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1
Vechiato, Fernanda Maria Veanholi. "Participação do sistema endocanabinóide nas respostas comportamentais, hormonais e neuronais induzidas pela sobrecarga salina." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17134/tde-10082015-103622/.
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O sistema endocanabinóide (eCB) tem sido reconhecido como um importante modulador da homeostase energética e recentemente estudos o apontam como um possível integrador da homeostase hidroeletrolítica. Estudos recentes do nosso laboratório demonstraram a participação do receptor canabinóide do tipo 1 (CB1R) no controle da secreção neurohipofisária em resposta a expansão hipertônica do volume extracelular. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho visou esclarecer a participação do sistema eCB, particularmente do CB1R, nas respostas neuronais, neuroendócrinas e comportamentais induzidas pela sobrecarga salina de 4 dias (SS). Uma vez que os animais em SS apresentam hipofagia induzida pela hiperosmolalidade, buscou-se avaliar as vias de integração do controle da homeostase energética e do balanço hidroeletrolítico por meio da introdução de um grupo em dieta pareada (pair fed, PF). De forma a investigar a hipótese acima, utilizou-se como ferramenta farmacológica o agonista seletivo CB1R, araquidonil-2-cloroetilamida (ACEA - 0,1g/5L), administrado por via intracerebroventricular (icv). Inicialmente, nosso trabalho mostrou que a SS promoveu aumento da expressão de CB1R tanto nos núcleos supra-óptico (NSO) e paraventricular (NPV) do hipotálamo quanto em estruturas da lâmina terminal [órgão subfornicial (SFO), o órgão vasculoso da lâmina terminal (OVLT) e o núcleo pré-óptico mediano (MnPO)]. Tais observações foram reforçadas pela análise microscópica destas regiões cerebrais por imunofluorescência, que evidenciou aumento da imunomarcação para CB1R no NPV, NSO e SFO em animais submetidos a SS. Estes resultados também mostraram que a maioria dos terminais pré-sinápticos CB1R-positivos estão localizados predominantemente na porção ventral do NSO, na qual predominam neurônios vasopressinérgicos. Os dados mostram ainda que todas as respostas induzidas pela SS foram revertidas após a reintrodução dos líquidos (RL, água e NaCl 0,3M). Já no grupo PF, não foram observadas alterações na expressão de CB1R em nenhuma das áreas avaliadas. No entanto, após a RL, os animais PF apresentaram hipoosmolalidade plasmática e aumento da expressão de CB1R na LT, sendo este último efeito aparentemente mediado por um aumento da expressão deste receptor no SFO. Em animais normoidratados, a administração central de ACEA produziu um aumento significativo na ingestão alimentar, sendo esta resposta ausente nos animais submetidos a SS, apesar do aumento da expressão de CB1R no hipotálamo verificada neste grupo. Entretanto, o pré-tratamento com ACEA foi capaz de potencializar a ingestão de água induzida pela SS, não produzindo efeitos significativos sobre este parâmetro no grupo PF. Este estudo demonstrou ainda que a SS não alterou as concentrações plasmáticas de angiotensina II (ANGII), porém promoveu aumento signficativo nas concentrações plasmáticas de corticosterona, vasopressina (AVP) e ocitocina (OT), além de diminuir a secreção de peptídeo natriurético atrial (ANP). Em animais submetidos a SS, o prétratamento com ACEA potencializou a secreção de corticosterona e preveniu o aumento da secreção de AVP e OT. Por outro lado, não foram observados efeitos da administração de ACEA sobre a secreção de ANP e ANGII induzida pela SS. Após a RL, o grupo SS apresentou normalização das concentrações plasmáticas hormonais, não sendo observados quaisquer efeitos da administração de ACEA nestas condições experimentais. No grupo PF, por sua vez, após a RL foi observada diminuição na secreção de OT e aumento nas concentrações plasmáticas de ANGII, efeitos estes não alterados pelo pré-tratamento com ACEA. Em conjunto, nossos dados sugerem que o CB1R participa ativamente das respostas homeostáticas comportamentais e neuroendócrinas desencadeadas pela SS, sendo estas respostas especificamente relacionadas ao controle da homeostase hidrossalina e não secundárias à hipofagia induzida pela hiperosmolalidade. Desta forma, conclui-se que a participação do CB1R na homeostase hidroeletrolítica ocorre em paralelo e independentemente da modulação exercida por este receptor sobre a homeostase energética.<br>The endocannabinoid system (eCB) has been recognized as an important modulator of energy homeostasis and recent studies suggest that this system may play a possible integrator role on hydromineral homeostasis. Recent studies from our laboratory demonstrated the involvement of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) in the control of neurohypophyseal secretion in response to hypertonic extracellular volume expansion. Therefore, the present study aimed to clarify the involvement of the ECB system, particularly of CB1Rs, in neuronal, neuroendocrine and behavioral responses induced by 4 days of salt load (SS). Since the animals submitted to SS exhibit a well known state of hyperosmolality-induced hypophagia, we attempted to evaluate the integrated control of energy homeostasis and hydroelectrolytic balance through the introduction of a paired diet group (pair fed, PF). In order to achieve these goals, this study employed as a pharmacological tool the CB1R selective agonist, arachidonoyl-2\'-chloroethylamide (ACEA-0.1g/5L), administered intracerebroventricularly (icv). Initially, our work showed that SS increased the expression of CB1R in both supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei of the hypothalamus, as well as in the structures of the lamina terminalis [subfornical organ (SFO), organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and median preoptic nucleus (MnPO)]. These observations were reinforced by the microscopic analysis of these brain regions by immunofluorescence, which showed increased immunostaining for CB1R in the PVN, SON and SFO in animals submitted to SS. These results also showed that most of the presynaptic CB1R-positive terminals are located predominantly in the ventral part of the SON, which is characterized by the presence of vasopressinergic neurons. The data also showed that all SS-induced responses were reversed after reintroduction of fluids (RF, water and 0,3M NaCl). On the other hand, no changes in the expression of CB1R in any of the evaluated areas were observed in the PF group. However, after RF, PF animals showed hypoosmolality and increased expression of CB1R in the LT, being the latter effect apparently mediated by increased expression of this receptor in SFO. In euhydrated animals, the central administration of ACEA produced a significant increase in food intake, being this response absent in animals submitted to SS, despite the increased expression of CB1R in the hypothalamus observed in this group. However, pretreatment with ACEA was able to potentiate SS-induced water intake, producing no significant effect on this parameter in the PF group. This study also demonstrated that SS did not alter plasma concentrations of angiotensin II (ANG II), but significantly increased plasma concentrations of corticosterone, vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT), and decreased the secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). In animals submitted to SS, pretreatment with ACEA enhanced the secretion of corticosterone and prevented the increased secretion of AVP and OT. Moreover, no effect of ACEA was observed on the SS-induced ANG II and ANP secretion. After RF, the SS group showed normalization of hormonal plasma concentrations, and no effects of ACEA administration were verified under these experimental conditions. After RF, the PF group exhibited a decrease in OT secretion and increased plasma concentrations of ANG II, effects that were not altered by pretreatment with ACEA. Taken together, our data suggest that CB1Rs actively participate in behavioral and neuroendocrine homeostatic responses triggered by SS, and that these responses were specifically related to the control of hydromineral homeostasis and not secondary to the hyperosmolality-induced hypophagia. Therefore, we conclude that the involvement of CB1R in electrolyte homeostasis occurs in parallel and independently of the modulation exerted by this receptor on energy homeostasis.
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Rassi, Salam. "Justifying Christianity in the Islamic middle ages : the apologetic theology of ʻAbdīshōʻ bar Brīkhā (d. 1318)". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fd4d5621-24a8-4432-acea-9b5e58a9074a.
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The subject of this thesis is the theology of the late 13th- early 14th century churchman 'Abdisho' bar Brikha. Better known by modern scholars for his poetry and canon law, he is far less recognised as a religious controversialist who composed works in Arabic as well as Syriac to answer Muslim criticisms. My overall argument contends that 'Abdisho''s hitherto neglected theological works are critical to our understanding of how anti-Muslim apologetics had by his time become central to his Church's articulation of a distinct Christian identity in a largely non-Christian environment. 'Abdisho' wrote his apologetic theology at a time when Christians experienced increasing hardship under the rule of the Mongol Ilkhans, who had officially converted to Islam in 1295. While the gradual hardening of attitudes towards Christians may well have informed 'Abdisho''s defensive stance, this thesis also demonstrates that his theology is built on a genre of apologetics that emerged as early as the mid-8th century. Our author compiles and systematises earlier debates and authorities from this tradition while updating them for a current authorship. In doing so, he contributes to the formation of a theological canon that would remain authoritative for centuries to come. My analysis of 'Abdisho''s oeuvre extends to three doctrinal themes: the Trinity, the Incarnation, and devotional practices (viz. the veneration of the Cross and the striking of the church clapper). I situate his discussion of these topics in a period when Syriac Christian scholarship was marked by a familiarity with Arabo-Islamic theological and philosophical models. While our author does not engage with these models as closely as his better-known Syriac Christian contemporary Bar Hebraeus (d. 1286), he nevertheless appeals to a literary and theological idiom common to both Muslims and Christians in order to convince his coreligionists of their faith's reasonableness against centuries-long polemical attacks.
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Semprich, Claudia. "Regulation of polycomb repressive complexes at the neural differentiation gene Pax6." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2016. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/51529b2a-9763-424b-acea-808700b1d1a9.
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During body axis elongation spinal cord neural tissue in the posterior of the embryo is progressively generated from a pool of bipotent progenitors of the stem zone/caudal lateral epiblast, termed neuromesodermal progenitors. Neural differentiation gene transcription begins in a sharply defined position due to loss of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling. This highly coordinated onset of gene expression implies the involvement of a higher order mechanism to co-ordinately regulate hundreds of genes at the same time. One possible mechanism underlying this phenomenon is the regulation of chromatin structure around neural differentiation genes. The analysis of chromatin structure by fluorescence in situ hybridisation uncovered that chromatin compaction at the neural differentiation gene Pax6 is maintained by FGF signalling in the stem zone/caudal lateral epiblast of the mouse embryo (Patel et al., 2013). Here I show that this process is mediated by ERK signalling, with just one hour of ERK inhibition leading to a decompaction of the Pax6 locus in the mouse embryo. One way in which local chromatin compaction is regulated is by polycomb repressive complexes. They build a machinery that deposit the histone modifications H3K27me3 and H2AK119Ub at target genes and were shown to impose chromatin compaction. To test the possibility of FGF/ERK regulated polycomb mediated chromatin compaction at neural differentiation gene loci in the stem zone/ caudal lateral epiblast a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiment was performed for the histone modification H3K27me3. Preliminary data showed that the Pax6 transcription start site in the stem zone caudal lateral epiblast is marked by H3K27me3, comparable to the known unexpressed polycomb target HoxD11. This indicated the potential for polycomb mediated chromatin compaction at the Pax6 locus. A human embryonic stem (ES) cell based in vitro model for the generation of spinal cord neural progenitors used to analyse further whether polycomb mediated chromatin compaction determines neural differentiation gene expression and to evaluate its regulation by FGF/ERK signalling. To that end human ES cells were exposed to FGF and Wnt signals for 3 days to generate neuromesodermal progenitors (hNMPs) (Gouti et al., 2014), these were then differentiated into neural progenitors (hNPs) of posterior spinal cord fate. ChIP assays showed that during the differentiation of hNMPs to hNPs the polycomb components Jarid2 and Ring1B dissociate from the Pax6 locus (transcription start site and gene body) and the H3K27me3 mark is removed in order to facilitate Pax6 transcription from a now decompacted locus. When ERK signalling was blocked in the hNMPs for 12 hours the polycomb components Jarid2 and Ring1B dissociated from the locus whereas the H3K27me3 remained correlating with chromatin decompaction; however, no Pax6 gene transcription was observed. These observations suggest that ERK promotes polycomb mediated chromatin compaction. Interestingly, upon only 3 hours of ERK inhibition only Jarid2 was found to have dissociated from the Pax6 locus whereas Ring1B occupancy and H3K27me3 levels remained, thereby opening the possibility for a step wise dissociation/unloading of the polycomb machinery upon FGF/ERK signalling loss. Taken together the data in the hES in vitro system implies that during neural differentiation the loss of FGF/ERK signalling leads to the dissociation of polycomb neural differentiation gene loci and the removal of the H3K27me3 mark in order to facilitate transcription from these loci. In pluripotent mouse ES cells it was recently revealed that the recruitment of polycomb complexes to differentiation genes relies on activated ERK (Tee et al., 2014). Furthermore, a few polycomb components were shown to be potential phosphorylation targets of FGF/ERK downstream pathways. The data in this thesis suggest a FGF/ERK mediated polycomb regulation that could potentially involve either or both of these mechanisms to regulate gene expression in the stem zone\caudal lateral epiblast of the mouse embryo. During body axis elongation FGF signalling is attenuated by retinoic acid signalling in the posterior of the mouse embryo (Diez del Corral et al., 2003). The work of this thesis suggests that this retinoic acid mediated attenuation of FGF signalling leads to the dissociation of the polycomb machinery at neural differentiation genes and thereby the de-repression of target gene transcription.
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Zehr, Bradley Preston. "Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) agonist arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide (ACEA) induces Egr1 in murine 3T3-L1 and human adipocytes." Thesis, Boston University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12255.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University<br>Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are parallel global pandemics fueled by worldwide trends toward longer lifespan, Western high-fat diet, and sedentary lifestyle. Lipotoxicity – lipid overflow from adipose tissue to liver, muscle, and pancreas resulting from chronically elevated plasma free fatty acid levels – is now known to be the underlying cause of insulin resistance and T2DM. Control of lipolysis in adipose tissue is central to the regulation of plasma free fatty acid. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), the rate-limiting lipolytic enzyme in adipose tissue, is downregulated in the insulin-stimulated state, and this antilipolytic signal is defective in obesity and T2DM and may contribute to lipotoxicity. The antilipolytic insulin signal is mediated by mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), but how activated mTORC1 decreased ATGL expression remained elusive. The Kandror Lab recently identified transcription factor early growth responsive gene 1 (Egr1) as the missing link between insulin-activated mTORC1
and decreased ATGL expression. mTORC1 induces Egr1, which directly binds the ATGL promoter and decreases its expression.
Intriguingly, Egr1 has also been implicated in a new model of the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in the pre-diabetic hyperinsulinemic state. Several groups have demonstrated that chronic hyperinsulinism causes an imbalance between PI3K/Akt signaling and MAPK signaling, and this defect is mediated by high levels of Egr1 in obesity. Additionally, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is known to be hyperactive in obesity and diabetes, and antagonism of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) by pharmaceutical rimonabant was effective at decreasing weight and improving insulin resistance in overweight and obese patients. Previous research demonstrated induction of Egr1 by CB1 stimulation in neurons, however the same effect has not been demonstrated in adipocytes.
We stimulated murine 3T3-L1 and human adipocytes with 2 uM arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide (ACEA), a synthetic analogue of major endocannabinoid anandamide and a specific CB1 agonist. Egr1 mRNA was significantly increased in ACEA-stimulated murine and human adipocytes relative to controls after 4 hours, as analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. This finding potentially implicates hyperactive ECS during obesity in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, and it further validates CB1 as a rich diabetes drug target.
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Lundberg, Petter. "Investigation of the transient nature of rolling resistance on an operating Heavy Duty Vehicle." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-93298.
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An operating vehicle requires energy to oppose the subjected driving resistances. This energy is supplied via the fuel combustion in the engine. Decreasing the opposing driving resistances for an operating vehicle increases its fuel efficiency: an effect which is highly valued in today’s industry, both from an environmental and economical point of view. Therefore a lot of progress has been made during recent years in the area of fuel efficient vehicles, even though some driving resistances still rises perplexity. These resistances are the air drag Fd generated by the viscous air opposing the vehicles propulsion and the rolling resistance Frr generated mainly by the hysteresis caused by the deformation cycle of the viscoelastic pneumatic tires. The energy losses associated with the air drag and rolling resistance account for the majority of the driving resistances facing an operating vehicle, and depends on numerous stochastic and ambient parameters, some of which are highly correlated both within and between the two resistances. To increase the understanding of the driving mechanics behind the energy losses associated with the complexity that is rolling resistance, a set of complete vehicle tests has been carried out. These tests were carried out on the test track Malmby Fairground, using a Scania CV AB developed R440 truck equipped with various sensors connected in one measurement system. Under certain conditions, these parameters can allow for an investigation of the rolling resistance, and a separation of the rolling resistance and air drag via explicit subtraction of the air drag from the measured traction force. This method is possible since the aerodynamic property AHDVCd(β) to some extent can be generated from wind tunnel tests and CFD simulations. Two measurement series that enable the above formulated method of separation were designed and carried out, using two separate measurement methods. One which enables the investigation of the transient nature of rolling resistance as it strives for stationarity, where the vehicle is operated under constant velocities i.e. no acceleration, and one using the well established method of coastdown, where no driving torque is applied. The drive cycles spanned a range of velocities, which allowed for dynamic and stationary analyses of both the tire temperature- and the velocity dependence of rolling resistance. When analysing the results of the transient analysis, a strong dependence upon tire temperature for given constant low velocity i.e. v ≤ 60 kmh−1 was clearly visible. The indicated dependency showed that the rolling resistance decreased as the tire temperature increased over time at a given velocity, and vice versa, towards a stationary temperature and thereby rolling resistance. The tire temperature evolution from one constant velocity to another, took place well within 50 min to a somewhat stationary value. However, even though the tire temperature had reached stationarity, rolling resistance did not; there seemed to be a delay between stationary tire temperature, and rolling resistance. The results did not indicate any clear trends for v ≥ 60 kmh−1, where the results at v = 80 kmh−1 were chaotic. This suggests that some additional forces were uncompensated for, or that the compensation for air drag was somehow wrongly treated at higher velocities. Several factors ruled out any attempts at proposing a new rolling resistance model. These included: the chaotic results for v = 80 kmh−1, the delayed rolling resistance response upon tire temperature stabilization, and the lack of literature support for the observed tendency. The results from the coastdown series on the other hand, showed good agreement with a dynamical model suggested in literature. The stationary temperature behaviour for the considered velocity range at assumed constant condition is also supported in literature. Finally, an investigation of the aerodynamic property AHDVCd inspired by ongoing work in ACEA (European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association), was carried out assuming both zero and non-zero air drag at low velocities. The results indicated surprisingly good agreement with wind tunnel measurements, especially when neglecting air drag at low velocities: as suggested by ACEA.<br>För att övervinna de motstånd som ett fordon utsätts för under drift krävs energi, vilket levereras genom förbränningen av bränsle. Genom att minska de körmotstånd som ett fordon utsätts för under drift, kan man öka dess energieffektivitet. Denna potential är idag högt värderad i fordonsindustrin, både ur ett miljömässigt och ekonomiskt perspektiv. På senare år har stora framsteg gjorts inom området energieffektiva fordon, men fortfarande råder det förvirring kring de energiförluster som förknippas med luftmotstånd Fd och rullmotstånd Frr, där luftmotståndet skapas av den omkringliggande viskösa luften, medan rullmotståndet genereras av hysteresen som uppstår när fordonets viskoelastiska pneumatiska däck utsätts för deformation. De energiförluster som förknippas med luft- och rullmotstånd motsvarar den största delen av de motstånd som ett fordon påverkas av, och beror på en mängd stokastiska och yttre parametrar, varav vissa är starkt korrelerade både inom och mellan nämnda motstånd. För att förbättra förståelsen kring dessa energiförluster, med fokus på förståelsen av rullmotstånd, har ett antal helfordonstest genomförts. Dessa genomfördes på provbanan Malmby Fairground med en R440 lastbil från Scania CV AB, utrustad med en mängd sensorer sammankopplade i ett mätsystem. Det uppbyggda mätsystemet möjliggjorde samtida mätningar av bl.a. drivande moment, motorvarv, fordonshastighet, däcktemperatur, omkringliggande lufts hastighet och dess riktning. Under specifika förhållanden kunde dessa parametrar möjliggöra analys av rullmotstånd genom en explicit subtraktion av luftmotstånd från den uppmätta drivande kraften. Denna metod är möjlig tack vare en förhållandevis bra modell av ekipagets aerodynamiska egenskap AHDVCd(β), som generats från vindtunneltest och CFD simuleringar. Två körcykler som möjliggjorde ovan formulerade separation designades och genomfördes. Dessa använder två skilda mätmetoder, varav den ena möjliggör analys av rullmotståndets övergående förlopp från dynamiskt till stationärt genom att hålla konstant hastighet. Den andra studerade det dynamiska förloppet genom den väletablerade metoden utrullning, dvs. utan något drivande moment. Dessa körcyklar genomfördes, för ett antal hastigheter, vilket möjliggjorde analys av både hastighets- och däcktemperaturberoendet hos rullmotstånd, under dynamiska såväl som stationära förlopp. Analysen av rullmotståndets dynamik i strävan mot stationära förhållanden visade på ett starkt temperaturberoende vid låga hastigheter dvs. v ≤ 60 kmh−1. Beroendet visade på att rullmotståndet avtog med ökande däcktemperatur och vice versa, tills dess att en någorlunda stationär temperatur för given hastighet uppnåtts. Däcktemperaturen stabiliserades till ett nytt stationärt värde inom 50 min från att hastigheten ändrats. Resultaten tyder dock på att även om stationär däcktemperatur uppnåtts finns det en fördröjning i rullmotståndets tidsspann innan rullmotståndet stabiliserat sig. För högre hastigheter, dvs. v ≥ 60 kmh-1, var dock inga klara trender synliga, varken i hastighet eller temperatur och resultaten vid v = 80 kmh-1 var kaotiska. Detta antyder att man missat att kompensera för någon kraft vid höga hastigheter, alternativt att man på något sätt kompenserar fel för luftmotståndet vid högre hastigheter. Flera faktorer hindrade försök att föreslå någon ny rullmotståndsmodell. Dessa faktorer inkluderar det kaotiska resultatet vid v = 80 kmh-1, tidsfördröjningen mellan stationärt rullmotstånd och däcktemperatur samt att resultatet för antagna stationära värden inte finner stöd i litteraturen. Resultatet från utrullningsprovet överstämmer dock bra med tidigare föreslagen dynamisk modell, samt att resultaten av beteendet hos stationär temperatur för olika hastigheter även de överensstämmer med och finner stöd i litteraturen. Slutligen har en studie kring den aerodynamiska egenskapen AHDVCd, inspirerad av pågående arbete inom ACEA (European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association) utförts både med antagandet av ett noll- skilt och med ett försumbart luftmotstånd vid låga hastigheter. Resultatet visar på en överraskande god överensstämmelse med vindtunnelmätningar, framför allt under antagandet av försumbart luftmotstånd vid låga hastigheter i enlighet med förslagen metod från ACEA.
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Blasiman, Julia L. "The Effects of Cannabinoids on Regeneration Rates and Potential Matrix Metalloproteinase and Collagenase Levels in Planaria (Dugesia tigrina)." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1387197523.
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SOFFIA, SILVIA. "Agonists of the Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 (CB1) Promote Rat Cerebellar Neural Progenitor Cell Proliferation Through Activation of ERK and Akt Pathways." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3421532.
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Endocannabinoids represent a novel class of intercellular messengers, the function of which includes retrograde signaling in the brain and mediation or modulation of several types of synaptic plasticity. Endocannabinoid signaling not only regulates the proliferation, migration, specification, survival, and phenotypic differentiation of neural progenitors during central nervous development (Harkany,T. et al., 2008) but has been shown to control proliferation and differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells in the hippocampal subgranular zone and in the subventricular zone of the adult mammalian brain (Jiang,W. et al., 2005; Palazuelos,J. et al., 2006). To elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying cannabinoid neurogenic action, we used neural progenitor cells isolated from primary cultures of rat postnatal cerebellum as an in vitro model of neural cell proliferation. These cells share some of the phenotypic and genotypic properties of stem cells, as characterized by immunocytochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, respectively (Zusso,M. et al., 2004).
The functional presence of the two cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 in cerebellar neural progenitor cells at 10 days in vitro (DIV) was assessed by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. Proliferation was evaluated using a [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay. A significant increase in cerebellar neural progenitor cell proliferation vs the corresponding vehicle control was found following 24 h incubation with the synthetic non-selective CBR agonists WIN 55,212-2 (100 nM) or CP 55,940 (1000 nM) (43 ± 22 % and 37 ± 8 %, respectively), which was completely abolished by treatment with 1000 nM AM 251 (1 h pre-incubation), a selective CB1 receptor antagonist.
To evaluate a direct involvement of the CB1 receptor in the proliferative response, cerebellar neural progenitors were incubated for 24 h with ACEA (1-1000 nM), a potent selective CB1 receptor agonist. ACEA (1 nM and 10 nM) significantly increased [3H]-thymidine incorporation (by 50.59 ± 6.72 % and 35.77 ± 4.48 %, respectively) and this effect was completely reverted by 10 nM AM 251. To investigate the involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1,2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3-β signaling pathways in CB1 receptor-induced cerebellar neural progenitor proliferation, we performed SDS-PAGE Western blotting. Fifteen minutes incubation of cerebellar neural progenitor cells with 1 nM ACEA produced a significant activation of Akt (36.54 ± 7.21%) that persisted up to 30 min (21 ± 5 %). A significant, concomitant ERK1,2 activation (32 ± 4 %) was observed at this time, as well. A 1 h pre-incubation with 10 nM AM 251 per se did not affect Akt and MAPK phosphorylation levels but did inhibit the ACEA agonistic effect on both kinases.
The existence of cross-talk between the two pathways was confirmed by using the corresponding selective inhibitors, LY294002 (75 µM, 3 h pre-incubation) and U0126 (10 µM, 1 h pre-incubation). The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 not only inhibited 1 nM ACEA-induced cerebellar neural progenitor Akt activation but also ERK phosphorylation, while the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor U0126 inhibited ERK activation without affecting the Akt pathway, both in untreated and ACEA-treated cells.
Preliminary experiments have been performed to investigate the potential role of ACEA in cerebellar neural progenitor cell differentiation, evaluating the expression pattern of the transcript variants of the ARE-binding protein AUF1, which is regulated during postnatal cerebellar development (Hambardzumyan,D. et al., 2009).<br>Gli endocannabinoidi rappresentano una nuova classe di messaggeri intercellulari che mediano la conduzione retrograda del segnale sinaptico e regolano così varie forme di plasticità sinaptica. Il segnale endocannabinoide non solo controlla la proliferazione cellulare, la migrazione, il destino decisionale, la sopravvivenza, ed il differenziamento ad un fenotipo maturo dei progenitori neurali durante lo sviluppo del sistema nervoso centrale (Harkany,T. et al., 2008), ma è stato dimostrato possedere un ruolo nella proliferazione e nel differenziamento di cellule staminali/progenitrici neurali esistenti nella zona subgranulare di ippocampo e nella zona subventricolare del cervello di mammifero adulto (Jiang,W. et al., 2005; Palazuelos,J. et al., 2006). Allo scopo di definire i meccanismicellulari e molecolari che sottendono all’azione neurogenica di questi composti, è stato utilizzato un modello di proliferazione cellulare neurale in vitro rappresentato da cellule progenitrici neurali isolate da colture primarie di cervelletto di ratto postnatale. La caratterizzazione di queste cellule, sia genotipica, tramite RT-PCR, che fenotipica, tramite analisi immunocitochimica, ha evidenziato che esse possiedono proprietà tipiche delle cellule staminali (Zusso,M. et al., 2004).
La presenza funzionale dei due recettori cannabici CB1 e CB2 nelle cellule progenitrici neurali cerebellari a 10 giorni in coltura (10 days in vitro, DIV) è stata confermata tramite analisi immunocitochimica e Western blotting. La proliferazione cellulare è stata valutata tramite saggio d’incorporazione di timidina triziata. Tramite questo saggio è stato riscontrato un aumento significativo rispetto al controllo della proliferazione dei progenitori neurali cerebellari, per trattamento di 24 ore con gli agonisti sintetici non selettivi dei recettori cannabici, WIN 55,212-2 (100 nM) o CP 55,940 (1000 nM) (43 ± 22 % e 37 ± 8 %, rispettivamente), completamente inibito dal pretrattamento di un’ora con l’antagonista selettivo del recettore CB1 AM 251 (1000 nM).
Al fine di valutare il diretto coinvolgimento del recettore CB1 nella risposta proliferativa, le cellule progenitrici neurali cerebellari sono state incubate per 24 ore con ACEA, potente agonista selettivo del recettore CB1. ACEA, alla concentrazione di 1 e 10 nM, ha indotto una significativa incorporazione del radionuclide rispetto alle cellule non trattate (50.59 ± 6.72 % e 35.77 ± 4.48 %, rispettivamente), ma la risposta è stata completamente inibita da AM 251 allaconcentrazione 10 nM.
Allo scopo di studiare il coinvolgimento delle cascate di trasduzione del segnale MEK/ERK1,2 ed IP3K/Akt/GSK3-β nella risposta proliferativa delle cellule progenitrici mediata dall’attivazione del recettore CB1, è stata usata la tecnica del SDS-PAGE Western blotting. L’incubazione delle cellule progenitrici con 1 nM ACEA ha prodotto un incremento significativo dei livelli di attivazione di Akt a 15 minuti (36.54 ± 7.21%) che persiste fino a 30 minuti di trattamento (21 ± 5 %), tempo a cui si registra un concomitante aumento dei livelli di fosforilazione della proteina ERK (32 ± 4 %). Il trattamento di 60 minuti con AM 251 alla concentrazione 10 nM non influenza i livelli basali di attivazione delle due chinasi, ma inibisce completamente l’effetto mediato da ACEA.
Successivamente è stato possibile confermare l’esistenza di un "cross-talk" tra le due cascate di trasduzione del segnale tramite impiego dei rispettivi inibitori selettivi. L’inibitore della fosfatidilinositolo-3 chinasi, LY294002 (75 µM, 3 ore di preincubazione), ha inibito l’attivazione di entrambe le chinasi nelle cellule progenitrici trattate con ACEA, mentre l’inibitore di MEK, U0126 (10 µM, un’ora di preincubazione), ha inibito l’attivazione di ERK in cellule trattate e non, senza influenzare la fosforilazione di Akt.
Sono stati eseguiti alcuni esperimenti preliminari per valutare un potenziale ruolo di ACEA nel differenziamento delle cellule progenitrici neurali cerebellari, tramite analisi dell’espressione delle varianti trascrizionali della proteina AUF1 che lega sequenze ricche di adenina e uracile dell’RNA messaggero ed è regolata durante lo sviluppo cerebellare postnatale (Hambardzumyan,D. et al., 2009).
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Maurice, Olivier. "Introduction d’une théorie des jeux dans des topologies dynamiques." Limoges, 2013. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/77d23cbe-e698-42fd-acea-866f63d382a6/blobholder:0/2013LIMO4048.pdf.
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L'objet de cette thèse est de présenter une méthode de modélisation de la complexité. Partant de l'analyse tensorielle des réseaux, on montre tout d'abord que cette technique permet de modéliser tout processus physique en intégrant dans un formalisme efficace les modèles développés dans chaque branche actuelle de la physique. Il ne s'agit pas de proposer une méthode universelle, mais bien un formalisme qui est capable d'intégrer et de coupler les modèles développés par ailleurs et appelés à évoluer. Le formalisme encapsule ainsi ceux de la mécanique quantique ou de la relativité générale, etc. L'aspect "physique" du système pris en charge, on fait appel à la théorie des jeux pour aborder l'aspect "psychique" du système, pour modéliser son comportement. Ce lien passe par la création d'objets mathématiques comme les tenfolds et gamma matrices. On est alors à même de créer un arbre d'évolution et de représenter des trajectoires de transformations et décisions dans un espace "choix-gains"<br>This thesis presents a method for modeling complexity. Starting from tensorial analysis of networks, we show that this technique allows to model any physical process. It gives in a common formalism all the tools to integrate equations coming from various physics. The purpose is not to develop an unique method rather than having one able to embed developments coming from any kind of physic material. The formalism embed quantum mechanics, relativity, etc. Once the physical part of the system take in charge, we use game theory to take the psychical part. Both methods linked by special mathematical objects like "tenfolds" or gamma matrices makes a global technique for complexity. A tree cross talking the two theories models the complex system evolution. A special representation in a "choices-utility" space gives a comprehensible image of the system evolution
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Kanakamedala, Keerthy. "ROLE OF ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYMES ACE AND ACE2 IN DIABETES INDUCED CARDIOVASCULAR DYSFUNCTION." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1196272791.
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Dolson, Robyn. "Pocket ACE: Neglect of Child Sexual Abuse Survivors in the ACEs Study Questionnaire." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3573.
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In 1998, a seminal study on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and subsequent health risks catapulted ACEs and the study questionnaire into the zeitgeist. However, its childhood sexual abuse (CSA) item is problematic as it requires the perpetrator have been 5-years or older than the victim. To assess whether some survivors’ CSA is not identified by the current item, whether their exclusion prevents access to services requiring a four-threshold ACE score, and how their health outcomes compared to other CSA groups and controls, an international sample of 974 women completed an online survey assessing their current health and CSA history using the original item and an experimental item without the 5-year modifier. Results indicated many CSA survivors are not identified by a 5-year modifier, exclusion has service implications for some, and on most variables, they had increased adverse health outcomes compared to controls. Means of assessing CSA must be thoughtfully revised.
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Madhu, Malav Navinchandra. "Impact of Diabetes on ACE/ACE2 Balance and Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Expression in db/db Diabetic Mice." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1253301307.
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Boisnoir, Aurélie. "Les dinoflagellés benthiques de Guadeloupe et Martinique : distribution et rôle trophique pour la méiofaune." Thesis, Antilles, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANTI0246.
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De la profondeursur 2 sites en Guadeloupe pendant la saison sèche et la saison humide (Chapitre 3). A u cours de cette étude,les genres Ostreopsis et Prorocentrum étaient les plus abondants. Aucune influence de la profondeur n'a é;étrouvée sur l'abondance totale des dinoflagellés benthiques ; cependant les genres Ostreopsis et GambiericLscusétaient principalement abondants en surface, alors que le genre Coolia était présent plus en profondeur.L'approche d'écologie trophique concernait le lien trophique entre dinoflagellés benthiques toxiqueset méiofaune (Chapitre 1). Les transferts au sein des réseaux trophiques de phycotoxines synthétisées par lesdinoflagellés benthiques toxiques sont généralement étudiés chez les organismes de grande taille, délaissantles organismes de μeLile Laille qui sulll pourtant en contact direct avec les microalgues. Au cours de cetteétude, une attention particulière a été portée aux copépodes harpacticoïdes qui composent ia méiofaune.Cette étude expérimentale, par marquage des microalgues aux isotopes stables, s'est focalisée sur lescopépodes harpacticoïdes et a permis de mesurer le taux d'ingestion d'Amphidinium sp. et d'Ostreopsis sp ..Cette étude démontre que les organismes de la méiofaune peuvent constituer une voie d'entrée des toxinessynthétisées par les dinoflagellés benthiques dans les réseaux trophiques<br>The distribution of benthic toxiï rlinofüeefü1tes is 1111known in (Juadeloupe and Martinique even if at theCaribbean basin spatial scale, those microalgae are responsible for serious poisoning such as ciguatera.During this thesis, the ecology of benthic toxic dinoflagellates μreseul was sLudieJ using: spatio-temporalstudies (Chapters 1, 2, 3) and a trophic ecology approach (Chapter 4).First, 27 sites were explored to describe the spatial distribution of benthic dinoflagellatf's prPsf'nt inGuadeloupe and Martinique (Chapter 1). Only the most abundant macrophytes (biological substrates ofbenthic dinoflagellates) at the different sites were considered. ln this study, 161 samples were analyzed and 7times more taxie benthic dinoflagellates were found in Guadeloupe than in Martinique. The genus Ostreopsisdominated the benthic dinoflagellate community in both islands, although this trend has only rarely beenfound in the Caribbean basin.Then, 3 sites per department were chosen in order to set up a monthly monitoring of benthicdinoflagellates abundances duringl8 months (Chapter 2). The sites selected i) had a high abundance ofbenthic toxic dinoflagellates and ii) were identified as potentially dangerous by the Agence Régionale de laSanté. During this study, 927 samples of macrophytes were analyzed and 5 times more benthic toxicdinoflagellates were found in Guadeloupe than in Martinique. Ostreopsis and Prorocentrum genera dominatedrespectively in Guadeloupe and in Martinique. Two times more Gambierdiscus were found in Martinique thanin Guadeloupe even if Guadeloupe is located in the high prevalence area and this genus being responsible forciguatera. This result suggested that species with different toxicities structured the benthic toxicdinoflagellates community in this area. The abundances of benthic dinoflagellates were little influenced byabiotic parameters (temperature and salinity) but structured by biotic parameters (host macrophytes).Halophila stipulacea an invasive angiosperm in the Lesser Antilles has been identified as promoting thedevelopment of the genus Gambierdiscus.. The distribution of benthic toxic dinoflagellates was also studied according to the depth at 2 sites inGuadeloupe during the dry and the wet seasons (Chapter 3). ln order to avoid bias due to the presence ofdifferent macrophytes, this experiment was conducted only on H. stipulacea constituting mono-specificmeadows along a strong depth gradient. ln this study, the Ostreopsis and Prorocentrum genera were the mostabundant. No influence of the depth was found on total abundance of benthic dinoflagellates; however,Ostreopsis and Gambierdiscus genera were mainly abundant near the surface while the genus Coolia was presentdeeper.The trophic ecology approach focused on the trophic link between taxie benthic dinoflagellates andmeiofauna (Chapter 4). Transfers within the food webs of phycotoxins synthesized by benthic dinoflagellatesare mainly studied in large organisms neglecting smaller ones in direct contact with microalgae. Thisexperimental study, by labeling the microalgae with stable isotopes, focused on harpacticoides copepod andmeasured for the first time their ingestion rates of Amphidinium sp. and Ostreopsis sp.. This studydemonstrated that meiofauna organisms can constitute an input channel of phycotoxins from benthicdinoflagellates in food webs
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Scott, Sarah E. "Binding of Sry1, Sry2, and Sry3 to promoter regions of the Rattus norvegicus Ace and Ace2 genes." Akron, OH : University of Akron, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=akron1247602160.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Biology, 2009.<br>"August, 2009." Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed 10/7/2009). Advisor, Amy Milsted; Committee members, Monte Turner, Richard Londraville; Department Chair, Monte Turner; Dean of the College, Chand Midha; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.
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Hamming, Inge. "Novel insights in the pathogenesis of renal interstitial damage during ace inhibition role for ACE2 and the (pro)renin receptor? /." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University of Groningen] [Host], 2008. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/.
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Rand, Reginald. "Aces Crazy!" OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2648.
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Aces Crazy! details the story of one-handed navigator Stirrup Milton, the first-person narrator of the story. She leads amnesiac cowboy Crazy Beaumont eastward across a bright, vibrant post-apocalyptic Appalachia in search of a man named Motherfucker, who is connected to Crazy Beaumont’s lost memory. During this journey eastward, the duo are pursued by the bounty hunter who took Stirrup’s hand and murdered her best friend, Bob Dole Desecrator.The novel, first and foremost, is interested in Stirrup, its main character and first-person narrator, chronicling her emotional journey as she deals with the loss of her hand and best friend. In this vein, her narrative voice is heavily influenced by Mattie Ross, the protagonist of Charles Portis’ True Grit. Throughout the first two arcs of the story, the reader follows Stirrup on a quest for revenge, hearing of the origin of her current battered form and witnessing the metastasizing of her obsession grow and contort her relationship with the characters in their traveling party and reader. When that obsession is resolved, the revenge story is complete, but Stirrup’s identity as a result is completely shattered. In the book’s final third, a departure from the linear revenge journey of the prior, Stirrup must create a new identity in the rubble of the old. This novel is primary associated with the western genre, peppered with fantasy elements that help characterize the subtle post-apocalyptic Appalachian world. It also relies on comedy, both physical and witty, to engage the audience, parody its inverted western fictional world, and offer a commentary on the frontier mentality at the heart of the genre. It is, of course, heavily indebted to the classic spaghetti western, and the cowboy’s journey commonly depicted. It also bears influence from the western film genre and film soundtracks, from Neil Young’s soundtrack to Dead Man to Bob Dylan’s Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid. It also is heavily influenced by imagery, in particular the stark action of “Bucking Horse and Rider”, an image trademarked by the state of Wyoming sine 1936 for use on its license plates. At the end of five chapters are links to audio files of a five-episode digital companion to the novel that exists in the same fictional world. The digital companion seeks to expand on the world building elements of the work, while telling the journey of Nathan and Tudor from the wildness to civilization, a story that runs contrapuntal to the novel. During the journey, Nathan and Tudor meet two sister outlaws whose intentions are not initially what they seem, and cross-paths with the Sheriff, a self-anointed lawman bent on bringing justice to the wild, lawless world of Aces Crazy! The themes of the digital companion primarily revolve around the relative nature of criminality, particularly in why crimes are committed and their unintended consequences, as well as the role of firm, unmoving justice in rectifying this essential problem.
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Putranto, Joko P. "Aceh conflict resolution lessons learned and the future of Aceh." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Jun/09Jun%5FPutranto.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2009.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Borer, Douglas ; Malley, Michael. "June 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on 13 July 2009. Author(s) subject terms: Aceh conflict, insurgency, counterinsurgency, peace agreement, GAM, Indonesia. Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-107). Also available in print.
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Donald, Alexander Paul. "Acta and omissions." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/10385.
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I identify and examine the grounds on which we describe an agent's non-doing as an omission to do X, and a cause of Y. I distinguish between the formal and material aspects of an omission. This is useful in setting aside obvious differences between actions and omissions, which some writers take to be significant, in particular the view that an omission can be identified with whatever action an agent performs or movement he makes when he omits to X. In fact, he need not make a bodily movement, perform some other action in order to prevent himself from doing X, or decide not to perform X. It is by no means certain that any omission is timeable, and most are certainly not. I note difficulties for any account of intention that is meant to embrace intentional omissions as well as actions. I do not offer a single, all-embracing account of omissions, because I think it is impossible to provide one. I acknowledge the importance of the role of expectation in identifying omissions, particularly as causes, but argue that there are sorts of omissions which are not identified by the presence of defeated expectation. I take the view that some omissions are in an important way indistinguishable from actions and may therefore be regarded as causes. Also that some non-doings which are not omissions may be regarded as causes. I criticise the ability of traditional analyses of causality to comprehend the possibility of omissive causation and expound alternative accounts of what constitutes a cause in order to do justice to that possibility. I find useful Collingwood's account of what it is to speak of causality in terms appropriate to a practical natural science; that is, in the language of means and ends.
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Johnson, David P. "English episcopal acta." Oxford : Oxford university press : for the British Academy, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39235669d.
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Latif, Hamdiah A. "Persatuan Ulamā Seluruh Aceh (PUSA) : its contributions to educational reforms in Aceh." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56948.
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This study discusses the establishment of Persatuan Ulama Seluruh Aceh (All Aceh Ulama Association) by a few forward-looking Acehnese 'ulama's and the role that this organization played in educational reforms in Aceh. The educational reforms are discussed in two ways: (1) The actual change in the educational system of the madrasa, and the establishment of a teachers' training school Normal Islam Instituut. (2) The socio-religious changes that contributed to the success of the educational revolution in Aceh.<br>The thesis discusses the educational changes made by Persatuan Ulama Seluruh Aceh and the impact they had on Aceh during the 1930's and indirectly on modern Aceh.
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Sexton, E., Wallace Dixon, L. P. Driggers-Jones, and Chelsea LeeAnn Robertson. "Toddler ACEs and Temperament." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7699.
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Nikula, Erik. "ACTA-avtalet : Historia och framtid." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-202880.
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Saifuddin, Nate Hongkrailert. "Job satisfaction among nurses in Aceh Timur district Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam province, Indonesia /." Abstract, 2008. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2551/cd414/5037996.pdf.
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Fair, Barbara A. "Growth response and adaptability of acer rubrum and acer XFREEMANII cultivars to soil compaction." The Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1117571227.
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Rizo-Patrón, de Lerner Rosemary. "Acta Fenomenológica Latinoamericana, vol. III." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119555.
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Caprestano, Clarissa Alves. "Embriogênese somática em Acca sellowiana." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/94506.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Florianópolis, 2010<br>Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-25T11:05:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
289231.pdf: 1620951 bytes, checksum: a62aeadc4a1209d35b1bcc351a80279f (MD5)<br>A Acca sellowiana (O. Berg.) Burret é uma espécie pertencente à família Myrtaceae, conhecida popularmente como goiabeira serrana. Uma série de trabalhos multidisciplinares envolvendo a domesticação da goiabeira serrana, com ênfase na área de melhoramento genético e da aplicação das técnicas de cultura vegetal para a micropropagação desta espécie têm sido realizados por diferentes grupos de pesquisa. Estudos morfofisiológicos com o auxilio das técnicas de cultura vegetais, notadamente a embriogênese somática, permitem a propagação massal clonal de genótipos superiores, além de servir como modelo de estudos fisiológicos, genéticos e bioquímicos do desenvolvimento embrionário.
A embriogênese somática é uma dos principais sistemas de regeneração de plântulas in vitro, pois permite a redução de custos associados a um maior rendimento biológico em comparação aos demais sistemas de micropropagação. A técnica da embriogênese somática em Acca sellowiana tem sido estudada desde 1997 no Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento e Genética Vegetal do CCA/UFSC e vários pontos de controle do protocolo foram otimizados, sendo possível alcançar um rendimento de mais de mil embriões somáticos por explante. Entretanto, a técnica ainda precisa ser aprimorada, podendo ser associada a outras técnicas como a imersão temporária para a conversão dos embriões somáticos. Desta forma, o presente estudo busca elucidar pontos de controle durante a indução e conversão de embriões somáticos de Acca sellowiana.
Este trabalho foi redigido em forma de capítulos visando a melhor compreensão dos dados. O primeiro capítulo esta relacionado a uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os aspectos da embriogênese somática com ênfase em Acca sellowiana. O segundo capítulo aborda a influência do 2,4-D na embriogênese somática desta espécie e como este fitorregulador afeta a conversão dos embriões somáticos. Aspectos bioquímicos relacionados com os teores de ABA, AIA, poliaminas e aminoácidos também foram analisados para uma maior elucidação do processo. O terceiro capítulo aborda a conversão dos embriões somáticos em plântulas em resposta ao uso de biorreatores de imersão temporária e do Fluridone, um inibidor da síntese de ABA.
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Laeven, Hubert, and Lucy Laeven-Aretz. "The authors and reviewers of the Acta Eruditorum 1682 – 1735." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-138484.
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For reasons of editorial policy the contributions to the Acta Eruditorum (Leipzig 1682-1731) and its successor, the Nova Acta Eruditorum (Leipzig 1731-1772), were published anonymously. However, a lot of volumes of the copies of these journals in the UB Leipzig, the SLUB Dresden, the SUB Göttingen and the UB Heidelberg are provided with handwritten marginal notes, originating from the editors. With the help of these, it was possible to identify, to a very large extent, the vast number of contributors from all corners of the international Republic of Letters for the period 1682-1735. So, the present publication may add to the history of the Acta Eruditorum as such, and to that of learned journalism, more in general. Furthermore it might contribute in some respects to the intellectual history of the Republic of Letters, and in particular to that of Saxony and the University of Leipzig. And last, but not least, it may add valuable information to the biographies and bibliographies of the scholars involved in the work of the Acta Eruditorum<br>Aus Gründen der Redaktionspolitik wurden die Beiträge der Acta Eruditorum (Leipzig 1682-1731) und deren Fortsetzung, die Nova Acta Eruditorum (1732-1772), anonym veröffentlicht. Eine Menge Bände der Exemplare dieser Zeitschriften in der UB Leipzig, der SLUB Dresden, der SUB Göttingen und der UB Heidelberg sind aber mit handschriftlichen Eintragungen aus dem Kreis der Herausgeber versehen. Mit Hilfe dieser Randnotizen war es möglich die grosse Schar der Kontribuenten aus allen Ecken der internationalen Gelehrtenrepublik für die Jahre 1682-1735 fast vollständig zu identifizieren. Damit erweitert diese Veröffentlichung die bisherigen Kenntnisse der Geschichte der Acta Eruditorum und die des gelehrten Journalismus mehr im allgemeinen. Weiterhin kann sie in einigen Hinsichten beitragen zu der intellektuellen Geschichte der internationalen Gelehrtenrepublik, und Sachsens und der Universität Leipzig ins besondere. Und nicht zuletzt enthält sie wertvolle Erweiterungen zu den Biographien und Bibliographien der Gelehrten die an der Arbeit der Acta Eruditorum beteiligt waren
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Nusrina, Ina. "Knowledge, attitudes and practice of health workers towards HIV/ AIDS in Aceh Besar, Aceh – Indonesia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/19437.
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Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections are on the rise in Indonesia. Knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) among health care workers regarding HIV is an essential element of HIV prevention and control. No formal assessments regarding KAP of health workers about HIV and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have been published for Aceh Besar district in Aceh Province, Indonesia which has the lowest HIV/ AIDS prevalence across the country. The main objective of this study was to determine the level of KAP regarding HIV/ AIDS and identify demographic factors that influence this among the health care workers in Aceh Besar. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed using a specifically designed KAP questionnaire in the district of Aceh Besar. It involved 27 Community Health Centres and contained 63 questions pertaining to demographics, HIV/ AIDS knowledge, attitudes and practice. Analytical statistics were used to identify associations between participant’s demographic and occupational factors and their HIV-related knowledge, attitudes and practice. Results: The study included 580 health care workers who were mostly females, below 40 years old and graduated with diploma qualification. More than a half of the respondents held a fixed term employment position and their average working experiences were 13.3 years. Four hundred and twenty-nine respondents said they never received HIV/ AIDS training. Only 7 respondents had experience with people living with HIV (PLHIV) in recent years. While the participants demonstrated moderate level of knowledge and practice, they still had negative attitudes toward PLHIV. On bivariate analysis, doctors had the highest score regarding knowledge and practice, yet dentists had more positive attitudes. Lastly, on multilevel linear regression analysis, non-fixed term employment position significantly showed negative correlation with knowledge, attitudes and practice towards HIV/ AIDS. Conclusion: This study showed that participants showed moderate level of knowledge and practice about HIV/ AIDS but their attitudes to PLHIV was still negative. More work needs to be done to address this with regular training programs to all staff to assist in the improvement of uptake of HIV testing and treatment in the Aceh region.
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Hadi, Amirul. "Aceh and the Portuguese : a study of the struggle of Islam in southeast Asia, 1500-1579." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61294.
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The coming of the Portuguese to Malacca in 1511 disrupted the existence of the people of the Malay-Indonesian archipelago, where trade and Islam were the main influences. The Christian European intruders were regarded as both economic competitors and religious enemies. The Muslim kingdoms of the region put up fierce resistance to the Portuguese. The strongest opposition was shown by Aceh. Its response was mainly expression in three aspects; military action, political maneuvering and economic reaction. Jihad (holy war) also played an important spiritual role in the response. This resistance combined with the strategic location of Aceh in the northern tip of Sumatra and the support of other Muslim powers accelerated the rise of Aceh in the sixteenth century.
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Ma, Chao. "ACE Student Tracker." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306789622.
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Nurdin, Nate Hongkrailert. "Smoking behavior among senior high school students in Banda Aceh Municipality, Nangroe Aceh Darussalam province, Indonesia /." Abstract, 2008. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2551/cd414/5037991.pdf.
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Missbach, Antje. "Freiheitskämpfer oder Geschäftemacher? der bewaffnete Kampf der Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM) unter Berücksichtigung klassischer und neuer Guerillatheorien /." Berlin : Logos, 2005. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/61219133.html.
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Amiruddin, M. Hasbi. "The response of the ʻulamāʾ Dayah to the modernization of Islamic law in Aceh". Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26246.
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This thesis studies the attitudes of the religious scholars associated with the dayah, the traditional institution of religious learning in Aceh, Indonesia, towards issues of the modernization of Islamic law. In the history of Islamic society in Aceh, these scholars, the 'ulama' dayah, have shown great initiative in guiding their society as it sought solutions to various problems. Their response was not confined merely to religious matters but also extended to the economic, political and social problems.<br>The impact of modern science and technology has led to many changes in economics, agriculture, medicine, and other fields. All these changes have to be evaluated in terms of their status in Islamic law, because Muslims have always sought to lead their lives in accordance with Islamic teachings. The 'ulama' dayah, have contributed to meeting the challenge of resolving such problems. In formulating their decisions, the 'ulama' dayah usually refer to the standard texts of the four classical schools of Islamic law. The reliance on classical texts is justified by their conviction that present-day 'ulama' are unable to exercise ijtihad independently since they lack the qualifications which have been traditionally demanded of a mujtahid.
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Hadi, Amirul. "Islam and state in seventeenth century Aceh." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36599.
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The present dissertation studies the Islamic nature of the Acehnese state in the seventeenth century---a subject much neglected by area scholars and Islamicists alike due to the hybrid nature of Southeast Asian Islam. It examines not only the state's Islamic institutions but also its political culture and policies towards Islam. The Acehnese theory of kingship during the period under study manifests a decidedly Islamic character. Deemed to possess both political and religions authority, the office of the sult&dotbelow;an was viewed as necessary and its incumbent responsible for both the prosperity of his people and the enforcement of Islamic dogma. The court's policies towards Islam, given outward expression in elaborate religious rituals and ceremonies, reveal an imperial tradition in which the ruler himself was the head of the Muslim state, despite the apparent admixture of Southeast Asian elements. Other more traditional Islamic institutions were also fundamental to the Acehnese state. The 'ulama' played a significant role in both the religions and political spheres, while Islamic law became a dominant part of the judicial system, alongside adat (customary law and royal edicts/tradition). Jihad as well served to define the ideology of the state. In spite of its Southeast Asian appearance, therefore, the Islamic nature of the Acehnese state was more evident than in many other Muslim states in the region, such as fifteenth-century Melaka and seventeenth-century Mataram, a situation induced by geography, historical Islam, and the nature of Acehnese tradition.
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Basuki, Supriyanto. "Reconciliation is the best solution for conflict in Aceh." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Dec%5FBasuki.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2003.<br>Thesis advisor(s): Gaye Christoffersen, Robert Looney. Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-81). Also available online.
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Dimson, Emily V. "Development and desiccation tolerance of the seeds of Acer rubrum L., Acer saccharinum L. and their hybrid." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ40408.pdf.
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Badrialaily, Jutatip Sillabutra. "Nutritional status and related factors among elementary school students in Banda Aceh Municipality, Nangroe Aceh Darussalam province, Indonesia /." Abstract, 2008. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2551/cd414/5037987.pdf.
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Keenan, Frank. "Agile context enquiry (ACE)." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.529536.
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Hutton, Thomas C. 1965. "ACE vs. Six Sigma." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17898.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2004.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaf 68).<br>In the early 1980's and 1990's, companies began to build upon the principles of Total Quality Management and developed there own unique quality systems. The most popular and well known of these systems is Six Sigma that was developed by Motorola and successfully adopted by others such as Allied Signal (now Honeywell) and most notably, General Electric. Six Sigma can be characterized as a highly formalized, process oriented improvement tool that is data focused. The Six Sigma process is normally performed by a diverse team, who attack a quality/process problem by analyzing process variation or in statistical terms, sigma. The foundations of Six Sigma are commitment from upper management, detailed training and a regimented diagnostic approach. Another quality operating system is the less known, but very successful, Achieving Competitive Excellence (ACE) operating system. This system was developed and is practiced by United Technologies Corporation (UTC). The ACE system is broader based than the Six-Sigma approach, however, ACE is not as data oriented as the Six Sigma approach. ACE revolves around the three principle categories of process improvement and waste elimination tools, decision-making tools, and problem solving tools. These tools impact issues as diverse, but not limited to, factory floor cleanliness, market feedback analysis, machine tool preventative maintenance and set up reduction. ACE is a combination of lean manufacturing and quality improvement philosophies. This paper provides an analysis of both the Six Sigma and ACE Quality Operating Systems. In the paper the systems are compared and contrasted. Further, strengths and weaknesses of each system are discussed. In particular, the analysis focuses on how ACE can leverage elements<br>(cont.) and aspects of Six Sigma. The analysis concludes that there are elements of Six Sigma that would benefit ACE. The paper identifies that the strength of Six Sigma's statistical approach and its positive impact on process certification could be beneficially applied to the ACE system. Further, there are recommendations for UTC to place more of an emphasis on ACE training and to accelerate its current efforts to better link quality and lean improvement to product engineering and design.<br>by Thomas C. Hutton.<br>M.B.A.
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Ohgren, Michael. "Ace in the hole." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1400069423.
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Susi, Tarja. "ACTA : Utvärdering av dess tillämpning i praktiken." Thesis, University of Skövde, Department of Computer Science, 1999. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-383.
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<p>Denna rapport redogör för en utvärdering av praktisk tillämpning av ACTA (Applied Cognitive Task Analysis). Studien har genomförts vid Saab AB (publ) i Linköping. ACTA består av tre intervjutekniker och resulterar i en tabell över kognitiva krav. Metoden är speciellt utvecklad för att kunna användas av praktiker, utan kunskap om kognitiv psykologi eller human factors. Metoden är tänkt att utgöra ett verktyg med vars hjälp praktiker kan ta fram de expertkunskaper mycket erfarna personer besitter, för att sedan använda informationen som underlag för exempelvis systemdesign. I utvärderingen deltog civilingenjörer som intervjuledare, och de intervjuade experterna var stridsflygförare från Saab och FMV. Personer med mycket stor domänkunskap validerade informationen som framkom genom ACTA:s tillämpning, med avseende på i vilken grad innehållet kan betraktas som expertkunskap. Studien visar att metoden i stort fungerar som den är tänkt, d.v.s att den kan tillämpas av praktiker för att ta fram expertkunskap</p>
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Hadi, Amirul. "Islam and state in seventeenth century Aceh." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ64567.pdf.
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Thomas, Valerie Anne. "Hyperspectral assessment of Acer saccharum forest structure." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2002. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ65649.pdf.
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Grayman, Jesse Hession. "Humanitarian Encounters in Post-Conflict Aceh, Indonesia." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10729.
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In “Humanitarian Encounters in Post-Conflict Aceh, Indonesia,” I examine the humanitarian involvement in Aceh, Indonesia following two momentous events in Aceh’s history: the earthquake and tsunami on 26 December 2004 and the signing of the Helsinki Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) that brought a tentative, peaceful settlement to the Free Aceh Movement’s (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka, GAM) separatist insurgency against Indonesia on 15 August 2005. My research focuses on the international humanitarian engagement with Aceh’s peace process but frequently acknowledges the much larger and simultaneous tsunami recovery efforts along Aceh’s coasts that preceded and often overshadowed conflict recovery. Using ethnographic data based on five years working with four different international humanitarian organizations concerned with post-conflict recovery in Aceh, I address two main topics in my dissertation. The first is an insider’s perspective on the anthropology of humanitarianism. From one chapter to the next, I recreate and situate a particular humanitarian world’s relation to local structures of power and suffering that expands upon and complicates some of the prevailing debates in the anthropological literature on humanitarianism. From the unique vantage point within various humanitarian organizations, stories of Aceh’s post-conflict recovery filter through with selective and idiosyncratic ethnographic clarity. The accumulation of these stories reveals, by way of mosaic example, a logic of humanitarian intervention. The second topic I address in my dissertation is the story of Aceh’s peace process within the larger context of Indonesia’s post-New Order transition to democracy. I situate my data within a rapidly growing literature of insightful histories and critiques of Aceh’s conflict and subsequent transformations since the tsunami and the formal end of hostilities between GAM and Indonesian security forces. My focus on the ethnographic details in each chapter is set against some of the broadly taken-for-granted histories that have come to define Aceh’s recent successes and failures in its transition to peace.<br>Anthropology
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Junior, Fretz Sievers. "ACED - Ambiente Computacional de Ensino a Distância." Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, 2005. http://www.bd.bibl.ita.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=192.
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Devido à grande expansão da educação à distância (EAD) na última década, o interesse por ensino e aprendizagem nessa modalidade tem aumentado de forma notável em muitos países. Nesse contexto, expandiu-se a utilização e criação de ambientes computacionais chamados Learning Management System (LMS), que são ambientes de apoio a EAD com ferramentas de comunicação (forum, email, chat, etc), coordenação (avisos, planos de aula, tarefas, avaliação, acompanhamento de participação, etc), cooperação (whiteBoard, repositório de trabalhos, etc), conteúdo (webcasting, questionários on-line, apresentações), avaliação (provas on-line), pedagógicas (interação com outros participantes, níveis de participação, etc). Além das ferramentas citadas, que são comuns na maioria dos LMS, temos a necessidade de incluir novas funcionalidades nos ambientes EAD, tais como: a criação e o armazenamento de objetos de aprendizagem (Learning Objects) (que são importantes no ensino de exatas: Física, Matemática e Química); ferramentas de áudio e vídeo conferência; simulações .Baseado nessas idéias, analisamos alguns LMS existentes, e essa análise trouxe importantes subsídios para a modelagem e implementação do LMS denominado, Ambiente Computacional de Ensino a Distância (ACED). Para validar e testar o ACED foi implementado o curso de FIS24 - Mecânica de um Sistema de Partículas e Gravitação, curso esse ministrado no departamento de Física do ITA.
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Machado, Gabriella da Rosa Monte. "Determinação da atividade antifúngica de Acca sellowiana." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/131902.
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Infecções fúngicas causadas por leveduras oportunistas de Candida não – albicans (CNA) têm aumentado drasticamente nas últimas décadas, podendo estar relacionadas com o elevado número de pacientes imunocomprometidos, mais susceptíveis a essas infecções. CNA possuem maior resistência aos antifúngicos tradicionais como o fluconazol (FLZ), fármaco de escolha para o tratamento de infecções por Candida spp. A resistência antifúngica conduz a falhas na terapia clínica podendo levar ao aumento das taxas de morbidade e mortalidade. Associações entre fármacos e substâncias naturais pode ser uma alternativa viável para superar a resistência antifúngica em CNA. Acca sellowiana (O.Berg) Burret, é uma goiabeira pertencente à família Myrtaceae, possuindo diversas atividades biológicas comprovadas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a atividade antifúngica de frações ativas obtidas a partir do extrato aquoso liofilizado de folhas de A. sellowiana frente a isolados resistentes de CNA. Como resultado, isolados de Candida glabrata foram os mais susceptíveis as frações ativas quando comparados aos demais isolados. As frações ativas F1, F2 e F3 apresentaram melhor atividade antifúngica comparadas às demais, sendo a fração ativa F2, a mais eficaz. Foi demonstrado efeito sinérgico em 80% dos isolados de C. glabrata entre a combinação de FLZ e a fração ativa F2. Na determinação de compostos fenólicos foi identificada a presença de catequina nas frações ativas. A análise dos espectros no UV dos demais picos cromatográficos encontrados nessas frações indica a presença de flavonoides e compostos fenólicos, correlacionando a possível atividade antifúngica dessas frações com a combinação dessas substâncias. O ensaio do sorbitol indicou que a ação da fração ativa F2 ocorre na parede celular das leveduras, corroborando com o dano estrutural observado através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV).<br>Fungal infections caused by opportunistic yeast non - albicans Candida (NAC) have dramatically increased in recent decades and could be related to the high number of immunocompromised patients. NAC have greater resistance to traditional antifungal agents such as fluconazole (FLZ), the drug of choice for the treatment of infections caused by Candida spp. The antifungal resistance leads to failures in clinical therapy and may cause an increase in morbidity and mortality rates. Associations between drugs and natural substances can be a feasible alternative to overcome antifungal resistance in NAC. Acca sellowiana (O.Berg) Burret is a guava tree belonging to the Myrtaceae and has several proven biological activities. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of fractions obtained from the freeze-dried aqueous extract of leaves of A. sellowiana against resistant isolates of NAC. As a result, Candida glabrata isolates were the most susceptible to active fractions when compared to the others isolates. The F1, F2 and F3 active fractions showed the better antifungal activity and the F2 active fraction was the most effective. Synergistic effect of FLZ with F2 active fraction was demonstrated in 80% of C. glabrata isolates. The UV spectra analysis of the chromatographic peaks found in these other fractions indicate the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, correlating the antifungal activity of these fractions with the combination of these substances. The sorbitol test indicates that the action of F2 active fraction possibly occurs in the cell wall of yeasts, confirming structural damage observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
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McCook, Judy G. "SANE Nursing, ACES and Trauma Informed Care." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7177.
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Dolson, R., D. Morelen, Julia Dodd, and Andrea D. Clements. "Pocket Ace: Neglect of Child Sexual Abuse Survivors in the ACE Study Questionnaire." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7222.
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Dolson, Robyn A., Diana M. Morelen, Julia Dodd, and Andrea Clements. "Pocket Ace: Neglect of Child Sexual Abuse Survivors in the ACE Study Questionnaire." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2019/schedule/124.
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Twenty years ago, a seminal study on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and subsequent increased health risks catapulted ACEs into the zeitgeist of research and application. Though a validated construct, the questionnaire, particularly the child sexual abuse (CSA) item is not without limitation and yet is used by the Centers for Disease Control and state agencies to quantify need and allocate resources to services accordingly. Currently, CSA is counted only when the perpetrator is 5-years or older than the victim. This requirement makes neglect of sibling and peer assault very likely. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess whether individuals with CSA experiences within an age gap smaller than 5 years are missed by the 5-year modifier embedded in CSA assessment wording and whether this missed group would otherwise qualify for services if detected. The study also aimed to assess whether this missed group has equivalently poor health outcomes to CSA groups currently captured by the 5-year modifier and whether outcomes for all CSA groups were higher than those who did not have a CSA history. An international sample of 974 women aged 18 to 50 completed an online survey hosted by Reddit regarding their substance use, multiple domains of current health, and CSA history using the original ACEs questionnaire and an experimental version of the CSA item without the 5-year modifier. All statistical analyses were completed in R. Results indicated there was a group of survivors with CSA experiences missed by the 5-year modifier and this had implications for reducing their total ACE scores. This group was nearly equal in size to CSA groups captured by the 5-year modifier and demonstrated equivalently poor health and substance use outcomes. On nearly all variables, CSA groups demonstrated poorer health outcomes than those who had never experienced CSA. These findings suggest the language of how CSA is assessed must be thoughtfully revised to include all CSA experiences as all are equally at risk for adverse outcomes and thus all warrant consideration for services currently afforded those with CSA histories and high ACE scores.
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Chesnut, Harlan Wayne. "A study of chilling factors on taxa of red maple (Acer rubrum L. and Acer x Freemanii E. Murray)." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Theses/CHESNUT_HARLAN_0.pdf.
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Widianti, Ezki Tri Rezeki. "The Ulama in Aceh in Time of Conflict, Tsunami and Peace Process: An Ethnographic Approach." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1150410650.
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