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Books on the topic 'Accurate indicator'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Valer, Pop, ed. Battery management systems: Accurate state-of-charge indication for battery powered applications. Springer, 2008.

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2

David, McNally B., and Ames Research Center, eds. Flight test evaluation of the Stanford University/United Airlines differential GPS category III automatic landing system. National Aeronautics Administration, Ames Research Center, 1995.

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3

An accurate time of death estimation cannot be determined with the application of only one post-mortem indicator. 2007.

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4

Green, Philip, and George Gabor. misLeading Indicators. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400686313.

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This book reveals the hidden and potentially misleading nature of measurements, empowering readers to avoid making critical business decisions that are harmful, unreasonable, unwarranted, or plain wrong. Decision makers in business and government are more reliant than ever on measurements, such as business performance indicators, bond ratings, Six-Sigma indicators, stock ratings, opinion polls, and market research. Yet many popular statistical and business books and courses relating to measurement are based on flawed principles, leading managers to the wrong conclusions—and ultimately, the wro

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5

Klosek, Jacqueline. Wellness by the Numbers. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216034407.

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Ideal for high school and lower undergraduate readers, this book provides a holistic and multifaceted look at the state of health in the United States today by examining a wide variety of health indicators against necessary background and contextual information. Wellness by the Numbers: Understanding and Interpreting American Health Statistics presents the factual data that underlies health summaries information that is not often readily available to readers. The statistical data regarding a variety of health indicators, accompanied by contextual information and analyses, serves to inform high

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6

Gooderham, John, and Edward Tsyrlin. Waterbug Book. CSIRO Publishing, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643090026.

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Freshwater macroinvertebrates provide a useful and reliable indicator of the health of our rivers, streams, ponds and wetlands. As environmental awareness within the community increases, there is an increasing interest in the need to assess the health of our local waterways and school curriculums are changing to reflect this important ecological trend. The Waterbug Book provides a comprehensive and accurate identification guide for both professionals and non-professionals. It contains an easy-to-use key to all the macroinvertebrate groups and, for the first time, high quality colour phot

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7

Richer, Alice C. Food Allergies. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400652202.

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Most people take eating for granted - but for some, eating can be downright dangerous. Thirty thousand Americans are hospitalized each year due to an allergic food reaction and peanut allergies in American children doubled from 1997 to 2002. Between two and ten percent of children are affected by food allergies worldwide and adverse food reactions increased hospital admissions by five hundred percent in the United Kingdom during the past two decades. Asthma cases, a reliable indicator of food allergy susceptibility, increased one hundred percent during the last thirty years. While most people

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8

Bergveld, Henk Jan, Paul P. L. Regtien, Valer Pop, Dmitry Danilov, and Peter H. L. Notten. Battery Management Systems: Accurate State-of-Charge Indication for Battery-Powered Applications. Springer, 2010.

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9

Hirata, Yukari. Second language learners’ production of geminate consonants in Japanese. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754930.003.0008.

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This chapter examines whether learners of Japanese at an intermediate level make progress in accurately producing singleton and geminate stops after being immersed in Japan without specific training. Seven learners of Japanese, with two years of classroom instruction in the USA, recorded words such as [kako] and [kakːo] in a carrier sentence at three speaking rates before and after a four-month study-abroad experience in Japan. Duration of various segments was analysed, and the singleton and geminate boundary ratio of native Japanese speakers was used to determine learners’ production accuracy

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10

Profiting from Technical Analysis and Candlestick Indicators: Powerful Methods for Accurately Timing Trades. Pearson Education, Limited, 2014.

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11

The accuracy of heart rate as an indicator of metabolic rate while performing step aerobics. 1995.

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12

Feller, Julian. Surgical techniques of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.008011.

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♦ The principal indication for ACL reconstruction is instability, either existent or predicted♦ In general, it is crucial that the knee has settled and motion has been restored prior to surgery♦ Accurate tunnel position is the most important aspect of surgery

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13

Benson, Carolyn, and G. Bryan Young. Ethical and end-of-life issues after cardiac arrest. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0067.

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Many survivors of cardiac arrest, especially out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, suffer varying degrees of anoxic-ischaemic brain injury. Accurate neurological prognostication to determine which patients will have poor neurological outcome is important to guide appropriate medical care and advise surrogate decision makers. Accurate prognostication generally requires the presence of two or more negative prognostic indicators, especially following treatment with therapeutic hypothermia. Medical care should be directed at achieving survival that the patient would consider acceptable. Poor quality sur

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14

Gli svantaggi dei comuni sardi: Povertà, istruzione, servizi, salute, lavoro, ambiente, criminalità : la prima radiografia accurata del territorio dell'isola, commentata dagli esperti : sistema informativo IDMS 2011-P.O. FSER Sardegna 2007/2013. Tangram edizioni scientifiche, 2011.

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15

Finfer, Simon. Glycaemic control in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0259.

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Hyperglycaemia is a near universal occurrence in critically-ill patients. In the last 10 years, control of blood glucose has been one of the most intensively studied areas of critical care medicine. It has become clear that control of blood glucose has the potential to affect both morbidity and mortality, and considerable uncertainty remains over many aspects of blood glucose management. Both hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia are associated with increased mortality and should be avoided wherever possible. Wide fluctuations in blood glucose concentration (referred to as increased glucose variabi

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16

Banati, Prerna, ed. Sustainable Human Development Across the Life Course. Bristol University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47674/9781529204834.

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EPDF and EPUB available Open Access under CC-BY-NC licence. It is critical that the wellbeing of society is systematically tracked by indicators that not only give an accurate picture of human life today, but also provide a window into the future for all of us. This important book presents impactful findings from twelve international longitudinal studies that responded to the Agenda 2030 commitment to “leave no-one behind”. Exploring a wide range and complexity of global issues, it provides actionable strategies for policy makers and practitioners to strengthen the global Sustainable Developme

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17

Čevers, Aldis. Systemic Solution for Customs Process Management and Organisation Evaluation. RTU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934227059.

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The goal of the research “Systemic solution for customs process management and organization evaluation” is to develop a systemic solution for the evaluation of the work and process management and organization of customs based on the study of factors influencing customs activities, on the basis of a common evaluation of customs functions and tasks and using an appropriate system of evaluation criteria and indicators. The working hypothesis, which determined the subject and directions of the research: by accurately identifying the functions and tasks of customs authorities, indicators characteri

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18

Dhongde, Shatakshee. Measuring Global Poverty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.259.

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Economists have long been preoccupied with trying to understand the nature and causes of poverty. From Adam Smith to David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, Karl Marx, and John Stuart Mill, a common belief among economists is that the benefits of economic growth are rarely experienced by the poorer sections of society. An important issue is how to measure global poverty accurately. International organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank have endeavored to measure global poverty since the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), stated in the UN’s Millennium Declaration whic

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19

Olyaei, Ali J., Ted A. Foster, and Edgar V. Lerma. Drug dosing in chronic kidney disease. Edited by William G. Bennett. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0363.

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This chapter is dedicated to the dosing of medications in patients with chronic kidney disease. It is important for clinicians to have a working understanding of basic pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles to ensure patients with chronic kidney disease achieve the therapeutic target without toxicity. This chapter will provide a systematic approach to medication dosing in patients with chronic kidney disease by obtaining a medical history and performing a thorough physical examination, calculating an accurate assessment of renal function, determining loading dose, determining a mainten

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20

Higham, Philip A., Katarzyna Zawadzka, and Maciej Hanczakowski. Internal Mapping and Its Impact on Measures of Absolute and Relative Metacognitive Accuracy. Edited by John Dunlosky and Sarah (Uma) K. Tauber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.15.

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Research in decision making and metacognition has long investigated the calibration of subjective probabilities. To assess calibration, mean ratings on a percentage scale (e.g., subjective likelihood of recalling an item) are typically compared directly to performance percentages (e.g., actual likelihood of recall). Means that are similar versus discrepant are believed to indicate good versus poor calibration, respectively. This chapter argues that this process is incomplete: it examines only the mapping between the overt scale values and objective performance (mapping 2), while ignoring the p

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21

Park, John G. Diagnosis and Common Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0616.

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Common symptoms of pulmonary disease include cough, sputum, hemoptysis, dyspnea, chest pain, cyanosis, and clubbing. A thorough history and physical examination, including palpation, auscultation, and percussion, are key to accurate diagnosis. The radiologic tests performed in the diagnosis of chest diseases include plain CXR, CT, magnetic resonance imaging, pulmonary angiography, and bronchial angiography. Simple microscopy with a "wet" slide preparation of sputum is helpful in assessing the degree of sputum eosinophilia and detecting the presence of Charcot-Leyden crystals. The major indicat

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22

Orlikowski, David, and Tarek Sharshar. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and assessment of neuromuscular syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0243.

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Admission to ICU with severe limb weakness, or the occurrence of a respiratory or motor deficit, and failure to wean from mechanical ventilation while in the intensive care unit are common presentations of a neuromuscular disease. Neuromuscular diseases include neuronopathies, neuropathies, myasthenic syndromes, and myopathies. An accurate neurological examination and complementary investigations are necessary for both diagnosis and for evaluating the severity of the disease. Assessment of respiratory muscle function is a key step in deciding the need for mechanical ventilation and subsequentl

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23

Williams, Jerry R. Diagnostic radiology equipment. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.003.0012.

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The chapter is concerned with the features of radiographic and fluoroscopic equipment that present radiation protection issues for both patients and staff. These are managed through regulation, manufacturing standards, and adherence to safe working practices. It is different for patients who are deliberately irradiated in accordance with justification protocols not considered here. Radiation protection is based on the ALARP principle which requires the resultant dose to be minimized consistent with image quality is sufficient to provide accurate and safe diagnosis. Dose minimization is critica

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24

Woldenberg, Nina, and Melissa M. Joines. Mass in Lactating Female. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0027.

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Timely and accurate diagnosis of a mass in the lactating patient requires comprehensive understanding of the indicated imaging workup. During lactation it is not uncommon for patients to present with a palpable mass that requires evaluation. In patients with a palpable abnormality, diagnostic evaluation should not be delayed due to pregnancy or lactation. In addition, a mass that requires further evaluation may be identified at the time of screening mammography in lactating patients. This chapter, appearing in the section on asymmetry, mass, and distortion, reviews the key imaging and clinical

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25

Furlani, Dianne, Rosemary Gales, and David Pemberton. Otoliths of Common Australian Temperate Fish. CSIRO Publishing, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643098459.

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The accurate identification of fish ‘ear-bones’, known as otoliths, is essential to determine the fish prey of marine and terrestrial predators. Fish otoliths are species-specific when combining size, shape and surface features, and can remain undigested for long periods. As a result, they can indicate which fish make up the diet of various predators, including cephalopod, seabird, marine mammal and fish species. Such studies are crucial for understanding marine ecosystems, and trophodynamics in particular. Increasingly, these methods are being used to understand the diet of some terrestrial p

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26

Adams, George. Jack London as Poet. Edited by Jay Williams. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199315178.013.13.

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Jack London’s failure as a poet, defined by esthetic or marketable criteria, is not an argument for ignoring his poetry. The mere fact of his including his poems in his essays and stories indicates that poetry was an integral aspect of his creativity and hence must be considered in an evaluation of his work as a whole. This essay provides an overview and classificatory system for better understanding his poetic output, especially in relation to the rest of his work. Given the difficulty of demonstrating that London was a poet who also reluctantly wrote prose, it is perhaps more accurate to cal

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27

Hoskin, Peter. Penis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696567.003.0012.

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Chapter 8d discusses carcinoma of the penis, which is typically a squamous carcinoma arising on the penile shaft or glands in an uncircumcised patient. Management may be by primary surgery, either total amputation or partial amputation with reconstruction, or primary radiotherapy. Primary radiotherapy is indicated for those patients with T1 and T2 tumours <4 cm in diameter, particularly in those unfit for surgery, those with locally advanced disease and fixed inguinal lymph nodes, and for patients in whom surgical treatment may require total amputation and where they choose to have organ pr

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28

Thurston, Anne, ed. A Matter of Trust. University of London, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14296/1220.9781912250356.

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The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals initiative has the potential to set the direction for a future world that works for everyone. Approved by 193 United Nations member countries in September 2016 to help guide global and national development policies in the period to 2030, the 17 goals build on the successes of the Millennium Development Goals, but also include new priority areas, such as climate change, economic inequality, innovation, sustainable consumption, peace and justice. Assessed against common agreed targets and indicators, the goals should facilitate inter-governmental

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29

Stoneman, Paul, Eleonora Bartoloni, and Maurizio Baussola. Product Innovation and Price Measurement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816676.003.0011.

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This chapter addresses how innovation may affect price measurement—a key issue for the accuracy of measures of principal economic indicators and a long-discussed one. Two main changes related to product innovation are important in this context: new goods (which are often cheaper) are driving old goods out of the market; and new products often offer improved quality. The literature suggests that a failure to properly account for these has added 0.8 percentage points per year to the measured Consumer Price Index in the United States. Quality adjustment approaches in all OECD countries have conve

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30

Ather, Sameer, Ayman Farag, Vikas Bhatia, and Fadi G. Hage. Role of Imaging in Chronic Kidney Disease. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0017.

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Cardiovascular disease is highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is the biggest contributor of death in these patients. Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a validated tool for diagnosing coronary artery disease (CAD) and for predicting short and long term prognosis in this patient population. Non-invasive stress imaging, with MPI or other imaging modalities, is widely used for risk stratification in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) being evaluated for kidney transplantation due to the paucity of donor organs and the high cardiovascular risk of patient

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31

Kynes, Will. The Ancestry of Wisdom Literature. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777373.003.0003.

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In order to identify the origins of the modern scholarly Wisdom tradition, this chapter evaluates the purported early “vestiges” of the category. These are (1) early views on the structure and order of the canonical books; (2) the association of a group of books with Solomon; (3) the ancient recognition of shared traits between books; and (4) the title Wisdom applied to several texts. This evidence does not, however, justify the common assertion that the Wisdom category has an ancient pedigree. To the degree that a category approaching the modern one existed at all, its contents and definition

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32

Sundstrom, Beth L., and Cara Delay. Birth Control. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190069674.001.0001.

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Birth control offers women the opportunity to prevent pregnancy, plan and space their births, or have no births at all. And yet, in the United States, half of all pregnancies remain unintended, and access to birth control is beset by inequities in education, access, and coverage. Research indicates that women are familiar with the range of contraceptive methods available today. But the persistently high rates of unintended pregnancy, combined with common dissatisfaction and discontinuation, suggest that women’s contraceptive needs continue to be unmet. Birth Control: What Everyone Needs to Kno

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33

Ostermann, Susan L. Capacity beyond Coercion. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197661116.001.0001.

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Abstract State capacity is often equated with coercion. The literature suggests that compliance with law is unlikely in areas where the state cannot coerce compliance. Utilizing extensive data collected in adjacent districts in India and Nepal, and exploring three different regulatory arenas, this book demonstrates that coercively weak states can significantly increase compliance by behaving pragmatically and designing implementation around known barriers to compliance. One such barrier is imperfect legal knowledge. Though legal knowledge is often assumed to be accurate, this assumption is pro

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34

Joynt, Gavin M., and Gordon Y. S. Choi. Blood gas analysis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0072.

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Arterial blood gases allow the assessment of patient oxygenation, ventilation, and acid-base status. Blood gas machines directly measure pH, and the partial pressures of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and oxygen (PaO2) dissolved in arterial blood. Oxygenation is assessed by measuring PaO2 and arterial blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) in the context of the inspired oxygen and haemoglobin concentration, and the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve. Causes of arterial hypoxaemia may often be elucidated by determining the alveolar–arterial oxygen gradient. Ventilation is assessed by measuring the PaCO2 in the

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35

Knoll, James L. Evaluation of malingering in corrections. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0023.

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Recognizing when someone is not being truthful is challenging. Multiple tests of malingering have been developed for forensic purposes. Malingered mental illness in the correctional setting poses a complicated dilemma. Many factors change the typical presentation and detection strategies, and inaccurate determinations have serious consequences. Detection requires a thorough knowledge of the characteristics of genuine psychiatric illness, a systematic approach to evaluation, identification of objective indicators, and use of scientifically validated psychological tests when necessary. The detec

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Knoll, James L. Evaluation of malingering in corrections. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0023_update_001.

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Recognizing when someone is not being truthful is challenging. Multiple tests of malingering have been developed for forensic purposes. Malingered mental illness in the correctional setting poses a complicated dilemma. Many factors change the typical presentation and detection strategies, and inaccurate determinations have serious consequences. Detection requires a thorough knowledge of the characteristics of genuine psychiatric illness, a systematic approach to evaluation, identification of objective indicators, and use of scientifically validated psychological tests when necessary. The detec

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37

Cortigiani, Lauro, and Eugenio Picano. Stress echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0013.

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Stress echocardiography is a widely used method for assessing coronary artery disease, due to the high diagnostic and prognostic value. While inducible ischaemia predicts an unfavourable outcome, its absence is associated with a low risk of future events. The evaluation of coronary flow reserve by Doppler adds prognostic information to that of standard stress test. Stress echocardiography is indicated in cases when exercise testing is unfeasible, uninterpretable, or gives ambiguous result, and when ischaemia during the test is frequently a false positive response, as in hypertensives, women an

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38

Sicari, Rosa, Edyta Płońska-Gościniak, and Jorge Lowenstein. Stress echocardiography: image acquisition and modalities. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0013.

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Stress echocardiography has evolved over the last 30 years but image interpretation remains subjective and burdened by the operator’s experience. The objective operator-independent assessment of myocardial ischaemia during stress echocardiography remains a technological challenge. Still, adequate quality of two-dimensional images remains a prerequisite to successful quantitative analysis, even using Doppler and non-Doppler based techniques. No new technology has proved to have a higher diagnostic accuracy than conventional visual wall motion analysis. Tissue Doppler imaging and derivatives may

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39

Burge, Tyler. Perception: First Form of Mind. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198871002.001.0001.

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Perception is the first form of representational mind to emerge in evolution. Three types of form are discussed: formal representational structure of perceptual states, formation characteristics in computations of perceptual states, and the form of the visual and visuomotor systems. The book distinguishes perception from non-perceptual sensing. The formal representational structure of perceptual states is developed via a systematic semantics for them—an account of what it is for them to be accurate or inaccurate. This semantics is elaborated by explaining how the representational form is embed

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40

Dailey, Nancy. When Baby Boom Women Retire. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216034858.

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Fewer than 20% of Baby Boom women will experience a secure retirement. Marriage, education, occupation, home ownership—these variables predict their future. Possession of all four indicates retirement security, and absence of any increases risk of old-age poverty. This riveting sociological study also examines the social relations and structures that will determine the retirement experience, options, and decisions for more than 40 million Baby Boom women. These women's material base and social status are examined through the use of empirical data, and the key predictors of their retirement are

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41

Cook, Kerry H. Climate Change Scenarios and African Climate Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.545.

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Accurate projections of climate change under increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas levels are needed to evaluate the environmental cost of anthropogenic emissions, and to guide mitigation efforts. These projections are nowhere more important than Africa, with its high dependence on rain-fed agriculture and, in many regions, limited resources for adaptation. Climate models provide our best method for climate prediction but there are uncertainties in projections, especially on regional space scale. In Africa, limitations of observational networks add to this uncertainty since a crucial step in i

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42

Ślusarski, Marek. Metody i modele oceny jakości danych przestrzennych. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-30-4.

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The quality of data collected in official spatial databases is crucial in making strategic decisions as well as in the implementation of planning and design works. Awareness of the level of the quality of these data is also important for individual users of official spatial data. The author presents methods and models of description and evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers. Data describing the space in the highest degree of detail, which are collected in three databases: land and buildings registry (EGiB), geodetic registry of the land infrastructure network

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43

Stein, Elizabeth Ann. Information and Civil Unrest in Dictatorships. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.35.

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Considering incidents that make headline news internationally, given the modern information and communication technology revolution, the facility of citizens to rapidly mobilize represents a considerable threat to autocratic survival. While the speed with which popular movements emerge has increased exponentially, and the news of their existence spreads faster and farther, civil unrest has threatened the stability and survival of dictators for centuries. The paranoia and machinations of dictators depicted in films, such as the portrayal of Ugandan dictator Idi Amin in The Last King of Scotland

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44

Bouët, Antoine, Sunday Pierre Odjo, and Chahir Zaki, eds. 2022 Africa Agriculture Trade Monitor (AATM). AKADEMIYA2063 and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54067/9781737916437.

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Agricultural trade and global food security have been dramatically affected by a series of events. While the global economy is recovering in 2022 from the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russian invasion of Ukraine has sparked new and challenging problems. In a context where agricultural prices were recovering from a generalized surge throughout the pandemic, the war reversed these trends and opened an new episode of rising food prices, general inflationary pressures, and increased volatility. The combination of these shocks affects agricultural trade and food security throughout Africa, especially in

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45

Stańczykiewicz, Arkadiusz. Prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia szkód w odnowieniach podokapowych wskutek pozyskiwania drewna oraz model ich szacowania. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-34-2.

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An analysis of the existing literature on the issue of damage to regeneration caused by timber harvesting, revealed that a great majority of results reported in those publications was obtained through laborious and time-consuming field research conducted in two stages. Field research methods for gathering data, employed by various authors, differed in terms of the manner of establishing trial plots, the accuracy of counting and evaluating the number of saplings growing on the investigated sites, classification systems used for distinguishing particular groups of regeneration based on quantitat

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46

Shengelia, Revaz. Modern Economics. Universal, Georgia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/rsme012021.

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Economy and mankind are inextricably interlinked. Just as the economy or the production of material wealth is unimaginable without a man, so human existence and development are impossible without the wealth created in the economy. Shortly, both the goal and the means of achieving and realization of the economy are still the human resources. People have long ago noticed that it was the economy that created livelihoods, and the delays in their production led to the catastrophic events such as hunger, poverty, civil wars, social upheavals, revolutions, moral degeneration, and more. Therefore, the

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