare välja att låta interna eller externa värderingsmän utföra värderingen. Dessutom får de välja värderingsunderlag, där alternativen utgörs av antingen marknadsvärde eller andra värderingsmetoder som kassaflödesmodeller. Problemen med verkligt värde är att marknadsvärdet tenderar att följa inflationsutvecklingen och osäkerheten i värderingarna är stora. Detta i kombination med utökade valmöjligheter kan i sin tur vara skadligt för redovisningens kvalitativa egenskaper, relevans, tillförlitlighet, jämförbarhet och begriplighet. Eftersom IAS/IFRS reglerna redan har trätt i kraft finns de första indikationerna på vilka faktiska val svenska fastighetsbolag har gjort gällande redovisningen av förvaltningsfastigheter i bolagens publicerade koncernredovisningar för år 2004 samt i delårsrapporterna för 2005. Härigenom har intresset väckts berörande om det förekommer en enhetlig redovisning av förvaltningsfastigheter bland svenska noterade respektive onoterade fastighetsbolag? Har en praxis uppkommit, och Hur har kvaliteten av fastighetsbranschens redovisningsinformation påverkats av övergången till IAS 40 och framförallt av införandet av verkligt värde i redovisningen?

Syfte: Syftet med denna undersökning har varit att, efter implementeringen av de internationella reglerna i koncernredovisningen år 2005, undersöka vilka val noterade respektive onoterade svenska fastighetsbolag har gjort vid redovisningen av förvaltningsfastigheter gällande värderingsprincip, värderingsmän och värderingsunderlag. Utifrån detta har sedan de möjliga bakomliggande orsakerna till dessa val samt effekterna på redovisningsinformationens kvalitativa egenskaper, tillförlitlighet, relevans, jämförbarhet och begriplighet undersökts med utgångspunkt från oberoende kunniga revisorers perspektiv.

Metod: Denna studie grundar sig på dels en kvantitativ och dels en kvalitativ undersökning. Den förstnämnda kommer i uttryck genom en granskning av fastighetsföretagens finansiella rapporter och den sistnämnda genom intervjuer med ett antal oberoende revisorer med expertis inom området.

Resultat och slutsatser: Samtliga noterade bolag har genom samarbete valt att redovisa sina förvaltningsfastigheter till verkligt värde. Anledning har framförallt varit att alternativet med komponent avskrivningar är för dåligt. Majoriteten av dessa bolag har även valt att låta både interna och externa värderingsmän utföra värderingen. Genom denna kombination uppnås bättre värderingar, kontroll och trovärdighet. Som värderingsunderlag har samtliga valt kassaflödesmodeller, vilket kan förklaras med att det sker för få transaktioner på marknaden som försvårar den direkta avläsningen av marknadsvärdet. Bland de onoterade bolagen i studien har endast fyra bolag, valt att efterfölja de noterade bolagens handlingar. På grund av deras storlek och marknadsnoterade lån vinner dessa bolag på att bli jämförbara med de noterade bolagen. Resterande onoterade bolag antingen avvaktar eller missgynnas av att byta regelverk. Av de kvalitativa kraven gynnas relevansen mest och tillförlitligheten gynnas minst, Även jämförbarheten och begripligheten blir bättre av redovisningsalternativet verkligt värde men det finns förutsättningar till att dessa gynnas mer i framtiden. Av noterade bolagens enhetliga val och onoterade bolagens varierande val kan slutsatsen dras att det förekommer en praxis endast bland de noterade svenska fastighetsbolagen. Eftersom tre av fyra kvalitativa krav gynnas kan även slutsatsen dras att kvaliteten av den svenska fastighetsbranschens redovisning blir bättre med införandet av verkligt värde.

The diploma thesis focuses on comparison of selected economic phenomenon in various accounting systems. Examined systems are IFRS, US GAAP and Czech accounting legislation. Thesis examines long-lived assets (Property, Plant and Equipment), leasing and accruals. It contains a comparison of reporting rules of these accounting areas and the assessment of impacts caused by the different approaches of the examined systems.

Property rights are the backbone of Western Civilization. Capitalism can only be successful if individuals feel secure about the ownership of their assets. Patents are the property rights granted to the inventor by the government. Without these rights, inventors will find it extremely difficult monetizing their contributions to society. Thus, in an effort to incentivize innovation and commit society to human progress, our Founding Fathers built our country on a strong set of intellectual property rights. At the same time, nothing impedes innovation like a monopoly and, in essence, all a patent amounts to is a monopoly, the right to exclude others from monetizing a specific innovation over an extended period of time. Hence, at the margin, patents increase the incentive to create new patentable knowledge, while simultaneously also stifling the dissemination of that knowledge. A good patent system strikes the right balance between innovation and a government-granted, anti-competitive monopoly. After a 20-year period of an unprecedentedly pro-patent environment in the United States, the value of patents has never been higher. Patents, as opposed to their intended use of incentivizing innovation, are now seen as a form of protection against litigation, and also a weapon to litigate patent infringements to extract license fees and royalty payments from companies who are supposedly in violation of these patents. The pendulum has swung, and patents are now stifling innovation to an extent not conceived of by our Founding Fathers. This thesis will explore the reasons for the extreme increase in the value of patents over the years and will attempt to propose a plan of action to swing the pendulum back where our Founding Fathers originally intended it to be.

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This thesis identifies, exposes and analyzes some aspects concerning the Sport Societies Accounting, markedly regarding the recognition and disclosure of the value that comes from the right of using the athletes in the Accountings Demonstrations of the soccer clubs after the changes promoted by the Law 9615 of March 24th, 1998 - known as Pel?? Law. The work was carried out as an exploratory study, through bibliographical revision on the subject, documentary research in primary sources and interviews with the person responsible for making the Sport Club Corinthians Paulista??s Accountings Demonstrations. The result shows a critical analysis of the quality of the information from the clubs?? Accounting Demonstrations in the current period, and suggests a model of quantification and disclosure of the economic value that comes from the Intangible Asset of the previously mentioned right of using the athletes as part of the club, as a way to supply the managers with information on the viability of purchasing an athlete or keeping him in the club staff.
Esta disserta????o identifica, exp??e e analisa alguns aspectos relativos ?? Contabilidade das Sociedades Desportivas, notadamente em rela????o ?? quest??o do reconhecimento e evidencia????o nas Demonstra????es Cont??beis dos clubes de futebol do valor decorrente do direito de utiliza????o dos atletas por conta das altera????es promovidas pela Lei 9615 de 24 de mar??o de 1998 - conhecida como Lei Pel??. O trabalho foi realizado a partir de um estudo explorat??rio e de pesquisa documental em fontes prim??rias, utilizando-se de pesquisa bibliogr??fica e entrevista realizada com o respons??vel pela elabora????o das Demonstra????es Cont??beis do Sport Club Corinthians Paulista. Como resultado, apresenta uma an??lise cr??tica a respeito do est??gio atual da qualidade informativa das Demonstra????es Cont??beis dos clubes e prop??e um modelo de mensura????o e evidencia????o do valor econ??mico relativo ao Ativo Intang??vel decorrente do valor proveniente do direito de utiliza????o do atleta por parte do clube, como forma de fornecer informa????es aos gestores no tocante ?? viabilidade da aquisi????o de um atleta ou ?? sua manuten????o nos quadros do clube.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2009
Title from PDF (viewed on 19 August 2009) Department of Accounting Includes abstract Includes bibliographical references Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center

Diploma thesis focuses on property and economic crimes in the Czech Republic. There are presented selected property and economic crimes which are associated with accounting and in where accounting plays a role. The first part of the thesis presents basic definitions related to crimes according to criminal law. There are introduced definitions as a criminal act, facts of the case, subjects of criminal proceedings and stages of criminal proceedings. The second part of the thesis deals with accounting and its application in an investigation process. This part emphasizes connection between accounting and evidence check. The third part is focused on an analysis of property and economic crimes in the Czech Republic, referring to the recent studies concerning this issue. This part describes property offenses and economic crimes that can be associated with accounting. The final part of the thesis analyses selected property and economic crimes based on judicature of the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic.

Mestrado em Ciências Empresariais
A integração dos mercados financeiros cresceu nas últimas décadas, fato que contribuiu para a aproximação dos países e para a criação de meios contabilísticos mais harmoniosos. No entanto, os temas relacionados com as normas internacionais ainda são muito controversos e escassos, principalmente no que diz respeito à adoção do método do custo histórico ou do justo valor para mensuração de ativos ou passivos das empresas. Assim, o presente trabalho procurou investigar o método de mensuração mais adotado para as propriedades de investimentos nas companhias cotadas pertencentes ao Brasil e Portugal, bem como os fatores que influenciam esta escolha. Para tal, analisou-se uma amostra composta por 36 empresas brasileiras e 23 empresas portuguesas. A análise foi feita a partir das demonstrações financeiras referentes ao ano de 2015. Como resultados, observou-se que 55,6% das empresas brasileiras optaram pelo método do justo valor, ao passo que 56,5% das empresas portuguesas optaram pelo método do custo histórico. Quanto às variáveis independentes analisadas (dimensão, endividamento, governo das sociedades, tipo de auditor, a relevância da propriedade de investimento sobre o ativo total, a rentabilidade e o país), observou-se uma tendência de as empresas com maior relevância das propriedades de investimento sobre o ativo total adotarem o justo valor, contudo sem associações estatisticamente significativas em nenhuma das variáveis. Assim, conclui-se que não há a predominância de um único método para a mensuração das propriedades de investimentos em empresas cotadas no Brasil e em Portugal, bem como não se identificaram fatores associados à decisão contabilística.
The integration of financial markets has grown exponentially in recent decades, a fact that has contributed to the approximation of countries and, consequently, to the creation of more harmonious accounting means. However, issues related to international standards are still very controversial and scarce, especially regarding the adoption of the cost or fair value method for measuring the assets or liabilities of companies. Thus, the present work investigates the method of measurement most adopted, as well as the factors that influence this choice. So that, it analyzes a sample composed of 36 Brazilian companies and 23 Portuguese companies. The analysis was made based on the financial statements for the year 2015. As a result, it was observed that 55.6% of Brazilian companies opted for the fair value method, while 56.5% of Portuguese companies opted for the historical cost. Regarding the independent variables analyzed (size, leverage, corporate governance, type of audit, the relevance of the weight of investment property over total assets, profitability and country) a tendency of companies with greater relevance of the investment on the total asset to adopt the fair value, but without statistically significant correlations. Thus, we were not able to conclude that there is a predominance of a single method for measuring investments property in companies listed in Brazil and Portugal, as well as it was not possible to identify factors that influence such accounting choice.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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This dissertation deals with the perception of managers of a company's line of beverages in the city of S??o Paulo on the importance of identifying, structuring and use the potential of intellectual capital in the strategic context of the organization. From the methodological point of view, the development of research had two stages. At first, exploratory, literature raises the theoretical framework on the topic searched. In the second phase, the data collection was done by means of a questionnaire with Likert scale. The results were descriptive and quantitative statistical treatment. The results show that 69% of the subjects agree that the valuation of Intellectual Capital has a clear alignment with the strategy of the organization, its mission, vision and goals. Emphasized that 93% of respondents agree that human capital, which represents the accumulated value of investments in training, competence and future of an employee, is the focus of all areas of activity of the company. With regard to practice management of intellectual capital adopted by the company, the survey revealed unanimity on all those that are based on knowledge. As for accountability for the management of intellectual capital, the respondents are positions that the management of intellectual capital is not an exclusive award alongside other areas of expertise, but noted it is an index of 29% of respondents disagree about the responsibility for managing the intellectual capital lie in the area of control, compared to only 13% rate of disagreement in relation to the area of Human Resources have the same assignment. It is therefore the responsibility for that task, in view of respondents, is divided between Human Resources and Controlling.
Esta disserta????o trata da percep????o dos gestores de uma empresa do ramo de bebidas da cidade de S??o Paulo sobre a import??ncia da identifica????o, estrutura????o e utiliza????o do potencial do capital intelectual no contexto estrat??gico da organiza????o. Do ponto de vista metodol??gico, a elabora????o da pesquisa teve duas etapas. Na primeira, explorat??ria, pesquisa bibliogr??fica levanta o referencial te??rico relativo ao tema pesquisado. Na segunda fase, a coleta de dados foi feita por meio de question??rio com escala Likert. Os resultados obtidos tiveram tratamento estat??stico descritivo-quantitativo. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que 69% dos sujeitos concordam que a valoriza????o do Capital Intelectual tem um claro alinhamento com a estrat??gia da organiza????o, sua miss??o, vis??o e seus objetivos. Ressalte-se que 93% dos respondentes concordam que o capital humano, que representa o valor acumulado de investimentos em treinamento, compet??ncia e futuro de um funcion??rio, ?? foco de todas as ??reas de atua????o da empresa. No que se refere ??s pr??ticas de gest??o de capital intelectual adotadas pela empresa, a pesquisa revelou unanimidade em rela????o a todas aquelas que t??m como base o conhecimento. Quanto ?? responsabiliza????o pela gest??o do capital intelectual, os respondentes se posicionaram no sentido de que a ger??ncia do capital intelectual n??o ?? uma atribui????o exclusivista, coexistindo com outras ??reas de atua????o, mas notou-se um ??ndice de 29% de discord??ncia dos respondentes a respeito da responsabilidade pela gest??o do capital intelectual recair na ??rea de controladoria, comparado ao ??ndice de apenas 13% de discord??ncia em rela????o ?? ??rea de Recursos Humanos ter essa mesma atribui????o. Infere-se, portanto, que a responsabilidade por essa tarefa, na vis??o dos respondentes, divide-se entre Recursos Humanos e Controladoria

Orientador: Andre Munhoz de Argollo Ferrão
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo identificar, através de suas paisagens culturais, a arquitetura característica das propriedades rurais de sete fazendas históricas na região de Limeira, formadas a partir do século XIX, localizadas atualmente em quatro municípios, Limeira, Cordeirópolis, Iracemápolis e Santa Gertrudes, pertencentes à Bacia Hidrográfica dos Rios Piracicaba, Jundiaí e Capivari. Estas fazendas formam o conjunto de "Fazendas Históricas" do programa turístico da Prefeitura Municipal de Limeira. Para reconhecimento do território pesquisado utiliza-se o Método de Pesquisa Orientada a Processos (Método POP), proposto por Argollo Ferrão (2004), baseado na visão de processos, para compreensão da ocupação territorial destas fazendas. Para a análise destas propriedades, utiliza-se tabelas, mapas, fotos e levantamentos de campo, que permitem identificar a arquitetura rural no processo de desenvolvimento agrícola. Esta caracterização "arquitetônicaruralista" contribui para o reconhecimento da região como área destinada à preservação de "paisagens culturais". Com base em estudo realizado para conhecimento da arquitetura remanescente de cada fazenda, realiza-se uma avaliação sobre a ordenação e ocupação deste território rural, facilitando a apreensão dos componentes existentes nos espaços das fazendas, hoje explorados pelo turismo ecológico
Abstract: This research has for objective to identify, through its cultural landscapes, the characteristic architecture of the country properties of seven historical farms in the region of Limeira, formed from century XIX, located currently in four cities, Limeira, Cordeirópolis, Iracemápolis and Santa Gertrudes, pertaining to the Hidrográfica Basin of Rios Piracicaba, Jundiaí and Capivari. These farms form the set of "Historical Farms" of the tourist program of the Municipal City hall of Limeira. For recognition of the searched territory the Method of Guided Research is used the Processes (Method POP), considered for Argollo Sting (2004), based in the vision of processes, for understanding of the territorial occupation of these farms. For the analysis of these properties, one uses tables, maps, photos and surveys of field, that allow to identify the agricultural architecture in the process of agricultural development. This characterization "architectural-ruralista" contributes for the recognition of the region as area destined to the preservation of "cultural landscapes". On the basis of study carried through for knowledge of the remaining architecture of each farm, one becomes fullfilled an evaluation on the ordinance and occupation of this agricultural territory, facilitating the apprehension of the existing components in the spaces of the farms, today explored for the ecological tourism
Mestrado
Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

This diploma thesis is about long-lived assets. The primary objective is to create the comprehensive view regarding specifics of initial measurement of production, plant and equipment and measurement of subsequent costs in accordance with IFRS in comparison of U. S. GAAP and czech accounting legislation. Specifics of measurement are based on kinds of acquisition. The diploma thesis is divided into three main sections. Features of long-lived asset according to IFRS, U. S. GAAP and czech accounting legislation are in the first section. The second section contains initial measurements of production, plant and equipment depended on types of acquisition primary in accordance with IFRS in comparison of U. S. GAAP and czech accounting legislation, one by one. The third section comprises measurement of subsequent costs.

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For the Brazilian accounting, it can be said that the year 20 10 was a real tuming point. Wi th the advent of the imple menta tion of intema tional accounting standard s, IFRS, accounting Brazi lia n, we noted that this adoption has raised the leveI of quality and compa rab ili ty of financ ia I statements of domestic compa nies. Th e change in accounting rules-based to principles-based accounting increased the degree of ju dgment required by the heads of the financiaI statemen ts. Wi th this new reality is natural that prof essionals responsibie fo r maintaining and publishing the financiai statements are still in a ie aming curve of this new culture . In this scenari o, the ob je ctive of this work is to investigate and analyze the process of convergence with Intemational Accounting Standard s, more specifically the adoption of deemed cost (CPC 27) fo r Property, Piant and Equipment.
Para a contabilidade brasileira o ano de 2010 foi um verdadeiro divisor de águas. O advento da implementação das normas internacionais de contabilidade, padrão IFRS, na contabilidade brasileira, evidencia que essa adoção elevou o grau de qualidade e comparabilidade das demonstrações financeiras das companhias nacionais. A mudança de uma contabilidade baseada em regras para uma contabilidade baseada em princípios aumentou o grau de julgamento exigido pelos responsáveis das demonstrações contábeis. Com essa nova realidade é natural que os profissionais responsáveis pela manutenção e publicação das demonstrações financeiras estejam ainda numa curva de aprendizado dessa nova cultura. Nesse cenário, o objetivo deste trabalho é investigar e analisar o processo de convergência às Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade, mais especificamente à adoção do custo atribuído (CPC 27) do Ativo Imobilizado.

Au-delà des simples données chiffrées, l'étude du financement du service public intègre une double perspective. D'un côté, l'idéologie et le droit du service public ont eu un effet structurant sur son organisation financière. De l'autre, et par une sorte de choc en retour, les nécessités d'un financement adéquat du service public ont redessiné certains des principes de l'organisation administrative. L'analyse se concentre ainsi sur le processus de fertilisation croisée entre le droit du service public et les finances publiques. Reste que cette étude est potentiellement perturbée par un principe de séparation de la légalité administrative ordinaire et de la légalité budgétaire. Le constat peut toutefois être dépassé en considérant que le financement n'est pas qu'une donnée budgétaire, mais aussi un fait économique. À ce titre, sa prise en compte a été accentuée par l'augmentation de la pénétration de l'analyse et des théories économiques en droit des services publics. L'étude se propose ainsi d'appréhender dans quelle mesure ces règles se sont adaptées aux besoins de financement du service public
Beyond financials datas, the study of public services financing deploys two different dimensions. On one hand, the public services ideology and law have framed its financial organization. On the other hand, by a sort of return shock, financial liabilities have redesigned such well established principles of public services. So, analysis leads to focus on interrelations between public finance and public services law. Moreover, the study could be disturbed by the assumption of administrative and budgetary law separation. This affirmation could be outpassed if it's considered that funding operations are economical facts. By the way, the growing influence of finance inclusion on public service law has been highlited by penetration of economic theory in law. The study put forward to admit the adaptation ability of adminstrative law to attract private investors from contracts law to public property law

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In the last few years, Brazil has undergone a profound change in the way companies are pro-vided with access to capital markets; this has required greater transparency in the preparation of financial statements and disclosure of accounts. Recent scandals in the history of the finan-cial markets that have involved the practice of accounting choices for the purpose of managing results, require users of this information to be increasingly well prepared. This study seeks to analyze the existence of evidence of management practices in the results of financial state-ments of Brazilian construction companies listed in the BM & FBovespa in the period 2000-2012. The approach adopted for the detection of results management was based on the specif-ic accruals used for panel data methods with the development and employment of a particular model that follows the pattern of the Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM). The re-search revealed that the financial statements published by the Brazilian building constructors for the years 2003-2006 and 2009-2010, show signs of results management with the use of the liquid variable for the amount of real estate sold. The results also suggest that large-sized Bra-zilian building constructors tend to manage their results more than small-sized firms. On the basis of the findings of this research, it is clear that information is not being disclosed that allows an assessment of the quality and performance of companies. There is thus a need for a reform of financial disclosure policies with regard to factors linked to revenue recognition and measurement and in particular, the total budgeted costs of work performed (POC) and the scheduled completion percentage
Nos ??ltimos anos o Brasil passou por uma evolu????o no acesso de companhias ao mercado de capitais, exigindo maior transpar??ncia na elabora????o e divulga????o de informa????es cont??beis. Esc??ndalos recentes na hist??ria do mercado financeiro, envolvendo a pr??tica de escolhas cont??beis com objetivo de gerenciar resultados, exige que os usu??rios destas informa????es estejam cada vez mais preparados. Este estudo buscou analisar a exist??ncia de evid??ncias de pr??ticas de gerenciamento de resultados nas demonstra????es financeiras de construtoras brasileiras listadas na BM&FBovespa no per??odo de 2000 ?? 2012. A abordagem adotada para a identifica????o do gerenciamento de resultados foi de acumula????es espec??ficas (specifc accruals), utilizando a t??cnica de dados em painel com o desenvolvimento e aplica????o de modelo especifico seguindo a abordagem dos Modelos Lineares Generalizados Mistos. A pesquisa revelou que as demonstra????es financeiras publicadas pelas construtoras brasileiras nos anos de 2003 ?? 2006, 2009 e 2010 apresentam ind??cios de gerenciamento de resultado com a utiliza????o da vari??vel Receita l??quida de im??veis vendidos. Os resultados tamb??m apontam que as construtoras brasileiras de maior porte tendem a gerenciar seus resultados mais que as construtoras de menor porte. Com as descobertas desta pesquisa percebe-se que informa????es que permitam avaliar a qualidade e o desempenho das companhias n??o s??o divulgadas, necessitando de uma reforma nas pol??ticas de divulga????o das demonstra????es financeiras, principalmente sobre fatores atrelados a mensura????o e reconhecimento de receitas, em especifico, o custo or??ado total de obra e o percentual de obra conclu??da - POC

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The objective of this study is to check compliance of the depreciation rates used by the companies, in conformity with the explanatory notes of property, plant and equipment included in their annual reports, with the concept of depreciation described in the Accounting Theory. The depreciation rates suggested by the Brazilian income tax regulation were utilized to compare the depreciation rates used in the balance sheets published. Based on this objective, three questions were raised: (i) is the accounting standard effective in Brazil, as regards depreciation rate, in accordance with the Accounting Theory?; (ii) is the accounting practice followed by the companies, with regard to depreciation rate, consistent with the definitions of the standard?; and (iii) did the new accounting legislation lead to the adoption of depreciation rates different from those recommended by the Tax Authorities? In order to obtain answers to the questions above, three hypotheses were corroborated, namely: (i) I the Brazilian accounting standard is in conformity with the Accounting Theory as regards the concepts of useful life of assets; (ii) II assets submitted to different conditions and systems to explore their benefits will have various economic useful lives. However, in hypothesis III, it is expected that, according to hypotheses I and II, and considering the definition of useful life of assets given by the Accounting Theory, the depreciation rates used be determined in accordance with the useful life of the asset and, therefore, be different, depending on their use and lines of business. Accordingly, for the same asset different depreciation rates will be used in different businesses, which means that not always the depreciation suggested by the Tax Authorities can be adopted as a rule. That hypothesis was refuted, based on the empirical surveys. The research adopted three methods to obtain the necessary information and data: (i) bibliographic research for the theoretical basis; (ii) documental research for surveying the standards in effect; and (iii) empirical research for surveying the data in primary sources
O objetivo deste estudo é verificar a aderência das taxas de depreciação utilizadas pelas empresas, conforme as notas explicativas de ativo imobilizado contidas em seus relatórios anuais, com o conceito de depreciação da Teoria da Contabilidade. Para comparação das taxas de depreciação utilizadas nos balanços publicados, utilizaram-se as taxas de depreciação sugeridas pela legislação brasileira de imposto de renda. Com base neste objetivo, foram levantadas três questões: (i) a norma contábil vigente no Brasil, no tocante à taxa de depreciação, está de acordo com a Teoria Contábil?; (ii) a prática contábil observada nas empresas, no tocante à taxa de depreciação, está coerente com as definições da norma?; e (iii) a nova legislação contábil levou à adoção de taxas de depreciação diferentes das recomendadas pelo Fisco? A fim de obter as respostas às questões anteriores, três hipóteses foram corroboradas, a saber: (i) I a norma brasileira de contabilidade está alinhada com a Teoria da Contabilidade no que se refere aos conceitos de vida útil do ativo; (ii) II ativos submetidos a diferentes condições e regimes de exploração de seus benefícios terão diversas vidas útil-econômicas. No entanto, na hipótese III, espera-se que, de acordo com as hipóteses I e II e considerando a definição de vida útil do ativo dada pela Teoria da Contabilidade, as taxas de depreciação utilizadas sejam estipuladas segundo a vida útil-econômica do ativo e, dessa forma, sejam diferentes conforme seu uso e em diversos ramos de negócios. Assim, para um mesmo ativo, diferentes taxas de depreciação serão utilizadas em negócios diversos, afastando-se da depreciação sugerida pelo Fisco. A referida hipótese foi refutada com base nos levantamentos empíricos. A pesquisa foi empreendida com a utilização de três métodos para obter as informações e os dados necessários: (i) pesquisa bibliográfica para a base teórica; (ii) pesquisa documental para o levantamento das normas vigentes; e (iii) pesquisa empírica para o levantamento dos dados em fonte primária

Under current GAAP principles convertible debt is valued and accounted for using an outdated practice. Only one aspect of these complex financial instruments are valued at a time resulting in flawed financial statements. Although the Accounting Principles Board agreed with this sentiment, originally proclaiming that both the debt and equity aspects be valued together, significant resistance by the public forced the Board to amend its Opinion to the current standard. In this paper three ratios that measure company performance and health will be tested against the amount of convertible debt in selected companies in the hopes that a correlation will be found that shows the impact of the current accounting method.

O Regulamento (CE) n.º 1606/2002 impôs que as empresas com títulos admitidos à cotação em mercados regulamentados da União Europeia passassem a elaborar as suas contas consolidadas, no período com início em, ou após, 1 de Janeiro de 2005, tendo por base um conjunto de normas emitidas pelo International Accounting Standard Board, facto que representou uma viragem no processo harmonizador europeu iniciado em 1978. Assim, com o objectivo de se investigarem os impactos desta nova etapa foi realizado um estudo empírico visando determinar o grau de harmonização material e a própria conformidade das contas para os anos de 2006 a 2008, tendo por base a IAS 16 – Activos Fixos Tangíveis. Neste sentido, procedeu-se à análise da informação financeira consolidada, divulgada por uma amostra de 298 empresas que integravam, em 2006, o principal índice bolsista de 15 países da UE. Para se atingirem os objectivos propostos foram utilizadas metodologias de estatística descritiva e técnicas de análise multivariada de dados, como a análise de Clusters, a Regressão Linear Múltipla, a Regressão Logística Binária, a Regressão Multinominal Logística e a metodologia HJ-Biplot. Recorreu-se, ainda, à utilização de três índices de associação, ou de concentração, o C-index, o H-index e o índice de Jaccard. A partir deste estudo concluiu-se que o grau de harmonização material face à IAS 16 não foi idêntico para todas as empresas, países ou sectores de actividade, tendo-se identificado, inclusive, algumas das suas determinantes. No que respeita ao nível de conformidade também se concluiu que este foi distinto entre empresas, países e sectores de actividade, para além de se ter constatado que o mesmo foi mais elevado no caso dos itens de divulgação obrigatória que no caso dos itens de divulgação recomendada. Por fim, também foram identificadas as áreas nas quais as empresas foram menos eficazes na divulgação da informação e foi desenvolvido um modelo explicativo do nível de conformidade observado; ABSTRACT: The Regulation 1606/2002 requires publicity listed European companies to adopt the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) in the preparation and presentation of consolidated accounts for the periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005. This was a turning point in the accounting harmonization process in Europe, initiated in 1978. In order to analyze the impacts of this new stage an empirical study was carried out to determine the level of the de facto accounting harmonization (harmonization accounting practices) for the years 2006 to 2008, based on IAS 16 – Property, Plant and Equipment. The study was based on the financial information of a sample of 298 companies considered in definition of the most important stock index of 15 EU countries in 2006. To achieve the proposed objectives, methods of descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis were used, like Cluster Analysis, Multiple Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, the Multinomial Logistic Regression, and the HJ-biplot methodology. Moreover, the C-index, the H-index and the Jaccard index were also used. The results of this study show that the level of the de facto harmonization concerning IAS 16 was not identical in all companies, countries and economic sectors in the period under study, and some of causes of this were identified. It was also concluded that the level of compliance was higher in items whose publication is obligatory than in the case of items of recommended publication. Furthermore, this study enabled the identification of the areas in which companies were less effective in disseminating information required by IAS 16. Finally, a model explaining the level of compliance was developed.

The master‘s thesis is focused on defining the differences between Czech Accounting Legislation and International Financial Reporting Standards. The theoretical part defines IAS/IFRS, its development and significance at the international level. It deals with rules and requirements that are set out in the financial reporting framework and also in IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements. The differences concerning the reporting of a paricular field of accounting are also described in the theoretical part. The practical part follows up the analysis of the selected company and application requirements of IAS/IFRS on selected items of business corporations. Thanks to the application of the requirements, a statement of financial position and a statement of comprehensive income are proposed in accordance with the rules of IAS/IFRS. Procedural steps which are necessary for the first adoption of IAS/IFRS are covered in the last chapter of the master thesis.

This diploma thesis deals with a car in a relation to accounting and tax laws. This thesis is divided into two basic parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part is concerned with a car perception in accounting and the influence of tax laws on the car perception. The theoretical part is divided into three main parts. The first part is focused on a general view of vehicles in accounting, for example, vehicle valuations, acquisitions, depreciation, valuation changes and disposals of vehicles. The other part is focused on specifications of the vehicle perception in a tax evidence of individual entrepreneurs. In the third part there are described the vehicle perception in business corporations. It is focused on a value-added tax, mainly on a value-added tax in cross-border buying and selling of vehicles. Furthermore, there are analyzed a deferred tax and issues of cars in a relation to employers and employees. In the theoretical part there is dealt with the usage of vehicles for private purposes. In the practical part there is analyzed the usages of company cars by an employee for private purposes. There is compared a rent and a free of charge usage. In this part there is also verified whether the law is followed in practice. There are stated atypical transactions. These include using grants to acquire a car, updating of a depreciation plan and disposing of a vehicle by its sale to a foreign entity.