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Books on the topic 'Accumulation (Art)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

The art of coercion: The primitive accumulation and management of coercive power. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011.

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2

Arman, Armand Pierre. Arman: Monochrome accumulations 1986-1989 : catalogue raisonné. New York, NY: Vrej Baghoomian Gallery, 1990.

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3

Accumulating culture: The collections of Emperor Huizong. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2008.

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4

Commission, Manitoba Law Reform. The trust provisions in the Perpetuities and Accumulations Act. [Winnipeg, Man.]: The Commission, 1995.

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5

1979-, Maples Amanda M., Smalligan Laura M. 1982-, Kan Michael, Vogel Susan Mullin, and Yale University Art Gallery, eds. Accumulating histories: African art from the Charles B. Benenson collection at the Yale University Art Gallery. New Haven: Yale University Art Gallery, 2012.

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6

Onions are my husband: Survival and accumulation by West African market women. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.

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7

Victoria. Parliament. Scrutiny of Acts and Regulations Committee. Review of redundant and unclear legislation: Report concerning the Maintenance Act 1965; Marriage Act 1958 and Perpetuities and Accumulation Act 1968. Melbourne: The Committee, 2004.

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8

Chettri, Mona, and Michael Eilenberg, eds. Development Zones in Asian Borderlands. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463726238.

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Development Zones in Asian Borderlands maps the nexus between global capital flows, national economic policies, infrastructural connectivity, migration, and aspirations for modernity in the borderlands of South and South-East Asia. In doing so, it demonstrates how these are transforming borderlands from remote, peripheral backyards to front-yards of economic development and state-building. Development zones encapsulate the networks, institutions, politics and processes specific to enclave development, and offer a new analytical framework for thinking about borderlands; namely, as sites of capital accumulation, territorialisation and socio-spatial changes.
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9

Uncertain Histories: Accumulation, Inaccessibility, and Doubt in Contemporary Photography. University of California Press, 2015.

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10

Giustozzi, Antonio. Art of Coercion: The Primitive Accumulation and Management of Coercive Power. Columbia University Press, 2011.

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11

Giustozzi, Antonio. Art of Coercion: The Primitive Accumulation and Management of Coercive Power. Oxford University Press, 2011.

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12

Fulton, Christopher B. Medici art collecting in fifteenth-century Florence: A study in the accumulation and display of art. 1993.

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13

Conference for Higher Education in Art and Design., Council for National Academic Awards., and South East England Consortium for Credit Transfer., eds. Credit accumulation and transfer in art and design: Report of a joint CNAA, SEEC, CHEAD seminar held on 12 June, 1987, at the City of LondonPolytechnic. [London]: Council for National Academic Awards, 1987.

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14

Jamil, Ghazala. Accumulation by Segregation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199470655.001.0001.

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Through an ethnographic exploration of everyday life infused with Marxist urbanism and critical theory, this work charts out the changes taking place in Muslim neighbourhoods in Delhi in the backdrop of rapid urbanization and capitalist globalization. It argues that there is an implicit materialist logic in prejudice and segregation experienced by Muslims. Further, it finds that different classes within Muslims are treated differentially in the discriminatory process. The resultant spatial ‘diversity’ and differentiation this gives rise to among the Muslim neighbourhoods creates an illusion of ‘choice’ but in reality, the flexibility of the confining boundaries only serve to make these stronger and shatterproof. It is asserted that while there is no attempt at integration of Muslims socially and spatially, from within the structures of urban governance, it would be a fallacy to say that the state is absent from within these segregated enclaves. The disciplinary state, neo-liberal processes of globalization, and the discursive practices such as news media, cinema, social science research, combine together to produce a hegemonic effect in which stereotyped representations are continually employed uncritically and erroneously to prevent genuine attempts at developing specific and nuanced understanding of the situation of urban Muslims in India. The book finds that the exclusion of Muslims spatially and socially is a complex process containing contradictory elements that have reduced Indian Muslims to being ‘normative’ non-citizens and homo sacer whose legal status is not an equal claim to citizenship. The book also includes an account of the way in which residents of these segregated Muslim enclaves are finding ways to build hope in their lives.
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15

MacKenzie, Judith-Anne. 19. Perpetuities and accumulations. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198748373.003.0019.

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Course-focused and comprehensive, the Textbook on series provide an accessible overview of the key areas on the law curriculum. This chapter provides a brief account of the ‘perpetuities and accumulations’ rules. It discusses future interests; the old perpetuities rules; legislative modifications before 2010; the breadth of the application of old rules; rules about the period for which income can accumulate in a trust; and the Perpetuities and Accumulations Act 2009.
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16

Levien, Michael. From Primitive Accumulation to Regimes of Dispossession. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792444.003.0003.

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In order to analyze land alienation in contemporary India, Shapan Adnan follows a theoretical approach in which mechanisms of primitive accumulation are not restricted to use of force, but include land transfer by agreement, as well as indirect mechanisms that are concerned with very different objectives. Reviewing evidence on land grabs, resistance, and workforce trends, he argues that primitive accumulation under neoliberal globalization has not been substantially followed by the absorption of the dispossessed in regular capitalist employment. Adnan puts forward a set of hypotheses to explain why the self-employed constituted at least half or more of the Indian workforce over 1999–2012. While such trends indicate a partial and short-run divergence from the classic Marxian schema of the transition to capitalism, Adnan argues that, given ongoing trends in the national and global economy, the long run outcome in India remains an open question.
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17

Clark, Gracia. Onions Are My Husband: Survival and Accumulation by West African Market Women. University Of Chicago Press, 1995.

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18

Clark, Gracia. Onions Are My Husband: Survival and Accumulation by West African Market Women. University Of Chicago Press, 1995.

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19

Bau Graves, James. Why Public Culture Fails at Diversity. Edited by Brydie-Leigh Bartleet and Lee Higgins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219505.013.18.

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Public culture in the United States fails at diversity. Due to historical circumstance, disparities in the accumulation and use of wealth, long-standing tradition, and a hundred years of governmental policies, the cultural preferences of a small and powerful minority is promoted to the virtual exclusion of all others. ‘Culture’ in the United States has been defined and represented to all Americans to exclusively mean the red-carpet ‘classical’ arts. The cultures of Blacks, Latinos, Asians—and most Whites—are not included or welcomed. So pervasive is this system of elitism, that it calls into question the legitimacy of public art practice in the United States. Is the American public cultural sector, taken as a whole—with community music a distinct component—an intrinsically racist enterprise? This chapter examines our exclusionary history and its trajectory in community arts, and offers the concept and practice of cultural democracy as an alternative.
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20

Banerjee, Arindam. Agrarian Crisis and Accumulation in Rural India. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792444.003.0005.

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This chapter focuses on the contentious issue of state-led land transfers and the role of law in mediating between corporate interests and the demands of groups dispossessed by “forcible” land acquisitions. Arguing, with Gramsci, that an important function of law-making is to participate in the organization of consent, the authors suggest that law-making in the context of land transfers in India aims to arrive at compromise equilibria between the interests of dominant and subaltern groups. From this position, the chapter scrutinizes the dialectic between grassroots-based “law-struggles” against dispossession and government law-making regulating land transfers, which eventually gave rise to the new Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (LARR) Bill. While the authors acknowledge the progressive measures contained in the act, they also suggest that it may nonetheless, in the long run, facilitate the process of neoliberal social and economic restructuring in India.
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21

Stevenson, Jane. White and Gold. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808770.003.0011.

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The question whether there were modern ways of being religious, or religious ways of being modern, was significant to a variety of writers and artists. Homosexuals were particularly drawn to Catholicism, which is strongly associated with both sacerdotalism and aesthetically rich forms of worship (though baroque and modernist tendencies do not divide straightforwardly down confessional lines). Maurice Child’s Society of Saints Peter and Paul was the principal theorist of baroque Anglicanism, Martin Travers its most distinguished practical exponent. Among Catholics, the most significant in the creation of a modern baroque aesthetic are Canon John Grey, priest and former fin-de-siècle poet, and Fr Martin D’Arcy, who persuaded Lutyens to build Campion Hall as a Jesuit house of study in Oxford and filled it with an astonishingly eclectic accumulation of art.
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22

Sekhar, Rajagopal V. HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy and Lipoatrophy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0046.

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Patients with HIV have been seen to manifest unusual changes in body habitus that constitute variable combinations of peripheral fat loss ( lipoatrophy), central fat accumulation (lipohypertrophy), and the condition known as HIV-associated lipodystrophy (HAL). Although the origins of HAL are unclear, several factors have been linked to it. Because better antiretroviral therapy (ART) drug regimens have led to increased longevity, it is possible that the natural evolution of metabolic complications of HIV is the lipodystrophic phenotype. The specific effects of antiretroviral medications have also been implicated, and the initial usage of ART in the 1990s was accompanied by multiple reports of abnormalities in body fat distribution variously termed the “protease paunch,” “crixivan belly,” among others. Other factors include immune phenomenon and effects mediated directly by the HIV virus. Despite intensive research to understand the mechanistic underpinnings of HIV lipodystrophy and lipoatrophy, the answers remain elusive.
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23

Myocardial buffering capacity & hydrogen ion accumulation during global ischemia: Are there gender differences? Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2001.

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24

Mughal, Tariq I., and Tiziano Barbui, eds. Oxford Specialist Handbook: Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198744214.001.0001.

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Our understanding of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) disorders, a group of clonal haematological malignancies characterized by excessive accumulation of one or more myeloid cell lineages, has grown considerably over the past four decades. Even more importantly is the speed at which many of these findings were translated to accord survival benefits to our patients with MPN, in particular chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), polycythaemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythaemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). This text offers a detailed evidence-based guide to MPN in an easily accessible format, structure to facilitate learning specialist information presenting core information in ‘bite size’ chunks. Each chapter summarizes the state-of-the art preclinical and clinical knowledge, and its impact on the clinical management of patients with MPN.
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25

Cupperi, Walter, Gianfranco Adornato, and Gabriella Cirucci. Beyond Art Collections: Owning and Accumulating Objects from Greek Antiquity to the Early Modern Period. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2020.

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26

Adnan, Shapan. Land Grabs, Primitive Accumulation, and Resistance in Neoliberal India. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792444.003.0004.

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This chapter critically interrogates the historical trajectories of capitalism and the resolution of the agrarian question therein. The paths of early capitalist development are not possible to replicate in developing countries, more so under contemporary globalization. However, far from the agrarian question being “dead” for these countries, it is all the more relevant within a complex of neo-liberal exploitation of developing world peasantry. The chapter studies the patterns of accumulation under neo-liberalism in Indian agriculture based on primary and secondary data. The accumulation process under agrarian crisis in India illustrates the new delineations within the peasantry and possible alliances against neo-liberalism. This chapter links the agrarian question with that of land and draws insights on the different streams of growing resistance to land acquisition in recent times.
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27

Solimano, Andres, and Diego Calderón Guajardo. The Copper Sector, Fiscal Rules, and Stabilization Funds in Chile. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0010.

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Historically Chile’s economy has been dominated by mineral products (mainly copper) as a source of exports and fiscal revenues. Copper prices and other commodity prices are often volatile. Since the 1980s the authorities have developed various mechanisms to cope with copper price shocks and dampen their effects on the business cycle. These mechanisms include a fiscal rule and a stabilization fund under a flexible exchange rate and an inflation-targeting regime. Apparently, this macro framework has been associated (causality is another matter) with reasonably good macro outcomes. However, this framework entails more discretion and less flexibility than often portrayed. (i) The mechanisms described include frequent revisions in the target fiscal surplus. (ii) Sovereign wealth funds, while defining rules for accumulating resources in good times, provide no rules for using them in bad times. (iii) They entail a possible bias towards over-accumulation of funds, with an ensuing opportunity cost.
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28

Beyond Art Collections: Owning and Accumulating Objects from Greek and Roman Antiquity to the Early Modern Period. De Gruyter, Inc., 2020.

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29

Costa, Anthony P. D’. Postscript. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792444.003.0015.

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This prelude links democracy, populism, and primitive accumulation to the land question in India. Chatterjee argues that contemporary dispossession of peasants from their land in postcolonial societies is different from the historical experiences of the early industrializers. The surplus labor, which primitive accumulation produced through dispossession was earlier politically managed by the state by venting to labor scarce, land abundant regions such as North America and Australia. Late industrializers such as India do not have this option and are instead saddled with a vast informal economy and the dispossessed lie outside the orbit of the capitalist growth economy. Here the Indian state politically manages this surplus labor by providing benefits through populist policies while at the same time facilitating dispossession, a development that not has a high political cost but the effects of primitive accumulation are reversed.
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30

Di Paolo, Ezequiel A., Thomas Buhrmann, and Xabier E. Barandiaran. Mastery: learning to act and perceive. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198786849.003.0004.

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If action and perception depend on the mastery of the laws of sensorimotor contingencies, then any theory of cognition that starts from this premise will not be complete unless it offers an explanation of how such mastery is achieved and of what exactly constitutes it. This chapter takes inspiration from Piaget’s theory of equilibration to develop an account of mastery as the progressive growth and refinement of an agent’s sensorimotor repertoire, involving processes of assimilation and accommodation. A new interpretation is provided of these Piagetian concepts in dynamical systems terms. The resulting theory holds that mastery of sensorimotor skills is both world-involving and nonrepresentational. Mastery does not consist in the accumulation of knowledge about the sensorimotor regularities that the agent is able to enact; rather, it is the ongoing process of equilibration by which the agent continuously adapts to new challenges presented to her by the world.
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31

Carico, Aaron. Black Market. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469655581.001.0001.

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On the eve of the Civil War, the estimated value of the U.S. enslaved population exceeded $3 billion--triple that of investments nationwide in factories, railroads, and banks combined, and worth more even than the South's lucrative farmland. Not only an object to be traded and used, the slave was also a kind of currency, a form of value that anchored the market itself. And this value was not destroyed in the war. Slavery still structured social relations and cultural production in the United States more than a century after it was formally abolished. As Aaron Carico reveals in Black Market, slavery’s engine of capital accumulation was preserved and transformed, and the slave commodity survived emancipation. Through both archival research and lucid readings of literature, art, and law, from the plight of the Fourteenth Amendment to the myth of the cowboy, Carico breaks open the icons of liberalism to expose the shaping influence of slavery's political economy in America after 1865. Ultimately, Black Market shows how a radically incomplete and fundamentally failed abolition enabled the emergence of a modern nation-state, in which slavery still determined--and now goes on to determine--economic, political, and cultural life.
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32

Dimova, Ralitza, Sandra Kristine Halvorsen, Milla Nyyssölä, and Kunal Sen. Long-run rural livelihood diversification in Kagera, Tanzania. 9th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/943-3.

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What drives livelihood diversification among predominantly rural households in developing countries and how can welfare-enhancing patterns be established and sustained in the long run? A large literature has focused on whether income diversification is a means of survival or a means of accumulation, but it remains inconclusive. We first examine the pattern of income diversification for a panel of households in Tanzania from the 1990s—the Kagera Health and Development Survey—with a focus on whether it is primarily driven by survivalist or accumulation motives. We then verify whether this pattern is sustained in the long run using the 2004 wave of the survey while also studying the role that infrastructural improvements and entry into new income generation activities play in the process. Our results support the accumulation hypothesis: richer households engage in more income diversification than poorer households. We also find that the greater diversification of better-off households that was observed in the 1990s persists in 2004. At the same time, households that were originally poorer are found to experience higher incomes by diversifying into off-farm self-employment activities. Factors that explain these improvements include access to a daily market and public transport.
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33

Jamil, Ghazala. Variable but Durable Marginalities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199470655.003.0003.

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This chapter describes the features of Jamia Nagar, Nizamuddin, and Taj Enclave. It takes forward the narrative of how in the overall logic of city as a vehicle of capital accumulation, segregation of Muslim population in specific neighbourhoods with their contained labour or fixed assets serves a specific purpose. In this chapter, closer attention is paid to built spaces—how discrimination in housing and real estate transaction not only maintains segregation but also aids the project of capital accumulation in favour of other spaces in the city. Muslim middle-class, educated, professionals in these areas are discovered as a specific segment of workers in the neo-liberal city. This aspirational class experiences a different kind of alienation in the city. While they push the boundaries that constrain them, they realize that these are shatterproof.
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34

Levtchenko, Elena N., and Mirian C. Janssen. Cystinosis. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0339_update_001.

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Cystinosis is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the lysosomal cystine transporter cystinosin encoded by the CTNS gene (17p.13.2). Cystinosis is characterized by lysosomal cystine accumulation throughout the body with renal Fanconi syndrome being the most common presenting symptom of a multisystem disorder. It must be distinguished from cystinuria in which formation of cystine stones is the core problem. When left untreated, kidney dysfunction gradually progresses towards end-stage renal failure during the first 10 years of life. The advent of renal replacement therapy allowed cystinosis patients to survive into adulthood, but revealed numerous extrarenal manifestations of the disease, affecting eyes, endocrine organs, gastrointestinal tract, muscles, and central and peripheral nervous systems. The disease mechanism of cystinosis is not fully understood. The administration of the cystine-depleting agent cysteamine slows down renal and extrarenal organ damage, pointing to the pivotal role of cystine accumulation in the disease pathogenesis. Treatment with cysteamine should be initiated as early as possible and continued lifelong, and also after kidney transplantation for protecting extrarenal organs. Cysteamine eye drops are an indispensable part of the treatment of corneal cystine accumulation. Life expectancy of cystinosis patients has substantially improved and is now above 50 years.
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35

Gray, Doug, Carole Proctor, and Tom Kirkwood. Biological aspects of human ageing. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0001.

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At the molecular and cellular levels human ageing is characterized by the accumulation of unrepaired random damage, and an accompanying loss of function. A major source of damage is oxidative stress caused by the generation of reactive oxygen species as a by-product of respiration. DNA and proteins are both susceptible to damage but whereas DNA damage repair systems exist, faulty proteins are generally removed by protein degradation systems. During ageing these systems become less efficient and the subsequent accumulation of damaged protein promotes protein aggregation, a process which is especially problematic in the ageing brain. Other aspects of ageing include genetic and epigenetic changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, telomere shortening, and cellular senescence, all subject to stochasticity. The complexity of the biology of ageing has led to an increase in the use of systems biology approaches whereby the use of mathematical modelling and bioinformatic tools complement the more traditional experimental approaches.
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36

D’Costa, Anthony P., and Achin Chakraborty. The Land Question in India. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792444.003.0002.

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Since the mid-2000s, proliferating “land wars” have exposed a contradiction between the land requirements of neoliberal capitalism and the political weight of farmers in India’s democracy. Whether, how, and for whom this contradiction is resolved constitutes India’s “new” land question. But this chapter argues that Marx’s “primitive accumulation” or Harvey’s “accumulation by dispossession” are inadequate to understand this conjuncture; and it advances the concept of “regimes of dispossession” as an alternative. It argues that from the early 1990s, India shifted from a regime that dispossessed land for state-led projects of material expansion to one that dispossesses land for private and decreasingly productive investments. This new regime, in which states have become mere land brokers for private capital, is arguably less “developmental” than its Nehruvian predecessor. The upshot is that India’s “land wars” are unlikely to dissipate any time soon; and the “land question” may be the largest contradiction for Indian capitalism for the foreseeable future.
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37

Collins, Graham, and Chris Bunch. Acute leukaemia. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0286.

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Acute leukaemias are rapidly progressive, clonal haematopoietic stem cell disorders resulting in the accumulation of immature blood cell precursors (known as blasts) in the bone marrow. There are two main types, defined by the presence of myeloid lineage or lymphoid markers on the blast cells: acute myeloid leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. This chapter addresses the causes, diagnosis, and management of the acute leukaemias.
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38

Caillaud, Catherine, and Frédéric Sedel. Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0059.

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Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are inherited neurodegenerative disorders beginning mainly in childhood, rarely in adults. They are characterized by the accumulation of autofluorescent lipopigments in brain, especially in neurons. Their clinical heterogeneity is now explained by the huge number of genes (from CLN1 to CLN14) involved in their pathogenesis. Their diagnosis is possible using enzymatic tests and/or direct sequencing of the corresponding genes. Different therapeutic approaches are in development for these diseases such as enzyme replacement therapy or gene transfer.
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39

Joanna Burton, Vera, and Edward Ahn. Congenital Hydrocephalus. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0076.

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Congenital hydrocephalus is defined as the abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid resulting in the enlargement of the ventricular system in which the intracranial pressure is known or suspected to be elevated and present since before birth. Congenital hydrocephalus can occur in isolation but is often associated with other conditions such as aqueductal stenosis and spina bifida. Surgery, generally the placement of a ventriculopritoneal shunt, is the mainstay of treatment. Cognitive outcomes are variable and most predicted by associated disability.
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40

Garabato, Natalia, Jonathan Gardner, and Steve Nyce. Global Developments in Employee Benefits. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827443.003.0012.

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While defined contribution plans are now the norm, many workers and retirees are insufficiently engaged with these plans during both the accumulation and decumulation phases. Indeed, given low growth, it is unclear whether stagnating incomes and increasingly diverse workforces will produce retirement and health plans that will meet employees’ financial needs. Instead employers are increasingly expressing interest in moving to a next generation of benefits, one characterized by greater flexibility and choice, to encompass a broader range of employee needs. This chapter discusses the emerging trends within occupational benefits, the forces that are driving these changes, and the challenges they pose.
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41

Lachmann, Robin, and Elaine Murphy. Aminoacidopathies, urea cycle disorders, and organic acidurias. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0180.

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Aminoacidopathies are caused by deficiencies in enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism and are often characterized by the accumulation of a toxic amino acid. The two diseases most likely to be encountered in adult medicine are phenylketonuria, which is caused by a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase, and maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), which is due to a branched-chain amino acid decarboxylase deficiency. High levels of phenylalanine progressively damage the developing brain, leading to severe learning difficulties. The high levels of leucine which accumulate in MSUD produce an acute encephalopathy which, if not treated, can rapidly become fatal.
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42

Raggi, Paolo, and Luis D’Marco. Imaging for detection of vascular disease in chronic kidney disease patients. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0116.

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The well-known severity of cardiovascular disease in patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires an accurate risk stratification of these patients in several clinical situations. Imaging has been used successfully for such purpose in the general population and it has demonstrated excellent potential among CKD patients as well. Two main forms of arterial pathology develop in patients with CKD: atherosclerosis, with accumulation of inflammatory cells, lipids, fibrous tissue and calcium in the subintimal space, and arteriosclerosis. The latter is characterized by accumulation of deposits of hydroxyapatite and amorphous calcium crystals in the muscular media of the vessel wall, and is believed to be more closely associated with alterations of mineral metabolism than with traditional atherosclerosis risk factors. The result is the development of what appears to be premature arterial ageing, with loss of elastic properties, increased stiffness, and increased overall fragility of the arterial system. Despite intensifying research and increasing awareness of these issues, the underlying pathophysiology of the aggressive vasculopathy of CKD remains largely unknown. As a consequence, there are currently very limited pathways to prevent progression of vascular damage in CKD. The indications, strengths and weaknesses of several imaging modalities employed to evaluate vascular disease in CKD are described, focusing on coronary arterial circulation and the peripheral arteries, with the exclusion of the intracranial arteries.
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43

Crome, Peter, and Frank Lally. Frailty: challenges and progress. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689644.003.0007.

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Key points• Frailty in older people is characterized by deteriorating health and increasing need for support.• Frailty has the features of a ‘geriatric giant’ as originally defined by Isaacs.• The identification of frail older people is important for medical intervention and for strategic planning.• The clinical definition of frailty is still being debated but may include the following aspects:o a distinct phenotypical profileo a frailty index defined by the accumulation of deficitso genetic and biochemical predisposition.• There is no specific treatment for frailty but there are treatments for the diseases that contribute to it.
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44

Nakamura, Tomohiro, and Stuart A. Lipton. Neurodegenerative Diseases as Protein Misfolding Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190233563.003.0002.

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Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) often represent disorders of protein folding. Rather than large aggregates, recent evidence suggests that soluble oligomers of misfolded proteins are the most neurotoxic species. Emerging evidence points to small, soluble oligomers of misfolded proteins as the cause of synaptic dysfunction and loss, the major pathological correlate to disease progression in many NDDs including Alzheimer’s disease. The protein quality control machinery of the cell, which includes molecular chaperones as found in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), and various forms of autophagy, can counterbalance the accumulation of misfolded proteins to some extent. Their ability to eliminate the neurotoxic effects of misfolded proteins, however, declines with age. A plausible explanation for the age-dependent deterioration of the quality control machinery involves compromise of these systems by excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), such as nitric oxide (NO). The resulting redox stress contributes to the accumulation of misfolded proteins. Here, we focus on aberrantly increased generation of NO-related species since this process appears to accelerate the manifestation of key neuropathological features, including protein misfolding. We review the chemical mechanisms of posttranslational modification by RNS such as protein S-nitrosylation of critical cysteine thiol groups and nitration of tyrosine residues, showing how they contribute to the pathogenesis of NDDs.
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45

Alvis, Bret, and Amy Robertson. Hepatic Encephalopathy. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0075.

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Hepatic encephalopathy is a complication of both acute and chronic liver failure. The disease can range from mild cognitive deficits to deep coma. Ammonia accumulation and inflammation are the two most accepted causes of hepatic encephalopathy. It is important to confirm an elevated serum ammonia level and rule out alternative causes of neurological derangements. Nonabsorbable disaccharides are the mainstay of treatment; however, the only definitive treatment is liver transplantation. Pertinent anesthetic considerations include avoiding benzodiazepines, understanding the implications of diminished hepatic function, and recognizing factors that may contribute to increased intracranial cerebral pressure. Proper assessment and management of the patient presenting with hepatic encephalopathy will be discussed.
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46

Trocello, Jean-Marc, and France Woimant. Disorders of Copper and Iron Metabolism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0044.

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Both copper and iron are essential metals that have a critical function in a series of biochemical pathways. This chapter describes the disorders associated with genetic abnormalities in copper and iron metabolic pathways and their manifestations in adult patients. Mutations in the genes of the copper transporting P-type ATPases, ATP7A and ATP7B are associated with Wilson disease, Menkes disease, occipital horn syndrome and ATP7A-related distal motor neuropathy. Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a group of disorders characterized by excess iron deposition in globus pallidus, substantia nigra pars reticulata, striata and cerebellar dentate nuclei. Several genes associated with NBIA have been identified.
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47

Mastrianni, James A., and Joshuae G. Gallardo. Prion Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0166.

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Prion diseases are transmissible fatal neurodegenerative disorders resulting from the accumulation of misfolded prion protein. Although primarily sporadic diseases, 5% to 10% result from a mutation of the prion protein gene (PRNP), and less than 1% occur from exposure to prions. The current family of prion diseases includes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease (GSS), fatal insomnia (FI), variant CJD (vCJD), and variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Kuru is a disease of historical interest that was transmitted through cannibalistic rituals. Iatrogenic CJD (iCJD) is the result of secondary transmission of prion disease from contaminated biologicals.
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48

Blom, Henk J., Mirian C. H. Janssen, and Manuel Schiff. Cystathionine Beta-Synthase Deficiency or Classical Homocystinuria. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0019.

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Inherited homocystinurias have in common accumulation of homocysteine and encompass two distinctive entities: classical homocystinuria due to cystathionine β‎-synthase (CBS) deficiency and the rare inborn errors of cobalamin and folate metabolism. The natural history of CBS deficiency, the subject of this chapter, is well described compared to the other forms of homocystinurias. Untreated patients may be asymptomatic or have one or more of the following symptoms: severe mental handicaps, psychiatric disturbances, ectopia lentis, osteoporosis, Marfanoid habitus, or thromboembolic complications. Current treatment options are based on therapy with vitamin B6, folate, B12, or betaine and institution of a protein- or methionine-restricted diet.
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Ng, Dominic S. Tangier Disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0035.

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Tangier disease is characterized by profound high-density lipoprotein (HDL) deficiency in association with accumulation of cholesterol esters in tissues, especially those of the reticuloendothelial system. Clinical signs include hyperplastic, yellow-orange colored tonsils, peripheral neuropathies, and hepatosplenomegaly. The disease is caused by two mutant alleles of the ABCA1 gene encoding ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 1. Despite severe HDL deficiency, predisposition to accelerated coronary heart disease is highly variable in affected individuals. With the exception of tonsillectomy for severe hyperplastic tonsils and corneal transplantation in rare cases of severe corneal opacification, treatments for specific manifestations are largely ineffective.
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50

Hollak, Carla E. M. Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0058.

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Cholesteryl ester storage disease is a very rare lysosomal storage disorder that may present in an attenuated form in adult patients. This clinical phenotype is clearly distinguished from the aggressive form of cholesteryl ester storage disease known as Wolman disease with rapidly progressive, often fatal disease within the first year of life. Most patients with an attenuated form present with “fatty liver” due to the accumulation of cholesterol esters and triglycerides. Most have splenomegaly as well. Enzyme replacement therapy has been recently developed. The natural course of very mild cases and the risk of developing liver failure are currently unknown.
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