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1
Martin, Jeffrey J. Achievement Goal Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638054.003.0018.
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Similar to achievement motivation theory (AMT), achievement goal theory (AGT) has a long history in sport psychology research. This chapter discusses the origins of AGT, followed by a review of AGT research in disability sport. AGT is based in how athletes define success, and most of the work in this area has been done with the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ). Lots of disability sport research has involved researchers asking athletes to complete the TEOSQ and then differences in groups (e.g., disabled athletes versus able-bodied athletes) have been examined. In contrast to AMT research, climate scales paralleling the orientation scales have been developed, allowing researchers to investigate if task climates promote well-being. Most of the findings regarding both task and ego orientations and climates support what is known in able-bodied sport: both task orientations and climates are adaptive and positively linked to other positive psychological constructs and negatively linked to negative constructs. Researchers in disability sport should consider research on avoidant goals and states of goal involvement that result from both orientations and climates.
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Martin, Jeffrey J. Achievement Motivation Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638054.003.0017.
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There is a long history of research in sport psychology examining achievement motivation theory (AMT). This chapter traces the development of achievement motivation research in sport and then reviews AMT research in disability sport. Most of the research in sport and disability examines competitive orientation, which is the sport-specific version of achievement motivation. In particular, research based on Gill and colleagues’ work has used the Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ), which enables researchers to assess competitiveness, goal orientation, and win orientation. Much of the research in disability sport has had modest goals of examining the three dimensions of the SOQ to determine if they differ in regard to able-bodied versus disability groups, acquired versus congenital disabilities, more versus less experienced athletes, and gender differences. Often researchers have found no or minimal differences and no practical ramifications. Researchers are urged to examine contemporary research questions that have grown out of work in this area, such as avoidant goals and the achievement motivation climate.
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Ryan, Richard M., ed. The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation, Second Edition, addresses key advances made in the field since the previous edition, offering the latest insights from the top theorists and researchers of human motivation. The volume includes chapters on social learning theory, control theory, self-determination theory, terror management theory, and regulatory focus theory and also presents articles from leading scholars on phenomena such as ego depletion, choice, curiosity, flow, implicit motives, and personal interests. A special section dedicated to goal research highlights achievement goals, goal attainment, goal pursuit and unconscious goals, and the goal orientation process across adulthood. The volume sheds new light on the biological underpinnings of motivation, including chapters on neuropsychology and cardiovascular dynamics. This resource is also packed with practical research and guidance, with sections on relationships and applications in areas such as psychotherapy, education, physical activity, sport, and work. By providing reviews of the most advanced work by the very best scholars in this field, this volume represents an invaluable resource for both researchers and practitioners, as well as any student of human nature.
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Ryan, Richard M., ed. The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399820.001.0001.
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Motivation is that which moves us to action. Human motivation is thus a complex issue, as people are moved to action by both their evolved natures and by myriad familial, social, and cultural influences. The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation aims to capture the current state-of-the-art in this fast developing field. The book includes theoretical overviews from some of the best-known thinkers in this area, including articles on Social Learning Theory, Control Theory, Self-determination Theory, Terror Management Theory, and the Promotion and Prevention perspective. Topical articles appear on phenomena such as ego-depletion, flow, curiosity, implicit motives, and personal interests. A section specifically highlights goal research, including chapters on goal regulation, achievement goals, the dynamics of choice, unconscious goals and process versus outcome focus. Still other articles focus on evolutionary and biological underpinnings of motivation, including articles on cardiovascular dynamics, mood, and neuropsychology. Finally, articles bring motivation down to earth in reviewing its impact within relationships, and in applied areas such as psychotherapy, work, education, sport, and physical activity.
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A/L Bikar Singh, Soon Singh. GIS Integrated Teaching for Underachieving Geography Students. UMS Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/gisintegratedumspress2019-978-967-2166-46-7.
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Recent studies show that the number of students who select to study Geography in Malaysian secondary schools, and their level of achievement in the subject, has decreased. The main factor is lack of motivation. Over multiple decades, a large and growing body of literature has indicated that ICT enhances students’ motivation to learn and their learning outcome. The studies demonstrate that the use of ICT in teaching activities provides more fun in an authentic learning environment, and increases learning autonomy, interaction, and collaboration. It is, therefore, a rich opportunity for motivating students to study. In addition, despite an increased interest among scholars to investigate the impact of ICT integrated Geography teaching on students’ motivation and achievement, none have investigated the effects of GIS as a new technological teaching tool on students’ Geography learning goals and their learning outcomes. The idea for this book originated from the author’s PhD study to examine the effects of GIS-based instruction on secondary school student Geography learning goals and their learning outcomes. This book is highly beneficial for Geography teachers to use multiple teaching methods and pedagogies in a GIS integrated teaching environment to cultivate underachieving students’ mastery goal, performance-approach goal and learning, and to decrease avoidance behaviour in learning the subject. Although GIS is widely used in Malaysia, it has not been embraced by the Malaysian education system and is absent from the Geography curriculums in the primary and secondary school contexts. Hence, writing of this book will also help the Curriculum Development Centre and Ministry of Education Malaysia develop a GIS-based teaching module to enhance the learning motivation of Geography and improve the student level of achievement.
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Cornwell, James F. M., and E. Tory Higgins. The Tripartite Motivational Human Essence. Edited by Martijn van Zomeren and John F. Dovidio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190247577.013.2.
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This chapter argues that the human essence can be understood as the functioning of three fundamental motives working together—value, control, and truth. It shows that each of these motives represents an independent source of goal pursuit, and that each, in its fulfillment, represents a unique factor in the achievement of well-being. It also argues that effectiveness in each of these motivational domains is inherently related to effectiveness in each of the others, such that achievement of full effectiveness in any of them entails effectiveness in all of them. This produces the emergent experience of their effective organization. Illustrating the relevance of these concepts for the human essence, the chapter draws parallels between this threefold view of motivation and the tripartite views of the soul in ancient Greek thought, and between the achievement of their effective organization and the experience of Brahman in Vedanta Hinduism.
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Lott, Marie Sumner. Redefining the “Progressive” Style in Responses to Beethoven’s Late Quartets. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039225.003.0004.
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This chapter shows how composers who considered themselves progressive in different ways shared a single goal of fostering musical progress in the string quartet genre and how they communicated that goal to fellow composers and musicians in a musical dialogue that continued throughout nineteenth century. Their works often demonstrate a response to Beethoven and to more recent composers, representing a private conversation not just among the four members of the performing quartet but also among the composers of the past, present, and future. Whereas Liszt, Wagner, and their successors avoided addressing Beethoven head-on in genres associated with his achievements, composers in the Mendelssohn-Schumann circle responded directly to the innovations of Beethoven and his predecessors on their own terms and in the genres where those innovations were introduced.
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Hesketh, Beryl, and Barbara Griffin. Selection and Training for Work Adjustment and Adaptability. Edited by Susan Cartwright and Cary L. Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234738.003.0016.
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This article outlines a conceptual framework for integrating recent developments in understanding the individual difference variables that directly influence and interact with situational variables in optimizing work adjustment and adaptive performance. It begins by outlining the components of the Theory of Work Adjustment, including an explanation of the dynamic aspects of the theory. A particular focus of the framework is on the dynamic attainment of achievement goals and the role that information and communication technology (ICT) can play when there is a turbulent and changing set of situational factors and job requirements. The article takes a futuristic approach and challenges the readers to consider the implications of the rapidly developing field of ICT for traditional models of selection and training.
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Pedrotti, Jennifer Teramoto. The Will and the Ways in School. Edited by Matthew W. Gallagher and Shane J. Lopez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.9.
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The school environment is a key place in which to address development of numerous positive traits and characteristics. Hope is a one construct that addresses goal-setting and progress and is linked to many other positive behaviors and characteristics including resilience, optimism, school and athletic achievement, and well-being in general. Grounding today’s children in skills and mindsets that assist them in determining how to get the things they what they want in life may help them to stay on healthy tracks academically throughout their scholastic career. Past and current research has shown that hope is easily instilled and that it can be increased through simple interventions in a variety of different populations. School personnel such as teachers, counselors, and administrators can all play a role in the development of this trait and can help to direct parents in using the hope model with children as well.
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Keating, Elizabeth. Challenges of Conducting Interaction with Technologically Mediated Bodies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190210465.003.0012.
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Technologically mediated interaction challenges people’s habitual ways of acting interdependently and intercorporeally with others. This chapter discusses strategies observed in two different groups, computer gamers playing Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs), and engineers, as each group collaborates in goal-directed activities where technology significantly alters the reciprocal sharing of body experience. The gamers and engineers are challenged to render their bodies meaningful through interactive digital environments in order to effectively coordinate actions. As bodies are able to be extended through space, the technology which makes this possible also reduces key aspects of visual and sensory fields, including the arrangement of bodies in space and movement. This in turn affects the achievement of focused interaction, the transfer of skills, and the understanding of checks and alignment.
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Wuth, Jasmin. Nachhaltiges Bauen in der Praxis : Bewertung des Zertifizierungsprozesses der ökologischen Qualität nach DGNB System. Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.408.
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Linking theory and practice, university research and the real economy, is a pillar of social development. With the financial support of the FOSTER program of the TU Dresden, I succeeded in this desired connection, even before the first dust on my thesis has settled down. With the support of the professorship for business administration, especially sustainability management and corporate environmental economics, I was able to transfer my diploma thesis from theory to practice, from the university to a renowned specialist journal. In my thesis, I dealt with the obstacles in the certification process of the German Sustainable Building Council (DGNB e.V.). The DGNB system in new buildings aims to ensure a holistic assessment of a building in terms of sustainable construction. I have examined which obstacles, from the point of view of the DGNB auditors, can arise in the course of the certification process when assessing ecological quality. Expert interviews with three auditors formed the basis for a structured questionnaire that was sent to all registered DGNB auditors. While the interviews served the explorative identification and systematisation of disruptive factors, the questionnaire empirically examined the extent to which these affect the course of certification over time and the achievement of the highest possible score. The interface cooperation and a late integration date of the DGNB concept in the planning of new buildings emerge as the most decisive obstacles. The analysis lays the foundation for overcoming any obstacles and can consequently make a contribution to optimizing the certification process. This can support building certification as a strategic instrument for sustainable building in establishing itself in the construction industry and increasing its market penetration. At the same time, this serves the overriding goal of promoting sustainable building methods and the construction industry. Further results will be published in an article in the specialist journal 'Bauingenieur' in 2021. So, in close coordination with the professorship and the FOSTER funding, I managed to keep my research in a drawer and to publish my results instead.
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Omaswa, Francis, and Nigel Crisp. Introduction to Part 2: The greatest challenges. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703327.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 describes the greatest challenges facing countries in sub-Saharan Africa. It highlights the Millennium Development Goals against the background of the whole range of issues that need to be confronted by health leaders. It sets the scene for two compelling chapters written by leaders in Uganda and Malawi about their country’s achievements. These are complemented by an authoritative account by Dr Luis Sambo, the WHO Regional Director, of the state of health and healthcare in Africa.
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Frey, Bruno S., and Jana Gallus. Why Awards? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798507.003.0001.
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Honours are expressions of appreciation that can take various forms, ranging from orders, crosses, medals, decorations, prizes, trophies, and certificates to honorific titles and other awards. They can be found in virtually all spheres of life. There are awards far beyond the political and military sectors: in the humanitarian sector, in architecture, arts (film, television, radio, dance, music, literature), design, education, journalism, advertising, games, and sports. Honours also play a large role in academia and business. Awards are not only widespread; they also have a long history. Awards have great visibility, can raise the intrinsic motivation of recipients, and strengthen the commitment and loyalty to the giver. They are particularly well suited to honour broad achievements and indicate what the giver’s goals are. Awards are symbolic and hence cheap; they differ significantly from monetary incentives.
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Thurston, Anne, ed. A Matter of Trust. University of London, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14296/1220.9781912250356.
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The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals initiative has the potential to set the direction for a future world that works for everyone. Approved by 193 United Nations member countries in September 2016 to help guide global and national development policies in the period to 2030, the 17 goals build on the successes of the Millennium Development Goals, but also include new priority areas, such as climate change, economic inequality, innovation, sustainable consumption, peace and justice. Assessed against common agreed targets and indicators, the goals should facilitate inter-governmental cooperation and the development of regional and even global development strategies. However, each goal presents considerable challenges in terms of collecting and analysing relevant data and producing the statistics needed to measure progress. Most governments in lower resourced countries simply do not yet have the systems and controls in place to produce high quality, reliable data and statistics, and it is questionable whether the quality and integrity of the available information is adequate to support meaningful decisions and set direction for the future. There are substantial implications: where progress cannot be measured accurately because of inadequate or flawed statistics, the result can be misguided decisions, doubts about achievement of the goals and significant wasted resources. Getting statistics ‘right’ depends upon the quality and integrity of the data used to produce them and on the quality of the processes for collecting, manipulating and analysing the data. Without a documentary records as evidence of how the data were gathered and analysed or how statistics were produced and disseminated, it is not possible to confirm that the statistics are complete, accurate and relevant. Various global organisations do recognise the importance of high quality data and statistics for measuring the SDG indicators reliably, but there has been little attention to the role of records in providing the evidence needed to trust the data and statistics. There is, moreover, a lack of awareness that digital information simply will not survive without policies and procedures to manage and preserve it through time. As a result, digital data, statistics and records are being lost regularly on a large scale, particularly in lower resource countries, where the structures needed to protect and preserve them are not yet in place. This book explores, through a series of case studies, the substantial challenges for assembling reliable data and statistics to address pressing development challenges, particularly in Africa. Hopefully, by highlighting the enormous potential value of creating and using high quality data, statistics and records as an interconnected resource and describing how this can be achieved, the book will contribute to defining meaningful and realistic global and national development policies in the critical period to 2030.
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Hayward, Tim. Global Justice & Finance. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842767.001.0001.
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Can global justice be promoted by distributing money more equitably? Could even relatively small financial sacrifices by the affluent work, through benign leverage, to achieve that goal? This book casts new light on such questions by considering what is presupposed about finance. Redistributive proposals assume money to be a reliable measure, store of value, and medium of exchange. Yet maintaining stable interest, inflation and exchange rates in a dynamic capitalist economy is a considerable achievement involving a complex financial system. Such global coordination could, if so directed, contribute immensely to humanity’s betterment, yet under the direction of a profit seeking elite it leaves a majority disempowered, impoverished, and indebted. To pay debts, ever more desperate measures to wrest value from the world’s natural resources increase ecological pressures to harmful extremes, and those pressures do not stop short of driving wars. The profit seeking economy is held in place by the complex legal arrangements that constitute finance. Globally, there has developed, unannounced and unaccountably, what amounts to a privatized constitution—binding agreements that transcend sovereign jurisdictions. Hopes of redirecting the financial assets created within this system, by means of modest reforms, towards objectives of social justice and ecological sustainability may prove illusory. To achieve such objectives arguably requires the constitution of a global normative order guided by public and political decision-making. The achievement of a publicly accountable constitutional order that is superordinate to the financial system might be regarded as a revolutionary transformation.
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Kuznetsov, Yuriy, Inna Levina, and Igor Zavarzin. Estrogens and antiestrogens. Modern synthetic approaches to directed modification of estra-1,3,5(10)-triene steroids: goals, reactions, and methods. LCC MAKS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m2020.978-5-317-06626-0.
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The monograph summarizes the information over the past 20 years on the currently widely used and promising methods for the synthesis of estra-1,3,5(10)-triene derivatives by modifying natural estrogens - estrone and estradiol. The main practical goals of modifying this class of steroids and achievements in the chemistry of steroidal antiestrogens, which are promising drugs for hormonal therapy, are considered. Special attention is paid to the stereochemical features of the reactions and the specific problems of modification of the steroid nucleus of estratrienes associated with the presence of an aromatic fragment in their structure. In addition, the data on the reactivity and stereochemical aspects of the transformations of 13-epiestratriene steroids were summarized. The monograph is intended for a wide range of specialists in the field of organic synthesis, organic, bioorganic, and medicinal chemistry.
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de Costa Farinaci, Richard. Acredite, Confie, Obedeça: Princípios para uma vida de transformação. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-636-8.
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I write this book for all those who want to transform their lives through three principles, in it I bring examples of people who fulfilled these principles and achieved extraordinary results in their lives and marked generations, this book will be a manual for your life, it will help you teach how to overcome the difficulties and barriers that are preventing you from achieving your dreams and goals, you will learn how to have a life of achievement even in the midst of challenges, this book will awaken you to a new reality that you may not yet know. These principles, if put into practice, can lead you to live a lighter and more hopeful life, because nothing can beat us if we are determined to transform our lives!
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Inclán, María. The Zapatista Movement and Mexico's Democratic Transition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190869465.001.0001.
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What happens to insurgent social movements that emerge during a democratic transition but fail to achieve their goals? How influential are they? Are they able to survive their initial mobilizing boom? Using the development of the Zapatista movement during Mexico’s democratic transition in the 1990s, this book seeks to answer these questions. The Zapatista movement is probably the best example of an influential and salient insurgent social movement emerging during a democratic transition that successfully mobilized sympathy and support for the indigenous agenda inside and outside of the country, yet failed to achieve its goals vis-à-vis the Mexican state. Why did such an influential movement fail to have its demands fully met? The answer is illustrated using a sliding door analogy to explain how the Zapatista movement developed within almost simultaneous openings and closings of political opportunities for its mobilization, success, and survival. Framing the relative achievements and failures of the movement within Mexico’s democratization is essential to understanding how social movements develop and survive and how responsive an electoral democracy can actually become. As such, this book offers a test of the quality of Mexico’s democracy and the resilience of the Zapatista movement, identifying the extent to which emerging political forces have incorporated dissident and previously excluded political actors into the new polity.
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Davies, Paul. Damages Actions by Investors on the Back of Market Disclosure Requirements. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813392.003.0015.
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EU rules requiring disclosures to the market by publicly traded companies have developed enormously since the first Listing Particulars Directive of 1980. However, even today they are hesitant about dealing with the subject of investor actions for damages for breaches of the rules. In relation to public offerings, periodic disclosures, and episodic disclosures, the current EU rules do not bring about harmonisation of national systems of damages liability in investor actions, but rather place almost exclusive emphasis on coordinated administrative action and sanctions. This chapter considers the question of how the liability rules should be shaped if they are to contribute most effectively to the achievement of the goals of the Union's disclosure rules. The discussions cover investor actions and the promotion of disclosure, investor litigation in the context of public offerings, and investor litigation in the context of continuing disclosures.
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Annual Report of the Director of the Pan American Sanitary Bureau 2021. Working through the COVID-19 Pandemic. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275173640.
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The Director’s 2021 annual report on the work of the Pan American Sanitary Bureau (the Bureau), Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization, highlights the technical cooperation undertaken by the Bureau during the period from July 2020 to June 2021, within the framework of the 2020–2025 Strategic Plan of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). The theme of the report is: Working through the COVID-19 Pandemic. The period covered has been the most challenging ever encountered by PAHO. The pandemic, through its devastating health and economic consequences, has severely impacted people’s lives and livelihoods and disrupted countries, societies, economies, and their development. This has occurred in conjunction with the inevitable challenges on the road to equitable, sustainable development and the achievement of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and the objectives of the Sustainable Health Agenda for the Americas 2018–2030. The publication opens with a preface by the Director of PASB, a concise executive summary, and a brief introduction. It then presents a comprehensive review of PAHO’s technical cooperation, and of the Bureau’s institutional and strengthening functions. The report highlights achievements, challenges, and lessons learned as the Bureau undertook technical cooperation with PAHO Member States at national, subregional, and regional levels within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, working with traditional and new partners to find equitable solutions for emerging and persisting health issues in the Region of the Americas. It also looks ahead, analyzing those opportunities brought to light by the COVID-19 experience for strengthening PAHO’s promotion of and contribution to equity and progressive realization of the right to health. Moreover, it indicates how the Bureau, with the concurrence and guidance of Member States, and in collaboration with partners, will take advantage of such opportunities. This report is complemented by the Financial Report of the Director, and the Report of the External Auditor for the year 2020.
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Liu, Mingwei, and David Finegold. Emerging Economic Powers. Edited by John Buchanan, David Finegold, Ken Mayhew, and Chris Warhurst. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199655366.013.25.
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This chapter aims to provide a review and analysis of skill development in China and India that do not neatly fit any skill formation model found in the literature. Although both China and India have made some impressive achievements in skill formation in the past two decades, great challenges remain on their way toward high-skill equilibrium including providing a strong educational foundation for vulnerable groups, corruption and rising inequality, skills mismatch, and raising employer skill demands. Despite many similar goals and challenges, the trajectories of skill development of the two countries are shaped by different sets of political, socioeconomic, institutional, cultural, demographic, and organizational factors, leading to two different skill formation and demand models with some complementary strengths and weaknesses.
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Schoppa, Keith. The Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190497354.001.0001.
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The twentieth century was studded with extraordinary achievements in medicine, science, technology, and space. Yet, this century was the most violent in history, killing an estimated 30 million people in cold-blooded genocides and, in wars, an estimated 187 million. There was not a single year in the hundred-year span when there were no significant wars. In each chapter I have chosen several men and women, many not well-known, on whom I focus a bit more than other historical actors. They reflect the spirit of their times, though their approaches and contributions are distinctively nuanced. Existing in a climate primed for war and violence, they, like everyone else, had to decide where their source of political identity lay and, when a decision was necessary, where their political allegiance would fall: To their own lives as individuals in a specific locality? Or to a particular nation? Or to the larger global community? Given that this allegiance has been much discussed during the last half of the century up through today, to what geographical level do we see world citizens committing their allegiance? That answer will be a key determinant of the future. This chronological narrative also traces other crucial twentieth-century developments: women and their professional and social roles, goals, successes, and setbacks; the powerful forces of race and ethnicity; the role of identity; environmental issues, including atomic energy and the sustainability of natural resources; the causes and changing nature of wars around the world; and the historical roles of contingency and memory.
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Wolf, Benjamin. The British symphony orchestra and the Arts Council of Great Britain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199352227.003.0016.
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This chapter explores the relationship between British symphony orchestras and the Arts Council of Great Britain. Combining archival research with institutional sociology and cultural economics, it describes how the Arts Council’s demands changed between 1946 and 2000, and how financial and ideological constraints prevented the successful execution of some of these demands. Between 1946 and 1980, symphony orchestras were encouraged to focus on professional performances of the ‘fine arts’ and the performance of music by living composers. Subsequently the 1980s and 1990s witnessed a collapse in traditional ideas of artistic value and a growth in bureaucratized management, with symphony orchestras undergoing time-consuming appraisal procedures, expanding their educational activities and demonstrating limited support for the arts of ethnic minorities. Overall, the chapter suggests that the ideologies of subsidised support were in tension with each other, leading to only partial achievement of the goals that were set out by the Arts Council.
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Mugione, Fiorina, and Fulvia Farinelli. Promoting Entrepreneurship for Development. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795650.003.0014.
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Recognizing the role of entrepreneurship as a catalyst for development and a means to address sustainable development challenges, this chapter illustrates UNCTAD’s approach to promoting entrepreneurship from a policy perspective. It draws lessons from the implementation of UNCTAD’s Entrepreneurship Policy Framework (EPF) and reiterates the need for holistic entrepreneurship policies according to the six priority areas identified by the EPF. It also highlights how policymakers can create an enabling entrepreneurial environment which also takes into account inclusive and sustainable business models, thereby expanding opportunities for all and addressing the needs of socially disadvantaged groups. For aspiring entrepreneurs from such groups, who tend to have lower levels of entrepreneurship skills and greater difficulty in navigating the business and regulatory environment, governments need to tailor policy measures to help them manage and grow their businesses. In this way, entrepreneurship policies can contribute to the achievement of the UNGA’s 2015 sustainable development goals.
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OSZE-Jahrbuch 2019. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748922711.
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As the world’s largest regional organisation under Chapter VIII of the UN Charter, the OSCE also contributes to global security through regional conflict prevention and crisis management. In his introductory chapter, OSCE Secretary General Thomas Greminger addresses the question of how the OSCE can also contribute to the achievement of the 17 goals of the United Nations for sustainable development. The OSCE Yearbook 2019 also includes articles on domestic political developments in countries such as Armenia and Kazakhstan, and the work of the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine. There are also contributions on the monitoring of freedom of assembly by the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights and the link between climate change and security, as well as the integration of heterogeneous societies as a means of conflict prevention, and China’s and the EU’s relations with Central Asia. A current selection of literature completes the volume.
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Kindler, David T., Marcela Morales, and Paul Stacey. Education For All: Ten years of open education luminaries from around the world - In celebration of Open Education Global’s 10th Anniversary of Open Education Awards for Excellence. buch & netz, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36862/oeg-415.
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Education for all is a bold, audacious statement. But that is the very goal of open education. Can you imagine a world where access to education materials is free? Where teachers and learners have the right to reuse, revise, remix, localize and translate those materials? Where copies of textbooks and course materials can be retained without cost? Can you imagine a world where teachers and learners co-create education together? A world where learners engage in assignments that generate global public goods benefiting everyone? You may say this isn’t possible, but open educators around the world have been doing this for years. Building on the work of luminaries such as those featured in this book, open education has grown into a global movement transforming education. Each year, Open Education Global opens up nominations for awards to the entire global open education community. As part of the 10th anniversary of these awards, OEGlobal is publishing this Education For All book, collecting all ten years of award winners into a single volume. This book is a celebration of their achievements.
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Wróbel-Best, Jolanta, ed. Wheels of Change: Feminist Transgressions in Polish Culture and Society. University of Warsaw Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323549482.
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Using rich and varied narrative images and resources, literary artworks, excerpts from philosophical and sociological writings, musicological theories and film studies, historical documents, and other materials, this collection of essays strongly sides with the feminist theory. All chapters tirelessly construct feminist discourse by depicting a new reality, language, and values to assess as well as understand the life, goals, and social achievements of women over a span of centuries in Polish culture and society. Feminist transgression is envisioned as a thematic category bridging diverse, seemingly loose, distant, and even apparently contradictory women’s accounts. This theme develops a cohesiveness among chapters and provides an underlying unity, built on the coincidence of opposites, known in Latin as the principle of “coincidentia oppositorum.” Even if the dialogue among chapters may be perceived on the surface as difficult, the volume’s parts communicate deeply with each other by narrating, detailing, elaborating, and enlarging in space and time the presented dynamics of women’s transgressions. Transgression thus creates a special form of debate.
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OSCE Yearbook 2019. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748906421.
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As the world’s largest regional arrangement under Chapter VIII of the UN Charter, the OSCE also contributes to global security through regional conflict prevention and crisis management. In his introductory chapter, OSCE Secretary General Thomas Greminger addresses the question of how the OSCE can also contribute to the achievement of the 17 goals of the United Nations for sustainable development. The OSCE Yearbook 2019 also includes articles on domestic political developments in countries such as Armenia and Kazakhstan, OSCE conflict management in the South Caucasus and the work of the OSCE Special MonitoringMission to Ukraine. There are also contributions on the monitoring of freedom of assembly by the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights and the link between climate change and security, as well as the integration of heterogeneous societies as a means of conflict prevention. Facts and figures on the 57 participating states as well as a current selection of research literature complete the volume.
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Shiffrin, Seana Valentine. Speech Matters. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157023.001.0001.
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To understand one another as individuals and to fulfill the moral duties that require such understanding, we must communicate with each other. We must also maintain protected channels that render reliable communication possible, a demand that, this book argues, yields a prohibition against lying and requires protection for freedom of speech. The book makes a distinctive philosophical argument for the wrong of the lie and provides an original account of its difference from the wrong of deception. Drawing on legal as well as philosophical arguments, it defends a series of notable claims—that you may not lie about everything to the “Murderer at the Door,” that you have reasons to keep promises offered under duress, that lies are not protected by free speech, that police subvert their mission when they lie to suspects, and that scholars undermine their goals when they lie to research subjects. Many philosophers start to craft moral exceptions to demands for sincerity and fidelity when they confront wrongdoers, the pressures of non-ideal circumstances, or the achievement of morally substantial ends. The book consistently resists this sort of exceptionalism, arguing that maintaining a strong basis for trust and reliable communication through practices of sincerity, fidelity, and respecting free speech is an essential aspect of ensuring the conditions for moral progress, including our rehabilitation of and moral reconciliation with wrongdoers.
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Achieving Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions at the Regional Level: The Partnership Between Regional Intergovernmental Organizations and Civil Society. International IDEA, Community of Democracies, Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.98.
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The root causes of conflict and violence, such as injustice, inequalities and decline in the quality of democracies, rarely emerge and remain within the national borders of a single country: they increasingly spill over into surrounding regions, compelling a regional response. Regional action on peace, justice and inclusion should cut across social, economic and political agendas and be sustained through partnerships with those most impacted by conflict and inequalities, including local communities, grassroots organizations, and Indigenous groups. Aimed at key decision-makers and key stakeholders, including government agencies, regional organizations and civil society organizations, the purpose of the Policy Brief is to contribute to the ongoing conversation around the achievement of peace, justice, and strong institutions worldwide. The aspiration is that the recommendations and information included in this analysis will complement ongoing efforts, motivate collective action, inspire decision-making and promote multisectoral engagement to achieve common goals based on successful experiences and best practices such as those outlined in this brief.
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Vyse, Stuart. The Uses of Delusion. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190079857.001.0001.
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Although reason and rationality are valuable assets in almost all contexts, in some cases people are better off putting reason aside. In a number of very important situations, people benefit by not seeing the world as it is and by not behaving like logic-driven machines. Sometimes they know they aren’t making sense, and yet they are compelled to act against reason; in other cases, their delusions are so much a part of normal human experience that they are unaware of them. As intelligent as they are, much of what has helped humans succeed as a species is not prodigious brain power but something much more basic. The Uses of Delusion is about aspects of human nature that are not altogether rational but, nonetheless, help humans achieve social and personal goals. This book presents a lively, accessible exploration, fleshing out how delusional thinking plays a role in personal achievement, love and relationships, illness and loss, and personality and behavior. The Uses of Delusion draws on the work of William James and Daniel Kahneman, as well as Joan Didion, who wrote about her compelling belief that her husband, though deceased, would soon return to her. The book is grounded in current views of rational and irrational behavior and illustrates how natural selection has provided humans with a number of beneficial delusions that help them get to the next day.
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Tučev, Nataša. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MODERNIST NOVEL. Filozofski fakultet Niš, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46630/imn.2021.
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This book is intended as an introduction to the modernist novel, primarily for the students and scholars of the English language and literature. Four major novelists – Joseph Conrad, D. H. Lawrence, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf – have been chosen to exemplify the stylistic features, aesthetic preoccupations and thematic concerns of the works of fiction written in English in the early decades of the twentieth century. The methodological principle used in this study is multilevel. First, these four authors are analysed by referring to their essays, philosophical treatises, prefaces to their novels and other nonfictional works where they define their poetics and their artistic goals in their own terms. After this, since form is such a major concern of the modernist novel, formal innovations and narrative strategies of each of these authors are discussed at some length. Finally, a single novel is chosen to represent each author, and it is analysed in detail. Heart of Darkness, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Mrs Dalloway are widely recognized within the oeuvre of these novelists as some of their greatest artistic achievements. Lawrence’s novella St Mawr is a lesser-known work; however, I would argue that F. R. Leavis’s praise of this short piece as “an astonishing work of genius” still stands. The same as with the other three novels, its inclusion in the study is justified by the valuable insights it provides about the characteristics of modernist fiction and modernist art in general.
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Shlomo Agon, Sivan. International Adjudication on Trial. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788966.001.0001.
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Is the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement System (DSS) effective? How exactly is the effectiveness of this adjudicative system to be defined and measured? Is its effectiveness all about compliance? If not, what goals—beyond compliance—is the WTO DSS expected to achieve? Has it fulfilled these objectives so far, and how can their achievement and the system’s effectiveness be enhanced in the future? Building on a theoretical model borrowed from social science, this book lays down the analytical framework required to answer these questions, while crafting a revealing insider’s account of the WTO DSS—one of the most important and debated sites of the evolving international judiciary. Drawing on interviews with WTO adjudicators, WTO Secretariat staff, ambassadors, trade delegates, and trade lawyers, the book offers an elaborate analysis of the various goals steering the DSS’s work, the diverse roles it plays, the challenges it confronts, and the outcomes it produces. Through this insider look at the WTO DSS and detailed examination of landmark trade disputes, the book uncovers the oft-hidden dynamics of WTO adjudication and provides a fresh perspective on the DSS’s operation and the undercurrents affecting its effectiveness. Given the pivotal role the WTO DSS has assumed in the multilateral trading regime since its inception in 1995 and the systemic pressures it has recently come to face, this book makes an important contribution towards understanding and measuring the benefits (as well as the costs) this adjudicative body generates, while providing valuable insights into current debates on its reform.
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Zavatta, Benedetta. Individuality and Beyond. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190929213.001.0001.
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Based on an analysis of the marginal markings and annotations Nietzsche made to the works of Emerson in his personal library, the book offers a philosophical interpretation of the impact on Nietzsche’s thought of his reading of these works, a reading that began when he was a schoolboy and extended to the final years of his conscious life. The many ideas and sources of inspiration that Nietzsche drew from Emerson can be organized in terms of two main lines of thought. The first line leads in the direction of the development of the individual personality, that is, the achievement of critical thinking, moral autonomy, and original self-expression. The second line of thought is the overcoming of individuality: that is to say, the need to transcend one’s own individual—and thus by definition limited—view of the world by continually confronting and engaging with visions different from one’s own and by putting into question and debating one’s own values and certainties. The image of the strong personality that Nietzsche forms thanks to his reading of Emerson ultimately takes on the appearance of a nomadic subject who is continually passing out of themselves—that is to say, abandoning their own positions and convictions—so as to undergo a constant process of evolution. In other words, the formation of the individual personality takes on the form of a regulative ideal: a goal that can never be said to have been definitively and once and for all attained.
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Hanning, Robert W. Boccaccio, Chaucer, and Stories for an Uncertain World. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192894755.001.0001.
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The fictive inhabitants of the Decameron and the Canterbury Tales, the stories they tell each other, and the framing fictions that bring them together collectively acknowledge a radical uncertainty that characterizes most human endeavors, challenging the achievement of effective knowledge, perception, and strategy, and lacking intervention by Divine Providence. Dependable knowledge of the future, the past, or the distant present is thwarted by the fickle forces of chance (fortuna) and unverifiable report (fama); accurate perception of meaning is compromised by the instability or equivocality of all systems of signification, linguistic or symbolic, and by the notorious opacity of human intention; and successful strategies for dealing with power in its many forms founder on power’s chronic arbitrariness and irrationality. The key to coping with these challenges is pragmatic prudence: rational calculation issuing in an opportunistic, often amoral choice of ingenious deeds and/or eloquent words appropriate (though without guarantee) to mastering a specific crisis. The goal of pragmatic prudence is agency now, not salvation later. Following an initial chapter that explores the Aristotelian antecedents, contemporaneous cultural influences, and narrative techniques shaping the radically uncertain world of the Decameron and the Canterbury Tales, and identifies components of pragmatic prudence animating the quest for agency in both collections, succeeding chapters pair, and compare, novelle and pilgrim tales that illustrate that quest—its successes and its failures—as it confronts the challenges posed by chance, faulty communication, the unstable referentiality of signifying systems, hidden intentions, and both institutional and emotional power.
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Minow, Martha, and Robert C. "Bobby" Scott. A Federal Right to Education. Edited by Kimberly Jenkins Robinson. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479893287.001.0001.
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This book brings together an array of leading scholars to engage three critical questions surrounding the current debate over a federal right to education. First, should the United States recognize such a right? The authors of part 1 collectively answer this question as they weigh the arguments for and against. They paint a picture of crippling inequality within our schools—sharing accounts of massive racial and socioeconomic disparities along the way—which compels them to form a nearly unanimous consensus that a federal right to education would reap important benefits for all students. But even assuming this is true, a second question remains as to how the United States could establish such a right. Accordingly, the authors of part 2 explore three different mechanisms for establishing a federal right: implying the right through the Constitution, enacting the right in federal law, or adopting it through a constitutional amendment. Finally, if a federal right to education is recognized, what should it guarantee? The authors of part 3 confront this critical substantive question by weaving novel policy solutions together with evidence-based reforms to present options for ensuring that a federal right to education encompasses the tools and policy levers that are necessary to accomplish the goals that reformers espouse. Their proposals also provide key insights for impactful reforms for state courts interpreting education rights as well state lawmakers seeking to improve educational opportunities and outcomes. In response to these and other fundamental questions about the vast opportunity and achievement gaps of American schoolchildren, this volume builds on the current dialogue—both political and scholarly—that contends that education is the critical civil rights issue of our time.
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Rhode, Deborah L. Ambition. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538333.001.0001.
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Ambition is a dominant force in human civilization, driving its greatest achievements and most horrific abuses. Our striving has brought art, airplanes, and antibiotics, as well as wars, genocide, and despotism. This mixed record raises obvious concerns about how we can channel ambition in the most productive directions. To that end, the book begins by exploring three central focuses of ambition: recognition, power, and money. It argues that an excessive preoccupation with these external markers for success can be self-defeating for individuals and toxic for society. Discussion then shifts to the obstacles to constructive ambition and the consequences when ambitions are skewed or blocked by inequality and identity-related characteristics such as gender, race, class, and national origin. Attention also centers on the ways that families, schools, and colleges might play a more effective role in developing positive ambition. The book concludes with an exploration of what sorts of ambitions contribute to sustained well-being. Contemporary research makes clear that even from a purely self-interested perspective, individuals would do well to strive for some goals that transcend the self. Pursuing objectives that have intrinsic value, such as building relationships and contributing to society, generally brings greater fulfillment than chasing extrinsic rewards such as wealth, power, and fame. And society benefits when ambitions for self-advancement do not crowd out efforts for the common good. The hope is to prompt readers to reconsider where their ambitions are leading and whether that destination reflects their deepest needs and highest aspirations.
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Keller, Morton, and Phyllis Keller. Making Harvard Modern. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195144574.001.0001.
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Making Harvard Modern is a candid, richly detailed portrait of America's most prominent university from 1933 to the present: seven decades of dramatic change. Early twentieth century Harvard was the country's oldest and richest university, but not necessarily its outstanding one. By the century's end it was widely regarded as the nation's, and the world's, leading institution of higher education. With verve, humor, and insight, Morton and Phyllis Keller tell the story of that rise: a tale of compelling personalities, notable achievement and no less notable academic pratfalls. Their book is based on rich and revealing archival materials, interviews, and personal experience. Young, humbly born James Bryant Conant succeeded Boston Brahmin A. Lawrence Lowell as Harvard's president in 1933, and set out to change a Brahmin-dominated university into a meritocratic one. He hoped to recruit the nation's finest scholars and an outstanding national student body. But the lack of new money during the Depression and the distractions of World War Two kept Conant, and Harvard, from achieving this goal. In the 1950s and 1960s, during the presidency of Conant's successor Nathan Marsh Pusey, Harvard raised the money, recruited the faculty, and attracted the students that made it a great meritocratic institution: America's university. The authors provide the fullest account yet of this transformation, and of the wrenching campus crisis of the late 'sixties. During the last thirty years of the twentieth century, a new academic culture arose: meritocratic Harvard morphed into worldly Harvard. During the presidencies of Derek Bok and Neil Rudenstine the university opened its doors to growing numbers of foreign students, women, African- and Asian-Americans, and Hispanics. Its administration, faculty, and students became more deeply engaged in social issues; its scientists and professional schools were more ready to enter into shared commercial ventures. But worldliness brought its own conflicts: over affirmative action and political correctness, over commercialization, over the ever higher costs of higher education. This fascinating account, the first comprehensive history of a modern American university, is essential reading for anyone with an interest in the present state and future course of higher education.