To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Accusatif absolu.

Journal articles on the topic 'Accusatif absolu'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 27 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Accusatif absolu.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

1

Spieralska, Beata. "Coreferentiality in Absolute Constructions in Late Latin." Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, no. 1-4 (2020): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/068.2019.59.1-4.26.

Full text
Abstract:
Summary:The aim of the paper is to examine the types of coreferentiality that exist between implicit and explicit elements of absolute constructions and the constituents of the clauses in which these constructions are embedded. The question is analysed from a diachronic perspective. I argue that the problem of coreferentiality should be taken into consideration in discussions on the emergence of the accusative or nominative absolute, and in discussions about such phenomena as nominativus pendens.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Adams, J. N. "The Accusative Absolute - Anne Helttula: Studies on the Latin Accusative Absolute. (Societas Scientiarum Fennica, Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum, 81.) Pp. 137. Helsinki: Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters (Soc. Scient. Fenn.), 1987. Paper." Classical Review 38, no. 2 (1988): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x00121596.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Aziz, Dr Hafiz Abdul Aziz Mujahid Abdul, та Dr Muddassar Iqbal. "حبس ملزم کی شرعی و قانونی حیثیت". Al-Irfan 8, № 15 (2023): 121–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.58932/mulb0009.

Full text
Abstract:
Attributing the criminal action belonging to a person is called accusation. A person who is charged with a crime is called an accused. No any accused can be considered convict or guilty without an evidence. Allegations are always made on the basis of suspicion and different other circumstantial evidence. Imposition of punishment on the basis of accusation is never justified in any Divine or Man made Law. The decision based on a mere claim without any evidence is prohibited in Islamic Shari'ah.So when a person is charged with a crime ,it is imperative to investigate him properly.Until the investigation is done, neither the accused can be declared guilty nor the claim can be considered true. A strong justice system is necessary for state stability. Pakistan is an Islamic country. So it is a constitutional requirement to establish an Islamic justice system in the country. Under existing laws, the police have absolute power to arrest any respectable citizen on mere suspicion. It is a common practice in Pakistan that the accused is imprisoned on the bases of a trivial accusation. Whereas in Shari'ah, it is absolutely impermissible to detain a dignitary on the base of a mere allegation. Apparently, Incarceration of accused in prevailing laws is seemed to be in conflict with Sharia.. Therefore, A critical study on the legal status of the detention of an accused is necessary in the context of Shariah.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Küng, Hans. "Religion, violence and “holy wars”." International Review of the Red Cross 87, no. 858 (2005): 253–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383100181329.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractThe author analyzes the impact of religion in current conflicts throughout the world. The main focus lies on the monotheistic religions, i.e. Judaism, Christianity and Islam, all of which have recently been reproached for potentially fostering the temptation to resort to violence. The article focuses on this accusation and departs from an analysis of the concept of “holy war” in the three religions. The article concludes with setting out a pragmatism of peaceableness highlighting that wars in the twenty-first century can neither be regarded as just, nor holy, nor clean and that absolute pacifism will not only be politically impossible but might as a political principle even be irresponsible.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Чуйкова, Оксана Юрьевна. "«Точки» и «запятые» в структуре ситуации: абсолютный и относительный предел и средства их выражения (аспектуальные характеристики и падеж прямого дополнения)". Język i Metoda 7 (2021): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23919981jm.21.021.14253.

Full text
Abstract:
The paper deals with some features of the event structure that influence its formal expression and determine the wider context of a clause. The notion of relative/absolute boundedness is used to indicate the exhaustiveness of the event. The relative boundedness is a feature that makes it possible to use the genitive partitive case as the direct object. Within such perfective verbs as vypit’ ‘drink.PF’ and sjest’ ‘eat.PF’, the nominal case determines the interpretation of a verbal phrase: the accusative indicates the absolute boundedness while use of the genitive results in the relative boundedness. As for degree achievements, delimitative Aktionsart and semelfactive Aktionsart, it is the verb that determines the interpretation of a verbal phrase. What all the examined cases have in common is that the use of the genitive as the direct object marker indicates the relative boundedness (partial resultativeness): the object of the event is a part of the cumulative object of a wider (actual or ideal) situation.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Davenport, Paul. "La disponibilité des diplômés universitaires sur le marché du travail québécois." Articles 10, no. 3 (2008): 427–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/600861ar.

Full text
Abstract:
RESUME Entre 1971 et 1981, il s’est produit une dégradation sensible de la situation du Québec, relativement à celle du Canada, en ce qui touche le nombre des diplômés universitaires au sein de la main-d’oeuvre. Des quatre grandes régions du Canada, c’est le Québec qui accusait le plus lent taux de croissance, tant par le nombre absolu de diplômés que par le nombre relatif de diplômés par millier de personnes dans la population active. Cette diminution relative de l’offre de diplômés universitaires au sein de la main-d’oeuvre québécoise avait deux causes. En premier lieu, les universités québécoises ont octroyé un nombre relativement faible de diplômés par rapport à la population d’âge universitaire. En second lieu, un nombre important de diplômés universitaires ont quitté la province. En effet, pour la période 1975-1981, on estime l’émigration nette des diplômés à quelgue 21 200, soit 19,6 % des diplômes conférés au cours de cette période. Étant donné l’influence qu’exercent les universitaires sur la croissance économique, dans les industries de haute technologie en particulier, il serait souhaitable que le gouvernement du Québec reconsidère les réductions qu’il se propose d’apporter aux budgets des universités.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

McFarland, Ian A. "Being Perfect: A Lutheran Perspective on Moral Formation." Studies in Christian Ethics 33, no. 1 (2019): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0953946819884550.

Full text
Abstract:
Jennifer Herdt argues that Luther’s account of human ethical action implies an absolute passivity before God that both leads to psychological paralysis and fails to appreciate the non-competitive nature of the relationship between divine and human agency. This article argues that neither accusation can be sustained. Not only does Luther’s work lack any evidence of the paralysis Herdt ascribes to him, but Luther’s understanding of the relationship between divine and human action reflects a more theologically persuasive understanding of the distinct modes by which God relates to human beings in creation and redemption than does Herdt’s nature-grace framework. The passivity of the human agent in Luther simply reflects the communicative situation in which Christian moral agency follows on hearing of the gospel, resulting in a model of moral formation in which the focus is on the good of the neighbour rather than one’s own ethical qualities.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Rossinsky, S. B. "About the inadmissibility of “pilot” charges in pre-trial proceedings in a criminal case." Siberian Law Herald 4 (2021): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2071-8136.2021.4.121.

Full text
Abstract:
It investigated the involvement of a person as an accused as an act of criminal prosecution, containing the position of the state prosecution in a criminal case, that is, a criminal-legal claim, which is the subject of an upcoming trial. It is concluded that, proceeding from the grounds provided for by law for attracting a person as an accused, taking into account the doctrinal positions, in accordance with which the accusation is the result of a full, comprehensive and objective investigation of the circumstances of the criminal case and presupposes practically the absolute conviction of the investigator in exposing a person of committing the crime incriminated to him, the author comes to the conclusion that this act of criminal prosecution, as a general rule, should close the main phase of the preliminary investigation, be the logical conclusion of a set of procedural actions aimed at establishing the circumstances included in the subject of proof , and be carried out in anticipation of the transfer of the materials of the criminal case for further consideration to the court. The author analyzes the reasons that predetermined the widespread spread of another, as it were, two-stage practice of pre-trial bringing a person to criminal responsibility, consisting in the issuance of the initial (“pilot”) and final charges. It has been determined that the need for movement and the presentation of a “pilot” accusation is currently associated only with the following from the meaning of Ch. 13 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, an absolutely unreasonable requirement that a person be in the status of an accused as a legal condition for choosing a preventive measure against him, which was a consequence of attempts made by the Soviet legislator to borrow a number of well-proven pre-revolutionary mechanisms and procedures without their proper adaptation to new at that time realities of criminal court proceedings.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Živanović, Sašo. "Conjunctive and prepositional comparatives in Slovenian." Linguistica 50, no. 1 (2010): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.50.1.225-240.

Full text
Abstract:
The paper deals with the distribution of conjunctive and prepositional comparative structures in Slovenian. They are introduced by the complementiser kot and the preposition od, respectively. Comparative structures are categorised along three dimensions: (i) the morphological environment of the comparative morpheme (yielding amount and quality comparatives); (ii) the syntactic environment of the comparative morpheme (eight syntactic environments are discussed: (nominative) subject, (accusative) direct object, (dative) indirect object, prepositional object, locative adverbial, temporal adverbial, some other adverbial, and predicate); (iii) the syntactic environment (the same environments as above are discussed) of the associate (the non-elided phrase in the comparative complement is the remnant; its counterpart with the same grammatical function in the matrix clause is the associate). The comparison of conjunctive and prepositional comparatives shows that the distribution of the latter is more restricted and also exhibits more inter-speaker variation than the former. Conjunctive comparatives are acceptable in virtually all combinations of the above-mentioned parameters, the only exception being quality comparatives withan adverbial or predicate associate where the comparative morpheme is embedded in the associate. The only absolute generalisation that can be made about prepositional comparatives is that the associate must be either a subject or a direct object; all other generalisations are merely tendencies.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Bammesberger, Alfred. "Proverb from Winfrid’s Time and Bede’s Death Song: Some Textual Problems in Two Eighth-Century Poems Revisited." Anglia 138, no. 2 (2020): 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ang-2020-0022.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractThe sequence Oft daedlata domę foręldit (four words) in the Old English Proverb from Winfrid’s Time (ProvW, 1) defies grammatical analysis because foręldit ‘delays’ requires an accusative object. It is proposed to read Oft daed lata domę foręldit as five words, with daed (= dǣd) ‘deed’ functioning as direct object. This suggestion does not require any emendation because word division in Old English is by no means regular and there is some space between daed and lata in the manuscript anyway. The dative forms domę and gahwem (2a) function as instrumentals, with gahwem perhaps subordinated to domę. The meaning of the simplex lata lies in the area of ‘late-comer’, but ‘sluggard’, ‘laggard’ or other derogatory terms are not suitable. With regard to its genre, ProvW may be viewed in conjunction with Bede’s Death Song (BDS). The vocabulary of BDS presents some problems, but, above all, the construction of the five verse-lines is not totally clear. It is proposed that the comparative thoncsnotturra (2a) has absolute function, and that the adverbial than (2b), meaning ‘then’, introduces a fresh clause. ProvW and BDS may belong to a larger group of self-contained texts no longer extant. In a wide sense they represent the category of Wisdom Poetry in a Christian context.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
11

Fanego, Teresa. "The Great Complement Shift revisited." Structure of the English NP 23, no. 1 (2016): 84–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.23.1.05fan.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper examines the history of the ACC-ing gerundive, a subtype of verbal gerund differing formally from both bare gerundives (I enjoyed reading the paper) and POSS-ing gerundives (I was surprised at Jane’s arriving late) in having an overt subject argument either in the common case, if it is a full noun phrase (Two people worrying about each other, with no external diversion, brews a deadly atmosphere) or in the accusative case, if it is a personal pronoun (You can’t prevent me telling the truth). Findings from a corpus-based study show that early instances of ACC-ing gerundives most often functioned as preverbal sentential subjects and served as arguments to causative predicates such as brew, make and oblige. Based on this evidence, it is argued that ACC-ing gerundives have emerged as an intersection of a number of pre-existing constructions, most especially a subtype of absolute participle, now obsolete, that encoded causative (factive) semantics and preceded its superordinate clause. The development of the new gerundive subtype from this participial source, which proceeded as a succession of small discrete steps, can be fruitfully accounted for as a case of constructional change, along the lines proposed in Hilpert (2013) and Traugott & Trousdale (2013).
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
12

Stepanov, V. K. "On the Principle of Scientific Objectivity, “Incorrect Analysis and Interpretation of Statistical Data” and the New Librarianship: a Reply to the Critical Response of E. A. Pleshkevich." Bibliosphere, no. 4 (November 24, 2023): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/1815-3186-2023-4-59-65.

Full text
Abstract:
This article is the author’s answer to the critical response of E. A. Pleshkevich on an article devoted to reducing the quantity of libraries in the Moscow region. Reasoned answers are given to the opponent’s three key objections. The point of view on the initial cause of the crisis in librarianship, which is the transfer of information flows to the digital sphere, is confirmed and specified. E. A. Pleshkevich’s understanding of the nature of the library as a public institution designed to guide reading is refuted. In response to the criticism of “incorrect analysis and interpretation of statistical data reflecting library construction in the Moscow region,” additional statistics are provided that irrefutably prove the absolute priority of the Moscow region in the liquidation of libraries throughout the Russian Federation. In response to the accusation of a biased assessment of the situation in the Moscow region, in which model libraries are being opened and various projects with big names are being implemented, it is pointed out that the most powerful indicator of the real state of affairs is the closure of 151 public libraries in the region from 2018 to 2022. Optimization through liquidation gives grounds for the conclusion that library reform in the Moscow region has completely failed.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
13

Gorman, Robert J., and Vanessa B. Gorman. "‘The tyrants around Thoas and Damasenor’ (Plut. Q.G. 32.298c–d)." Classical Quarterly 50, no. 2 (2000): 526–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cq/50.2.526.

Full text
Abstract:
At Quaestiones Graecae 32.298c–d, Plutarch raises the question, τίνες οἰ ειναται παρᾰ Μιλησίος, ‘Who were the Perpetual Sailors among the Milesians?’ he frames the circumstances of his answer using a genitive absolute clause: τν περ Θόαντα κα Δαμασήνορα τυράννων καταλυθέντων (‘when the tyrants around Thoas and Damasenor had been overthrown’). In the absence of any other mention of these men in the extent sources, these words—especially the appellation τυράνων—have caused concern among editors and commentators of Plutarch. In the Teubner edition of 1935 Titchener changes τυράνων to the accusative τυράννους, while Halliday in his Oxford commentary suggests that the word should be deleted as a gloss. Each of these suggested changes to the received text is motivated by the occurrence here of the common idiom οἵ πεί ⁺ Accus. nominis proprii. This expression is, from the time of Polybius on, frequently used by Greek historians to indicate succinctly a group or faction, especially one centred around an important personage. Furthermore, a rather odd periphrastic usage of this phrase has been identified by scholars of Greek grammar as common from at least the Roman period. In this usage, οἱ περί τινα I serves as the equivalent of the simple proper name. Thus τν περ Θόαντα κα Δαμασήνορα may be a periphrasis for Thoas and Damasenor alone.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
14

Ivanenko, Anton А., and Kseniya V. Kryukova. "“The Wissenschaftslehre 1804 (2)” of J. G. Fichte in the context of the history of philosophy." Philosophy of the History of Philosophy 2 (2021): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu34.2021.111.

Full text
Abstract:
The article highlights the content, structure and terminology of one of the central works of the classic of German idealism J. G. Fichte — “The second course of lectures on the Wissenschaftslehre of 1804” (“The Wissenschaftslehre of 1804 (2)”). Despite such a high significance of this work, it has almost never been the subject of detailed consideration in the domestic research tradition. The reason for this state of affairs is the interweaving of its problems in the context of disputes of the late 18th — early 19th centuries on methodological and substantive principles of philosophy as a science. The complex structure of “The Wissenschaftslehre 1804 (2)” and its unique terminology cannot be deciphered without reference to the specified context. As a result of a comparative analysis of the works of the main opponents of science teaching at that time — F. W. J. Schelling and G. W. F. Hegel — preceding its appearance with the texts of Fichte, the article establishes that the main problems aimed at solving the text of the second course of lectures on the Wissenschaftslehre in 1804 are the problems of introducing absolute philosophy into the point of view and demonstrating the principle of Wissenschaftslehre as free from the opposition of subject and object, thinking and being. Fichte does not recognize the validity of the accusation of his philosophy in subjectivism and himself, in turn, reveals the one-sided objectivism of the “philosophy of identity” of Schelling and Hegel. In this regard, the article manages to establish that the structure of “The Wissenschaftslehre 1804 (2)” includes 4 parts: from 1 to 14 lectures (rise to the point of view of science), 15 lecture (presentation of the principle of science), from 16 to 27 lecture (establishing the beginning of the difference in absolute unity) and 28 lecture (doctrine of the phenomenon of absolute). At the same time, it is proved that the “The Wissenschaftslehre 1804 (2)” has not undergone fundamental changes in comparison with its first expositions, and the changes that take place concern only the way of presenting the Wissenschaftslehre to readers and listeners, as well as its secondary part (“the doctrine of the phenomenon”).
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
15

Wairocana, I. Gusti Ngurah, I. Ketut Sudiarta, I. Wayan Bela Siki Layang, Kadek Agus Sudiarawan, and I. Gede Pasek Pramana. "The Expansion of Administrative Decision Meaning Based on Government Administration Law: a Dispute Submission Process Approach." Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) 8, no. 1 (2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmhu.2019.v08.i01.p02.

Full text
Abstract:
The establishment of Government Administration Law brings significant change to the competence of the previously restricted Administrative Court to become expanded. This study aims to find the philosophical considerations from the extension of Administrative Decision meaning on Government Administration Law, to classify the legal implication arising from the regulation of the expansion of administrative decision meaning towards dispute submission process in Administrative Court and to formulate ideal attitude of the State Administrative Judge in resolving State Administrative Disputes. This is a combination of normative and empirical legal research. The study indicated that the legislator main consideration in regulating the expansion of administrative decision meaning on Government Administration Law is to expand the absolute competence of Indonesian Administrative Court which previously felt very narrow. The implication arises after new regulation consists of: the expansion of Administrative Court adjudicate authority for factual actions, subject expansion that have the authority to issue Administrative Decision, the expansion of the Administrative Court adjudicate authority over Administrative Decision which has a legal consequences although still need the approval from above instance, the regulation that Administrative Decision can be sued through the Administrative Court of any potential loss that may arise by the issuance of its Administrative Decision and the expansion towards the parties who have a chance to field a State Administrative accusation. The ideal attitude of State Administrative Judge is the judge should remain based on the strong theoretical concepts of the law so can create understanding and attitude in handling a case in Indonesian Administrative Court.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
16

Grubac, Momcilo. "Procedural and legal status of the injured party according to the new criminal procedure code of the Republic of Serbia." Temida 15, no. 2 (2012): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem1202105g.

Full text
Abstract:
In this article the author is critically analyzing certain solutions of the new Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Serbia from 2011 which consider the injured party and their rights in the criminal proceeding. He states that unlike the previous ones, this Code does not improve the status of the injured party but makes it even worse. The author particularly claims that the legislator yet again failed to establish the right of the injured party to be efficiently compensated in the event of a serious offense from a special fund and immediately after the crime has been committed, but prior to the end of the criminal proceeding. In the provision of the Code which states that the injured party may take over the prosecution and become a prosecutor replacing the Public Prosecutor (subsidiary prosecutor) only if the Public Prosecutor withdraws after having confirmed the indictment, however not in the cases of rejection of criminal charges or withdrawal from the prosecution in the previous proceeding, the author sees not only the limitation of the rights of the injured party, but also jeopardy of the public interest. This is due to the fact that, freed from a threat of the subsidiary accusation by the injured party, the Public Prosecutor has gained an absolute and uncontrolled monopoly over the initiation of criminal proceeding. According to the author, the subject of the proceedings will not have any substantial use from some rights which the new Code assigns to the injured party (for example the right to appeal against the judgment on the adjudicated property claim). In conclusion, the author stresses out that in spite of his objections against certain provisions in the Code, the legal status of the injured party is more favorable in the criminal law of Serbia then in many other countries.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
17

Abdullah, Abdullah, and Muhammad Hatta. "The Application of the Burden of Proof Concept in Indonesia: A Comparative Study." SASI 28, no. 3 (2022): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/sasi.v28i3.1045.

Full text
Abstract:
Introduction: One of the reasons for a reverse proof system is the difficulty of proving the offenses committed by certain perpetrators of a criminal offense, such as corruption and money laundering. Thus, the government issues the legal policy to apply a reverse burden of proof to solve this problem.Purposes of the Research: This study aims to analyze the application of the reverse burden of proof in Indonesian and Islamic criminal law.Methods of the Research: This research is legalistic, doctrinal, or normative, using a comparative law approach to compare the application of a reverse burden of proof in Indonesian criminal law and Islamic criminal law.Results of the Research: The application of a reverse burden of proof in Indonesia is limited and balanced (balanced probability of principles) as regulated in Article 37 of Law no. 31 of 2019 in conjuction with Law No. 20 of 2000 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes and Article 35 of Law no. 8 of 2010 concerning the Prevention and Eradication of the Crime of Money Laundering. In Islamic criminal law, the application of t a reverse burden of proof has long been carried out, as seen in Surah Al-Nisa verse 135 and the story of Prophet Yusuf's proof of Zulaikha's accusation in Surah Yusuf verses 24-29, and several hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad. These two legal systems are similar in terms of the application of a reverse burden of proof that is only applied to certain cases, such as corruption and money laundering. However, the difference is that the application of a reverse burden of proof in Indonesian criminal law is limited and balanced. In contrast, the principle of a reverse burden of proof against corruption cases in Islamic criminal law is absolute.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
18

De Melo, Wolfgang David Cirilo. "Thoughts on Plautine Style, with Special Reference to Archaism and Colloquialism." Symbolae Philologorum Posnaniensium Graecae et Latinae 33, no. 2 (2023): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sppgl.2023.xxxiii.2.3.

Full text
Abstract:
This article discusses style in Plautus. In order to do so objectively, we need to look at distribution patterns; a phenomenon can be considered poetic or colloquial if (a) it is restricted to poetry or comedy, (b) a parallel corpus of the same time period has an equivalent expression, and (c) this distribution is statistically significant. The main problem with applying such an approach to Plautus is that he makes up 60% of early Latin (with Terence giving us another 15%); other texts are not always suitable for comparison: inscriptions may be short, highly formal, or hard to date, Cato’s work on agriculture is extremely technical, and fragments of early drama are often quoted by grammarians who are more interested in what is possible than in what is normal. However, we can compare Plautus with Plautus, insofar as we can compare different stock characters, different metres, or different sub-genres within comedy.Loss of final –s and iambic shortening seem to more common in colloquial passages, with a preponderance in iambic lines, a smaller number in long verses, and the smallest number in polymetric song. Within morphology, subjunctives of the type siem and mediopassive infinitives ending in –ier are strongly preferred at line end, out of metrical convenience; they are already archaic in Plautus, but still employed so frequently that not every individual instance is stylistically significant. Pronominal accusative and ablative forms like med and ted are also already old-fashioned and used mostly for metrical reasons; they, too, occur so commonly that not every instance is significant. Other morphological features look archaic from a classical perspective, but are still normal in Plautus; this is the case for the second-person medio-passive ending –re and the fourth-conjugation imperfect in –ibam. Genitive plural forms of the second declension mostly end in –orum; the older –um is largely restricted to fixed collocations, which are presumably stylistically unmarked.On the other hand, disyllabic genitive endings of the first declension (type familiai) were already archaic in Plautus’ day; they are rare and thus always used for stylistic effect. Within syntax, not all features that have traditionally been described as colloquial really do form part of a lower register. The ellipsis of subject accusatives in the accusative-and infinitive construction is driven by pragmatic and morphosyntactic factors rather than by stylistic considerations. Sentence length and complexity is lower in Plautus than in classical prose, but this is a feature of spoken language rather than of lower register. And finally, outside some common collocations, the ablative absolute is restricted to specific high-register contexts, such as prayers or battle reports.When Plautus wants to be colloquial, he can use features from phonology to syntax, but when he wants to sound archaic, he limits himself to morphology (and lexical features). This should not come as a surprise: Plautus had access to colloquial language on a daily basis, but would encounter archaic texts mostly in written form; here, morphological and lexical features are the ones which are most noticeable and easiest to imitate.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
19

Sjöholm, Cecilia. "Kroppar utan gränser. Om Kristevas omförhandling av det sociala kontraktet." Tidskrift för genusvetenskap 23, no. 4 (2022): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.55870/tgv.v23i4.4204.

Full text
Abstract:
In her essay "Women's time" from 1979, Kristeva asks why so many women have become attracted to terrorism. The reason seems to be, she argues, a rejection of the sacrificial logic implicated by the sociosymbolic contract defining the modern state. In choosing between "the terror of power or the power of terrorism" however, women find themselves caught in an impossible situation. Terrorist groups do not oppose themselves to terrorist regimes but rather against liberal systems. The actual accusation, then, is not that these are too oppressive but rather too weak. The motive of terrorism is the belief in and longing for a kind of supreme, absolute power, undoing the necessity of sacrifice. Many feminists have criticised the fact that there is no social context in Kristeva's theory, and no possibility to form new identities and solidarities. I would argue that there are, but these identities cannot be reduced to social ones. Kristeva's notion of the political and of identities could be seen in relation to a problem formulated by Moira Gatens: the necessity to find a way of embodying the modern notion of a body politic, a notion that has been constructed around the notion of disembodiment and rationality. The dualism between body and a modern body politic, which is exclusionary and restrictive, must be overcome. Kristeva also argues that European ideology promotes a logic of identification which is consistent with rationality. This calls for a consistent, irreducible and unquestionable kind of identity, which in turn rests on a sacrificial logic: part of the subject must, in this way, be foreclosed and made inaccessible. This calls, according to Kristeva, for a renegotiation of the social contract. She proposes a Freudian, "internalised" contract rather than a social one, a move aiming to recover the relevance of the body, and discourses such as literature which involve the corporeal subject, for a modern notion of the political.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
20

Leyser, Conrad. "Custom, Truth, and Gender in Eleventh-Century Reform." Studies in Church History 34 (1998): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400013589.

Full text
Abstract:
The Lord did not say, “I am custom”, but “I am Truth”.’ So, allegedly, Pope Gregory VII, in words that – among medievalists at least – have become almost as well known as the Scriptural text to which they refer, ‘I am the way, the truth, and the life’ (John 14.6). The Gregoriandictumembodies the paradox at the centre of the movement for Church Reform in the eleventh century, a paradox which continues to shape historiographical discussion of the period. On the one hand, Gregory and his circle presented themselves as uncompromising fighters for the truth of their vision of the Church, prepared to dismiss any appeal to established practice, however venerable; on the other, and in the same moment, however, they themselves appealed explicitly to past precedent in broadcasting their manifesto. In the comment attributed to Gregory, the authority of ‘the blessed Cyprian’ (mediated in turn by Augustine) is invoked to sanction the rejection of custom. To ‘custom’, then, the reformers opposed not ‘truth’ as a timeless absolute, but a notion of truth embedded in a tradition of moral language. Like many revolutionaries, they saw themselves as restoring their society to a pristine state from which it had fallen away – deaf to the accusation of their opponents that such ‘reform’ was in fact irreparably destructive of the peace of the community. In part because eleventh-century questions about the moral, and in particular the sexual, behaviour of the priesthood continue to be relevant in modern churches, modern scholars continue to take sides over Reform, depicting Gregory VII either as faithful restorer or as demonic innovator. This interpretative deadlock suggests, perhaps, that we should look again at the reformers’ paradoxical notion of truth as it emerges through their use of inherited language. My suggestion is that crucial to the truth of Reform in the eleventh century was its reassertion of a very ancient rhetoric of gender.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
21

Gutowski, Piotr. "Creative Thinking about God and Respect for Christian Identity." Roczniki Filozoficzne 71, no. 2 (2023): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rf237102.1.

Full text
Abstract:
In the article I refer to the philosophy of William Hasker and his proposal to reconcile respect for the basic dogmas of Christianity with the contemporary standards of knowledge and the needs of people today.
 In the first part I analyse Hasker’s view on the idea of Christian philosophy. Since he assumes the truthfulness of the main doctrines of Christianity, he is not opposed to being referred to as a Christian philosopher, but neither is he enthusiastic about this name. This attitude is the result of his conviction that the state of absolute neutrality is not possible in philosophy and that regardless of the views accepted as true by a given thinker the requirement for good philosophy is fairness and evaluating all perspectives and beliefs for their internal coherence and their correspondence with the evidence. Therefore, Hasker first tries very carefully to reconstruct positions different from his own and to track down various difficulties in them, especially contradictions. In my opinion, however, the objection of self-contradiction is ineffective when applied to philosophical positions which, as a rule, use vague concepts. The same applies to the claim that these positions are contradictory to evidence, because one of such vague notions is also the notion of evidence. That is why philosophical claims have the extraordinary ability to persist in life or unexpectedly revive after being considered definitively dead. It does not follow from this that one cannot convincingly justify one’s position using less formal criteria. 
 In the second part I focus on the rhetorical device used by Hasker to make his concept of God more attractive. He suggests that we should shape our concept of God based on our idea of ​​a great man, i.e. one who educates children to live independently and is able to effectively and fairly manage large groups of people. Leaving aside the accusation of anthropomorphism, the question arises about the epistemic value of this image, which is not universal, changes over time and depends on the conditions in which people live. The content of this image proposed by Hasker isn’t also consistent with the idea of ​​the God of Christian orthodoxy, which is dominated by traditional rather than open theism. This is where the problem of linking creative thinking and respect for Christian identity arises. Regardless of the opinion that open theism has among traditional theists, Hasker supports the concept of a strong Christian identity determined by a universally recognized creed. I propose to treat this identity a little more flexibly.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
22

Rovai, Francesco. "Case marking in absolute constructions: further evidence for a semantically based alignment in Late Latin." Journal of Latin Linguistics 13, no. 1 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joll-2014-0005.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractThe argument structure of the Latin clause normally patterns according to a nominative/accusative alignment, because – regardless of their semantic role – transitive and intransitive subjects are marked in the same way, as opposed to direct objects. A semantically based alignment is nevertheless attested in some domains of Latin grammar, overtly marking the semantic opposition between active/agentive and inactive/non-agentive arguments – regardless of their syntactic role. In Late Latin, this minor pattern results in the “extended accusative/restricted nominative,” a syntactico-semantic phenomenon that testifies to a re-alignment of the encoding of the argument structure in the transition from Latin to Romance. However, while there is direct evidence for the extension of the accusative, the parallel restriction of the nominative is not easy to prove, since a number of social and stylistic factors obscure the distribution of the different alignments in the late documents. New evidence for such a re-alignment may be probably drawn from some fluctuations of case marking in the
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
23

Jugo, Mithat. "TRADITIONAL CONCEPT OF ARABIC GRAMMAR AND A MULTIFUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION OF SYNTACTIC ELEMENTS." Zbornik radova 18, December 15, 2020, 269–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.51728/issn.2637-1480.2020.18.269.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper attempts to explore the issue of multifunctional interpretation of syntactic elements in Arabic grammar. Thus, the aim of the research is to investigate the reasons underlying different grammatical interpretation of the same syntactic element in Arabic grammar. The focus is on an indefinite noun in the accusative case, which performs various functions within a sentence, the most common being the function of an absolute object. Through the analysis of a selected part of the Qur’anic text, the paper presents scholars’ attitudes towards this phenomenon. The findings showed that various multifunctional grammatical interpretations appeared from the very beginning of the standardization of grammar rules in Arabic. With its main postulates: an analytical approach, the concept of regency, the rule of implying certain grammar units, traditional concept of Arabic grammar left some space for the application of a functional-semantic criterion in the sentence analysis, which resulted in the appearance of different stances on the function of an indefinite noun in the accusative case. Grammatical multifunctionality is noticeable in the stances of Sibawayha, Ibn Hisham and others, while it is particularly notable within the studies dealing with the lingua-stylistic issues related to the Qur’anic text. The qualification of one syntactic from a few grammatical functions in a sentence and text results in lingua-stylistic implications in terms of textual economy and semantics.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
24

Matthews, Joshua, and Devrim Yilmaz. "What type of noticing occurs in the first 6 months of learning a foreign language? A case of an absolute beginner of Turkish." Foreign Language Annals, January 23, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/flan.12745.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractThe concept of noticing, which emphasizes the role of attention and awareness in language learning, has exerted a strong influence on second language acquisition (SLA) theory and practice. The current research analyzes instances of noticing evident across a 26‐week period as the first author, an absolute beginner, was taught Turkish by the second author, a native speaker. All 52 video‐conferenced one‐to‐one lessons were recorded and subsequently thematically analyzed for the learner's noticing of the accusative, dative, locative, and ablative cases at two levels of complexity (single or multiple affix). Six noticing themes were evident and are defined and exemplified with multimodal vignettes and presented as a generalized model. Trends in the occurrence of these noticing themes over the first 6 months of learning are also presented. Discussion focusses on the practical relevance of the types of noticing observed and concludes with directions for future research.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
25

Mimica, Ivan, and Vladimir Takšić. "Utjecaj semantičkih i sintaktičkih faktora na razumijevanje rečenica kod broca-afazičara." Papers on Philosophy, Psychology, Sociology and Pedagogy 24, no. 1 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/radovifpsp.2547.

Full text
Abstract:
Yugoslav agrammatic aphasics and normal control subjects were tested for comprehension of agent-object relations in a series of simple Serbo-Croatian sentences consisting of two nouns and a transactive action verb. The availability of nominative and accusative case inflections and a semantic contrast was systematically varied across sentences. Sentences were also varied with respect to the two sequences NVN and VNN. An analysis of subjects’ agent-object assignments yielded the following results: While Broca’s aphasics showed some sensitivity to case inflections, their ability to process such cues was greatly impaired relative to normal subjects, for whom morphological cues were almost completely deterministic. Broca’s aphasics were impaired to a lesser degree in their ability to employ a strategy of »choose the first noun as agent« when case inflections and semantic contrasts were not available. While Broca’s aphasics showed no impairment in their ability to exploit semantic contrasts for agent-object assignment, there was no absolute compensatory increase in the degree to which they relied on semantic cues. Differences in word sequence had no effect on agent-object assignment in Broca’s aphasics. Finally, Broca’s aphasics frequently responded unsystematically when cues to agent-object relations occurred in isolation or in competition with one another, but when there was a convergence of cues, their performance approached that of normal subjects. This result was interpreted in terms of the accessing hypothesis.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
26

"Philosophical Multiculturalism?" Philosophy 80, no. 4 (2005): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819105000410.

Full text
Abstract:
Philosophy may have universalist pretensions; at least it may if its goal is still truth (absolute); goodness (for all) and beauty (as surviving a history-transcending test of time). No doubt such ideals are subject to accusations of Platonism, logocentrism and much else, though it is hard to see what philosophy is without least a taint of such ideals. An accusation these ideals is not properly subject to is ‘Eurocentrism’. Whatever the Eurocentric faults of individual philosophers, the fault lies in the practice, not in the ideal. No doubt there have been faults. At times there has been culpable ignorance of other traditions; at times shouting down of other voices (and this is not confined to other voices from non-Western cultures). One response to such faults is muticulturalism; a subject recently much in the news. Are we multiculturalists? Has multiculturalism failed? What is multiculturalism? These questions increasingly and not before time occupy public discussion; unfortunately generating in the answers given much heat and much confusion.Whatever multiculturalism is, given its Herderian roots, it is at the very least a sense that other cultures, all other cultures, should receive recognition and should be heard. Recognition of others as others, in their otherness, is at the heart of it. And this is, in a sense, a universalist ideal. But it is one which may sit ill with the universalism of philosophy. If recognition is our ideal, what place in our activity is there for the search for truth, which has been defined as culture blind and culture transcendent?
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
27

Higley, Sarah L. "Audience, Uglossia, and CONLANG." M/C Journal 3, no. 1 (2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1827.

Full text
Abstract:
Could we also imagine a language in which a person could write down or give vocal expression to his inner experiences -- his feelings, moods, and the rest -- for his private use? Well, can't we do so in our ordinary language? -- But that is not what I mean. The individual words of this language are to refer to what can only be known to the person speaking; to his immediate private sensations. So another person cannot understand the language. -- Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations par. 243 I will be using 'audience' in two ways in the following essay: as a phenomenon that produces and is produced by media technologies (readers, hearers, viewers, Internet-users), and as something, audiens, that is essential to language itself, something without which language cannot be. I shall do so in specific references to invented languages. Who, then, are the 'consumers' of invented languages? In referring to invented languages, I am not talking about speakers of Esperanto or Occidental; I am not concerned with the invention of international auxiliary languages. These projects, already well-debated, have roots that go back at least as far as the 17th-century language philosophers who were at pains to undo the damage of Babel and restore a common language to the world. While Esperanto never became what it intended to be, it at least has readers and speakers. I am also not even talking about speakers of Klingon or Quenya. These privately invented languages have had the good fortune to be attached to popular invented cultures, and to media with enough money and publicity to generate a multitude of fans. Rather, I am talking about a phenomenon on the Internet and in a well- populated listserv whereby a number of people from all over the globe have discovered each other on-line. They all have a passion for what Jeffrey Schnapp calls uglossia ('no-language', after utopia, 'no-place'). Umberto Eco calls it 'technical insanity' or glottomania. Linguist Marina Yaguello calls language inventors fous du langage ('language lunatics') in her book of the same title. Jeffrey Henning prefers the term 'model language' in his on-line newsletter: 'miniaturized versions that provide the essence of something'. On CONLANG, people call themselves conlangers (from 'constructed language') and what they do conlanging. By forming this list, they have created a media audience for themselves, in the first sense of the term, and also literally in the second sense, as a number of them are setting up soundbytes on their elaborately illustrated and explicated Webpages. Originally devoted to advocates for international auxiliary languages, CONLANG started out about eight years ago, and as members joined who were less interested in the politics than in the hobby of language invention, the list has become almost solely the domain of the latter, whereas the 'auxlangers', as they are called, have moved to another list. An important distinguishing feature of 'conlangers' is that, unlike the 'auxlangers', there is no sustained hope that their languages will have a wide-body of hearers or users. They may wish it, but they do not advocate for it, and as a consequence their languages are free to be a lot weirder, whereas the auxlangs tend to strive for regularity and useability. CONLANG is populated by highschool, college, and graduate students; linguists; computer programmers; housewives; librarians; professors; and other users worldwide. The old debate about whether the Internet has become the 'global village' that Marshall McLuhan predicted, or whether it threatens to atomise communication 'into ever smaller worlds where enthusiasms mutate into obsessions', as Jeff Salamon warns, seems especially relevant to a study of CONLANG whose members indulge in an invention that by its very nature excludes the casual listener-in. And yet the audio-visual capacities of the Internet, along with its speed and efficiency of communication, have made it the ideal forum for conlangers. Prior to the Web, how were fellow inventors to know that others were doing -- in secret? J.R.R. Tolkien has been lauded as a rare exception in the world of invention, but would his elaborate linguistic creations have become so famous had he not published The Lord of the Rings and its Appendix? Poignantly, he tells in "A Secret Vice" about accidentally overhearing another army recruit say aloud: 'Yes! I think I shall express the accusative by a prefix!'. Obviously, silent others besides Tolkien were inventing languages, but they did not have the means provided by the Internet to discover one another except by chance. Tolkien speaks of the 'shyness' and 'shame' attached to this pursuit, where 'higher developments are locked in secret places'. It can win no prizes, he says, nor make birthday presents for aunts. His choice of title ("A Secret Vice") echoes a Victorian phrase for the closet, and conlangers have frequently compared conlanging to homosexuality, both being what conservative opinion expects one to grow out of after puberty. The number of gay men on the list has been wondered at as more than coincidental. In a survey I conducted in October 1998, many of the contributors to CONLANG felt that the list put them in touch with an audience that provided them with intellectual and emotional feedback. Their interests were misunderstood by parents, spouses, lovers, and employers alike, and had to be kept under wraps. Most of those I surveyed said that they had been inventing a language well before they had heard of the list; that they had conceived of what they were doing as unique or peculiar, until discovery of CONLANG; and that other people's Websites astounded them with the pervasive fascination of this pursuit. There are two ways to look at it: conlanging, as Henning writes, may be as common and as humanly creative as any kind of model-making, i.e., dollhouses, model trains, role-playing, or even the constructed cultures with city plans and maps in fantasy novels such as Terry Pratchett's Discworld. The Web is merely a means to bring enthusiasts together. Or it may provide a site that, with the impetus of competition and showmanship, encourages inutile and obsessive activity. Take your pick. From Hildegard von Bingen's Lingua Ignota to Dante's Inferno and the babbling Nimrod to John Dee's Enochian and on, invented languages have smacked of religious ecstacy, necromancy, pathology, and the demonic. Twin speech, or 'pathological idioglossia', was dramatised by Jodie Foster in Nell. Hannah Green's 'Language of Yr' was the invention of her schizophrenic protagonist in I Never Promised You a Rose Garden. Language itself is the centre of furious theoretical debate. Despite the inventive 'deformities' it is put to in poetry, punning, jest, singing, and lying, human language, our most 'natural' of technologies, is a social machine, used by multitudes and expected to get things done. It is expected of language that it be understood and that it have not only hearers but also answerers. All human production is founded on this assumption. A language without an audience of other speakers is no language. 'Why aren't you concentrating on real languages?' continues to be the most stinging criticism. Audience is essential to Wittgenstein's remark quoted at the beginning of this essay. Wittgenstein posits his 'private languages theory' as a kind of impossibility: all natural languages, because they exist by consensus, can only refer to private experience externally. Hence, a truly private language, devoted to naming 'feelings and moods' which the subject has never heard about or shared with others, is impossible among socialised speakers who are called upon to define subjective experience in public terms. His is a critique of solipsism, a charge often directed at language inventors. But very few conlangers that I have encountered are making private languages in Wittgenstein's sense, because most of them are interested in investing their private words with public meaning, even when they are doing it privately. For them, it is audience, deeply desireable, that has been impossible until now. Writing well before the development of CONLANG, Yaguello takes the stance that inventing a language is an act of madness. 'Just look at the lunatic in love with language', she writes: sitting in his book-lined study, he collects great piles of information, he collates and classifies it, he makes lists and fills card indexes. He is in the clutches of a denominatory delirium, of a taxonomic madness. He has to name everything, but before being able to name, he has to recognize and classify concepts, to enclose the whole Universe in a system of notation: produce enumerations, hierarchies, and paradigms. She is of course describing John Wilkins, whose Real Character and Universal Language in 1668 was an attempt to make each syllable of his every invented word denote its placement in a logical scheme of classification. 'A lunatic ambition', Yaguello pronounces, because it missed the essential quality of language: that its signs are arbitrary, practical, and changeable, so as to admit neologism and cultural difference. But Yaguello denounces auxiliary language makers in general as amateurs 'in love with language and with languages, and ignorant of the science of language'. Her example of 'feminine' invention comes from Helene Smith, the medium who claimed to be channeling Martian (badly disguised French). One conlanger noted that Yaguello's chapter entitled 'In Defence of Natural Languages' reminded him of the US Federal 'Defense of Marriage Act', whereby the institution of heterosexual marriage is 'defended' from homosexual marriage. Let homosexuals marry or lunatics invent language, and both marriage and English (or French) will come crashing to the ground. Schnapp praises Yaguello's work for being the most comprehensive examination of the phenomenon to date, but neither he nor she addresses linguist Suzette Haden Elgin's creative work on Láadan, a language designed for women, or even Quenya or Klingon -- languages that have acquired at least an audience of readers. Schnapp is less condemnatory than Yaguello, and interested in seeing language inventors as the 'philologists of imaginary worlds', 'nos semblables, nos frères, nos soeurs' -- after all. Like Yaguello, he is given to some generalities: imaginary languages are 'infantile': 'the result is always [my emphasis] an "impoverishment" of the natural languages in question: reduced to a limited set of open vowels [he means "open syllables"], prone to syllabic reduplication and to excessive syntactical parallelisms and symmetries'. To be sure, conlangs will never replicate the detail and history of a real language, but to call them 'impoverishments of the natural languages' seems as strange as calling dollhouses 'impoverishments of actual houses'. Why this perception of threat or diminishment? The critical, academic "audience" for language invention has come largely from non-language inventors and it is woefully uninformed. It is this audience that conlangers dislike the most: the outsiders who cannot understand what they are doing and who belittle it. The field, then, is open to re-examination, and the recent phenomenon of conlanging is evidence that the art of inventing languages is neither lunatic nor infantile. But if one is not Tolkien or a linguist supported by the fans of Star Trek, how does one justify the worthwhile nature of one's art? Is it even art if it has an audience of one ... its artist? Conlanging remains a highly specialised and technical pursuit that is, in the end, deeply subjective. Model builders and map-makers can expect their consumers to enjoy their products without having to participate in the minutia of their building. Not so the conlanger, whose consumer must internalise it, and who must understand and absorb complex linguistic concepts. It is different in the world of music. The Cocteau Twins, Bobby McFerrin in his Circle Songs, Lisa Gerrard in Duality, and the new group Ekova in Heaven's Dust all use 'nonsense' words set to music -- either to make songs that sound like exotic languages or to convey a kind of melodic glossolalia. Knowing the words is not important to their hearers, but few conlangers yet have that outlet, and must rely on text and graphs to give a sense of their language's structure. To this end, then, these are unheard, unaudienced languages, existing mostly on screen. A few conlangers have set their languages to music and recorded them. What they are doing, however, is decidedly different from the extempore of McFerrin. Their words mean something, and are carefully worked out lexically and grammatically. So What Are These Conlangs Like? On CONLANG and their links to Websites you will find information on almost every kind of no-language imaginable. Some sites are text only; some are lavishly illustrated, like the pages for Denden, or they feature a huge inventory of RealAudio and MP3 files, like The Kolagian Languages, or the songs of Teonaht. Some have elaborate scripts that the newest developments in fontography have been able to showcase. Some, like Tokana and Amman-Iar, are the result of decades of work and are immensely sophisticated. Valdyan has a Website with almost as much information about the 'conculture' as the conlang. Many are a posteriori languages, that is, variations on natural languages, like Brithenig (a mixture of the features of Brythonic and Romance languages); others are a priori -- starting from scratch -- like Elet Anta. Many conlangers strive to make their languages as different from European paradigms as possible. If imaginary languages are bricolages, as Schnapp writes, then conlangers are now looking to Tagalog, Basque, Georgian, Malagasay, and Aztec for ideas, instead of to Welsh, Finnish, and Hebrew, languages Tolkien drew upon for his Elvish. "Ergative" and "trigger" languages are often preferred to the "nominative" languages of Europe. Some people invent for sheer intellectual challenge; others for the beauty and sensuality of combining new and privately meaningful sounds. There are many calls for translation exercises, one of the most popular being 'The Tower of Babel' (Genesis 10: 1-9). The most recent innovation, and one that not only showcases these languages in all their variety but provides an incentive to learn another conlanger's conlang, is the Translation Relay Game: someone writes a short poem or composition in his or her language and sends it with linguistic information to someone else, who sends a translation with directions to the next in line all the way around again, like playing 'telephone'. The permutations that the Valdyan Starling Song went through give good evidence that these languages are not just relexes, or codes, of natural languages, but have their own linguistic, cultural, and poetic parameters of expression. They differ from real languages in one important respect that has bearing on my remarks about audience: very few conlangers have mastered their languages in the way one masters a native tongue. These creations are more like artefacts (several have compared it to poetry) than they are like languages. One does not live in a dollhouse. One does not normally think or speak in one's conlang, much less speak to another, except through a laborious process of translation. It remains to a longer cultural and sociolinguistic study (underway) to tease out the possibilities and problems of conlanging: why it is done, what does it satisfy, why so few women do it, what are its demographics, or whether it can be turned to pedagogical use in a 'hands-on', high- participation study of language. In this respect, CONLANG is one of the 'coolest' of on-line media. Only time will show what direction conlanging and attitudes towards it will take as the Internet becomes more powerful and widely used. Will the Internet democratise, and eventually make banal, a pursuit that has until now been painted with the romantic brush of lunacy and secrecy? (You can currently download LangMaker, invented by Jeff Henning, to help you construct your own language.) Or will it do the opposite and make language and linguistics -- so often avoided by students or reduced in university programs -- inventive and cutting edge? (The inventor of Tokana has used in-class language invention as a means to study language typology.) Now that we have it, the Internet at least provides conlangers with a place to hang their logodaedalic tapestries, and the technology for some of them to be heard. References Von Bingen, Hildegard. Lingua Ignota, or Wörterbuch der unbekannten Sprache. Eds. Marie-Louise Portmann and Alois Odermatt. Basel: Verlag Basler Hildegard-Gesellschaft, 1986. Eco, Umberto. The Search for the Perfect Language. Trans. James Fentress. Oxford, England, and Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1995, 1997. Elgin, Suzette Haden. A First Dictionary and Grammar of Láadan. Madison, WI: Society for the Furtherance and Study of Fantasy and Science- Fiction, 1985. Henning, Jeffrey. Model Languages: The Newsletter Discussing Newly Imagined Words for Newly Imagined Worlds. <http://www.Langmaker.com/ml00.htm>. Kennaway, Richard. Some Internet Resources Relating to Constructed Languages. <http://www.sys.uea.ac.uk/jrk/conlang.php>. (The most comprehensive list (with links) of invented languages on the Internet.) Laycock, Donald C. The Complete Enochian Dictionary: A Dictionary of the Angelic Language as Revealed to Dr. John Dee and Edward Kelley. York Beach, Maine: Samuel Weiser, 1994. McLuhan, Marshall. Understanding Media. Reprinted. Cambridge, MA: MIT P, 1994. Salamon, Jeff. "Revenge of the Fanboys." Village Voice 13 Sep., 1994. Schnapp, Jeffrey. "Virgin Words: Hildegard of Bingen's Lingua Ignota and the Development of Imaginary Languages Ancient and Modern." Exemplaria 3.2 (1991): 267-98. Tolkien, J.R.R. "A Secret Vice." The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1984. 198-223. Wilkins, John. An Essay Towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language. Presented to the Royal Society of England in 1668. Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Philosophical Investigations. 3rd ed. Trans. G.E.M. Anscombe. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1958. Yaguello, Marina. Lunatic Lovers of Language: Imaginary Languages and Their Inventors. Trans. Catherine Slater. (Les fous du langage. 1985.) London: The Athlone Press, 1991. Citation reference for this article MLA style: Sarah L. Higley. "Audience, Uglossia, and CONLANG: Inventing Languages on the Internet." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.1 (2000). [your date of access] <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/0003/languages.php>. Chicago style: Sarah L. Higley, "Audience, Uglossia, and CONLANG: Inventing Languages on the Internet," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3, no. 1 (2000), <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/0003/languages.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Sarah L. Higley. (2000) Audience, Uglossia, and CONLANG: Inventing Languages on the Internet. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3(1). <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/0003/languages.php> ([your date of access]).
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!