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Journal articles on the topic 'Acetyl group'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Rosenqvist, Marie. "Acetyl Group Distribution in Acetylated Wood Investigated by Microautoradiography." Holzforschung 55, no. 3 (April 25, 2001): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2001.045.

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Summary Sapwood of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) was acetylated with 14C- and 3H-labelled acetic anhydride. The distribution of acetyl groups was investigated with microautoradiography and microautoradiographs were evaluated with ESEM, Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy. The investigation showed that the impregnation of wood with radioisotope-labelled substances provides a good opportunity to investigate the location of substances covalently bonded to the wood material. Introduced 14C-labelled acetyl groups show an even distribution in the wood cell wall, with no discernible concentration gradients at acetylation levels of about 5, 15 and 20% weight gain. 3H-labelled acetyl groups show an even distribution in the wood cell wall at 15 and 20% weight gain, with no discernible concentration gradients. At the 5% weight gain level, however, an uneven distribution of 3H-labelled acetyl groups over the cell wall is observed. Nevertheless, the unevenness is random and no concentration gradient is discernible at this level. 3H with a relatively high resolution, 0.5–1 μm, compared to 14C with a resolution of 2–5 μm, gives more accurate information about where exactly the acetyl groups are situated in the wood cell wall. Acetic anhydride was evenly distributed when a full impregnation procedure was used. The chemical and physical properties of acetic anhydride allow a uniform penetration into the pine cell wall and a complete acetylation takes place when the specimens are heated.

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2

Romanova, Dariya A., David L. Avetyan, Maxim L. Belyanin, and Elena V. Stepanova. "Synthesis of Salicaceae Acetyl Salicins Using Selective Deacetylation and Acetyl Group Migration." Journal of Natural Products 83, no. 4 (March 19, 2020): 888–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00570.

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3

Weinhouse, Sidney. "The Acetyl Group in Fatty Acid Metabolism." FASEB Journal 9, no. 9 (June 1995): 820–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.9.9.7601346.

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4

Anteunis, M., and M. van Montagu. "Locked acetyl group in N(6)-acetylcytidine." Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges 74, no. 11-12 (September 2, 2010): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bscb.19650741102.

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5

Tang, Ai Min, and Kai Wang. "Study on Esterification Characteristics of TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose." Advanced Materials Research 749 (August 2013): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.749.49.

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Oxidized cellulose acetate (OCA) with carboxylic acid group on C-6 position of glucose is a kind of biodegradable functional materials which can be dissolved in organic solvents. First, cellulose was oxidized with TEMPO (2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-piperidyl-1-oxyl) oxidation system, and then OCA was produced via esterification by reacting the oxidized cellulose with acetic anhydride. The influence factors such as carboxylic content of oxidized cellulose, reaction temperature, reaction time, and concentration of acetic anhydride on degree of substitution (DS) of acetyl group and intrinsic viscosity ([η]) of OCA were investigated. The result revealed that the DS of acetyl group can be increased effectively from 2.61 to 2.74 by increasing reaction temperature from 50°C to 80°C, and from 2.58 to 2.72 by prolonging reaction time from 40min to 180min, but the [η] of the product decreased at the same time. An increase in concentration of acetic anhydride led to an increase in DS and [η] of OCA. As the carboxyl content increased from 0.383 mmol/g to 0.797 mmol/g, the DS of acetyl group decreased from 2.81 to 2.73. That result revealed the carboxyl content also has a great influence on the esterification characteristics.

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6

Putman, C. T., L. L. Spriet, E. Hultman, M. I. Lindinger, L. C. Lands, R. S. McKelvie, G. Cederblad, N. L. Jones, and G. J. Heigenhauser. "Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and acetyl group accumulation during exercise after different diets." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 265, no. 5 (November 1, 1993): E752—E760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1993.265.5.e752.

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Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity (PDHa) and acetyl group accumulation were examined in human skeletal muscle at rest and during exercise after different diets. Five males cycled at 75% of maximal O2 uptake (VO2 max) to exhaustion after consuming a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) for 3 days and again 1-2 wk later for the same duration after consuming a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) for 3 days. Resting PDHa was lower after a LCD (0.20 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.69 +/- 0.05 mmol.min-1.kg wet wt-1; P < 0.05) and coincided with a greater intramuscular acetyl-CoA-to-CoASH ratio, acetyl-CoA content, and acetylcarnitine content. PDHa increased during exercise in both conditions but at a lower rate in the LCD condition compared with the HCD condition (1.46 +/- 0.25 vs. 2.65 +/- 0.23 mmol.min-1.kg wet wt-1 at 16 min and 1.88 +/- 0.20 vs. 3.11 +/- 0.14 at the end of exercise; P < 0.05). During exercise muscle acetyl-CoA and acetylcarnitine content and the acetyl-CoA-to-CoASH ratio decreased in the LCD condition but increased in the HCD condition. Under resting conditions PDHa was influenced by the availability of fat or carbohydrate fuels acting through changes in the acetyl-CoA-to-CoASH ratio. However, during exercise the activation of PDHa occurred independent of changes in the acetyl-CoA-to-CoASH ratio, suggesting that other factors are more important.

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7

Polnaya, Febby J., Hilda Hilda, and Cynthia G. C. Lopulalan. "KONSENTRASI ASAM ASETAT MEMENGARUHI KARAKTERISTIK FISIKOKIMIA PATI SAGU IHUR TERASETILASI." Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pangan 31, no. 2 (December 2020): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.6066/jtip.2020.31.2.180.

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Native ihur sago starch is a starch from Maluku and to date there is no report on its physicochemical properties. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of acetic acid concentration on the physicochemical properties of the native ihur sago starch. The starch was acetylated at different acetic acid concentrations, i.e., 0, 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5%. The acetylation was carried out by reacting ihur sago starch solution (100 g in 225 mL water) with acetic acid under alkaline condition. The acetyl group, degree of substitution (DS), water solubility, swelling power, paste clarity, and water, ash and amylose contents of the acetylated starch were measured. The study was conducted in three replications of non-factorial experiments using a completely randomized design. Starch modification through acetic acid addition produced ihur sago starch with different physicochemical characteristics from that of its native form. The acetylation caused the hydroxyl group in the starch to be substituted by acetyl group at concentration of 1.336-1.850% and DS range of 0.026-0.046, whilst no acetyl group was detected in its native starch. Acetylation increased the starch ash content from 0.46% to 0.50-0.57%, amylose content from 28.86% to 29.73-31.46%, solubility from 12.83% to 14.20-25.20%, swelling power from 18.51 g/g to 16.74-28.24 g/g and paste clarity from 93.07%T650 to 93.50-94.13%T650. In addition, acetylation at 0.5% increased the water content of the starch while higher concentration of acetylation could decrease its water content.

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8

Liepa, AJ, AJ Liepa, TC Morton, and TC Morton. "Acetal Formation Facilitated in 2-Hydroxyaryl Aldehydes by Intramolecular Acyl Group Transfer." Australian Journal of Chemistry 39, no. 11 (1986): 1747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9861747.

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Convenient preparations of synthetically useful acetals, a dithioacetal and an oxathiolan from the 2-acyl derivatives of 2-hydroxyaryl aldehydes under basic conditions are described. The mildness of the reaction conditions is illustrated by the formation of an ethoxycarbonyl -substituted dioxolan . The reaction is dependent upon an intramolecular acetyl group transfer and the mechanism of the reaction is discussed. Some broader implications of this type of acyl transfer are discussed.

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9

Vannuruswamy, Garikapati, Mashanipalya G. Jagadeeshaprasad, K. Kashinath, Suresh K. Kesavan, Shweta Bhat, Arvind M. Korwar, Ashok D. Chougale, Ramanamurthy Boppana, D. Srinivasa Reddy, and Mahesh J. Kulkarni. "Molecules with O-acetyl group protect protein glycation by acetylating lysine residues." RSC Advances 6, no. 70 (2016): 65572–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra11313c.

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10

Jones, Andrew M., and Katrien Koppo. "CHASING THE ???GHOST??? OF THE ACETYL GROUP DEFICIT." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, no. 1 (January 2005): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000149776.64754.48.

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11

Timmons, James A. "CHASING THE ???GHOST??? OF THE ACETYL GROUP DEFICIT." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, no. 1 (January 2005): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000149777.24035.af.

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12

Lokaj, Jan, Viktor Kettmann, Petra Černuchová, Viktor Milata, and Marek Fronc. "3-Acetyl-4-aminoquinoline." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 63, no. 3 (February 7, 2007): o1164—o1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536807004746.

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The title compound, C11H10N2O, a potential antitumour drug, crystallizes with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. The 4-amino N atom is strongly conjugated with the quinoline ring involving the 3-carbonyl group. As a result, the molecule is almost planar. The amino group is involved in both intramolecular N—H...O and intermolecular N—H...N hydrogen bonds.

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13

Constantin-Teodosiu, D., G. Cederblad, and E. Hultman. "PDC activity and acetyl group accumulation in skeletal muscle during prolonged exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 73, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): 2403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.6.2403.

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Seven subjects cycled to exhaustion [58 +/- 7 (SE) min] at approximately 75% of their maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Needle biopsy samples were taken from the quadriceps femoris muscle at rest, after 3, 10, and 40 min of exercise, at exhaustion, and after 10 min of recovery. After 3 min of exercise, a nearly complete transformation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) into active form had occurred and was maintained throughout the exercise period. The total in vitro activated PDC was unchanged during exercise. The muscle concentration of acetyl-CoA increased from a resting value of 8.4 +/- 1.0 to 31.6 +/- 3.3 mumol/kg dry wt at exhaustion and that of acetylcarnitine from 2.9 +/- 0.7 to 15.6 +/- 1.6 mmol/kg dry wt. This was accompanied by corresponding decreases in reduced CoA (CoASH) from 45.3 +/- 3.1 to 25.9 +/- 3.1 mumol/kg dry wt and in free carnitine from 18.8 +/- 0.7 to 5.7 +/- 0.5 mmol/kg dry wt. Acetyl group accumulation, in the form of acetyl-CoA and acetylcarnitine, was maintained throughout exercise to exhaustion while the glycogen content decreased by 90%. This suggests that availability of acetyl groups was not limiting to exercise performance despite the nearly total depletion of the glycogen store. The increased acetyl-CoA-to-CoASH ratio during exercise caused inhibition of neither the PDC transformation nor the calculated catalytic activity of active PDC.

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14

Patel, H. S., and H. D. Desai. "Synthesis of Some New Azetidinone Derivatives Containing Aryl Sulfonyloxy Group." E-Journal of Chemistry 1, no. 4 (2004): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2004/258752.

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Some novel azetidinone derivatives containing aryl sulfonyloxy group have been prepared. The 4-sulfonyloxy aniline derivative (2) has been prepared by reaction of 4-nitro phenol (sodium salt) with N-acetyl sulfanilyl chloride (ASC) followed by hydrolysis by ethanolic HCl. This compound (2) undergoes facile condensation reaction with aromatic aldehydes to yield different Schiff’s bases (3a-h). Cyclocondensation of compounds (3a-h) with chloro acetyl chloride yields different 2-azetidinone derivatives (4a-h).

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15

Escobar, Carlos A., Jorge Orellana-Vera, Andrés Vega, Dieter Sicker, and Joachim Sieler. "Regioselective N-Acetylation of 4-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenyl-2,3- dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine Using Protection by an Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 64, no. 8 (August 1, 2009): 969–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2009-0812.

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Since the amino and the hydroxyl groups of 4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5- benzodiazepine can both act as nucleophiles, the introduction of both an N-acetyl and an O-acetyl group is expected when the compound is allowed to react with an excess of an electrophile such as acetic anhydride. An intramolecular hydrogen bond between OH and N-5 of the benzodiazepine has been used to obtain differentiation between the two possible sites of acetylation. Thus, this feature offers a preparatively utilizable protecting effect for the OH group and allows for a regioselective N-acetylation at ambient temperature. Both mono- and diacetylated compounds were prepared and characterized by crystal structure analysis

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16

Yabushita, Mizuho, Hirokazu Kobayashi, Kyoichi Kuroki, Shogo Ito, and Atsushi Fukuoka. "Catalytic Depolymerization of Chitin with Retention ofN-Acetyl Group." ChemSusChem 8, no. 22 (November 2015): 3760–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201501224.

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17

Iwata, Masaaki, and Hiroyoshi Kuzuhara. "Chemistry ofN-Nitrososulfonamides. Substitution Reaction by the Acetyl Group." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 58, no. 11 (November 1985): 3395–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.58.3395.

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18

Kumar, Sumit, and Raj Kumar. "Role of acemannan O-acetyl group in murine radioprotection." Carbohydrate Polymers 207 (March 2019): 460–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.003.

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19

Roberts, Paul A., Susan J. G. Loxham, Simon M. Poucher, Dumitru Constantin-Teodosiu, and Paul L. Greenhaff. "Acetyl-CoA provision and the acetyl group deficit at the onset of contraction in ischemic canine skeletal muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 288, no. 2 (February 2005): E327—E334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00441.2003.

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We examined the effects of increasing acetylcarnitine and acetyl-CoA availability at rest, independent of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) activation, on energy production and tension development during the rest-to-work transition in canine skeletal muscle. We aimed to elucidate whether the lag in PDC-derived acetyl-CoA delivery toward the TCA cycle at the onset of exercise can be overcome by increasing acetyl group availability independently of PDC activation or is intimately dependent on PDC-derived acetyl-CoA. Gracilis muscle pretreated with saline or sodium acetate (360 mg/kg body mass) (both n = 6) was sampled repeatedly during 5 min of ischemic contraction. Acetate increased acetylcarnitine and acetyl-CoA availability (both P < 0.01) above control at rest and throughout contraction ( P < 0.05), independently of differences in resting PDC activation between treatments. Acetate reduced oxygen-independent ATP resynthesis ∼40% ( P < 0.05) during the first minute of contraction. No difference in oxygen-independent ATP resynthesis existed between treatments from 1 to 3 min of contraction; however, energy production via this route increased ∼25% ( P < 0.05) above control in the acetate-treated group during the final 2 min of contraction. Tension development was ∼20% greater after 5-min contraction after acetate treatment than in control ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, at the immediate onset of contraction, when PDC was largely inactive, increasing cellular acetyl group availability overcame inertia in mitochondrial ATP regeneration. However, after the first minute, when PDC was near maximally activated in both groups, it appears that PDC-derived acetyl-CoA, rather than increased cellular acetyl group availability per se, dictated mitochondrial ATP resynthesis.

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20

Kaválek, Jaromír, Josef Jirman, Vladimír Macháček, and Vojeslav Štěrba. "An anomalous effect of methyl group on acidity of acylthioureas." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 52, no. 8 (1987): 1992–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19871992.

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Dissociation constants and methanolysis rate constants have been measured of 1-acetyl- and 1-benzoylthioureas and their N-methyl derivatives. Replacement of hydrogen atom at N(1) (next to the acyl group) by methyl group increases the acidity of the benzoyl derivative by one order, that of the acetyl derivative by as much as two orders of magnitude. Replacement of both hydrogens at N(3) by methyl groups lowers the methanolysis rate constant by more than two orders, whereas the replacement of hydrogen atom at N(1) by methyl group increases the methanolysis rate by the factor of 30.

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21

Kumar, Sharatha, Sabine Foro, and B. Thimme Gowda. "3-Acetyl-1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)thiourea." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 68, no. 8 (July 4, 2012): o2307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160053681202925x.

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In the title compound, C9H8Cl2N2OS, the conformation of one of the N—H bonds isantito the C=S group and the other isantito the C=O group. Further, the conformations of the amide C=S and the C=O group areantito each other. The 2,6-dichlorophenyl ring and the 3-acetylthiourea side chain are inclined to one another at a dihedral angle of 83.44 (5)°. An intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond occurs. In the crystal, molecules form inversion dimers through pairs of N—H...S hydrogen bonds.

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22

Das, Riki, Nandkishor Prakash Khot, Akanksha Santosh Deshpande, and Manmohan Kapur. "Ruthenium-Catalyzed Directed C(3)–H Olefination of N-Acetyl-1,2-dihydroisoquinolines: A Method to Achieve C3-Olefinated Isoquinolines." Synthesis 51, no. 12 (April 15, 2019): 2515–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1611807.

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A unique approach to achieve regioselective C(3)–H olefination of isoquinolines under ruthenium-catalyzed conditions has been developed. The acetyl group of N-acetyl-1,2-dihydroisoquinoline acts as a directing group for this C–H olefination strategy. Removal of the acetyl directing group by a simple method leads to a quick access to C-3 olefinated isoquinolines. The methodology is a very good alternative to the traditional Heck reaction and substrates with halogen substituents are very good candidates for the transformation.

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23

ZÃ¤hringer, Ulrich, Wolfgang Voigt, and Guntram Seltmann. "Noureseothricin (streptothricin) inactivated by a plasmid pIE636 encoded acetyl transferase ofEscherichia coli: Location of the acetyl group." FEMS Microbiology Letters 110, no. 3 (July 1993): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06344.x.

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24

Stadtman, T. C. "Clostridial glycine reductase: protein C, the acetyl group acceptor, catalyzes the arsenate-dependent decomposition of acetyl phosphate." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 86, no. 20 (October 1, 1989): 7853–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.20.7853.

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25

Patel, H. S., H. D. Desai, and H. J. Mistry. "Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some New Piperazine Derivaties Containing Aryl Sulfonyloxy Group." E-Journal of Chemistry 1, no. 2 (2004): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2004/732420.

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NovelN-substituted piperazine derivatives containing sulfonyloxy aniline moiety have been prepared. The various 4-sulfonyloxy aniline (SA) derivatives (2a-h) have been prepared by the condensation reaction ofN-Acetyl Sulfanilyl chloride (ASC) and sodium phenates followed by hydrolysis. The SA derivatives are then reacted with chloro acetyl chloride to give corresponding (N-Chloroacetyl) derivatives (3a-h). These derivatives are then reacted withN-phenyl piperazine to yield the corresponding piperazine derivatives (4a-h).

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26

Yajima, Tatsuo, Makiko Kimura, Yoshihiro Hori, and Tadashi Shiraiwa. "Structures ofN-acetyl-DL-isoleucine,N-acetyl-DL-alloisoleucine and their ammonium salts; role of ammonium ions in crystal structure formation." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 72, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 650–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520616007319.

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The crystal structures ofN-acetyl-DL-isoleucine,N-acetyl-DL-alloisoleucine and their ammonium salts show that these four compounds exist as racemic compounds around room temperature. The two ammonium salts are arranged around a 21screw axis, forming a helical column which consists of ammonium ions and single enantiomeric anions similar to the crystals of the ammonium salts of optically activeN-acetyl-L-isoleucine andN-acetyl-D-alloisoleucine. The ammonium ion and the carboxylate ion in the helix are connected by three hydrogen bonds, the fourth hydrogen bond being formed between the ammonium ion and an external acetyl amino group of the neighboring helical column. The fourth hydrogen bond is formed between the ammonium ion and an external acetyl amino group of the neighboring 21column. AmmoniumN-acetyl-DL-alloisoleucinate was revealed to exist as an unstable racemic compound due to conformational similarity between the racemic and optically active compounds in the solid state and was optically resolved by fractional crystallization at 293 K.

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27

Nardi, M., N. Herrera Cano, P. Costanzo, M. Oliverio, G. Sindona, and A. Procopio. "Aqueous MW eco-friendly protocol for amino group protection." RSC Advances 5, no. 24 (2015): 18751–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra16683c.

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In this paper a new catalyst-free and on-water method for protection of amines and amino acids with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride, acetyl chloride and tosyl chloride is presented.

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28

Phillips, Roy, Thomas Mawhinney, Michael Harmata, and Dan Smith. "Characterization ofGallus Domesticus α-N-Acetyl-Galactosaminidase Blood Group A2Activity." Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Biotechnology 23, no. 1 (January 1995): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10731199509117668.

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29

Daragics, Katalin, and Péter Fügedi. "(2-Nitrophenyl)acetyl: A New, Selectively Removable Hydroxyl Protecting Group." Organic Letters 12, no. 9 (May 7, 2010): 2076–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol100562f.

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30

MASTERSON, C., C. WOOD, and D. R. THOMAS. "Inhibition studies on acetyl group incorporation into chloroplast fatty acids." Plant, Cell and Environment 13, no. 8 (November 1990): 767–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1990.tb01092.x.

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31

Tsukamoto, Chigen, Akio Kikuchi, Shigemitsu Kudou, Kyuya Harada, Keisuke Kitamura, and Kazuyoshi Okubo. "Group a acetyl saponin-deficient mutant from the wild soybean." Phytochemistry 31, no. 12 (December 1992): 4139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)80429-i.

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32

Kawabata, Takashi, and Yasumitsu Matsuo. "Role of acetyl group on proton conductivity in chitin system." Journal of Materiomics 5, no. 2 (June 2019): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmat.2019.02.010.

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33

Lowe, D. M., and P. K. Tubbs. "3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase from ox liver. Properties of its acetyl derivative." Biochemical Journal 227, no. 2 (April 15, 1985): 601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2270601.

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Ox liver mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (EC 4.1.3.5) reacts with acetyl-CoA to form a complex in which the acetyl group is covalently bound to the enzyme. This acetyl group can be removed by addition of acetoacetyl-CoA or CoA. The extent of acetylation and release of CoA were found to be highly temperature-dependent. At temperatures above 20 degrees C, a maximum value of 0.85 mol of acetyl group bound/mol of enzyme dimer was observed. Below this temperature the extent of rapid acetylation was significantly lowered. Binding stoichiometries close to 1 mol/mol of enzyme dimer were also observed when the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase activity was titrated with methyl methanethiosulphonate or bromoacetyl-CoA. This is taken as evidence for a ‘half-of-the-sites’ reaction mechanism for the formation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase. The Keq. for the acetylation was about 10. Isolated acetyl-enzyme is stable for many hours at 0 degrees C and pH 7, but is hydrolysed at 30 degrees C with a half-life of 7 min. This hydrolysis is stimulated by acetyl-CoA and slightly by succinyl-CoA, but not by desulpho-CoA. The site of acetylation has been identified as the thiol group of a reactive cysteine residue by affinity-labelling with the substrate analogue bromo[1-14C]acetyl-CoA.

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34

Greenhaff, P. L., S. P. Campbell-O'Sullivan, D. Constantin-Teodosiu, S. M. Poucher, P. A. Roberts, and J. A. Timmons. "An acetyl group deficit limits mitochondrial ATP production at the onset of exercise." Biochemical Society Transactions 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0300275.

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The oxygen deficit at the onset of submaximal exercise represents a period when the energy demand of contraction cannot be met solely by mitochondrial ATP generation, and as a consequence there is an acceleration of ATP re-synthesis from oxygen-independent routes (phosphocreatine hydrolysis and glycolysis). Historically, the origin of the oxygen deficit has been attributed to a lag in muscle blood flow and oxygen availability at the onset of exercise which limits mitochondrial respiration. However, more recent evidence suggests that considerable inertia exists at the level of mitochondrial enzyme activation and substrate supply. In support of this latter hypothesis, we have reported on a number of occasions that pharmacological activation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (and consequent stockpiling of acetyl groups), using dichloroacetate or exercise interventions, can markedly reduce the degree of ATP re-synthesis from oxygen-independent routes during the rest-to-work transition period. This review will focus on these findings, and will offer the hypothesis that acetyl group delivery to the tricarboxylic acid cycle limits mitochondrial flux at the onset of exercise - the so-called acetyl group deficit.

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35

Bröring, Martin, and Silke Köhler. "Unexpected isolation and characterization of a chloroiron complex with a 10-acetylcorrole ligand." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 12, no. 10 (October 2008): 1111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424608000479.

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The chloroiron complex of 10-acetyl-2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylcorrole was isolated as an unexpected product from an attempted preparation of chloroiron-2,2'-bidipyrrin when acetone was used in the solvent mixture. In the molecular structure derived from X-ray crystallographic analysis the orthogonal arrangement of the acetyl group with the corrole macrocycle is clearly apparent, and the UV-vis spectrum of the compound indicates only a small electronic influence of the acetyl group on the corrole π-system. The paramagnetic 1 H NMR spectrum taken at ambient temperature shows two signal sets in a ratio of 2.2:1, indicating two stable orientations of the acetyl group in solution. Attempts to prepare the species from chloroiron-2,2'-bidipyrrin with iron(III)chloride in acetone were successful but gave inconsistent and generally low yields. A rationale for the formation of the new corrole is proposed.

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36

Thirunarayanan, Ganesamoorthy, and K. Ravi. "Synthesis and Spectral Correlation Study of some 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(Substituted Phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-¹H-Pyrazole-1-yl-Ethanones." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 19 (October 2013): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.19.44.

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Some N-acetyl pyrazoles including 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(substituted phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-yl-ethanones have been synthesised by solvent free cyclization cum acetylation of chalcones including substituted styryl 3,4-dichlorophenyl ketones using hydrazine hydrate and acetic anhydride in presence of catalytic amount of fly-ash: H2SO4 catalyst. The yield of these N-acetyl pyrazole derivatives are more than 75%. The synthesised N-acetyl pyrazoline derivatives were characterized by their physical constants and spectral data. The infrared spectral νC=N and C=O (cm-1) frequencies, NMR chemical shifts (δ, ppm) of Ha, Hb, Hc, CH3 protons, C=N, C=O and CH3 carbons of 1-(3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(substitutedphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-yl) ethanones have been assigned and correlated with Hammett substituent constants and Swain-Lupton’s parameters using single and multi-regression analysis. From the results of statistical analyses the effect of substituents on the above group frequencies and chemical shifts of the acetylated pyrazoles were discussed.

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37

Engel, W., and P. Schieberle. "On the significant influence of water on the formation mechanisms of 5-acetyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-thiazine." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 22, SI - Chem. Reactions in Foods V (January 1, 2004): S120—S122. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10632-cjfs.

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The formation of 5-acetyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-thiazine in Maillard-type reactions of fructose with cysteamine under dry heating and cooking conditions was studied. Labelling experiments with 2-<sup>13</sup>C-fructose revealed, that the formation pathways are completely different, depending on the water content of the mixture. Under dry heating conditions, 5-(1-<sup>13</sup>C-acetyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-thiazine is formed almost exclusively with the 2-<sup>13</sup>C of fructose found at the carbonyl carbon of the acetyl group. Under cooking conditions, ADHT is mostly unlabelled and most probably formed from erythrulose. Erythrulose might be generated from 2-<sup>13</sup>C-fructose by loss of 1-13C-acetic acid, indicated by the high amount of the latter found in the mixture. A possible mechanism leading from fructose to erythrulose is postulated.

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38

Miyagawa, Atsushi, Ryusuke Tomita, Kenta Kurimoto, and Hatsuo Yamamura. "Selective deprotection of trityl group on carbohydrate by microflow reaction inhibiting migration of acetyl group." Synthetic Communications 46, no. 6 (February 29, 2016): 556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00397911.2016.1156703.

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39

Kaempfer, S., M. Blackham, M. Christiansen, K. Wu, D. Cesar, T. Vary, and M. K. Hellerstein. "Fraction of hepatic cytosolic acetyl-CoA derived from glucose in vivo: relation to PDH phosphorylation state." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 260, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): E865—E875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1991.260.6.e865.

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We measured the contribution of glucose to hepatic cytosolic acetyl-CoA in vivo in rats and compared it with the phosphorylation state of a potentially regulatory enzyme complex [pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)]. Xenobiotic probes were used to sample hepatic cytosolic acetyl-CoA [acetylated sulfamethoxazole (SMX)] and UDP-glucose (glucuronidated acetaminophen) in vivo during [U-14C]glucose infusions. Percent active (dephosphorylated) form of PDH (PDHa) was determined on freeze-clamped liver. First, we confirmed using liver cell elutriation that acetylation of SMX occurs in parenchymal hepatocytes. Next, the fraction of cytosolic acetyl-CoA derived from [14C]glucose in vivo was shown to depend on dietary state. Specific activity of acetyl-CoA relative to plasma glucose or hepatic UDP-glucose was lower after 48 h fasting than after overnight fasting, and glucose refeeding (25 mg.kg-1.min-1 iv) maximally increased [14C]-glucose fractional contribution to acetyl-CoA within 2 h in the overnight-fasted but not in the prolonged fasted group. Hepatic PDHa demonstrated a similar but not identical pattern. The isotopic and enzymatic parameters showed significant correlations (r2 = 0.61 in 48-h fasted-refed group, r2 = 0.28 in overnight-fasted refed group), although [14C]glucose contribution to acetyl-CoA increased disproportionately compared with PDHa as refeeding progressed. The indirect pathway of UDP-glucose synthesis correlated inversely with the fractional contribution of glucose to acetyl-CoA. In summary, the fraction of hepatic acetyl-CoA derived from glucose in vivo is influenced by acute and chronic dietary factors and is only partially explained by PDHa. Regulation of the carbon source of hepatic acetyl-CoA in vivo and interactions suggested by these results (e.g., glucose-fatty acid cycle; branch-point regulation of glucose recycling) can be addressed in a quantitative fashion using this experimental framework.

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40

Kluger, Ronald, and Wing-Cheong Tsui. "Reaction of the anionic acetylation agent methyl acetyl phosphate with D-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 64, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o86-061.

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Methyl acetyl phosphate is a competitive inhibitor of the reduction of acetoacetate by D-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The material also irreversibly inactivates the enzyme. The kinetics of the inactivation are consistent with methyl acetyl phosphate acetylating the conjugate base of a hydrogen bond donor. Protection offered by a substrate analogue (methyl acetonylphosphonate) in the presence of coenzyme implicates reaction at the cationic active site. Reversible protection by the amino group reagent 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride suggests that methyl acetyl phosphate reacts with an amino group. Sulfhydryl reagents and acetyl phosphate, a poorer acetylating agent, do not inactivate the enzyme. The pH dependence of the inactivation suggests that the acetylation occurs at a site that has a pKa of 8.2. The utility of methyl acetyl phosphate and other acyl phosphate monoesters in reacting with lysines adjacent to cationic sites of enzymes, hemoglobin, and histones is noted.

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41

Grant, D., W. F. Long, C. F. Moffat, and F. B. Williamson. "Infrared spectroscopy of chemically modified heparins." Biochemical Journal 261, no. 3 (August 1, 1989): 1035–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2611035.

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Analysis by i.r. spectroscopy of natural and chemically modified heparins suggests that the N-sulphonate group of these polymers may vibrationally absorb radiation at two distinctly different frequencies. This property may reflect the existence of different conformational states important in the biological activities of the polymers. Examination of carboxylate- and N-acetyl-group absorbances of these polymers accords with the possibility that one of these polymer conformational states involves interaction between juxtaposed N-sulphonate and carboxylate groups. In heparin bearing large quantities of artificially introduced N-acetyl groups, an interaction between carboxylate and N-acetyl groups may also occur.

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42

Tan, Xiangshi, Ivan V. Surovtsev, and Paul A. Lindahl. "Kinetics of CO Insertion and Acetyl Group Transfer Steps, and a Model of the Acetyl-CoA Synthase Catalytic Mechanism." Journal of the American Chemical Society 128, no. 37 (September 2006): 12331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0627702.

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43

Lassfolk, Robert, Jani Rahkila, Mikael P. Johansson, Filip S. Ekholm, Johan Wärnå, and Reko Leino. "Acetyl Group Migration across the Saccharide Units in Oligomannoside Model Compound." Journal of the American Chemical Society 141, no. 4 (December 26, 2018): 1646–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b11563.

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44

Timmons, James A., Dumitru Constantin-Teodosiu, Simon M. Poucher, and Paul L. Greenhaff. "Acetyl group availability influences phosphocreatine degradation even during intense muscle contraction." Journal of Physiology 561, no. 3 (December 2004): 851–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.069419.

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45

Possanza, Fabio, Andrea Vecchi, Valeria Conte, Barbara Floris, and Pierluca Galloni. "5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(1′-acetylferrocenyl)porphyrin: Electronic and structural effects of acetyl group on TFcP." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 21, no. 04-06 (April 2017): 416–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424617500468.

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Synthesis of tetrasubstituted-tetraferrocenylporphyrins containing an acetyl functional group on all ferrocenyl moiety has been performed, allowing the analysis of the effects of these groups in terms of geometry and electronic distribution. TFcPs exhibit interesting electrochemical properties, mostly due to electronic communication between the ferrocenyl substituents and the porphyrin core and the presence of four acetyl substituents do not affect significantly these properties. Nevertheless the functionalization leads to a more defined electronic transition, in particular in the Q region and a more stable TFcP in terms of chemical oxidation. This can openinig the way to modulate and/or improve the performance of TFcP in various applications.

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46

Waseem, S., S. Gohar, M. Afzal, and Z. Wali. "Comparison of Clomiphene Citrate Plus N-Acetyl Cysteine and Clomiphene Citrate Alone for Induction of Ovulation in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 1253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211561253.

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Aim: To compare the frequency of ovulation with clomiphene citrate plus N-acetyl cysteine versus clomiphene citrate alone in married females presenting with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Study design: Randomized clinical trial Place and duration of study: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Unit-3 Jinnah Hospital, Lahore from 1st September 2018 to 28th February 2019. Methodology: A total of 60 patients (30 in each group) were enrolled. In group A, females were prescribed clomiphene citrate 50-mg tablets twice daily with N-acetyl cysteine 1200 mg/day orally for 5 days starting on day 3 of the menstrual cycle and in group B, females were prescribed clomiphene citrate 50-mg tablets twice daily. Results: Patients ranged between 18-35 years of age. Mean age of the patients was 28.5±3.3 and 28.1±3.1 years in group A and B, respectively. Mean duration of marriage in group A was 3.4±0.9 and in group B 3.5±0.9 year. Mean BMI in group-A was 3.4±0.9 while in group-B 3.5±0.9 (kg/m2). Ovulation was observed at 1st month in group A was 12 (40%) and in group B 9 (30%). Ovulation was observed at 2nd month in group A was 16 (53.3%) and in group B 13 (43.3%). In 3rd months ovulation was seen in 19 patients (63.3%) of group A and 18 patients (60%) of group B. Stratification for age and BMI was also carried out. Conclusion: This study could not find any clinical superiority for clomiphene citrate plus N-acetyl cysteine versus clomiphene citrate alone in term of ovulation rate. Keywords: N-acetyl cysteine, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Ovulation induction

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47

Roswanda, Robby, Ilham Ardatul Putra, Maria Mardiastuti, and Didin Mujahidin. "Catalyst Free Hydroxyl Protection of Quinine via Esterification." Key Engineering Materials 811 (July 2019): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.811.3.

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A method to protect the hydroxyl group of quinine via esterification is developed. The method uses acetyl and benzoyl as the protection group. The method employs no catalyst that generates reasonable yield at 83% for acetyl and 73% for benzoyl. This catalyst free method emphasizes on the importance substrate reactivity to achieve free catalyst procedure. Ester form of quinine synthesized might be further functionalized for various aims in accordance to its rich functional group and building block of quinine.

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48

Shi, Lei, and Benjamin P. Tu. "Protein acetylation as a means to regulate protein function in tune with metabolic state." Biochemical Society Transactions 42, no. 4 (August 1, 2014): 1037–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20140135.

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Protein acetylation has emerged as a prominent post-translational modification that can occur on a wide variety of proteins. The metabolite acetyl-CoA is a key intermediate in energy metabolism that also serves as the acetyl group donor in protein acetylation modifications. Therefore such acetylation modifications might be coupled to the intracellular availability of acetyl-CoA. In the present article, we summarize recent evidence suggesting that the particular protein acetylation modifications enable the regulation of protein function in tune with acetyl-CoA availability and thus the metabolic state of the cell.

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Gupta, Veena, Amrita Chaurasia, Shazia Khatoon, and Urvashi Barman Singh. "A study of N-acetyl cysteine, metformin and vitamin D3 with calcium on clinical and metabolic profile in PCOS." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 10 (September 23, 2017): 4372. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20174407.

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Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by the combination of hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation and polycystic ovaries. Objective of present study was to compare the effects of N-acetyl cysteine, metformin and vitamin D3 with calcium on clinical and metabolic profile in PCOS.Methods: 66 women were randomly assigned into three equal treatment groups. Group 1 received N-acetyl cysteine, 600 mg three times a day. Group 2 metformin hydrochloride, 500 mg two times a day for 1 week, then three times a day for rest of the study and Group 3 Vit-D3 60,000 IU weekly with calcium 1500mg daily. Clinical and metabolic assessment was done at baseline and after three months of treatment.Results: After 12 weeks of treatment improvement of symptoms was seen in all the three groups, however better improvement in oligomenorrhea and hirsutism was seen in metformin group than others two groups. The clinical parameters like weight, BMI, waist hip ratio, biochemical markers of insulin resistance, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, fasting glucose/insulin ratio were significantly decreased in N-acetyl cysteine group than others two groups.Conclusions: N-acetyl cysteine had better improvement in clinical, and metabolic profile than metformin and vitamin D3 with Calcium group in PCOS patients. It can be used as a substitute for insulin reducing medications in treatment of PCOS patients, considering its limited adverse effects.

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50

Strijbis, Karin, and Ben Distel. "Intracellular Acetyl Unit Transport in Fungal Carbon Metabolism." Eukaryotic Cell 9, no. 12 (October 1, 2010): 1809–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00172-10.

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ABSTRACT Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) is a central metabolite in carbon and energy metabolism. Because of its amphiphilic nature and bulkiness, acetyl-CoA cannot readily traverse biological membranes. In fungi, two systems for acetyl unit transport have been identified: a shuttle dependent on the carrier carnitine and a (peroxisomal) citrate synthase-dependent pathway. In the carnitine-dependent pathway, carnitine acetyltransferases exchange the CoA group of acetyl-CoA for carnitine, thereby forming acetyl-carnitine, which can be transported between subcellular compartments. Citrate synthase catalyzes the condensation of oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA to form citrate that can be transported over the membrane. Since essential metabolic pathways such as fatty acid β-oxidation, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the glyoxylate cycle are physically separated into different organelles, shuttling of acetyl units is essential for growth of fungal species on various carbon sources such as fatty acids, ethanol, acetate, or citrate. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on the different systems of acetyl transport that are operational during alternative carbon metabolism, with special focus on two fungal species: Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans.

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