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Journal articles on the topic 'Achaemenid'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Motamedmanesh, Mahdi. "Achaemenid Building Technology." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 81, no. 3 (2022): 299–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2022.81.3.299.

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Abstract Although critics in the late twentieth century refuted the tendency of early Western scholars to regard Achaemenid architecture as merely eclectic and thus lacking in originality, these old assumptions still influence the study of Achaemenid material culture. Mahdi Motamedmanesh draws upon interdisciplinary approaches to illuminate the material context that enabled the Achaemenids to forge new architectural vocabularies in his essay Achaemenid Building Technology: The Key to a New Reading of Royal Achaemenid Architecture. Based on analysis of the building techniques of Achaemenid hypo

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Grave, Peter, Lisa Kealhofer, Nejat Bilgen, and Ben Marsh. "The Archaeology of Achaemenid Power in Regional Western Anatolia." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 26, no. 4 (2016): 697–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774316000457.

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The Achaemenids conquered Anatolia in the sixth century bce. However, in contrast to the historical descriptions of political response to Achaemenid control, e.g. the so-called ‘Ionian revolt’ of east Greek territories in Western Anatolia, the operation of Achaemenid-period economies in this region remains obscure. Only a handful of occupation sites in western Turkey provide archaeological data contemporary with Achaemenid rule. In this paper, we compare the results of compositional analysis on Achaemenid-period ceramics from a provincial centre, Seyitömer, with comparable analyses from simila

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COLBURN, HENRY P. "ORIENTALISM, POSTCOLONIALISM, AND THE ACHAEMENID EMPIRE: MEDITATIONS ON BRUCE LINCOLN'S RELIGION, EMPIRE, AND TORTURE." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 54, no. 2 (2011): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.2011.00026.x.

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Abstract In his recent study of religion and imperialism in the Achaemenid Persian Empire, Bruce Lincoln depicts the Achaemenids as savage and decadent in order to make a point about contemporary American foreign policy. This paper challenges Lincoln's vision of the empire by examining the severe methodological flaws that underlie it, especially his untested assumptions about the nature of Achaemenid religion and his uncritical use of Greek sources for the practice of torture. These flaws contribute to the reification of an orientalist stereotype of the Persians that scholars of the Achaemenid

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Rung, Eduard. "“Achaemenid Peace”: A Historiographical Construct and Achaemenid Imperial Ideology." ISTORIYA 14, no. 2 (124) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840024495-3.

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The article deals with the historiographical construct of the “Achaemenid Peace”, referred to by modern researchers as Pax Achaemenica (alternative designation — Pax Achaemenidica) and Pax Persica (alternative designation — Pax Persiana) by analogy with Pax Romana and Pax Augusta. Through consideration of research concepts, it is concluded that there is something in common between the concepts of Pax Achaemenica and Pax Persica, this is the idea that the Persian Empire was based on the cooperation of the Persians with the conquered peoples, however, the discrepancy between the researchers rais

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Veisi, Mahsa, Alireza Hejebri Nobari, Seyed Mousavi Koohpar, and Javad Neyestani. "An Investigation of the Geometric Proportions of Bell-Shaped Column Bases and Bull Capitals at Persepolis and in Caucasian Achaemenid Sites." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 20, no. 2 (2014): 195–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341268.

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Columnar halls were an important architectural phenomenon during the Achaemenid period. The columns varied in shape, but one of the most frequent kind had bell-shaped bases and back to back bull-shaped capitals. Such columns were not only to be found in Persian capitals but also on Achaemenid sites in Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia that lay within the vast Persian Empire. We know that the Achaemenids in Persia used precise geometric proportions in their architecture and sculpture; here in this paper we consider whether there are any similarities between the architectural proportions of buildi

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Sahu, Bhairabi Prasad. "Aśokan edicts: The genesis of the imperial idea and culture in early India and the debt to Iran." Studies in People's History 5, no. 2 (2018): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2348448918795739.

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The Mauryan Empire was preceded by the Achaemenian Empire, which in extent, and centralisation appears to have set a model for it. There is much on the surface to justify this thesis. Most remarkably there is the use of stone inscriptions for which the Achaemenid emperors, especially Darius and Xerxes, set a precedent. Stone and stone-cut art and architecture, not traceable in post-Indus India begin with Aśoka, and this too had Achaemenid precedents on a grand scale. This essay concedes the connection but argues that the contexts and contents of Aśokan inscriptions were essentially different f

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Edrey, Meir. "Achaemenid / Early Zoroastrian Influences on Phoenician Cultic Practices during the Persian Period." Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 11, no. 2-3 (2023): 209–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.11.2-3.0209.

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ABSTRACT The Achaemenid rule is often perceived by modern scholars as religiously tolerant and nonintrusive, mainly due to the biblical narrative and the Cyrus decree. However, even if the Achaemenids did not impose their beliefs and religious ideology on their subordinates, Achaemenid and Zoroastrian influences seem to have seeped into the religion and cultic practices of peoples under their hegemony. In the southern Levant, dramatic changes to Phoenician cult practices occurred during the Persian period, some of which are consistent with principles of the Zoroastrian faith. Although written

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Isakova, Alina S. ""I established kingdom on its place": an idea of law and order in the Achaemenid Empire." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 3 (2023): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080025213-1.

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The article aims to consider the problem of correlating the concept of “law” in the Achaemenid Empire, expressed by the word dāta-, with the ideological concept of “order”, metaphorically denoted by the word gāϑu-, i.e. “place”. The article examines in detail the word gāϑu-, which denotes not only the imperial world order, but also the royal throne. In Old Persian royal inscriptions, the expression “I established in its place” is often used in those texts that testify of the restoration of political stability after a series of uprisings and turmoil. The return of the kingdom “to its original p

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FADHAL, AHMED ABBAS. "URBAN DEVELOPMENTS IN PERSEPOLIS DURING THE REIGN OF ACHAEMENID KINGS." Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 2, no. 5 (2021): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v2i5.98.

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The point of this examination is to understand the metropolitan advancements that happened in the city of Persepolis during the Achaemenids' time and the role of rulers in transforming it through various timeframes. The targets of the exploration are revealing insight into the main metropolitan changes that occurred in the city of Persepolis, and zeroing in on the progressions that made the city of Persepolis such an incredible city that the Achaemenid rulers did their most extreme to create and succeed, other than focusing on the explanations for its significance to the Achaemenids. Concernin

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Beckman, Daniel. "Law, Mercy, and Reconciliation in the Achaemenid Empire." Journal of Ancient History 8, no. 2 (2020): 127–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jah-2019-0034.

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AbstractThe kings of the Achaemenid Empire are known for employing a number of particularly gruesome punishments for those who were deemed guilty of rebellion. While it is certainly true that the Achaemenids punished rebels with utmost severity, it is also true that they were, at times, willing to forgive rebels, and even to rehabilitate them. In this paper, I investigate the mechanisms by which the Achaemenid kings were able to show mercy to rebels. By examining a number of relevant cases from a period of a century and a half, I argue that the decision to be merciful was based on the king’s f

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Kaczanowicz, Marta. "Invisible Figures: Achaemenid Royal Women in Egypt." Old World: Journal of Ancient Africa and Eurasia 5, no. 2 (2025): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1163/26670755-00502003.

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Abstract This contribution aims to reexamine the frequently stated assertion that Achaemenid royal women were not involved in Egypt and its affairs during the periods of Persian rule on the Nile. The evidence is considered against the Persian concept of queenship rather than focusing solely on the Egyptian perspective on the role of royal women within the ideology of power. It is proposed that, instead of reflecting a lack of interest by the Achaemenids in cultivating Egyptian traditions in this regard, the existing corpus of sources, small though it may be, is a result of a combination of sel

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Radhi, Sura Hasan. "Achaemenids (522 BC to 486 BC)." European Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 3 (2025): 98–103. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejahss.2025.2(3).09.

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This research deals with the history of the Achaemenid Empire and studies its impact on the ancient world, as it derived its power from its expansions and influence on the surrounding world. It sheds light on the definition of the Achaemenids, their ancient history, the establishment of the empire and its expansion, with a focus on internal and external policies and its cultural and economic impact. The research highlights its role in shaping international relations during that period of time.

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Finn, Jennifer. "Persian Collections: Center and Periphery at Achaemenid Imperial Capitals." Studia Orientalia Electronica 9, no. 2 (2021): 154–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.23993/store.89186.

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The absence of a true Achaemenid Persian “historiography” necessitates that we look elsewhere to construct Persian ideological interactions with the periphery. Like many Mesopotamian kings before them, the Achaemenids became famous for their collecting practices, and sources often depict them looting and stealing artifacts—many of an antiquarian nature—from conquered peoples. Recently, scholars have argued that we should read this picture as a later Greco-Roman historiographical construct, meant to retroactively vilify the Persian kings for their involvement in Hellenic affairs. However, the a

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Skjaervø, Prods Oktor. "Achaemenid Religion." Religion Compass 8, no. 6 (2014): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rec3.12110.

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Dusinberre, Elspeth R. M. "Satrapal Sardis: Achaemenid Bowls in an Achaemenid Capital." American Journal of Archaeology 103, no. 1 (1999): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/506578.

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Pichikyan, I. R., and B. A. Litvinsky. "A Rhyton From Takhti Sangin." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 1, no. 3 (1995): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005794x00237.

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AbstractRecent investigations of the Oxus temple at Takhti Sangin have produced several dozen Achaemenid objects similar in type and style to the Achaemenid part of the Oxus treasure. One such is the lower part of an ivory rhyton, decorated with a carved protome of a lion, of either Greek or Achaemenid origin. After describing the object and discussing lion iconography in the Assyro-Achaemenid tradition and the origins and typology of the rhyton, the authors suggest that the rhyton considered here may have had a ritual role in Zoroastrian cult in making libations.

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Balatti, Silvia. "Yau̯nā and Sakā: Identity Constructions at the Margins of the Achaemenid Empire." Studia Orientalia Electronica 9, no. 2 (2021): 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.23993/store.89975.

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The Achaemenid Empire can be reasonably considered an “empire of peoples” from both an ideological and structural perspective. It included all the lands of the peoples of the world and all people helped to maintain imperial order and prosperity. In reality, the empire had boundaries and there were peoples who lived near and beyond them. Under King Darius I, groups of people were annexed at the northeastern and northwestern margins of the imperial territory, thus entering the imperial space and consequently also the Achaemenid documents. The border peoples of the Yau̯nā and Sakā were the only p

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Maroofkhani, Fatemeh, Masood Mohammadi, and Javad Sakha. "The Kayanians: From Myth to Reality." Journal of Social-Political Studies of Iran's Culture and History 3, no. 4 (2024): 190–202. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.jspsich.3.4.11.

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The aim of this study was to analyze the historical status of the Kayanian dynasty through a descriptive-analytical method, using primary sources and research references. In general, the past of great and ancient nations can be divided into three stages: 1) the mythical stage, 2) the epic stage, and 3) the historical stage. Accordingly, Iranian historians have also classified the pre-Islamic history of Iran into four periods: 1) the Pishdadian dynasty, 2) the Kayanian dynasty, 3) the Parthian dynasty, and 4) the Sassanian dynasty. Another classification, which has been commonly used for about

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Ghosh, Suchandra. "Iran and India in the early historic period: A preview of their politico-cultural interface." Studies in People's History 5, no. 2 (2018): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2348448918795741.

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The Achaemenid Empire’s expansion towards the Indus basin initiated a new confluence of Iranic and Indian cultures. Alexander’s conquests added a Greek component to this confluence, marked by Aśoka’s Aramaic and Greek edicts. The Seleucids and their successor Greek states in Bactria and other parts of Afghanistan, while continuing their homage to Greek divinities on coins, also incorporated concepts, customs and art inherited from the Achaemenids. Their Saka and Parthian successors continued the same policy as indicated by their cons. It was the Kushans beginning with Kanishka (with Huvishka c

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Rung, Eduard V. "The orders of Darius I and Xerxes in the corpus of the Achaemenid royal inscriptions." Vestnik drevnei istorii 84, no. 1 (2024): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032103910024546-3.

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The article examines the role of the orders of Darius I and Xerxes in the functioning of the legal system in the Achaemenid Persian Empire. It is concluded that along with local political and legal traditions, royal decrees, commands and instructions that came from the king himself and his office served as tools of socio-political and economic regulation in the Achaemenid empire. The Achaemenid trilingual royal inscriptions are analysed as the main source of information on this subject. These texts contain references to king’s orders, and the terminological analysis, covering the corresponding

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Charles, Michael B. "ACHAEMENID ELITE CAVALRY: FROM XERXES TO DARIUS III." Classical Quarterly 65, no. 1 (2015): 14–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838814000627.

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A proper understanding of any military establishment is predicated on a sound understanding of the distinctions of its various components, including the relationship of elite units to those of lesser standing. The infantry of Achaemenid Persia has been given increased attention in recent years, especially in my three recent articles on (a) the permanent Achaemenid infantry, these being the 10,000 so-called Immortals (ἀθάνατοι) and the 1,000 Apple Bearers (μηλοφόροι), (b) the κάρδακες, whom I identified as a kind of general-purpose infantry of indeterminate ethnicity, and (c) the defensive equi

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Chaverdi, Alireza Askari. "Post-Achaemenid Legacy of the Persian Gulf Hinterland." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 23, no. 1 (2017): 127–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341312.

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The archaeological site of Tomb-e Bot, located in the Mohr County of southern Fars Province, is a major settlement of Arsacid and Sasanid date. The site was selected for detailed investigation from among the 76 sites recorded by the general survey of southern Fars region to provide answers to outstanding questions on ancient Iran, in particular during the period from the Achaemenids to the Sasanids. The survey team systematically collected all visible architectural remains, including capitals with volutes and addorsed animal protomes as well as surface ceramics and attempted to draw and regist

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Summers, G. D. "Archaeological Evidence for the Achaemenid Period in Eastern Turkey." Anatolian Studies 43 (December 1993): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642966.

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The aim of this paper is to highlight the evidence for Achaemenid settlement in eastern Turkey and to publish the sherds from two sites, Altıntepe (Cimin Tepe I, CAB Site 112) and Cimin Tepe II (CAB Site 113) collected by C. A. Burney during his survey in 1955 and now housed in the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. An Achaemenid date for Altıntepe level II has often been proposed (e.g. Burney and Lang 1971, 158–9; Forbes 1983, 59) and the site is often now included in studies of the Achaemenid Empire without comment (e.g. Tuplin 1987, 201 n. 118 and map I p. 241; Cook 1983, 198), but

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SKJÆRVØ, P. O. "Achaemenid*Vispašiyātiš∼ SasanianWispšād." Studia Iranica 23, no. 1 (1994): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/si.23.1.2014315.

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REDARD, Céline. "The Achaemenid Religion." La lettre du Collège de France, no. 9 (September 25, 2015): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/lettre-cdf.2173.

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STRONACH, D. "Early Achaemenid Coinage." Iranica Antiqua 24 (January 1, 1989): 255–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ia.24.0.2014037.

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Brosius, Maria. "The Achaemenid ‘Empire’." Classical Review 49, no. 2 (1999): 482–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cr/49.2.482.

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Harrison, Stephen. "Changing spaces, changing behaviours: Achaemenid spatial features at the court of Alexander the Great." Journal of Ancient History 6, no. 2 (2018): 185–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jah-2018-2001.

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AbstractAlexander’s conquest of Persia transformed the way he ruled, with aspects of Achaemenid monarchy becoming prominent. In general, historians have focused on instances of deliberate engagement with Achaemenid practices (e. g. dress, proskynesis, etc.), leading to the impression that this change resulted from conscious imitation. Here, I nuance this view, arguing that the gradual adoption of aspects of Achaemenid royal space played a pivotal role in transforming Alexander’s monarchy. This approach shifts our focus away from Alexander himself, placing his reign in a wider context, while al

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Dusinberre, Elspeth R. M. "The collapse of empire at Gordion in the transition from the Achaemenid to the Hellenistic world." Anatolian Studies 69 (2019): 109–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154619000073.

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AbstractGordion, ancient capital of Phrygia, was a large and thriving city of secondary importance during the period of the Achaemenid Persian Empire (ca 550–333 BC). Recent work makes possible a reconsideration of the site: evaluating its architecture, finds and use of landscape within and after the socio-economic and administrative context of the Achaemenid imperial system enables the following new overview. During the Achaemenid period, Gordion’s populace participated in the broad cultural exchanges enabled by the imperial system and may have emphasised animal husbandry. When Alexander’s co

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Szustakiewicz, Piotr. "„Jam jest Dariusz, Wielki Król, Król Królów, Achemenida”. Legitymizacja władzy w okresie Achemenidów." Studia Orientalne 21, no. 1 (2022): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/so2022105.

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The article’s subject is the legitimation of the power of the Achaemenid kings, shown on the basis of preserved inscriptions from the era. These inscriptions have been repeatedly analysed in terms of linguistic and cultural studies. According to the author, they can also be helpful for the political science. For the purposes of this paper, legitimation is understood as processes leading to legitimacy, i.e., recognising a political system as proper and valid. The author distinguishes motifs used by the Achaemenids for this purpose. These are: the divine origin of power, references to tradition,

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Almagor, Eran. "The Horse and the Lion in Achaemenid Persia: Representations of a Duality." Arts 10, no. 3 (2021): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts10030041.

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This paper explores the ambiguous Persian Achaemenid attitude towards the horse and the lion. It examines the way these animals appear in imperial official presentations, local artifacts throughout the empire and Greek textual representations. In the case of the stallion, it looks at the imagery of horse riding or the place of the horse in society and religion alongside the employment of steeds in chariots. Images of the lion are addressed in instances where it appears to be respected as having a significant protective power and as the prey of the chase. This paper attempts to show that this a

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DANDAMAYEV, M. A. "Achaemenid Estates in Laḫīru". Iranica Antiqua 27 (1 грудня 1992): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ia.27.0.2002125.

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Sekunda, Nicholas Victor. "Achaemenid colonization in Lydia." Revue des Études Anciennes 87, no. 1 (1985): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rea.1985.5544.

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Waters, Matthew. "Achaemenid Studies. Christopher Tuplin." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 59, no. 4 (2000): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/468868.

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Nefedkin, Alexander K. "The tactical development of Achaemenid cavalry." Gladius XXVI, no. 1 (2006): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gladius.2006.1.

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Balakhvantsev, Archil S. "Disputes about Takhti-Sangin: Chronology." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 5 (2024): 20. https://doi.org/10.31696/s086919080032537-7.

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Despite the fact that excavations at the site of Takhti-Sangin began almost a hundred years ago, questions about the date of the founding of the city and foundation of the Oxus temple are still far from being resolved. The article provides arguments indicating that the parameters of the mud brick, column bases, and even the discovered fragments of Yaz III ceramics do not provide grounds to abandon B.A. Litvinsky’s assumption that the founding of Takhti-Sangin can be dated back to the early 3rd century BC. Thus, the square bricks of the 50–52×50–52×12–14 cm format used in the construction of th

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ALLEN, LINDSAY. "THE LETTER AS OBJECT: ON THE EXPERIENCE OF ACHAEMENID LETTERS." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 56, no. 2 (2013): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.2013.00056.x.

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Abstract This paper arises from research undertaken as part of the AHRC-funded project, ‘Communication, Language and Power in the Achaemenid empire: the correspondence of the satrap Arshama’. The project enabled a reengagement with the letters, sealings, and bag purchased in the 1940s by the Bodleian Library from the estate of the archaeologist Ludwig Borchardt. The discussion explores two parallel approaches to reconstructing the three-dimensional function of Achaemenid letters. First, technical variations in letter format and state of preservation reveal a range of physical interactions with

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Blankenship, Sam. "Persian-Style Historiography in Ezra-Nehemiah." Journal of Biblical Literature 143, no. 4 (2024): 623–42. https://doi.org/10.15699/jbl.1434.2024.4.

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Abstract Ezra-Nehemiah serves as a case study of positive influences of Achaemenid Persian history writing on Jewish and Greek historical texts, as suggested already by Arnaldo Momigliano in the 1960s. At least three signature aspects of Achaemenid historiography have been co-opted by the author(s) of Ezra-Nehemiah. First, the book features Persian-style bureaucratic documentation in the form of charts, distinctive in their rigorous categorizing impulse and culmination in a sum, and embedded into the historical narrative of the return from Babylon. Whether these charts are based on “authentic”

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Ghafury, Rezan Q. Abdullah, та Qader Mohammad Hassan. "وڵاتی كاردۆخیا له‌ سه‌رده‌می ده‌سه‌ڵاتی فارسه‌ هاخامه‌نشییه‌كاندا". Twejer 3, № 3 (2020): 259–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31918/twejer.2033.7.

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Carduchoi located in the Upper Mesopotamia in the area where the Taurus and Zagros Ranges met, it had a strategic location, several cities and towns built along the narrow valleys and plains along the Tigris river and its branches there. On the other hand, the area surrounded with high ranges of Carduchoi like (Judi Dag), these high mountains made a natural boundary and make the area inaccessible except from the mountain gorges and passes. These passes and gorges were the routes of the caravans and the military campaigns. After the fall of the Median Empire, the land of Carduchoi laid under th

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Azadi, Vahid, Karim Hajizadeh Bastani, and Habib Shahbazi Shiran. "Investigating the representation of the Lydian delegation in the reliefs of the eastern staircase of Apadana (case study: vessels and jewellery)." Cercetări Arheologice 30, no. 1 (2023): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.46535/ca.30.1.03.

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The eastern staircase of Apadana – the Royal Achaemenid Audience Hall at Persepolis was decorated with numerous reliefs depicting various people subjected to the king’s rule, paying homage and bringing gifts. Among these, the Lydian group is one of the delegations carved in the lower part of the staircase. This group was led by one of the officers of the Achaemenid court. The participants carried amphorae, bowls and armlets and were also bringing horses and a chariot. The amphorae and arm rings were represented distinctly with beautiful and unique animal decorations. The purpose of the followi

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Bahadori, Ali. "On the Structural Aspects of Persian Elites in Achaemenid Persia." Iran and the Caucasus 23, no. 4 (2019): 307–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20190402.

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This article, focused on the Persian Gobryas, the head of Patischorian tribe and a member of the mysterious circle bringing Darius I (the Great) to the throne called the “Seven” by Herodotus, aims to argue that the concept of seven families was originally derived from the tribal structure of the Achaemenid society rather than from traditions found in classical writers. Mainly based on the administrative Elamite texts from Persepolis, the paper attempts to add contextual and practical detail to the classical narrative about the status of the “Seven” in the Achaemenid imperial system. This data

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Abdul Wahid, Kalthuma. "DARIUS I (522–486 BCE) AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF HIS POWER THROUGH THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE APADANA PALACE IN SUSA." Humanities Journal of University of Zakho 13, no. 2 (2025): 311–22. https://doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2025.13.2.1580.

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The Apadana Palace (The Palace of Assemblies) was built by the order of Darius I of the Achaemenid Empire in 521 BC in the city of Susa, the capital of Elam. Unlike other kings, Darius left behind the greatest number of inscriptions and writings, a deliberate strategy to reinforce his authority—particularly since he came to power through a coup. The construction of this palace held considerable significance: it served to demonstrate the king’s power and dominance, especially after he successfully suppressed revolts and expanded his empire to include a vast array of regions and diverse peoples.

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SATO, Susumu. "Achaemenid History Workshop, 1981-85." Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan 33, no. 1 (1990): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5356/jorient.33.148.

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JAMZADEH, P. "An Achaemenid Epical Poem Hypothesized." Studia Iranica 20, no. 2 (1991): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/si.20.2.2014439.

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Moshtagh Khorasani, M. "Achaemenid Akinakes: Origins and Types." Oriental Studies 2022, no. 89 (2022): 181–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/skhodoznavstvo2022.89.181.

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CRUZ-URIBE, E. "Qanāts in the Achaemenid Period." Bibliotheca Orientalis 60, no. 5 (2003): 537–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/bior.60.5.2015639.

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Pruša, Libor. "Ctesias in the Achaemenid Persia?" Graeco-Latina Brunensia, no. 2 (2021): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/glb2021-2-13.

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Charles, Michael B. "The Achaemenid Chiliarch par excellence." Historia 65, no. 4 (2016): 392–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/historia-2016-0020.

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JAMZADEH, Parivash. "The Achaemenid Throne-leg Design." Iranica Antiqua 31 (January 1, 1996): 101–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ia.31.0.519277.

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JAMZADEH, Parivash. "The Achaemenid Throne-leg Design." Iranica Antiqua 31, no. 1 (2005): 101–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ia.31.1.519277.

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