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Journal articles on the topic 'Acetyl Morphine'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Nagamatsu, K., K. Suzuki, R. Teshima, H. Ikebuchi, and T. Terao. "Morphine enhances the phosphorylation of a 58 kDa protein in mouse brain membranes." Biochemical Journal 257, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2570165.

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Morphine and [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalinamide enhance the phosphorylation of a 58 kDa protein in mouse brain synaptosomal membranes. The enhancement of phosphorylation was inhibited by naloxone, an antagonist of morphine. The phosphorylated 58 kDa protein was retained on wheat-germ-agglutinin-agarose and morphinone-Affi-Gel 401 columns and biospecifically eluted out from the columns with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and naloxone respectively. These results suggest a strong possibility that the opiate-binding protein undergoes phosphorylation by endogenous protein kinase. Since the molecular mass of a mu-type opioid receptor in mouse brain is suggested to be 58 kDa, coincident with those of rat brain and neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells, it is conceivable that the phosphorylated 58 kDa protein is a mu-type receptor.

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2

Welters, Ingeborg D., Axel Menzebach, Yannick Goumon, Patrick Cadet, Thilo Menges, Thomas K. Hughes, Gunter Hempelmann, and George B. Stefano. "Morphine Inhibits NF-κB Nuclear Binding in Human Neutrophils and Monocytes by a Nitric Oxide–dependent Mechanism." Anesthesiology 92, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 1677–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200006000-00027.

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Background The transcription factor NF-kappaB plays a pivotal role in gene expression of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines or adhesion molecules. NF-kappaB-mediated transcriptional activation of these genes is inhibited by nitric oxide (NO) in a variety of cells, including monocytes. Morphine mediates NO release in a naloxone antagonizable manner in monocytes and neutrophils. Methods The influence of morphine on NF-kappaB activation was investigated in a whole-blood flow cytometric assay. A specific antibody against the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB was used and detected by fluoresceine-isothiocyanate-labeled anti-immunoglobulin G. Nuclei were stained with propidium iodide. Leukocyte subpopulations were evaluated by gating on neutrophils and monocytes. The median fluorescence channel was determined. Different morphine concentrations (50 nm, 50 microm, 1 mm) and incubation intervals (10-150 min) were used. Results Morphine inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-kappaB nuclear binding in human blood neutrophils and monocytes in a time-, concentration-, and naloxone-sensitive-dependent manner. Similar effects were achieved with the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-pencillamine and the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine. The NO synthase inhibitors Nomega-nitro-l-arginine-methyl-esther and Nomega-nitro-l-arginine completely abolished the morphine-induced attenuation of NF-kappaB nuclear binding, demonstrating that the inhibitory action is mediated by NO release. Conclusion Morphine causes immunosuppression, at least in part, via the NO-stimulated depression of NF-kappaB nuclear binding.

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3

Pang, Wei-wu, Martin S. Mok, Ming-Chou Ku, and Min-Ho Huang. "Patient-Controlled Analgesia with Morphine Plus Lysine Acetyl Salicylate." Anesthesia & Analgesia 89, no. 4 (October 1999): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199910000-00032.

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4

Pang, Wei-wu, Martin S. Mok, Ming-Chou Ku, and Min-Ho Huang. "Patient-Controlled Analgesia with Morphine Plus Lysine Acetyl Salicylate." Anesthesia & Analgesia 89, no. 4 (October 1999): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199910000-00032.

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5

Jones, A. W., A. Holmgren, and F. C. Kugelberg. "Driving Under the Influence of Opiates: Concentration Relationships Between Morphine, Codeine, 6-Acetyl Morphine, and Ethyl Morphine in Blood." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 32, no. 4 (May 1, 2008): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/32.4.265.

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6

Capuano, Ben, Ian T. Crosby, Edward J. Lloyd, Juliette E. Neve, and David A. Taylor. "Aminimides as Potential CNS-Acting Agents. III. Design, Synthesis, and Receptor Binding of Aminimide Analogues of Dopamine, Serotonin, Morphine, and Nicotine." Australian Journal of Chemistry 61, no. 6 (2008): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch08060.

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A series of aminimide derivatives of centrally acting agents, namely dopamine, serotonin, morphine and nicotine, were designed on the basis of the physicochemical properties of the aminimide functional group and synthesized to investigate their central nervous system (CNS) receptor affinity. The target compounds were readily prepared from an appropriate tertiary amine by N-acylation of a hydrazinium salt intermediate using acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride. The aminimides were tested for in vitro affinity at the dopaminergic D4, serotonergic 5-HT2A, opiate (μ, κ, and non-selective) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and were found to possess mixed affinities for the aforementioned receptor systems.

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7

Tasker, R. A. R., and K. Nakatsu. "Metabolism and disposition of 3,6-dibutanoylmorphine in rat brain." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 64, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 1160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y86-197.

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In previous studies from this laboratory it was found that dibutanoylmorphine (DBM) was more potent than morphine as an analgesic in rats and that it was less active than acetyl esters of morphine on behaviour. As DBM is a morphine prodrug, the aim of this work was to determine if rat brain homogenates were capable of deacylating DBM and monobutanoylmorphine (MBM) and to determine relative proportions of parent drug to metabolites in the brain in vivo. In 10% (w/v) brain homogenates, DBM was eliminated with a half-life of about 70 min (corrected for dilution), while MBM was eliminated 10 times as quickly. DBM and its metabolites were found in both blood and brain as early as 1 min after i.v. administration of DBM. After 5 min, the predominant form in blood was MBM and in brain it was DBM. Thus, rat brain possesses the capacity to metabolize DBM by deesterification and the parent drug, MBM, and morphine were found in blood and brain in vivo.

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8

Papoutsis, I., and S. Athanaselis. "Error in the Article: "Driving Under the Influence of Opiates: Concentration Relationships Between Morphine, Codeine, 6-Acetyl Morphine, and Ethyl Morphine in Blood"." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 32, no. 5 (June 1, 2008): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/32.5.392.

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9

Raphael, Jon H., Stephen M. Palfrey, Arasu Rayen, Jane L. Southall, and Maurad H. Labib. "Stability and Analgesic Efficacy of Di-acetyl Morphine (Diamorphine) Compared with Morphine in Implanted Intrathecal Pumps In Vivo." Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface 7, no. 3 (June 24, 2004): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1094-7159.2004.04205.x.

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10

Hideg, Kálmán, József Csekö, H. Olga Hankovszky, and Pál Sohár. "Further syntheses with nitroxide α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and allylic bromides." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 8 (August 1, 1986): 1482–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v86-244.

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The enhanced reactivity of nitroxide allylic bromides is used for preparation of spin-labelled analogues of biologically active compounds (morphine, Nalorphine, barbituric acid, choline and acetyl choline). Nitroxide α,β-unsaturated aldehydes are reacted with phosphoranes to give nitroxide polyenes. The nitroxides are reduced to diamagnetic N-hydroxy hydrochloride salts, which can be converted in the presence of base to N-acetoxy derivatives.

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11

Jones, A. W. "Error in the Article: "Driving Under the Influence of Opiates: Concentration Relationships Between Morphine, Codeine, 6-Acetyl Morphine, and Ethyl Morphine in Blood": Reply." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 32, no. 5 (June 1, 2008): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/32.5.392-a.

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12

Wood, Matthew, Ivan Bernal, and Roger Lalancette. "The structure of a confiscated street drug: 6-Monoacetyl morphine hydrochloride trihydrate - C19H22NO4Cl·3H2O." European Journal of Chemistry 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.12.1.52-55.2077.

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Since street drugs are frequently and rapidly modified, in order to circumvent the current laws that make them illicit, it is necessary to fully identify them by single crystal X-ray diffraction; subsequently, ideal powder patterns are computed for rapid identification of additional confiscations, which are mostly available in powder form. Monoacetyl morphine is found in samples of heroin as a by-product of incomplete synthesis, or from degradation of diacetyl morphine caused by heat, humidity, or pH changes. It is formed by the hydrolysis of the acetyl function on the benzene moiety of the morphine ring, thereby inserting an OH moiety at that site. This compound, 6-monoacetyl morphine, is the primary and active metabolite of heroin, rapidly hydrolyzed in the user’s blood. Herein, we describe the structure of 6-monoacetyl morphine, IUPAC name: [(4R,4aR,7S,7aR,12bS)-9-hydroxy-3-methyl-2,4,4a,7,7a,13-hexahydro-1H-4,12-methanobenzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinolin-7-yl] acetate (A), as the trihydrated hydrochloride, whose structure has not been described previously. Our crystals belong in space group P212121 with cell parameters of a = 6.9367(2), b = 13.0374(3), c = 21.9856(6) Å, V = 1988.30 (9) Å3; its composition is C19H22NO4Cl·3H2O, and Z = 4.0. A full sphere of data was collected at 100 K using CuKα radiation (λ = 1.54178 Å), yielding 3594 unique reflections measured and a final R-factor = 4.1%, with a Flack parameter = 0.05(1).

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13

Neville, George A., Irena Ekiel, and Ian C. P. Smith. "High-resolution proton magnetic resonance spectra of morphine and its threeO-acetyl derivatives." Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry 25, no. 1 (January 1987): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1260250108.

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14

Shohrati, Majid, Ali Khoshbaten, Arash Shajiei, Vahid Almasi, and Mohamad Javad Abdi. "Effects of oral N-acetyl cysteine on quality of life in morphine addict patients." Toxicology Letters 180 (October 2008): S163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.321.

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15

Papoutsis, Ioannis, Panagiota Nikolaou, Sotiris Athanaselis, Chara Spiliopoulou, and Constantinos Maravelias. "Development and validation of a GC/EI-MS method for the determination of morphine, codeine and 6-acetyl-morphine in whole blood." Toxicology Letters 180 (October 2008): S161—S162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.317.

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16

Pearson, Julia, Justin Poklis, Alphonse Poklis, Carl Wolf, Mary Mainland, Laura Hair, Kelly Devers, Leszek Chrostowski, Elise Arbefeville, and Michele Merves. "Postmortem Toxicology Findings of Acetyl Fentanyl, Fentanyl, and Morphine in Heroin Fatalities in Tampa, Florida." Academic Forensic Pathology 5, no. 4 (December 2015): 676–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.23907/2015.072.

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17

Abram, Stephen E., and Richard P. Winne. "Intrathecal Acetyl Cholinesterase Inhibitors Produce Analgesia That Is Synergistic with Morphine and Clonidine in Rats." Anesthesia & Analgesia 81, no. 3 (September 1995): 501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199509000-00013.

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18

Abram, Stephen E., and Richard P. Winne. "Intrathecal Acetyl Cholinesterase Inhibitors Produce Analgesia That Is Synergistic with Morphine and Clonidine in Rats." Anesthesia & Analgesia 81, no. 3 (September 1995): 501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199509000-00013.

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19

Wolf, Carl E., Kaitlin L. Pierce, Brett L. Goldfine, Carrol R. Nanco, Justin L. Poklis, and William J. Korzun. "Using Papaverine and Its Metabolites, 6-Desmethyl Papaverine and 4′,6-Didesmethyl Papaverine as Biomarkers to Improve the Detection Time of Heroin Use." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 43, no. 8 (August 21, 2019): 600–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz069.

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Abstract Opioid usage in the USA has increased over the past decade, with prescriptions increasing from 76 million in 1991 to 207 million in 2013. New regulations have curbed the number of prescriptions, leading to an increase in heroin use. Heroin-related overdoses have quadrupled between 2000 and 2015. The traditional urinary biomarkers for indicating heroin use are a combination of morphine and 6-acetyl morphine (6-AM). Morphine is detectable in urine for several days. 6-AM is detected in urine for 2–8 hours. Papaverine has been proposed as an alternative heroin biomarker. It has been reported to have a 1–2 day detection window. Papaverine metabolites have been reported to have up to a 3-day detection window. Presented is a method for the detection of papaverine and its metabolites, 6-desmethyl papaverine (6-DMP) and 4′, 6-didesmethyl papaverine (4,6-DDMP), in urine using a modified Waters® MCX™ microelution method. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS-MS), with a Waters’ BEH C18 column, and 20 mM ammonium formate water: 20 mM ammonium formate methanol mobile phase was employed. Calibration curves were linear from 0.1 to 50 ng/mL. No interferences were observed from the analysis of multicomponent therapeutic drug or drugs of abuse control materials; intra- and inter-run precision tests were acceptable. A total of 428 genuine urine specimens where heroin use was suspected were analyzed. These included 101 6-AM and 179 morphine only positive samples as well as 6 morphine-negative samples where papaverine and/or metabolites were detected. The determined concentrations in these samples for papaverine, 6-DMP and 4,6-DDMP ranged from 0.10 to 994, 0.10 to 462 and 0.12 to 218 ng/mL, respectively. The method was rugged and robust for the analysis of papaverine and metabolites, 6-DMP and 4,6-DDMP. The use papaverine and metabolites, 6-DMP and 4,6-DDMP has the potential to increase the detection window of heroin use.

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20

CASHMAN, J. N., R. M. JONES, M. G. FOSTER, and A. P. ADAMS. "COMPARISON OF INFUSIONS OF MORPHINE AND LYSINE ACETYL SALICYLATE FOR THE RELIEF OF PAIN AFTER SURGERY." British Journal of Anaesthesia 57, no. 3 (March 1985): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/57.3.255.

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21

Chericoni, S., F. Stefanelli, V. Iannella, and M. Giusiani. "Simultaneous determination of morphine, codeine and 6-acetyl morphine in human urine and blood samples using direct aqueous derivatisation: Validation and application to real cases." Journal of Chromatography B 949-950 (February 2014): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.09.034.

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22

JONES, R. M., J. N. CASHMAN, M. G. FOSTER, J. R. WEDLEY, and A. P. ADAMS. "COMPARISON OF INFUSIONS OF MORPHINE AND LYSINE ACETYL SALICYLATE FOR THE RELIEF OF PAIN FOLLOWING THORACIC SURGERY." British Journal of Anaesthesia 57, no. 3 (March 1985): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/57.3.259.

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23

Jones, R. M., J. N. Cashman, J. M. G. Foster, J. R. Wedley, and A. P. Adams. "Comparison of infusions of morphine and lysine acetyl salicylate for the relief of pain following thoracic surgery." Pain 26, no. 1 (July 1986): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(86)90179-x.

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24

Grinstead, Gregory F. "A Closer Look at Acetyl and Pentafluoropropionyl Derivatives for Quantitative Analysis of Morphine and Codeine by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 15, no. 6 (November 1, 1991): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/15.6.293.

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25

Garzón, Javier, and Pilar Sánchez-Blázquez. "II. αN-acetyl human β-endorphin-(1–31) alleviates the morphine withdrawal syndrome in rodents: A comparative study with clonidine." Life Sciences 50, no. 26 (January 1992): 2099–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(92)90576-b.

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26

Lopéz-Muñoz, Francisco J., Carlos M. Villalón, José A. Terrón, and Luis A. Salazar. "Doses of acetyl salicylic acid and morphine in combination which provided either maximal levels of analgesia or the highest potentiation effect in the rat." Drug Development Research 35, no. 2 (June 1995): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ddr.430350205.

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27

Serres, Sébastien, Gérard Raffard, Jean-Michel Franconi, and Michel Merle. "Close Coupling between Astrocytic and Neuronal Metabolisms to Fulfill Anaplerotic and Energy Needs in the Rat Brain." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 28, no. 4 (October 17, 2007): 712–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600568.

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Carbon metabolism in the rat brain was studied in animals anesthetized with a light dose of pentobarbital and in awake animals under morphine, which were infused with either [1-13C]glucose+acetate or glucose+[2-13C]acetate for various periods of time. Brain amino-acid enrichments in tissue extracts were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and their time evolution was analyzed by automatic fitting. Acetyl-coenzyme A C2 enrichment and ratio between pyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity (PC/PDH) were determined from glutamate and glutamine labeling. The following results were obtained: (i) amino-acid enrichment patterns implied metabolic compartmentation and occurrence of the glutamate—glutamine cycle; (ii) kinetics of aspartate, GABA, and glutamate labeling from [1-13C]glucose and of glutamine labeling from [2-13C]acetate indicated a twofold higher metabolic activity in awake than in anesthetized rat brain; (iii) evaluation of the contributions of the astrocytic and neuronal metabolisms to glutamine synthesis in both groups of rats indicated a coupling between neuronal tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, glutamate—glutamine cycle and glial TCA cycle; and (iv) analyzing the extrapolations back to time zero and the steady-state values of PC/PDH indicated a close coupling between PC activity and both astrocytic and neuronal TCA cycles. All these results suggest a cooperative-like behavior of astrocytic and neuronal metabolisms to fulfill the anabolic and energy needs linked to brain activation.

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28

Hitosugi, Naoko, Ikusuke Hatsukari, Rie Ohno, Ken Hashimoto, Saori Mihara, Satoshi Mizukami, Shinichi Nakamura, et al. "Comparative Analysis of Apoptosis-inducing Activity of Codeine and Codeinone." Anesthesiology 98, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 643–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200303000-00012.

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Background There are relatively few studies about the antiproliferative effects of codeine-related compounds on human cancer cell lines, compared with those of morphine-related compounds. The authors previously found that codeinone, an oxidation metabolite of codeine, among 10 opioids, showed the highest cytotoxic activity (DNA fragmentation-inducing activity) against human promyelocytic leukemic cell lines (HL-60). This was counteracted by an antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). These findings prompted us to perform a more detailed study of apoptosis induction after codeinone treatment. Methods Apoptosis was induced by treating HL-60 cells for 1-6 h with codeine or codeinone. DNA fragmentation was assessed by both agarose gel electrophoresis and fluorometric determination of the fragmented DNA after staining with diamidinophenylindole (DAPI). The appearance of apoptotic cells was monitored by microscopic observation after staining with Hoechst (H)-33342, and fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) after staining with Annexin. The release of cytochrome c and cytochrome oxidase from mitochondria and activation of caspase 3 were monitored by Western blot analysis. Intracellular caspase 3-like activity was confirmed by FACS, using cell permeable substrate. Mitochondrial manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity and mRNA expression were assayed by activity staining after separation on the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. Results Codeinone induced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and production of Annexin-positive apoptotic cells more potently than codeine in HL-60 cells. Codeinone stimulated the release of both cytochrome c and cytochrome oxidase, and cleavage of procaspase 3 without significant changes in both the activity and expression of MnSOD. Conclusions Codeinone was found to possess both apoptosis and necrosis-inducing activity, in addition to the reported antinociceptive activity, further substantiating its antitumor potential.

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29

Newby, N. C., M. P. Wilkie, and E. D. Stevens. "Morphine uptake, disposition, and analgesic efficacy in the common goldfish (Carassius auratus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 87, no. 5 (May 2009): 388–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z09-023.

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The purposes of the present study were to examine the rate of morphine uptake in goldfish ( Carassius auratus (L., 1758)) when administered via the water, to calculate the pharmacokinetics of morphine when administered intraperitoneally, and to determine whether morphine could act as an analgesic. When administered via the water, morphine uptake was very slow, and the concentration accumulated in the plasma was <1% of that in water after 2 h. Furthermore, changing water pH or hardness caused small changes in morphine uptake from the water, but plasma levels remained <1% of water concentrations after 2 h exposure. The pharmacokinetics of morphine administered intraperitoneally (40 mg/kg) revealed a half-time for elimination of 37 h and a mean residence time of 56 h. Finally, morphine acted as an analgesic when administered via the water as demonstrated by significantly decreased rubbing behaviour in response to the presence of a noxious stimulus (subcutaneous injection of 0.7% acetic acid). Although morphine appeared to have analgesic properties in goldfish, morphine administered via ambient water is not recommended because of its slow rate of uptake.

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30

Sarma, Phulen, and Daisy Phukan. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ANTINOCICEPTIVE ACTION OF AMITRIPTYLINE WITH FLUOXETINE AND EVALUATION OF THEIR PROBABLE MECHANISM OF THIS ACTION IN ALBINO MICE." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2018v10i11.27706.

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Objective: The aim of our study was to compare the anti-nociceptive action of amitriptyline with fluoxetine and evaluation of their probable mechanism of anti-nociceptive action by observing their individual interactions with morphine, naloxone, yohimbine, and ondansetron.Methods: Albino mice weighing 25-35 grams were taken and divided into 12 groups. Group A-Control(distilled water), Group B-amitriptyline 20 mg/kg, Group C-fluoxetine 20 mg/kg, Group D-morphine 5 mg/kg, Group E-amitriptyline 20 mg/kg+ morphine 5 mg/kg, Group F-amitriptyline 20 mg/kg+ naloxone 3 mg/kg, Group G-amitriptyline 20 mg/kg+ yohimbine 2 mg/kg, Group H-amitriptyline 20 mg/kg+ ondansetron 0.1 mg/kg, Group I-fluoxetine 20 mg/kg+morphine 5 mg/kg, Group J-fluoxetine 20 mg/kg+ naloxone 3 mg/kg, Group K-fluoxetine 20 mg/kg+ yohimbine 2 mg/kg and Group L-fluoxetine 20 mg/kg+ ondansetron 0.1 mg/kg. Hot plate method and acetic acid writhing test were used to assess central and peripheral analgesic activity respectively.Results: Both the amitriptyline and fluoxetine-treated animals showed significantly increased reaction time in a hot plate (p<0.05) and a significant decrease in the number of wriths in acetic acid writhing test (p<0.05), when compared with control. Animals in amitriptyline group showed significantly higher reaction time and less number of wriths when compared to fluoxetine group. Morphine increased, while naloxone, yohimbine and ondansetron decreased the reaction time in a hot plate. In the acetic acid writhing test, a number of wriths significantly decreased when co-treated with morphine and increased when co-treated with naloxone, yohimbine and ondansetron.Conclusion: It is concluded that amitriptyline is a better antinociceptive agent than fluoxetine. Their central and peripheral mechanism of antinociception both involve opioidergic, serotonergic and noradrenergic pathway.

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31

Miranda, H. F., E. Silva, and G. Pinardi. "Synergy between the antinociceptive effects of morphine and NSAIDs." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 82, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y04-027.

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The intraperitoneal administration of morphine, diclofenac, ketoprofen, meloxicam, metamizol, paracetamol and piroxicam induced dose-dependent antinociception in mice tested with the acetic acid writhing test. The isobolographic analysis of the simultaneous intraperitoneal administration of fractions of the ED50's of morphine with each nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) demonstrated the existence of a supra-additive interaction (synergy). The selective antagonist of µ-opioid receptors naltrexone partially reversed the supra-additive interactions to additive interactions; however, the combinations of morphine/metamizol and morphine/paracetamol were completely antagonized, resulting in subadditive interactions. The selective antagonist of δ-opioid receptors naltrindole failed to significantly attenuate the combinations of morphine with ketoprofen, meloxicam and piroxicam, but decreased the activity of the combinations of morphine with diclofenac, metamizol and paracetamol, transforming the interactions from supra-additive to additive. Nor-binaltorphimine was used to evaluate the involvement of κ-opioid receptors. Nor-binaltor phimine did not modify the supra-additive interaction of morphine and NSAIDs and the additive interaction of the co-administration of morphine and metamizol. The synergy between morphine and NSAIDs could be related to different pathways of pain transmission, probably related to the different intracellular signal transduction mechanisms of action of opioid and non-opioid agents.Key words: writhing test, NSAIDs, morphine, antinociception, isobolographic analysis, synergy.

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32

Ambekar, Sachin P., K. Mahesh Kumar, Arun Kumar M. Shirahatti, O. Kotresh, and G. N. Anil Kumar. "Crystal structure of 3-({[(morpholin-4-yl)carbonothioyl]sulfanyl}acetyl)phenyl benzoate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 70, no. 11 (October 24, 2014): 400–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536814023265.

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In the title compound, C20H19NO4S2, the morpholine ring adopts the expected chair conformation. The central phenyl ring makes dihedral angles of 67.97 (4) and 7.74 (3)°, respectively, with the benzoate phenyl ring and the morpholine mean plane. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming zigzag chains along theb-axis direction. C—H...π interactions link centrosymmetrically related molecules, reinforcing the three-dimensional structure.

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33

Srivastava, Vinod K., and Mohan L. Maheshwari. "Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Major Alkaloids in Gum Opium." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 68, no. 4 (July 1, 1985): 801–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/68.4.801.

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Abstract An isocratic reverse phase liquid chromatographic (LC) system has been developed for qualitative and quantitative assay of morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, and narcotine in gum opium. Five extractions with 2.5% aqueous acetic acid quantitatively extracted the major alkaloids. A mixture of 1% aqueous sodium acetate (pH 6.78), acetonitrile, and 1,4-dioxane (75 + 20 + 5) is used as LC mobile phase | for better resolution of alkaloid peaks, especially those of morphine and codeine. The method is suitable for routine analysis of gum opium I samples.

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Bello, Ada C., and Rita K. Jhangiani. "Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Morphine Sulfate and Some Contaminants in Injections and Bulk Drug Material: Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 71, no. 5 (September 1, 1988): 1046–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/71.5.1046.

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Abstract A liquid chromatographic method for the assay of morphine sulfate and some preservatives and impurities in the bulk drug and in injections has been developed and collaboratively studied in 8 laboratories. Each collaborator analyzed 5 samples: 1 bulk drug, 3 different concentrations of injectable dosages, and 1 prepared mixture containing, in addition to morphine sulfate, phenol, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, and pseudomorphine. The proposed method quantitates morphine sulfate and resolves the other components for identification using a Clg reverse-phase column with a mobile solvent containing 240 mL methanol, 720 mL 0.005M 1-heptanesulfonic acid Na salt, and 10 mL acetic acid. Samples are prepared by direct dilution with mobile solvent minus 1-heptanesulfonic acid. All collaborators met system suitability requirements and performed the analysis without difficulty. No outliers were found when data were analyzed by the Dixon, Grubbs, double Grubbs, and Cochran tests. Relative standard deviations between laboratories (RSDR) for duplicate determinations of morphine sulfate ranged from 1.4 to 2.1%. Mean morphine sulfate recoveries for the bulk drug and the prepared mixture were 100.8 and 100.4%, respectively. The method has been approved interim official first action.

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Calderón-Guzmán, David, Norma Osnaya-Brizuela, Raquel García-Alvarez, Ernestina Hernández-García, and Hugo Juárez-Olguín. "Oxidative stress induced by morphine in brain of rats fed with a protein deficient diet." Human & Experimental Toxicology 28, no. 9 (September 2009): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327109102798.

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The objective of the study is to determine the damage by oxidative stress induced by morphine in brain of rats fed with a protein-deficient diet. Twenty-eight malnourished male Wistar rats, 30 days old, were used in the study. The animals were divided into four groups of 7 rats per group. Group I received NaCl and the groups II; III and IV intraperitoneally received 3, 6 and 12 mg/kg of morphine sulphate, respectively, in a single dose. Animals were sacrificed and the levels of glutathione (GSH), dopamine, tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) as well as, Na+/K+ ATPase and total ATPase activity in the brain were measured. Tryptophan levels and Na+/K + ATPase activity showed non-significant changes in the experimental group. Levels of 5-HIAA decreased significantly (p = .03) in animals that received 12 mg/kg of morphine and in animals that received 3 mg/kg, levels of GSH and dopamine were found to have a significant decrease (p < .05), but a significant increase in the group that received 12 mg/kg of morphine (p < .05). Total ATPase activity increased significantly in the groups that received 3 mg/kg (p = .015) and 6 mg/kg (p = .0001) of morphine. The results show that malnutrition induces changes in cellular regulation and biochemical responses to oxidative stress caused by morphine sulphate.

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Dong, Wei-Li, Wei-Guang Zhao, Zheng-Ming Li, and Hai-Bin Song. "4-{2-[(4-Methoxyphenyl)sulfanyl]-2-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-4-yl)acetyl}morpholine." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 62, no. 4 (March 31, 2006): o1645—o1646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536806010853.

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In the title molecule, C15H17N3O3S2, the morpholine ring adopts a chair conformation. The benzene and the thiadiazole rings make a dihedral angle of 30.9 (4)°. The crystal packing is stabilized by van der Waals forces.

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Ross, Gracious R., Aravind R. Gade, William L. Dewey, and Hamid I. Akbarali. "Opioid-induced hypernociception is associated with hyperexcitability and altered tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ channel function of dorsal root ganglia." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 302, no. 8 (April 15, 2012): C1152—C1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00171.2011.

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Opiates are potent analgesics for moderate to severe pain. Paradoxically, patients under chronic opiates have reported hypernociception, the mechanisms of which are unknown. Using standard patch-clamp technique, we examined the excitability, biophysical properties of tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) Na+ and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels of dorsal root ganglia neurons (DRG) (L5–S1) from mice pelleted with morphine (75 mg) or placebo (7 days). Hypernociception was confirmed by acetic acid-writhing test following 7-day morphine. Chronic morphine enhanced the neuronal excitability, since the rheobase for action potential (AP) firing was significantly ( P < 0.01) lower (38 ± 7 vs. 100 ± 15 pA) while the number of APs at 2× rheobase was higher (4.4 ± 0.8 vs. 2 ± 0.5) than placebo ( n = 13–20). The potential of half-maximum activation ( V1/2) of TTX-R Na+ currents was shifted to more hyperpolarized potential in the chronic morphine group (−37 ± 1 mV) vs. placebo (−28 ± 1 mV) without altering the V1/2 of inactivation (−41 ± 1 vs. −33 ± 1 mV) ( n = 8–11). Recovery rate from inactivation of TTX-R Na+ channels or the mRNA level of any Na+ channel subtypes did not change after chronic morphine. Also, chronic morphine significantly ( P < 0.05) enhanced the magnitude of TRPV1 currents (−64 ± 11 pA/pF) vs. placebo (−18 ± 6 pA/pF). The increased excitability of sensory neurons by chronic morphine may be due to the shift in the voltage threshold of activation of TTX-R Na+ currents. Enhanced TRPV1 currents may have a complementary effect, with TTX-R Na+ currents on opiate-induced hyperexcitability of sensory neurons causing hypernociception. In conclusion, chronic morphine-induced hypernociception is associated with hyperexcitability and functional remodeling of TTX-R Na+ and TRPV1 channels of sensory neurons.

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Abera, Binyam, and Abebe Ejigu Hailu. "Evaluation of Analgesic Activities of 80% Methanol Leaf Extract of Solanum incanum L. (Solanaceae) in Mice." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 5 (September 15, 2019): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i5.3235.

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Solanum incanum Linnaeus is traditionally used for treatment of pain and other ailments. But there is no scientific evidence on its analgesic activity to-date. Thus the aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic activities of 80% methanol leaf extract of S.incanum in mice. After extraction of the crude using 80% methanol, S.incanum extract was evaluated for analgesic activity in hot plate test and acetic-acid induced writhing test. Mice were randomly assigned to different groups and treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg doses of the extract and reference control groups (morphine 5mg/kg and Aspirin 150 mg/kg) and negative control were treated with 2% tween 80. In the hot-plate method, all doses of the extract and the standard drug of morphine prolonged the reaction time significantly (p<0.05, or p<0.01 or p<0.001) as compared to negative control throughout the observation period. Prolongation of reaction time produced by 100mg/kg of the extract was lower (p<0.01) compared to morphine, 200mg/kg, and 400mg/kg at 90 and 120 min. However, middle and higher dose exerts comparable result at 30, 60 and 90and 120 min in relation to the standard drug. In addition 80% methanol extract of S.incanum showed a significant protection (p<0.05) against acetic acid induced writhing compared to negative control. The extract produced a significant analgesic activity with 55.6, 38.2 and 44.8% inhibition of number of writhing at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg dose levels, respectively. In conclusion, this study clearly suggests that 80% methanol leaf extract of S. incanum is endowed with central and peripheral analgesic activity. Hence, the findings collectively uphold the traditional use of the plant for pain treatment. Keywords: Analgesic, S.incanum , Hot plate, Acetic acid

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Habib, Tamanna, Shelina Begum, Taskina Ali, Masud Imtiaz, and Shahriar Masood. "Antinociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Combined Administration of a-Tocopherol and Morphine in Acetic Acid Induced Writhing Test." Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal 7, no. 2 (February 18, 2017): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v7i2.31641.

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Background: Morphine represents the front line therapy for the clinical management of acute and chronic pain but has a number of side effects. So, to minimize the side effect of this tradition analgesic, this study is aimed to explore that combination of morphine and a-tocopherol (?T) are better analgesic as well as anti-inflammatory effect than that of morphine alone.Objective: to assess the effects of combination of morphine with a-tocopherol against nociceptive and inflammatory pain.Methods: This prospective experimental study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Shahbag, Dhaka from January 2013 to December 2013. For this purpose, 15 male Long Evans rats were studied. On the basis of vitamin and drug administrations, the rats were divided into three (3) groups (5 rats in each). Control group received normal saline, one experimental group received morphine sulphate (MS) at a dose of 3 mg/kg body weight and another experimental group received combination of DS with ?T at a dose of 3 mg/kg body weight and 500 mg/kg body weight, respectively. All the groups received single dose and equal volume (1 ml) through intraperitoneal route 1 hour before the test. Just one hour after administrations, they were subjected to acetic acid induced writhing test . The data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni Post Hoc test.Results: combined administration of MS and ?T significantly lowered (p 0.05) the variables for visceral nociceptive pain and inflammatory pain than individual administration of MS. Conclusion: from this study it may be concluded that combined administration of morphine sulphate and a-tocopherol were more effective in lowering the nociceptive and inflammatory pain than individual administration of morphine.Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 7, No. 2: Jul 2016, P 20-24

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Lenci, Elena, Riccardo Innocenti, Gloria Menchi, Cristina Faggi, and Andrea Trabocchi. "Two-step one-pot synthesis of dihydropyrazinones as Xaa-Ser dipeptide isosteres through morpholine acetal rearrangement." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 13, no. 25 (2015): 7013–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ob00783f.

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The synthesis of the uncommon dihydropyrazinone ring was accomplished by taking advantage of the ring rearrangement ofN-acylated morpholine acetal derived from serine under acidic treatment and in the presence of 2,6-lutidine, resulting in a constrained Xaa-Ser dipeptide isostere.

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Hajiallilo, Morteza, and Saeid Abbasi-Maleki. "The antinociceptive effects of folic acid using formalin and acetic acid tests in male mice." Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences 23, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jsums.2021.15.

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Background and aims: Antidepressant agents such as imipramine are clinically used to control and treat different types of pain, especially neuropathic pain. Studies have shown the antidepressant-like activity of folic acid (FA). This study aimed to investigate the potential antinociceptive effects of FA using formalin and acetic acid tests in male mice. Methods: Sixty male albino mice (20-30 g) were randomly divided into 10 groups (n=6 in each group) of negative control, positive control (morphine or indomethacin), and FA (10, 15, and 30 mg/kg) groups. In the formalin test, duration of paw licking and biting the right hind paw during acute (0-5 minutes) and chronic (15-60 minutes) pain after intraplantar injection of formalin 2.5% (25 µL) was recorded. In the writhing test, the abdominal constrictions were recorded after the intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid 1%. Results: Only a high dose (30 mg/kg) of FA significantly reduced acute pain (P=0.001) compared with the control group. But all doses of FA significantly decreased chronic pain (P=0.001). In addition, morphine significantly reduced both phases of pain (P=0.020 and P=0.001, respectively). Moreover, indomethacin and all doses of FA decreased the number of abdominal constrictions induced by acetic acid (P=0.001). Conclusion: Compared with acute (neurogenic) pain, FA more potently decreases chronic (inflammatory) pain. Furthermore, FA decreases the parietal pain that could potentially represent antinociceptive effect. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the exact mechanism of FA’s analgesic activity.

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Agrawal, Neeraj K., Uma Gupta, Nitin Kothari, Shruti Chandra, Rashmi Singh, and Shubham Pandey. "Anti-nociceptive effect of seed extract of Acacia tortilis in rodents." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 7, no. 4 (March 23, 2018): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20181164.

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Background: Management of pain is a primary clinical concern for any pathology in medical field. Addiction liability of opioids and troublesome gastrointestinal side effects of NSAIDs leads to intensive research for compound with lesser side effects.The aim of the study to evaluate the anti-nociceptive activity of Acacia Tortilis Seed Extract (ATE) in experimental animals.Methods: First of all, animals were randomly allocated into four groups of six animals each. In acetic acid induced writhing test model, Group I (NC) served as vehicle control received saline/Tween 80 0.1%, 10ml/kg BW orally, group II (ATE-100) and III (ATE-200) received ATE in dose of 100 and 200mg/kg BW orally respectively and group IV received the standard drug diclofenac sodium in dose of 50 mg/kg BW orally. Group I to IV were same in rest of three experimental models. One additional group of standard drugs (group V) morphine sulfate in dose of 5 mg/kg BW subcutaneously (SC) was allocated for screening method hot plate and tail flick tests. In Formalin induced paw licking test, three additional groups (group V) morphine sulfate in dose of 5mg/kg BW SC, group VI- morphine+naloxone (5mg/kg SC +2mg/kg intra-peritoneally (IP) and group VII - ATE+ naloxone (200mg/kg BW orally +2mg/kg BW IP) were also made.Results: The ATE when administered orally in dose of 100 and 200mg/ kg body weight (BW), produced significant analgesic activity (P <0.01) in acetic acid induced writhing syndrome and late phase of formalin test. In the hot plate test in mice and tail flick test in rats, ATE in same doses also showed significant analgesic activity (P <0.05) which is almost equally efficacious to standard drug diclofenac sodium (50mg/kg BW orally) but far less efficacious than morphine sulfate (5mg/kg BW subcutaneous).ATE (200mg/Kg BW orally) activity did not blocked by naloxone (2mg/kg intra-peritoneal).Conclusions: ATE possesss significant anti-nociceptive activity as evidenced in all the animal models of nociception. It might exert its effect through the peripheral mechanism of analgesic action possibly by interference in biosynthesis, release and/or action of prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

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Semwal, Bhupesh Chander, Kalyani D, and Rohit B. "ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF HYDROALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF AERIAL PARTS OF MALVASTRUM COROMANDELIANUM." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 9, no. 5 (September 1, 2016): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9i5.12822.

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ABSTRACTObjective: The aim of this study is to explore the antinociceptive property of hydroalcoholic extract of Malvastrum coromandelianum. Pain is anunpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual and potential tissue damage. Various types of pain are seen in humans, somatic,visceral, and neuropathic pain. M. coromandelianum belongs to Malvaceae family. Traditionally, it is used as an emollient, anti-inflammatory, analgesic,and antidysenteric.Methods: The antinociceptive effects of hydroalcoholic extract of M. coromandelianum (HEMC) were evaluated by tail-flick, hot-plate, and acetic acidinduced writhing method. Rats were divided into four groups. The first group which served as control was administered with aqueous 1% tragacanthsuspension. The second group received standard drug, morphine (5 mg/kg) orally as a suspension. Third and fourth group received HEMC (200 and400 mg/kg) and served as test drug treatment group, 30 minutes after treatment the reaction time and number of writhes was noted.Results: HEMC produced significant antinociceptive effects against thermally induced pain. In tail-flick method, the peak effect of HEMC 400 mg/kgwas shown at 60 minutes which is nearly equal to the peak effect of morphine 5 mg/kg. In hot-plate method, the HEMC showed significant analgesiceffect up to 3 hrs after the treatment, whereas morphine showed significant effect up to 6 hrs.Conclusion: On the basis of finding, it may conclude that the HEMC shows its central analgesic action probably through inhibition of central painreceptors, whereas peripheral analgesic effect may be mediated by prostaglandin inhibition.Keywords: Pain, Analgesia, Hydroalcoholic extract of Malvastrum coromandelianum, Morphine.

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Djordjevic, Snezana, and Vesna Kilibarda. "Analytical confirmation of lethal heroin overdose by the use of liquid chromatography methods." Vojnosanitetski pregled 64, no. 11 (2007): 739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp0711739d.

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Background/Aim. Heroin is diacetylated morphine. Its ability to induce euphoria has led to its frequent abuse, giving rise to psychological and physical dependence. It has a short half-life, of approximately 2?6 min. In the brain, heroin undergoes deacetylation to 6-monoacetylmorphine (6?MAM) and morphine. Detection of 6-acetylmorphine in the urine is indicative of heroin use. The aim of this study was to compare sensitivity and reliability of two analytical methods, a multicolumn liquid chromatography system with UV scanning detector (HPLCUV) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS) in opiate determining in post mortem material. Methods. Post mortem samples (blood, urine and vitreous humor) were analyzed by liquid chromatography with UV and MS detection. The samples were prepared by liquid-liquid extraction with mixture chloroform-isopropanol (9:1). Separation was performed on C8 column with mobile phase composed of 55% acetonitrile-glacial acetic acid (99:1) and 45% 20 mM ammonium acetate. Results. The analysis of blood samples, urine, and eye liquid by the use of multicolumn HPLC-UV method confirmed the presence of morphine in the samples of blood and urine, codeine only in urine, and 6-MAM in the samples of urine and eye liquid. Using LC-MS method morphine was confirmed in all of the samples, while codeine was confirmed in urine and in the sample of eye liquid. In the samples of eye liquid and urine 6-MAM was confirmed. Conclusion. For determination of opiates in post mortem material LC-MS technique is more sensitive and reliable as compared to multicolumn liquid chromatography.

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Ahmed, M. Giasuddin, Syeda Asghari Ahmed, Kawsari Akhter, Syed M. Iqbal Moeiz, Yoshisuke Tsuda, Fumiyuki Kiuchi, M. Mahmun Hossain, and F. Holger Forsterling. "Synthesis of Some Substituted Adamantane-2,4-diones from 4, 4-disubstituted Cyclohexanone Enamines and Methacryloyl Chloride." Journal of Chemical Research 2005, no. 5 (May 2005): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/0308234054323904.

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The reaction of methacryloyl chloride with the morpholine enamine 4a derived from 4-acetyl-4-isopropenylcyclo-hexanone 3a gave 4,6-anti-6-hydroxy-5,6-dimethyl-7-isopropenyladamantane-2,4-dione 6a and 4,6-syn-6-hydroxy-5,6-dimethyl-7-isopropenyladamantane-2, 4-dione 7a as racemates epimeric at 6-C. Comparable results were found for the corresponding phenyl and benzyl substituted cyclohexanones 3b and 3c. In the case of the methyl-substituted cyclohexanone 3d 4,6- anti-alcohol 7d was isolated in pure form.

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Mujahidin, Didin, Wiwin Mujiati, and Anita Alni. "An Approach in Synthesis of 1-Morpholino-2-phenylethane-1,2-dione Catalyzed by Copper (II) Bromide." Journal of the Indonesian Chemical Society 3, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.34311/jics.2020.03.3.145.

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A novel approach towards synthesis of α-Ketoamides was serendipitously found in acetophenone's reaction with a secondary amine catalyzed by copper (II) bromide. This methodology is a promising simple alternative to access biologically active compounds containing α-Ketoamides. Reactions were carried out at room temperature using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent and catalyst loading at 10 mol %. The products were purified using a chromatographic method and analyzed extensively by spectroscopic methods, namely 1D (1H and 13C) and 2D NMR (HMBC and HSQC). The reaction of acetophenone and morpholine furnished a yield of 6%. Acetophenone derivatives bearing benzyl and acetyl groups were prepared from para-hydroxy acetophenone with 25% and 99% yields, respectively. The products were analyzed by spectroscopic method, namely 1H and 13C NMR. The presence of substituents, namely hydroxyl, benzyl, acetyl group, prevent the formation of α-Ketoamides. Formation of α-Ketoamides in this reaction condition was proposed as the result of the oxidation product in the catalytic cycle of Cu (II).

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Gandhi, Sham S., and Martin S. Gibson. "Condensation reactions of 1,1-dimorpholinoethene and of 1,1-dipiperidinoethene with carbon acids." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 2717–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-451.

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1,1-Dimorpholinoethene and 1,1-dipiperidinoethene condense with such compounds as malononitrile, ethyl cyanoacetate, cyanoacetamide, and diethyl malonate to give the corresponding β,β-disubstituted enamine, a molecule of morpholine or piperidine being eliminated in the process. Similar reactions with acetylacetone and ethyl acetoacetate proceed with loss of the acetyl group to give the β-substituted enamine. 1,1-Dipiperidinoethene and nitromethane give the β-nitroenamine. Secondary processes of either hydrolysis or further Michael addition and elimination are noted in condensations of 1,1-dimorpholinoethene or 1,1-dipiperidinoethene with cyanoacetamide under more basic conditions.1,1-Dipiperidinoethene is arylated at the 2-position by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene.

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Amabeoku, George J., and Joseph Kabatende. "Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Leaf Methanol Extract ofCotyledon orbiculataL. (Crassulaceae)." Advances in Pharmacological Sciences 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/862625.

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Leaf methanol extract ofC. orbiculataL. was investigated for antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities using acetic acid writhing and hot-plate tests and carrageenan-induced oedema test in mice and rats, respectively.C. orbiculata(100–400 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing and significantly delayed the reaction time of mice to the hot-plate-induced thermal stimulation. Paracetamol (300 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly inhibited the acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. Morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly delayed the reaction time of mice to the thermal stimulation produced with hot plate. Leaf methanol extract ofC. orbiculata(50–400 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly attenuated the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg, p.o.) also significantly attenuated the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema. The LD50value obtained for the plant species was greater than 4000 mg/kg (p.o.). The data obtained indicate thatC. orbiculatahas antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, justifying the folklore use of the plant species by traditional medicine practitioners in the treatment of painful and inflammatory conditions. The relatively high LD50obtained shows thatC. orbiculatamay be safe in or nontoxic to mice.

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Obese, Ernest, Elvis O. Ameyaw, Robert P. Biney, Isaac T. Henneh, Nora Jackson, Daniel Anokwah, Augustine Brah, Esther E. Oppong, and Emmanuel A. Adakudugu. "A Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract of Persicaria lanigera Possesses Antinociceptive Activity through Cytokine and Glutamatergic Pathways In Vivo." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (June 18, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5586789.

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Persicaria lanigera is used traditionally to treat pain. The antinociceptive properties of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Persicaria lanigera (PLE) were evaluated in rats and mice. Mice were pretreated orally with PLE (30, 100, and 300 mg kg−1) and evaluated for antinociceptive effects in the acetic acid-, glutamate-, and formalin-induced nociception models. Additionally, mechanical hyperalgesia models were used to evaluate PLE’s influence on TNF-α- and IL-1β-induced hyperalgesia in rats. In the acetic acid-induced nociception model, 100 mg kg−1 PLE exhibited the highest antinociceptive activity of 95.13 ± 9.52% at p < 0.0001 , followed by the 300 mg kg−1 (85.44 ± 5.75%; p < 0.0001 ) and then the 30 mg kg−1 (67.95 ± 18.55%; p < 0.01 ), compared to morphine 3 mg kg−1 i.p. (86.97 ± 9.52; p < 0.0001 ). PLE (30, 100, and 300 mg kg−1) also showed significant ( p < 0.05 ) antinociceptive effect in phase two of the formalin-induced nociception with % inhibitions of 66.88 ± 12.17, 75.12 ± 9.01, and 89.12 ± 4.32%, respectively, compared to 3 mg/kg morphine (97.09 ± 2.84%). Similarly, PLE (30, 100, and 300 mg kg−1) significantly reduced pain in the glutamate-induced nociception model with % inhibitions of 79.28 ± 8.17, 90.54 ± 5.64, and 96.49 ± 1.43%, respectively, whereas ketamine (5 mg/kg i.p.) reduced nociception to be 59.94 ± 18.14%. All doses of PLE significantly reduced nociceptive scores in TNF-α- and IL-1β-induced mechanical hyperalgesia ( p < 0.01 ). Similarly, PLE significantly inhibited bradykinin-induced nociception. The hydroethanolic extract of Persicaria lanigera has antinociceptive effects; this is the first scientific report providing evidence to validate its traditional use for the management of pain.

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Zbytovský, Jiří, Tomáš Sommer, Martin Zapletal, and Jiří Trejbal. "Comparison of various column packing materials efficiency for hydrocarbons and aqueous mixtures." Chemical & biochemical engineering quarterly 33, no. 2 (2019): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15255/cabeq.2018.1565.

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The efficiency of industrial column packings is commonly tested by standard hydrocarbon mixtures. However, a reduced efficiency value is often observed, particularly during distillation of aqueous mixtures. In this paper, distillation experiments with various binary mixtures were carried out on different column packings to evaluate relative separation efficiencies of mixtures for each packing material. Each of the binary mixtures, which comprised heptane–methylcyclohexane, ethanol–water, morpholine–water, and acetic acid–water, was distilled under atmospheric pressure and total reflux ratio on column packings that were made of PTFE, ceramic, zirconium metal, and inox steel 316. According to the results, aqueous solutions of morpholine and acetic acid generally exhibited low relative separation efficiency (in comparison with standard mixture of heptane–methylcyclohexane), ranging between 40 % and 80 %. The highest relative efficiencies were observed with packings made of steel and ceramic. These observations will be useful for the future design of distillation columns, especially for aqueous solutions.

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