Academic literature on the topic 'Acerophagus'

A new species of the genus Acerophagus Smith (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), A. belenaguirreae sp. n., is described from Vieques Island, Puerto Rico (USA) as a primary parasitoid of the mealybug Hypogeococcus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Achyranthesaspera var. aspera (Amaranthaceae) and Portulaca sp. (Portulacaceae). An identification key to females of Acerophagus species in the New World with dark cross bands on the gastral dorsum is provided. A lectotype is designated for Acerophagus californicus Rosen, which is illustrated.

AbstractThe mealybug Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams causes considerable damage to cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz. Field surveys conducted between 1988 and 1994 indicated the mealybug was present in 57 municipalities in six States in north-eastern Brazil, in some places reaching high levels of infestation. Several native natural enemy species were found associated with the pest in Brazil. Exotic encyrtid parasitoids were imported and released in fields in the States of Bahia and Pernambuco. Apoanagyrus diversicornis (Howard) was introduced from Colombia, and Acerophagus coccois Smith, and Aenasius vexans (Kerrich) were introduced from Venezuela. By the end of 1996, a total of 35,930 parasitoids had been released. In Bahia, Apoanagyrus diversicornis was recovered 130, 234, 304 and 550 km from its release site after 6, 14, 21 and 33 months, respectively. Acerophagus coccois was recovered at 180 km from its release site nine months after release. Aenasius vexans, however, did not disperse at all despite being consistently recovered at its release site. In Pernambuco, 9010 parasitoids were released from October, 1995 onwards. Acerophagus coccois and Aenasius vexans were recovered up to 40 km from the release sites after three and five months of their initial releases, respectively. The establishment and dispersal of these parasitoids are discussed.

This is the first record of the Boungainvillea mealybug Phenacoccus peruvianus in Greece. The mealybug originates from South America and in the last decade has invaded Europe and particularly the Mediterranean basin. It has become a major pest for various ornamental plant species. In Spain, it is found to be parasitized by the parasitoid Acerophagus n. sp. near coccois.

Aspects of biology of Acerophagus papayae Noyes & Schauff (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoid of papaya mealybug. Acerophagus papayae Noyes & Schauff (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is an important parasitoid of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). The study was conducted with the objective to determine various aspects of the biology of A. papayae which include the effect of diet on adult longevity, fecundity and progeny, host stage susceptibility and preference, the effect of host stages on immature development, body size, and sex ratio of progenies. Effects of diet on adult longevity was done in the absence of hosts. Fecundity was measured by the number of mealybugs parasitized. Host stage susceptibility and preference were carried out by exposing 2nd and 3rd nymphal instars and pre-reproductive adults of mealybugs to parasitoids. Results showed adult parasitoids fed with 10% honey solution lived almost fourfold longer than those provided only water. A. papayae parasitized 30.1±4.92 mealybugs, with a range of 13-60 mealybugs, during 5.8 days of adult life. In no-choice (susceptibility) and paired-choice (preference) tests, the percentage of parasitized hosts were significantly greater in 2nd and 3rd instar nymphs than in adults. The mean immature developmental time of A. papayae was longer when the parasitoids develop in large host. Developmental time of male parasitoids was shorter than the females. Female wasps which emerged from hosts parasitized at the 3rd instar nymphs and adults were significantly larger than those from the 2nd instar nymphs. Sex ratios of the offspring emerged from hosts that were parasitized as 2nd instars were strongly male-biased, while the later stages yielded more females than males.

The parasitoid complex of the mealybug Oracella acuta (Lobdell) was examined in two field populations in Georgia in 1995–96. Allotropa n. sp. and Zarhopalus debarri Sun were the primary endoparasitoids emerging from O. acuta. Adult abundance varied seasonally, with Allotropa n. sp. numbers peaking in June and Z. debarri in September. Parasitism rates of female O. acuta exceeded 60% at one site and ranged from 24 to 29% at the other site. The adult female was the preferred host stage for parasitism (76%), though Allotropa n. sp. and the endoparasitoid Acerophagus coccois E. Smith occasionally utilized second and third instar females as hosts. These two species exhibited gregarious parasitism, with up to 5 Allotropa n. sp. or 4 A. coccois emerging from a single host. Adult longevity of female and male Z. debarri averaged 6.4 and 5.3 days, respectively, and access to a food source usually increased adult lifespan. Female Z. debarri contained an average of 119 eggs, compared to 74 eggs per female for Allotropa n. sp.

Dès l’année 1970, une baisse de production en tubercules de manioc de l’espèce Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiacée) a été constatée en Afrique. L’un des principaux ravageurs de cette plante est la cochenille farineuse du manioc. Au Congo, la lutte contre celui-ci s’est organisée dès 1982 par l’introduction d’un parasitoïde hyménoptère, Epidinocarcis lopezi. Mais cet insecte auxiliaire s’est très vite retrouvé à son tour la proie d’hyperparasites qui freinent ainsi son expansion et limitent son efficacité. La présente étude fait un inventaire des entomophages de la cochenille du manioc Phenacoccus manihoti. Elle s’est déroulée dans trois sites retenus dans la ville de Brazzaville : Kombé, jardin d’essai et Lycée Savorgnan de Brazza (LSB). La récolte des momies a été effectuée sur des feuilles infestées, les arthropodes ayant émergé ont été collectés et identifiés, les taux d’émergence et d’hyperparasitisme ont été déterminés. Les résultats obtenus montrent un taux d’hyperparasitisme élevé (60 et 66,66%) et une faible abondance d’E. lopezi comparé aux hyperparasites (22 hyperparasites pour 13 parasitoïdes). Un autre parasitoïde Acerophagus coccois Smith non encore décrit jusqu’ici au Congo a été découvert. Il pourrait avoir été introduit accidentellement avec les boutures importées et expérimentées dans le but d’améliorer les performances du manioc.Mots clés : Lutte biologique, Auxiliaire, Entomocénose, Momie, Brazzaville, Congo. English Title: Rapid inventory of the main entomophagous species of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in the Republic of Congo As early as 1970, a decrease in the production of cassava tubers of the species Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae) was observed in Africa. One of the main pests of this plant is the cassava mealybug. In the Congo, the fight against it was organized in 1982 with the introduction of a hymenoptera parasitoid, Epidinocarcis lopezi. But this auxiliary insect very quickly found itself the prey of hyperparasites, which thus slowed down its expansion and limited effectiveness. The present study makes an inventory of the entomophages of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti. It took place in three selected sites in the city of Brazzaville: Kombé, test garden and Lycée Savorgnan de Brazza (LSB). The mummies were harvested from infested leaves, emerging arthropods were collected and identified, rates of emergence and hyperparasitism were determined. The results obtained reached a high rate of hyperparasitism (60 and 66.66%) and a low abundance of E. lopezi compared to hyperparasites (22 hyperparasites for 13 parasitoids). Another parasitoid Acerophagus coccois Smith not yet described in Congo has been discovered. It could have been created accidentally with the imported cuttings and tested in corn to improve cassava performance.Keywords: Biological pest control, Auxiliary, Entomocenosis, mummy, Brazzaville, Congo.

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Este estudo teve como objetivo estudar a biologia de Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara-de-Willink (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) e de seu parasitóide Acerophagus papayae Noyes & Shauff (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), verificando a influência dos diferentes hospedeiros no desenvolvimento da praga e do parasitóide, assim como realizar um levantamento dos inimigos naturais da praga em Barbados. No estudo foram testados 3 hospedeiros: mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.), feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) e algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum H.). O experimento foi realizado nas instalações do Ministério de Agricultura de Barbados. A biologia de P. marginatus foi desenvolvida tanto em casa de vegetação como em condições de laboratório (26 l 2 oC; UR: 70 l 10% e fotofase de 14 h). A biologia de A. papayae foi desenvolvida em condições de laboratório. Para a infestação foram utilizadas 10 mudas de cada uma das plantas avaliadas. Cada uma delas foi infestada com 70 ninfas recém-eclodidas/planta. As observações foram feitas diariamente até o inseto atingir seu estado adulto. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: a) Fase imatura: longevidade ninfal para machos e fêmeas e viabilidade, b) Fase adulta: longevidade de machos e fêmeas, viabilidade e número de posturas por fêmea, viabilidade e número de ovos por fêmea, razão e proporção sexual, c) Fase de ovo: período de incubação e viabilidade dos ovos, d) Ciclo total: duração. No experimento sobre a biologia de A. papayae, para a avaliação da preferência do instar ninfal pelo parasitóide foram separadas 70 ninfas de 1o., 2o. e 3o. ínstares para cada hospedeiro, com 10 repetições. Essas ninfas foram oferecidas para 10 casais de A. papayae. As observações foram diárias. Para determinar o número de ninfas parasitadas por fêmea foram colocadas 30 ninfas do terceiro instar, sendo oferecidas...
The objective of this work was to study the biology of Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and its primary parasitoid Acerophagus papayae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) evaluating the influence of different hosts tested both on the pest development and on the parasitoid and assess the natural enemy complex of P. marginatus. Three hosts were tested: papaya (Carica papaya L.), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The experiment was carried out in the facilities of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Barbados. The biology of P. marginatus was carried out in greenhouse and laboratory conditions (temperature of 26 2oC ; RH: 70 10 % and photophase 14 h). The biology of Acerophagus papayae was studied just in the laboratory. Ten plants of each host were used to the infestation procedure. They were infested with 70 nymphs/plant. The observations were daily until the insects became adults. The parameters evaluated were: a) Imature phase: longevity of female and male and viability, b) Mature phase: female and male longevity, viability and oviposition number by female, viability and eggs number by female, sex proportion, c) Egg phase: period of emergence of the nymphs and eggs viability. Lifespan: duration. Studying the biology of A. papayae, to evaluate the host preferred host of the parasitoid, it was separated 70 nymphs of 1st., 2nd. and 3rd. instars, maintained in each host, with 10 replications. Nymphs were offered for 10 parasitoid couples for 24 hours. The observation of the material was daily. To determinate the number of nymphs parasitized by each female, 30 nymphs were maintained in leaves and offered to a parasitoid couple for 24 hours. Evaluations were daily. To determinate other biological parameters, 70 nymphs were taken apart from the 3rd. instar and offered to 10 parasitoids for 24 hours. The parasitoid...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Carlos Frederico Wilcken
Banca: Wilson Badiali Crocomo
Banca: Arlindo Leal Boiça Junior
Banca: Luiz Alexandre Nogueira de Sá
Banca: Valmir Antonio Costa
Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo estudar a biologia de Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara-de-Willink (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) e de seu parasitóide Acerophagus papayae Noyes & Shauff (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), verificando a influência dos diferentes hospedeiros no desenvolvimento da praga e do parasitóide, assim como realizar um levantamento dos inimigos naturais da praga em Barbados. No estudo foram testados 3 hospedeiros: mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.), feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) e algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum H.). O experimento foi realizado nas instalações do Ministério de Agricultura de Barbados. A biologia de P. marginatus foi desenvolvida tanto em casa de vegetação como em condições de laboratório (26 l 2 oC; UR: 70 l 10% e fotofase de 14 h). A biologia de A. papayae foi desenvolvida em condições de laboratório. Para a infestação foram utilizadas 10 mudas de cada uma das plantas avaliadas. Cada uma delas foi infestada com 70 ninfas recém-eclodidas/planta. As observações foram feitas diariamente até o inseto atingir seu estado adulto. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: a) Fase imatura: longevidade ninfal para machos e fêmeas e viabilidade, b) Fase adulta: longevidade de machos e fêmeas, viabilidade e número de posturas por fêmea, viabilidade e número de ovos por fêmea, razão e proporção sexual, c) Fase de ovo: período de incubação e viabilidade dos ovos, d) Ciclo total: duração. No experimento sobre a biologia de A. papayae, para a avaliação da preferência do instar ninfal pelo parasitóide foram separadas 70 ninfas de 1o., 2o. e 3o. ínstares para cada hospedeiro, com 10 repetições. Essas ninfas foram oferecidas para 10 casais de A. papayae. As observações foram diárias. Para determinar o número de ninfas parasitadas por fêmea foram colocadas 30 ninfas do terceiro instar, sendo oferecidas...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The objective of this work was to study the biology of Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and its primary parasitoid Acerophagus papayae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) evaluating the influence of different hosts tested both on the pest development and on the parasitoid and assess the natural enemy complex of P. marginatus. Three hosts were tested: papaya (Carica papaya L.), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The experiment was carried out in the facilities of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Barbados. The biology of P. marginatus was carried out in greenhouse and laboratory conditions (temperature of 26 2oC ; RH: 70 10 % and photophase 14 h). The biology of Acerophagus papayae was studied just in the laboratory. Ten plants of each host were used to the infestation procedure. They were infested with 70 nymphs/plant. The observations were daily until the insects became adults. The parameters evaluated were: a) Imature phase: longevity of female and male and viability, b) Mature phase: female and male longevity, viability and oviposition number by female, viability and eggs number by female, sex proportion, c) Egg phase: period of emergence of the nymphs and eggs viability. Lifespan: duration. Studying the biology of A. papayae, to evaluate the host preferred host of the parasitoid, it was separated 70 nymphs of 1st., 2nd. and 3rd. instars, maintained in each host, with 10 replications. Nymphs were offered for 10 parasitoid couples for 24 hours. The observation of the material was daily. To determinate the number of nymphs parasitized by each female, 30 nymphs were maintained in leaves and offered to a parasitoid couple for 24 hours. Evaluations were daily. To determinate other biological parameters, 70 nymphs were taken apart from the 3rd. instar and offered to 10 parasitoids for 24 hours. The parasitoid...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

Phenacoccus peruvianus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is an invasive mealybug of Neotropical origin, first reported in the Mediterranean Basin in Almeria (Spain) in 1999. In the following years the mealybug spread into other Mediterranean regions and has also been recorded in Portugal and France, as well as in Sicily, Corsica and the Balearic Islands. Phenacoccus peruvianus is a polyphagous species and damages economically important ornamental plants. Since this was a relatively unknown species, during the first years of invasion, the mealybug was managed by the application of chemical treatments with wide-spectrum pesticides. However, the latest European directive on pesticide use reduces or even forbids pesticide applications in a wide range of urban green areas, giving significant priority to biological control (European Parliament and Council 2009). This thesis sets the basis for introducing biological control into a P. peruvianus management program in urban landscapes, focusing on its characterization, sampling, biology and control. In order to facilitate the identification of this and other mealybug species, we characterised 33 mealybug populations infesting crops and ornamental plants in Eastern Spain, using a combination of molecular and morphological techniques. This characterisation led to the identification of ten mealybug species and made routine identification possible through DNA sequencing or the use of derived species-specific molecular tools. The sequences obtained also add to the phylogenetic knowledge of the Pseudococcidae family and provide insight into the invasion history of some species. Phenacoccus peruvianus populations were high in bougainvillea plants during spring and summer, declining to almost undetectable levels in autumn and winter. The mealybug was mainly found in bracts and there were no significant migrations between plant strata. Phenacoccus peruvianus showed a high aggregated distribution on bracts, leaves and twigs. We recommend a binomial sampling of 200 leaves and an action threshold of 55% infested leaves for IPM purposes in urban landscapes. Its most abundant natural enemies were found to be the primary parasitoids Acerophagus n. sp. near coccois and Leptomastix epona Walker (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). We also identified several predator species from the Anthocoridae, Coccinellidae, Chamaemyiidae, and Chrysopidae families. Phenacoccus peruvianus populations were lower during the second and third year of the survey, coinciding with an increase in the parasitoid Acerophagus sp. populations, which displaced the native L. epona. Differential female offspring and resource preemption are discussed as the main reasons for this displacement. To obtain further information on the biology of the new parasitoid Acerophagus sp. we determined some traits of its reproductive and feeding strategies. Acerophagus sp. egg load reached its maximum when it was 5 days old with almost 30 mature eggs. Phenacoccus peruvianus second and third nymphal instars and adults were suitable for parasitism and efficient encapsulation was low (10.76 ± 0.31 %). The parasitoid always preferred older instars when different host instars were available. Acerophagus sp. developed as a solitary parasitoid in the second instar and as a gregarious parasitoid in older instars (2¿4 parasitoids per host). Moreover, it reproduced parthenogenetically and all the emerged offspring were females. Immature development lasted between 20 and 22 days at 25°C and 65% HR. Under these conditions, adults lived for longer than 20 days when fed on honey, but fewer than 3 days when fed on naturally occurring sugar sources (host honeydew and Bougainvillea glabra flowers).
Beltrà Ivars, A. (2014). Biology and management of the invasive mealybug Phenacoccus peruvianus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in urban landscapes [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/37233
TESIS