Academic literature on the topic 'Achaia'

Nach der Schlacht von Actium am 2. September 31 v. Chr. war alles anders. Mit seinem Aufstieg zum unumstrittenen Alleinherrscher des Imperium Romanum wurde Augustus in den östlichen Reichsteilen kultisch verehrt. In Griechenland waren aus der hellenistischen Tradition heraus die Bedingungen für eine göttergleiche Ehrung des Herrschers gut bereitet. Das Anliegen dieser Studie ist es zu untersuchen, wie sich der Kult in den römischen Provinzen Griechenlands entwickeln und festigen konnte. Dabei werden zunächst Vorläufer kultischer Ehrungen römischer Staatsmänner in republikanischer Zeit betrachtet. Spannend ist dann in frühaugusteischer Zeit vor allem der bauliche Übergang, oftmals wurde der neue Kult des Kaisers in bereits bestehende Heiligtümer integriert. Gegenstand der Untersuchung sind nicht nur die Kaiser selbst, sondern auch ihre Familienmitglieder. Für die Betrachtungen werden Kultorte, Tempel und Altäre herangezogen. Kaiserfeste und ihre Ausrichtung spielen eine Rolle, ebenso das Amt der kaiserlichen Priester und Priesterinnen sowie Stifter und Stifterinnen. Unter kultur- und religionsgeschichtlichen Aspekten werden Fragen nach den Formen des Kaiserkultes aufgeworfen: Wie wurde dieser formal dargestellt und in welche städtischen und architektonischen Kontexte wurde der Kult eingebunden? Fragen nach der Praxis kultischer Verehrung sollen im Hintergrund stehen, wenn ausgewählte Zeugnisse des Kaiserkults von iulisch-claudischer bis in flavische Zeit betrachtet werden. Dabei bildet Athen einen hervorragenden Ausgangspunkt für einen provinzübergreifenden Vergleich, der anhand selektiver Beispiele von lokalen Kaiserkultstätten in den Provinzen Achaia, Epirus und Macedonia bereichert wird. Dabei werden Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede in den genannten Regionen herausgestellt, die das Phänomen Kaiserkult beleuchten.<br>Early Roman imperial cult in the provinces of Achaia, Epirus and Macedonia After Actium everything changed. With his rise to the sole ruler of the Imperium Romanum, Augustus began to be worshiped in the eastern Empire. Because of its Hellenic tradition Greece had been well prepared for emperor worship. The aim of this study is to investigate how emperor worship came to be established in the Roman provinces of Greece. It first considers the precursors of worshipping Roman statesmen in the Republican period. In the following early Augustan period, there is a fascinating architectural transformation in which the new cult for the emperor was often integrated into preexisting sanctuaries. The focus of this investigation is not only the emperor himself, but also his family members. It is thus necessary to consider cult sites, sanctuaries and altars. Imperial festivals also play a role, as do imperial priests and benefactors. Questions are raised about the forms of emperor worship within their cultural and religious contexts: how was imperial cult integrated into and physically represented in its urban and architectural spaces? The actual practices of cultic worship constitute the necessary background for interpreting the evidence of Julio-Claudian and Flavian emperor worship. Athens is thus an excellent starting point for a comparison between provinces, based on case studies of imperial cult sites in the provinces of Achaia, Epirus and Macedonia. By virtue of these comparisons, similarities and differences across the regions come to the fore and ultimately help illuminate the phenomenon of emperor worship.

This dissertation examines the relationship between the Arkadian city of Megalopolis and the Achaian koinon in the Hellenistic period. By arguing that Megalopolis was a polis which used its own local identity to carve out a prominent position for itself within the Achaian federation, this thesis is able to provide new insights into the study of the wider topic of the relationship between federations and their member states. To support this argument, the thesis is divided into three parts. In part one of the dissertation, the Megalopolitan identity is clearly established by identifying its basic components, which were the result of the city's foundation by the Arkadian koinon around 368 BC as well as its Achaian membership of 235 BC. The Megalopolitan identity was marked by a complex structure; it was characterised by a deep and traditional hatred for Sparta, longstanding relations with the Macedonian kings, a clear understanding of the mechanisms of a federal state and multi-ethnic politics, and, by Polybius' time, a connection to both Arkadia as well as Achaia. The second part examines the influence of this local identity on the koinon through the direct relationship of Megalopolis with the federal government via its Achaian membership. Within the Achaian League, Megalopolis was an active member, taking part in the federal institutions and minting coins. However, through its interactions with other members of the federal state, Megalopolis used its relationship with the federal state to its own advantage. Finally, the last part of the thesis explores the role of Megalopolis and its local interests in Achaian foreign politics. The polis seems to have influenced these through the emergence of a series of influential statesmen (such as Philopoimen and Lykortas) as well as several new policies pursued by the Achaians after Megalopolis' membership. Examples of these new policies are the Achaian alliance with Macedon of 225 BC and the increased focus of the koinon on Sparta in the second century BC, something that also shaped Achaian interactions with Rome. Throughout the thesis particular attention is paid to the narrative of the historian Polybius and the problems his writings pose, since he was an important source for the history of the Achaian koinon and who, as a Megalopolitan, was an excellent example of this distinct Megalopolitan identity. By shedding light on the various ways in which Megalopolis affected the Achaian koinon and its politics, this thesis shows that Megalopolis merits more attention than it has received in the past, as it was more than just an Arkadian city that was a member of the Achaian koinon. Furthermore, the intricate analysis of the distinct Megalopolitan identity makes a novel contribution to the wider study on the interaction between the polis, as a civic unit, and the federal state, as a developing political structure.

L’objet de ce travail de recherche est d’identifier et d’analyser les déterminants et la performance des opérations LBO. Nous menons une approche multidisciplinaire afin de mettre en évidence notre démarche d’investigation. Tout d’abord, nous proposons de déterminer les facteurs influençant l’offre des investissements dans les opérations LBO. La plupart des études antérieures traite le sujet en examinant les investissements en capital risque et ont conclu à une forte corrélation des facteurs macro-économiques, institutionnels ainsi que des stratégies de sorties avec l’offre de ce type d’investissements. L’analyse que nous proposons est basée sur une estimation en données de panel des déterminants de l’offre des investissements LBO dans 19 pays européens. Ensuite, notre intérêt porte sur l’étude de l’impact des opérations LBO sur la performance des cibles françaises. La littérature sur le sujet confirme, au moins partiellement, que les entreprises qui ont fait l’objet d’un LBO apparaissent plus performantes que les autres firmes du même secteur d’activité. Afin d’examiner en profondeur l’effet des LBO sur la performance des entreprises, nous conduisons deux approches différentes : Une approche basée sur des données comptables et financières et une autre fondée sur une évaluation en données de panel permettant d’examiner l’effet des opérations LBO sur la productivité des entreprises cibles françaises<br>The aim of this study is to identify and analyse determinants and performance of LBO investments. We carry out a multidisciplinary analysis in order to highlight our investigation. First we propose to identify the determinants of LBO investments. The most past studies covered the subject by analysing the venture capital investments concluded a strong correlation between macroeconomic factors, institutional factors as well as divestment strategies and venture capital fundraising. This study shows the impact of these determinants on the LBO investments by proposing an assessment of panel data across 19 European countries. Then our study analyses the LBOs impact on acquired French firms. The previous works confirms that firms involved in LBO improved their performance compared to non-LBOs. We conduct a multidisciplinary study to identify the impact of LBOs on the performance of French companies: the first study based on accounting and financial data. The second one based on panel data analysis to determine and quantify the productivity effects of French LBOs

La conquête du Péloponnèse au lendemain de la quatrième croisade et l'introduction des structures féodales génèrent d’importantes mutations dans le statut de la population autochtone. L'année 1204, représente-elle pour le monde rural un moment de rupture par rapport à l'époque byzantine ? Pourrait-on parler de changement ou de continuité ? Ce problème sera analysé à travers les structures du peuplement : le statut de la population rurale et ses obligations, le village qui représente la principale forme d'habitat, ainsi que le feu, l'unité fiscale de base et sa structure. Le mode de possession de la terre sera examiné en confrontant grande propriété et petite propriété paysanne, ainsi que les formes que revêt son exploitation. Le tableau sera complété par un examen des productions de la Morée franque et leur rendement, l'évolution des prix des produits agricoles ainsi que les dimensions du commerce<br>The conquest of the Peloponnesus after the Fourth Crusade and the transplantation of the feudal hierarchy in Greece had profound implications on the local society. Was the Latin conquest of western Romania in 1204 followed by a rupture in the Peloponnesus Countryside ? Continuity or Change in the Frankish Morea Rural World ? We shall interest in the demographic aspects and the settelment's organisation : the social statuts of peasants, the villani, and theirs obligations, the Village - the most important unit of settelment - and the hosehold - the fiscal unit. The large explotation coexists with family plots, and the domanial lands is cultivated with vilains’s corvée labor or wage labor. Finally, we shall study the agricultural prices of evolution and the volume of commercial activity

Le luxe a un caractère ambivalent : il est associé à l’excès et au gaspillage et aussi à la beauté et au plaisir. Il suscite des réactions à la fois favorables et défavorables parmi les millennials. Ils sont attirés par les marques et produits de luxe, car ils les considèrent comme un moyen pour renforcer leurs identités multiples (personnelle, sociale et numérique) et pour influencer d’autres personnes. Ils accèdent au luxe par des moyens inhabituels comme les offres promotionnelles pratiquées sur les marchés de la parfumerie, de la cosmétique et du prêt-à-porter du luxe et les sites Internet qui proposent des produits de luxe à prix réduit, en location ou d’occasion. Malgré leur attirance envers le luxe, les millennials essaient de limiter l’influence de l’argent dans leur vie, privilégient les modes de consommation alternatifs (la location, le leasing ou le partage, etc.) et sont sensibles aux prix et aux promotions. Les millennials représentent une cohorte générationnelle mal connue par les manageurs, d’où l’importance d’étudier les antécédents et les conséquences de son ambivalence à l’égard des produits de luxe. Pour aborder cette problématique de recherche, une enquête par questionnaire auprès de jeunes âgés de 18 à 25 ans a été réalisée. Les résultats mettent en évidence que l’ambivalence à l’égard des produits de luxe chez les jeunes consommateurs est expliquée par l’attitude négative envers l’argent, par le contrôle de soi du consommateur et par l’interaction de la cherté perçue et de la sensibilité à la promotion. L’ambivalence influe de manière négative sur l’attitude envers les produits et est résolue à travers la recherche d’informations sur les marques et les produits<br>Luxury has an ambivalent nature: it is associated with excess and waste and also with beauty and pleasure. It elicits both favorable and unfavorable reactions among Millennials. They are attracted to luxury brands and products because they consider them as a means to reinforce their multiple identities (personal, social and digital) and to influence others. They access to luxury through unusual means such as promotional offers on the perfume, cosmetics and luxury ready-to-wear markets and websites where luxury products are discounted, rented or shared. Despite their attraction to luxury, Millennials try to limit the influence of money in their life, prefer alternative modes of consumption (renting, leasing or sharing, etc.) and are sensitive to prices and promotions. Millennials is a generational cohort that managers do not know well, hence the importance of studying the antecedents and consequences of its ambivalence towards luxury goods. In order to address this research topic, a survey was conducted among young adults aged from 18 to 25 years. The results show that the ambivalence towards luxury goods among young consumers is explained by the negative attitude towards money, by consumer's self-control and by the interaction of perceived expensiveness and deal proneness. Ambivalence affects attitudes towards products and is resolved through information seeking on brands and products