Academic literature on the topic 'Acid-base imbalances'
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Journal articles on the topic "Acid-base imbalances"
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Gooch, Michael D. "Identifying acid-base and electrolyte imbalances." Nurse Practitioner 40, no. 8 (August 2015): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.npr.0000469255.98119.82.
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Hasuda, A. L., K. K. M. C. Flaiban, J. A. N. Lisbôa, L. A. Gomes, I. G. Polizelli, and L. S. Santana. "Identifying hydric, electrolytic and acid-base imbalances through traditional and quantitative approaches in dogs with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 72, no. 1 (January 2020): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-11017.
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ABSTRACT Vomiting and diarrhea are two important clinical signs that can cause significant electrolytic and acid-base imbalances. The purposes of this study were to characterize hydric, electrolytic and acid-base disorders presented by puppies with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and to compare the traditional and quantitative approaches to acid-base status interpretation. Sixty-one animals with a history of vomiting and/or diarrhea were used in this study and the following tests were performed: complete blood count, total plasma protein concentration and hemogasometry. Mean, standard deviation and Kappa values were calculated. The imbalances characterized by both approaches were: 42 (69%) animals without imbalance, 17 (28%) with metabolic alkalosis and 2 (3%) with metabolic acidosis by the traditional approach and 17 (28%) dogs without imbalance, 26 (43%) with metabolic alkalosis and 18 (29%) with metabolic acidosis by the quantitative approach. The agreement calculated between two approaches coincide in 28 cases, with a moderate Kappa value equivalent to 0.459. The most found imbalances were metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, and mild dehydration. Most of acid-base disturbances were not identified by the traditional approach, whereas by the quantitative approach, they were easily determined. Thus quantitative approach proved to be superior in identification of possible acid-base imbalances.
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Chun, Daseul, and DoHyeon Yu. "A comparison of traditional and quantitative analysis of acid-base and electrolyte imbalance in 87 cats." Korean Journal of Veterinary Research 61, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): e40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14405/kjvr.2021.61.e40.
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Acid–base disorder is a common problem in veterinary emergency and critical care. Traditional methods, as well as the Stewart method based on strong ion difference concepts and the Fencl–Stewart method, can be used to analyze the underlying causes. On the other hand, there are insufficient comparative study data on these methods in cats. From 2018 to 2020, 327 acid–base analysis data were collected from 69 sick and 18 healthy cats. The three most well-known methods (traditional method, Stewart method, and Fencl–Stewart method) were used to analyze the acid–base status. The frequency of acid–base imbalances and the degree of variation according to the disease were also evaluated. In traditional acid–base analysis, 5/69 cats (7.2%) showed a normal acid–base status and 23.2% and 40.6% of the mixed and straightforward disorders, respectively. The Fencl–Stewart method showed changes in both the acidotic and alkalotic processes in 64/69 (92.8%), whereas all cats showed an abnormal status in the Fencl–Stewart method (semiquantitative approach). Different acid–base imbalances were identified according to the analysis method. These findings from the disease categories are anticipated to assist in analyzing the underlying causes of acid–base imbalance and developing the appropriate treatment.
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York, Karen. "The Lung and Fluid-Electrolyte and Acid-Base Imbalances." Nursing Clinics of North America 22, no. 4 (December 1987): 805–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-6465(22)01335-4.
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Mavrothalassitis, Orestes, Balkarn S. Thind, and Ashish Agrawal. "Four Acid-Base Disturbances in a Critically-Ill Patient Undergoing Emergent Abdominal Surgery." Case Reports in Critical Care 2022 (July 4, 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1285598.
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Lactic acidosis is common in critically-ill surgical patients, but not all perioperative acid-base imbalances are attributable to tissue hypoperfusion. Other causes of acid-base abnormalities can be missed when focused on acute resuscitation of a surgical pathology. This report presents the case of a 60-year-old woman with no past medical history who underwent exploratory laparotomy for umbilical hernia with incarcerated and perforated bowel whose perioperative management was complicated by four acid-base disturbances, including starvation ketosis. This case highlights the importance of early recognition of acid-base imbalances to explain concurrent medical pathology and accurately predict a patient’s expected post-operative course.
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Lemann, Jacob, David A. Bushinsky, and L. Lee Hamm. "Bone buffering of acid and base in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 285, no. 5 (November 2003): F811—F832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00115.2003.
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The sources and rates of metabolic acid production in relation to renal net acid excretion and thus acid balance in humans have remained controversial. The techniques and possible errors in these measurements are reviewed, as is the relationship of charge balance to acid balance. The results demonstrate that when acid production is experimentally increased among healthy subjects, renal net acid excretion does not increase as much as acid production so that acid balances become positive. These positive imbalances are accompanied by equivalently negative charge balances that are the result of bone buffering of retained H+ and loss of bone Ca2+ into the urine. The data also demonstrate that when acid production is experimentally reduced during the administration of KHCO3, renal net acid excretion does not decrease as much as the decrease in acid production so that acid balances become negative, or, in opposite terms, there are equivalently positive [Formula: see text] balances. Equivalently positive K+ and Ca2+ balances, and thus positive charge balances, accompany these negative acid imbalances. Similarly, positive Na+ balances, and thus positive charge balances, accompany these negative acid balances during the administration of NaHCO3. These charge balances are likely the result of the adsorption of [Formula: see text] onto the crystal surfaces of bone mineral. There do not appear to be significant errors in the measurements.
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Ferraz, GC, AR Teixeira-Neto, IC Silva, KB Nardi, and A. Queiroz-Neto. "Acid-Base Imbalances in Endurance Racing Using Traditional and Quantitative Approaches." Equine Veterinary Journal 46 (June 2014): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evj.12267_51.
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Ortolani, Enrico Lippi, Carlos Henrique Machado, Antonio Humberto Hamad Minervino, Raimundo Alves Barreto-Júnior, Clara Satsuk Mori, and Selwyn Arlington Headley. "Clinical observations and acid-base imbalances in sheep during chronic copper poisoning." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 32, no. 3 (August 29, 2011): 1123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2011v32n3p1123.
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Viu, J., L. Armengou, J. Ríos, C. Cesarini, and E. Jose-Cunilleras. "Acid base imbalances in ill neonatal foals and their association with survival." Equine Veterinary Journal 49, no. 1 (December 25, 2015): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evj.12542.
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Russell, JM. "Successful methods for arterial blood gas interpretation." Critical Care Nurse 11, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn1991.11.4.14.
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Understanding acid-base disturbances is essential in the care of the critically ill patient. Through a systematic evaluation of patient symptoms and arterial blood gas values, patient care can be improved. These formulas can be effective tools for the nurse to use in the care of patients with acid-base imbalances.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Acid-base imbalances"
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Viu, Mella Judit. "Acid-base imbalances in newborn foals and adult horses assessed by the quantitative approach." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/131453.
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Els mètodes tradicional i quantitatiu per l’ interpretació de l’equilibri àcid-base (AB) s’han aplicat a la medicina esportiva i la clínica veterinària equina. Els problemes argumentats pels detractors del mètode quantitatiu són la complexitat de les equacions emprades i el major nombre de determinacions necessàries per dur a terme l’anàlisi. Després de les simplificacions fetes per Constable, l’aplicació de les formules és més senzilla i requereix menys determinacions, el que permet l’aplicació a la clínica diària. Encara que les equacions simplificades són més fàcils d’emprar, es necessiten d’altres adaptacions per aplicar les equacions de medicina humana al plasma de cavall. La principal diferència es deu a la diferent pKa de l’ATOT (espècie específica) i ha de tenir-se en compte en fer aquestes adaptacions.
En publicacions anteriors s’han constatat diferències en els components de les variables emprades en el mètode quantitatiu (electròlits i proteïnes) durant els diferents estats fisiològics. Aquestes diferències podrien donar lloc a canvis en els valors de normalitat dels paràmetres calculats de l’AB (SIDm i ATOT). El present treball avalua els canvis en el SIDm i ATOT en cavalls de raid d’elit i l'efecte de l'edat durant el primer any de vida. Els valors de referència obtinguts en poltres nounats i cavalls d’esport d’elit són més baixos que els valors considerats normals en cavalls adults. A més s’ha observat que els poltres no assoleixen els valors adults d’ATOT fins als 6 mesos de vida, mentre que el SIDm assoleix el valor dels adults després del període neonatal. A causa de les diferències observades en els valors de ATOT en nounats, la simplificació publicada per cavalls adults utilitzant les proteïnes plasmàtiques no és l'adequada per nounats i en aquest treball es proposa una nova equació més acurada per a poltres durant el període neonatal.
Una altra possible font d'errors en la interpretació AB en situacions d'emergència són els analitzadors disponibles durant les urgències. Aquests dispositius utilitzen mètodes de determinació diferents del laboratori de referència (potenciometria directa vs. indirecta) i poden donar-se grans diferències en els resultats obtinguts. El present treball proporciona els valors normals de referència per a poltres nounats, poltres durant el primer any de vida i cavalls de raid utilitzant aquest tipus d'analitzadors. Els valors de referència concrets per cada analitzador permeten disminuir errors d'interpretació de l’equilibri AB.
A més aquest treball també avalua els paràmetres d'AB com a marcadors de pronòstic/diagnòstic i la freqüència dels desequilibris AB en poltres malalts. Les alteracions AB més comuns detectades varen ser l’alcalosi respiratòria amb o sense acidosi deguda al SIDm. L’augment de la pressió venosa de CO2 i acidosi làctica metabòlica es van relacionar amb un mal pronòstic, però altres marcadors de pronòstic utilitzats en medicina humana (BE, BEuma o SIG) no varen ser útils. No es van observar diferències específiques en els desequilibris AB entre poltres sèptics i no sèptics.
Els desequilibris AB també es van avaluar en cavalls de raid mitjançant l'anàlisi tradicional i quantitativa. La concordança entre ambdós mètodes va ser pobre. L'alteració més freqüentment detectada durant el raid va ser una lleu alcalosi deguda al SIDm (hipoclorèmia), emmascarada per acidosi làctica lleu, acidosi deguda a l’ATOT i acidosi respiratòria lleu.
Les equacions de l’anàlisi de l’ AB quantitatiu de medicina humana poden ser aplicades al plasma de cavall tenint en compte les adaptacions necessàries degudes a l’espècie. Per a la interpretació correcta AB en situacions d'emergència, han d’emprar-se els valors de referència adequats a les diferents situacions fisiològiques (nivell d’entrenament o edat de l’animal) i també als analitzadors utilitzats.Traditional and quantitative methods have been applied to both equine sports medicine and veterinary clinic. One of the problems of quantitative analyses are the complicated equations and large number of determinations needed for its application versus traditional approach to AB analyses. After Constable’s18 simplification, the equations applied to quantitative analyses are easier and need less parameters, thus allowing the application on daily clinic. Although simplified equations are easier to use, other adaptations are required in order to apply human equations to horse plasma. The main difference is due to different horse pKa of ATOT and was taken into account during the recalculation of the equations. Published differences of the AB variables components (electrolytes and proteins) during different physiological states could lead to differences in AB calculated parameters (SIDm and ATOT). The present work evaluates changes of SIDm and ATOT in elite sport endurance horses and the effect of aging during the first year of life. Lower values of ATOT and SIDm were found in neonate foals and elite horses compared to normal adult horses. Adult values of ATOT are not achieved until 6 months of life while SIDm adult values are found after neonatal period. Due to differences observed in neonatal values of ATOT, the published simplification used in adult horses is not adequate and a new equation for neonatal foals is provided in this work. Another possible source of errors on AB interpretation in emergency situations is the point of care analyzers or afterhours analyzers available in veterinary hospitals. These devices use different determination methods from those of the reference laboratory (direct potentiometry vs. indirect potentiometry) and a large difference could be found on results of both types of analyzers. The present work provides normal reference values for neonatal foals, foals during first year of life and endurance horses using these kind of point-of-care analyzers. Concrete reference values for analyzers diminish interpretation mistakes on AB equilibrium during emergency hours. Moreover, the present work also evaluates AB parameters such as prognostic/diagnostic markers in ill foals and the frequency of AB imbalances in these foals. The most common AB disturbance in critically ill foals was respiratory alkalosis with or without SIDm acidosis. Increased pvCO2 and metabolic lactic acidosis were related with poor outcome in critically ill neonatal foals, but other prognostic markers used in human medicine (BE, BEuma or SIG) were not useful. No specific differences on AB imbalances between septic and non-septic foals were observed. Acid-base imbalances were also evaluated on endurance horses using traditional and quantitative analyses. Poor agreement between both methods was observed and complex AB disturbances were detected with quantitative analyses. The most common alteration detected in endurance horses was mild strong ion alkalosis (hypochloremia), attenuated by mild lactic acidosis, non-volatile buffer ion acidosis and mild respiratory acidosis. Human quantitative AB equations could be applied to horse plasma taking into account the necessary adaptation depending on the species. For correct AB interpretation during emergency situations, adequate reference values had to be used in different physiologic situations or depending on the analyzer used.
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Davids, Mogamat Razeen. "Development and usability evaluation of a multimedia e-learning resource for electrolyte and acid-base disorders." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97024.
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Thesis ((DMed)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: We have developed an innovative multimedia e-learning resource, the Electrolyte Workshop, to provide students and clinicians with instruction and the opportunity for simulated practice in managing electrolyte and acid-base disorders. Our teaching approach is built around relevant physiology and makes use of real cases and storytelling to engage the learner. We have documented the challenges encountered during the development process and have made recommendations for the managing of similar projects. While there are many factors that must be in place to ensure successful e-learning, this dissertation focuses on an important but under-appreciated factor, namely the usability of the computer interface. Usability describes how easy technology interfaces are to use and is routinely evaluated and optimized in the software development industry. This is not yet the case with e-learning, especially in the area of medical education. Poor usability limits the potential benefit of educational resources, as this means that learners will struggle with the interface as well as with the challenges of the content presented. A comprehensive usability evaluation of our Electrolyte Workshop was completed. This included testing with typical end-users, where data were collected via standardized questionnaires and by observing and analysing their interactions with our application. We employed heuristic evaluation as an additional approach and assembled a panel of experts to evaluate our application against a set of heuristics, or principles of good interface design. Many serious usability problems were identified, thus severely limiting the potential educational impact of our Electrolyte Workshop. There was a striking disconnect between the objective measures of usability and self-reported questionnaire data. Our user-testing data make a useful contribution to the debate on how many users are required to find most of the usability problems in an interface. Heuristic evaluation proved to be a very efficient approach. However, both user testing and heuristic evaluation detected serious problems which were missed with the other method. These evaluations informed a comprehensive revision of our application and we could then compare the original with an optimized version in a randomized trial. We found large improvements in objective usability measures, which are likely to increase the satisfaction and motivation of learners. There were similar scores on measures of learning. This was not surprising as our participants were all relatively high-knowledge learners and not novices as regards the subject matter. Our study clearly indicates that the usability evaluation of e-learning resources is critical, and provides an example of how clinician-teachers can improve the usability of the resources they develop. Usability should be evaluated as a routine part of the development and implementation of e-learning materials, modules and programmes. This should start with the earliest versions of the resource, when making changes is easier and less costly. We have demonstrated that a combination of methods should be employed and have highlighted the utility of heuristic evaluation. An iterative approach should be followed, with several cycles of testing and re-design. User testing should always include the study of objective usability measures and not rely only on self-reported measures of user satisfaction.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ons het ’n innoverende multimediahulpbron vir e-leer, die Electrolyte Workshop, ontwikkel om studente en klinici van ’n onderrighulpmiddel sowel as die geleentheid vir gesimuleerde oefening in die hantering van elektroliet en suur-basis stoornisse te voorsien. Ons onderrigbenadering is gegrond op relevante fisiologie en maak gebruik van werklike gevalle en vertelkuns om die leerder te betrek en te boei. Ons het die uitdagings gedurende die ontwikkelingsproses opgeteken en aanbevelings oor die bestuur van soortgelyke projekte gedoen. Hoewel suksesvolle e-leer van etlike faktore afhang, konsentreer hierdie verhandeling op ’n belangrike dog onderskatte faktor, naamlik die bruikbaarheid van die rekenaarkoppelvlak. Bruikbaarheid verwys na die gemak waarmee tegnologiekoppelvlakke gebruik kan word, en word gereeld in die sagtewareontwikkelingsbedryf beoordeel en verbeter. Tog is dit nog nie die geval met e-leer nie, veral op die gebied van mediese onderrig. Swak bruikbaarheid beperk die moontlike voordeel van opvoedkundige hulpbronne, aangesien leerders voor die dubbele uitdaging van ’n ingewikkelde koppelvlak én die voorgeskrewe inhoud te staan kom. ’n Omvattende bruikbaarheidsbeoordeling is van die Electrolyte Workshop onderneem. Dit het toetsing met tipiese eindgebruikers ingesluit, waarvoor data met behulp van gestandaardiseerde vraelyste ingesamel en gebruikers se interaksie met die toepassing waargeneem en ontleed is. Ons het heuristiese evaluering as bykomende benadering gebruik en ’n kennerspaneel saamgestel om ons toepassing aan die hand van ’n stel heuristiek, oftewel beginsels van goeie koppelvlakontwerp, te beoordeel. ’n Hele aantal ernstige bruikbaarheidsprobleme is uitgewys, wat die moontlike opvoedkundige impak van die Electrolyte Workshop erg beperk. Daar was merkbare teenstrydigheid tussen die objektiewe bruikbaarheidsmaatstawwe en die selfaangemelde vraelysdata. Ons gebruikerstoetsdata lewer ’n waardevolle bydrae tot die debat oor hoeveel gebruikers nodig is om die meeste van die bruikbaarheidsprobleme met ’n koppelvlak te ontdek. Heuristiese evaluering was ʼn baie doeltreffende benadering. Tog het gebruikerstoetsing op sekere ernstige probleme afgekom wat heuristiese evaluering misgekyk het, en andersom. Hierdie beoordelings het as grondslag gedien vir ’n omvattende hersiening van die toepassing, waarna ons die oorspronklike weergawe in ’n verewekansigde proef met ’n verbeterde weergawe kon vergelyk. Die objektiewe bruikbaarheidsmaatstawwe het groot verbeterings getoon, wat waarskynlik leerders se tevredenheid en motivering sal verhoog. Leermaatstawwe het soortgelyke tellings opgelewer. Dít was egter te wagte gewees, aangesien die deelnemers almal betreklik ingelig was oor die vakmateriaal, eerder as nuwelinge. Ons studie het bevestig dat die bruikbaarheidsbeoordeling van e-leerhulpbronne noodsaaklik is, en bied ’n voorbeeld van hoe klinici-opvoeders bruikbaarder hulpbronne kan ontwikkel. Bruikbaarheid behoort as ’n roetinedeel van die ontwikkeling en inwerkingstelling van e-leermateriaal, -modules en -programme beoordeel te word. Dit behoort reeds by die vroegste weergawes van die hulpbron te begin, wanneer dit makliker en goedkoper is om veranderinge aan te bring. Ons het ook getoon dat ’n kombinasie van metodes gebruik behoort te word, en het die nut van heuristiese evaluering beklemtoon. ’n Herhalende benadering moet gevolg word, met etlike siklusse van toetsing en herontwerp. Gebruikerstoetsing behoort altyd die beoordeling van objektiewe bruikbaarheidsmaatstawwe in te sluit, en moenie slegs op selfaangemelde maatstawwe van gebruikerstevredenheid staatmaak nie.
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Delaquis, Annick Marie. "The effects of dietary cation-anion balance, stage of lactation and ration ingredients on acid base metabolism and productivity of dairy cows." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39420.
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Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of formulating rations using different ingredients and of manipulating the cation-anion balance of the rations on production, acid-base status, metabolism of macrominerals and renal function of dairy cows. The effects of dietary cation-anion balance were studied during early, mid and late lactation as well as during the dry period. Feeding an alfalfa-haylage based diet vs a corn silage based diet, both having the same cation-anion balance did not affect the voluntary consumption, milk yield or milk composition of cows in early lactation. The acid-base status of the animals was not affected by dietary treatment. The lower urinary bicarbonate concentration observed with the alfalfa haylage-based diet was not associated with a lower total urinary bicarbonate excretion since urine volume was significantly higher than when cows were fed the corn silage-based diet. Manipulating dietary cation-anion balance, however, resulted in changes in acid-base status at all stages of lactation studied. Urinary bicarbonate concentration and total daily excretion were increased by a higher dietary cation-anion balance at all stages of lactation. Similar effects of dietary cation-anion balance on urinary bicarbonate did not, however, translate into similar changes in production or intake by cows at differing stages of lactation. Cows in early and mid lactation seemed to have benefited more from a highly positive dietary cation-anion balance than cows in late lactation or dry period.
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Ferreira, Lucas dos Santos. "Modelagem eletroquímica e do distúrbio ácido-básico em atletas de karatê participantes do campeonato mundial WKO 2014." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1704.
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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o comportamento eletroquímico e do distúrbio ácido-básico em atletas de alto rendimento durante o campeonato mundial de Karatê realizado pela WKO (World Karate Organization) em 2014. A amostra foi composta por 19 atletas do gênero masculino, com idade média de 34 ± 8 anos. Todos eles eram faixas pretas, e tinham mais de 5 anos de prática na modalidade. Foram realizadas coletas de sangue capilar da polpa digital dos dedos da mão em três momentos: repouso, 5 minutos após o combate e 10 minutos após combate (kumite). A amostra foi analisada utilizando o aparelho de gasometria GEM Premier 3000, utilizando os parâmetros pH, Na+, K+, Ca2+, lactato e HCO3−. Os valores relacionados ao distúrbio ácido-básico apresentaram diferenças estatísticas (p<0,05) na maioria dos momentos coletados. Os valores de lactato encontrados foram de 2,77 ± 0,97 mmol/L no repouso, 6,57 ± 2,1 para 5 minutos após e de 4,06 ± 1,55 para 10 minutos após o combate. Os dados coletados relativos aos marcadores eletrolíticos não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas em seus valores (p<0,05). Através dos dados levantados, conjecturamos que a modalidade pode ser caracterizada como exercício de alta intensidade e com predominância do sistema glicolítico. A análise do distúrbio ácido-básico é uma medida eficiente para auxiliar no controle das cargas de treinamento.The objective of this study was to analyze the electrochemical and acid-base disorders in high performance athletes during the World Karate Championship hosted by the WKO (World Karate Organization) in 2014. In this study 19 male athletes were analyzed (age 34 ± 8), black belts and with over 5 years of experience in the sport. Capillary blood samples from the digital pulp of the finger were collected in three stages: rest, 5 minutes after and 10 minutes after fighting (kumite). The sample was analyzed using blood gas analyzer GEM Premier 3000, using the parameters pH, Na+, K+, Ca2+, lactate e HCO3−. The values related to acid-base disturbance presented statistical differences (p <0.05) in most of the collected moments. The lactate levels found were 2.77 ± 0.97mmol / L in rest, 6.57 ± 2.1 for 5 minutes after and 4.06 ± 1.55 for 10 minutes after combat. The samples collected for the electrolytic markers showed no statistical differences in their values (p <0.05). Through the data collected, we conjecture that the sport can be characterized as a high-intensity exercise and with a predominance of the glycolytic system. The analysis of acid-base disturbance is an efficient method to assist in the control of training loads.
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Taha, Dhiaa A. "Influence of acid-base imbalance and hyperlipidaemia on statin-induced myotoxicity." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/40222/.
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Disturbances in the acid-base balance, such as acidosis and alkalosis, alone or in the presence of postprandial or pathological hyperlipidaemia can alter the pharmacological and toxicological outcomes of statin therapy. Both acid-base imbalance and hyperlipidaemia are quite common among statin users. Statins are commonly prescribed for elderly patients who have multiple co-morbidities such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular and renal diseases. These conditions are risk factors for the development of metabolic acidosis. In addition, patients with abnormal plasma lipoproteins levels are usually treated with statins. There is also a general consensus by clinicians to recommend such patients to use unsaturated fat and fatty acids such as olive oil for prevention of cardiovascular and atherosclerotic diseases. The use of such oils is associated with transient but significant elevation in plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL), mainly chylomicrons. The effect of disturbances in acid-base balance on the inter-conversion of simvastatin and pravastatin between lactone and hydroxy acid forms have been investigated in physiological buffers, human plasma, and cell culture medium over pH ranging from 6.8–7.8. The effects of such inter-conversion on cellular uptake and myotoxicity of statins were assessed in vitro using C2C12 skeletal muscle cells under conditions relevant to acidosis, alkalosis, and physiological pH. Results indicate that the conversion of the lactone forms of simvastatin and pravastatin to the corresponding hydroxy acid is strongly pH-dependent. At physiological and alkaline pH, substantial proportions of simvastatin lactone (~87% and 99%, respectively) and pravastatin lactone (~98% and 99%, respectively) were converted to the active hydroxy acid forms following 24 hours of incubation at 37°C. At acidic pH, conversion occurs to a lower extent, resulting in greater proportion of statin remaining in the more lipophilic lactone form. However, pH alteration did not influence the conversion of the hydroxy acid forms of simvastatin and pravastatin to the corresponding lactones. Furthermore, acidosis has been shown to hinder the metabolism of the lactone form of statins by inhibiting hepatic microsomal enzyme activities. Lipophilic simvastatin lactone was found to be more cytotoxic to undifferentiated and differentiated skeletal muscle cells compared to the more hydrophilic simvastatin hydroxy acid, pravastatin lactone, and pravastatin hydroxy acid. Enhanced cytotoxicity of statins was observed under acidic conditions and is attributed to increased cellular uptake of the more lipophilic lactone or unionised hydroxy acid form. Statins association with plasma lipoproteins was examined using an in silico model, artificial chylomicrons-like lipid particles, rat and human lipoprotein fractions under conditions of physiological and altered pH levels. The effect of statins association with plasma lipoproteins on cellular uptake and myotoxicity of these drugs was also assessed at different pH levels using C2C12 cells that overexpress lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Lipophilic simvastatin displayed considerable association with plasma lipoproteins. The association was more significant with the non-polar lipoprotein fractions (TRL and Low-density lipoprotein [LDL]). This association contributed to increased cellular uptake of statins by C2C12 cells through LPL-mediated process, resulting in a higher intracellular concentration of statins in hyperlipidaemic conditions. These high intracellular concentrations of statins induced significantly higher cytotoxicity in hyperlipidaemic environment comparing to normolipidaemic conditions. Furthermore, a combination of low pH environment (representing acidosis) with hyperlipidaemia enhanced the association of lipophilic statins with plasma lipoproteins and increased cellular uptake and myotoxicity of these drugs. These studies suggest that comorbidities such as hyperlipidaemia, especially when coincident with acidosis, can enhance the statin-associated muscle toxicity, and therefore require extra caution and close monitoring by prescribing clinicians. Hydrophilic rather than lipophilic statins could be a preferable choice in this patient population.
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Pacheco, Paula Finkensieper. "Considerações anestésicas no paciente diabético: avaliação dos distúrbios do equilíbrio ácido-base em cães submetidos à facoemulsificação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10137/tde-09092016-152602/.
Full textAbstract:
A diabetes mellitus é uma das endocrinopatias mais frequente em cães e sabe-se que esses pacientes são mais propensos a desenvolver complicações anestésicas quando comparados aos não-diabéticos. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar, durante o período perioperatório, as possíveis alterações no equilíbrio ácido-base e complicações anestésicas em cães diabéticos submetidos a facoemulsificação. Foram incluídos 30 cães, sendo 15 diabéticos e 15 não portadores da afecção. Foram determinados o pH, bicarbonato e déficit de base, além de eletrólitos plasmáticos (sódio, cloro, potássio). Adicionalmente, foram avaliadas as variáveis cardiorrespiratórias no período trans-anestésico. Com relação aos distúrbios ácido-base, os pacientes não apresentaram alterações compatíveis com acidose metabólica, apenas discreta acidemia após 30 minutos de anestesia. Apesar dos pacientes diabéticos apresentarem valores de bicarbonato inferiores ao grupo controle, estes permaneceram dentro dos valores de referência. A distribuição dos valores de eletrólitos foi diferente entre os grupos, exceto os valores de cloro. Nos pacientes diabéticos, a hiponatremia ocorreu em seis animais ao término do procedimento cirúrgico e 73% dos cães apresentaram hipercalemia após a administração da medicação pré-anestésica. A complicação anestésica mais comum foi a hipotensão arterial, sendo que 80% dos animais diabéticos apresentaram pressão arterial média inferior a 60 mmHg após indução anestésica. Concluindo, houve variação discreta do equilíbrio ácido-base nos cães diabéticos. Tendo em vista que a acidemia foi verificada em ambos os grupos, sugere-se que a mesma esteja relacionada ao procedimento anestésico. Os pacientes diabéticos submetidos à anestesia geral são mais propensos à hipotensão arterial, sendo que essa alteração merece maiores investigaçõesDiabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrinopathies in dogs and it is know that these patients are more likely to develop anesthetic complications when compared to non-diabetics. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate potential changes in acid-base balance and anesthetic complications in diabetic dogs undergoing phacoemulsification during the perioperative period. Thirty dogs were included, fifteen diabetic and fifteen non-carriers of the disease and were analyzed for pH, bicarbonate, blood gas and plasma electrolytes (sodium, chloride, potassium). Additionally, we evaluate the cardiorespiratory variables in the peri-anesthetic period. With respect to acid-base disturbances, patients showed no changes consistent with metabolic acidosis, but a mild acidemia after 30 minutes of anesthesia. Although diabetic patients showed values of bicarbonate below the control group, these were within the reference values. The distribution of the electrolyte was different between groups, except for the amounts of chlorine. In diabetic patients, hyponatremia occurred in six animals at the end of the surgical procedure and 73% of dogs showed hyperkalemia after administration of premedication. The most common anesthetic complication was hypotension, and 80% of diabetic animals showed mean arterial pressure below 60 mmHg after induction of anesthesia. In conclusion, there was a slight variation of the acid-base balance in diabetic dog. Given that acidemia was observed in both groups, it is suggested that it is related to the anesthetic procedure. Diabetic patients undergoing general anesthesia are more prone to hypotension, and this change deserves further investigation
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Silva, Ricardo Duarte. "Avaliação dos distúrbios ácido-base e eletrolíticos de cães com cetose e cetoacidose diabética." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10136/tde-20042007-122320/.
Full textAbstract:
A cetoacidose diabética (CAD) é uma das complicações mais graves do diabetes mellitus (DM) em pequenos animais. A CAD é uma emergência médica caracterizada por alterações metabólicas extremas, incluindo hiperglicemia, acidose metabólica, cetonemia, desidratação e perda de eletrólitos. Embora seja um distúrbio comum e de alta mortalidade, os padrões dos distúrbios ácido-base de cães com CAD ainda não foram avaliados objetivamente. Muitas das assunções sobre a CAD em cães são generalizadas com base em dados de pacientes humanos e estudos experimentais em cães. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever os distúrbios ácido-base e eletrolíticos de cães com CAD e cetose diabética (CD) e caracterizá-los segundo a freqüência de ocorrência, adequação dos mecanismos de compensação e ocorrência de distúrbios mistos. Foram avaliados 40 cães diabéticos (22 animais recém diagnosticados e 18 cães em tratamento com insulina) atendidos apresentando cetonúria e hiperglicemia (>250 mg/dL). De acordo com critérios clínicos, esses cães foram distribuídos em dois subgrupos: (CAD, n=22 e CD n=18) e foram determinados o pH e a hemogasometria arteriais e eletrólitos plasmáticos (sódio, cloro, potássio, cálcio ionizado) e o magnésio total e o fósforo inorgânico séricos. As alterações do equilíbrio ácido-base foram avaliadas sistematicamente pelo método de Van Slyke-Henderson-Hasselbalch. Os resultados foram comparados com os obtidos a partir de 37 cães clinicamente hígidos. Com relação aos distúrbios ácido-base, a acidose metabólica foi o mais comumente identificado (n = 27). A maior parte dos animais apresentava acidose normoclorêmica. A acidose hiperclorêmica foi observada em sete pacientes. Dos cães com acidose metabólica, 15 apresentavam alcalose respiratória concomitante. A distribuição dos valores de eletrólitos foi diferente entre o grupo de estudo e o controle, com exceção do magnésio. Não houve diferença na distribuição dos valores dos eletrólitos entre os subgrupos, com exceção do potássio plasmático. A hiponatremia e a hipocloremia foram os distúrbios eletrolíticos mais comumente observados nos 40 cães com DM. A hipocalemia ocorreu com maior freqüência no subgrupo CAD e a hipercalemia no subgrupo CD. Os valores do fósforo inorgânico sérico foram semelhantes entre os subgrupos de estudo. A hiperfosfatemia foi comum em ambos os subgrupos e nenhum paciente apresentou hipofosfatemia. A hipermagnesemia foi observada em sete pacientes com CAD e em apenas um com CD. A maior parte dos pacientes tinha hipocalcemia por ocasião do atendimento inicial. Distúrbios ácido-base mistos, principalmente a acidose metabólica normoclorêmica associada a alcalose respiratória são comuns em cães com cetose ou cetoacidose diabética, assim como distúrbios eletrolíticos como hiponatremia, a hipocloremia e hipocalemia e hiperfosfatemia.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is one of the most serious complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) in small animals. DKA is a medical emergency characterized by extreme metabolic abnormalities, including hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, ketonemia, dehydration, and electrolyte losses. Despite it is a common disorder and with high mortality, the patterns of the acid-base disturbances in dogs with DKA were not evaluated objectively. Many of the assumptions about DKA in dogs are derived from studies in human beings and experimental studies in dogs. The objective of the present study was to describe the acid-base and electrolytic disturbances in dogs with DKA and diabetic ketosis (DK) according to their frequency, adequacy of the compensatory mechanisms e occurrence of mixed disturbances. Forty dogs with DM (22 with new onset diabetes and 18 insulin-treated dogs) with ketonuria and hyperglycemia (> 250 mg/dL) were enrolled. On the basis of clinical criteria, the dogs were assigned to one of two subgroups: (DKA, n=22 e DK n =18). Arterial blood gases and plasma electrolytes (sodium, chloride, potassium and, ionized calcium), and serum total magnesium and inorganic phosphorus were determined in all dogs. The acid base abnormalities were evaluated systematically by the Van Slyke-Henderson-Hasselbalch method and the results compared to those obtained from 37 healthy dogs (control group). Metabolic acidosis was the most common acid-base disorder identified (n = 27) and most of the dogs had normochloremic acidosis. Hyperchloremic acidosis was observed in seven patients. Fifteen of the dogs with metabolic acidosis had coexisting respiratory alkalosis. The distribuition of the electrolytes values was different between the study group and the control group, with the exception of serum magnesium. The distribution of the electrolytes values was similar between the subgroups, with the exception of plasma potassium. Hyponatremia and hypochloremia were the most common observed electrolyte abnormalities showed in dogs with DK or DKA. Hypokalemia occurred more frequently in dogs with DKA and hyperkalemia in dogs with DK. Serum inorganic phosphorus values were similar between the subgroups. Hyperphosphatemia was a common finding and hypophosphatemia was not observed. Hypermagnesemia was detected in seven patients with DKA and in only one with DK. Most of the dogs were hypocalcemic on admission. Mixed acid-base disorders, mainly metabolic normochloremic acidosis with coexisting respiratory alkalosis are common in dogs with diabetic ketosis or ketoacidosis and electrolytic disturbances, mostly hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypokalemia, and hyperphosphatemia, were also common.
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"Changes in fetal enzymes in relation to fetal acid-base status." 1998. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5889804.
Full textAbstract:
Yiu Kwan.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-117).
Abstract also in Chinese.
Abstract --- p.1
Chinese abstract --- p.4
Acknowledgment --- p.5
Abbreviations --- p.7
Content --- p.9
Chapter I. --- Introduction --- p.11
Chapter II. --- Literature Review --- p.14
Chapter II. 1. --- Basic concepts --- p.14
Chapter II.2. --- Clinical aspects of enzymology --- p.17
Chapter II.3. --- Changes fetal enzymes in neonate --- p.34
Chapter III. --- Materials and Methods --- p.48
Chapter III. 1. --- Study population --- p.48
Chapter III.2. --- Sample collection and storage --- p.49
Chapter III.3. --- Determination of cardiac and hepatic enzymes in plasma --- p.51
Chapter III.4. --- Data handling and statistical analysis --- p.67
Chapter IV. --- Results --- p.68
Chapter IV.1. --- Study population --- p.68
Chapter IV.2. --- Enzyme reference values in cord blood --- p.72
Chapter IV.3. --- Changes in fetal enzymes in relation to acid-base status at birth --- p.78
Chapter IV. 4. --- Changes fetal enzymes in relation with other obstetric events --- p.80
Chapter IV.5. --- Variables related to fetal enzymes levels --- p.85
Chapter V. --- Discussion --- p.93
Chapter V. 1. --- Reference value for cardiac and liver enzymes in cord blood for current study population --- p.93
Chapter V.2. --- Changes fetal enzymes in relation to fetal acid-base status --- p.95
Chapter V.3. --- Changes in fetal enzymes in relation with other obstetric variables --- p.99
Chapter V.4. --- Analysis of inter-relationships between obstetric variables and fetal enzymes --- p.102
Reference --- p.106
Books on the topic "Acid-base imbalances"
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A, Perazella Mark, ed. Acid-base, fluids and electrolytes. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division, 2008.
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B, Goldstein Marc, ed. Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base emergencies. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1988.
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F, Adams J., and Cowan R. A, eds. Clinical acid-base balance. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
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Acid and basics: A guide to understanding acid-base disorders. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
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LeFever, Kee Joyce, and Paulanka Betty J, eds. Handbook of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances. Albany: Delmar Publishers, 2000.
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John, Gennari F., ed. Acid-base disorders and their treatment. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2005.
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1913-, Goldberger Emanuel, ed. A primer of water, electrolyte, and acid-base syndromes. 8th ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Acid-base imbalances"
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Banik, Sujoy. "Acid-Base Imbalance." In Transfusion Practice in Clinical Neurosciences, 215–24. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0954-2_21.
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Bushinsky, David A. "Acid-Base Imbalance and the Skeleton." In Nutritional Aspects of Osteoporosis, 208–17. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2228-6_23.
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"Acid–Base Imbalances." In Fast Facts for the ER Nurse. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/9780826118646.0002.
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"Acid–Base Imbalances." In Fast Facts for the ER Nurse. 4th ed. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/9780826152176.0002.
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Gooch, Michael D. "Acid–Base Imbalances." In A Guide to Mastery in Clinical Nursing. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/9780826150325.0003.
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Hocker, Sara E., and Ali Daneshmand. "Electrolyte Disturbances and Acid-Base Imbalance." In Mayo Clinic Neurology Board Review, edited by Kelly D. Flemming, 1141–46. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197512166.003.0124.
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Electrolyte disorders are among the most common clinical problems encountered in critically ill patients. Disorders such as severe burns, trauma, sepsis, acute brain injury, and heart failure lead to disturbances in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis through complex mechanisms involving deregulation or activation of hormonal systems and ischemic or nephrotoxic kidney injury. Inappropriate fluid management should also be considered in the differential diagnosis of electrolyte disturbances in patients in intensive care units. Electrolyte imbalances produce both central and peripheral neurologic dysfunction because electrochemical membrane potentials in brain, nerve, and muscle tissues are particularly sensitive to chemical, ionic, and osmolar shifts.
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Norby, Suzanne M., and Kianoush B. Kashani. "Acute Kidney Injury." In Mayo Clinic Internal Medicine Board Review, edited by Christopher M. Wittich, Thomas J. Beckman, Sara L. Bonnes, Nina M. Schwenk, Jason H. Szostek, Nerissa M. Collins, and Christopher R. Stephenson, 605–12. 12th ed. Oxford University PressNew York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190938369.003.0052.
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Abstract Acute kidney injury (AKI) denotes a rapid deterioration of kidney function within 1 week of an insult to the kidney. AKI results in the accumulation of nitrogenous metabolites, along with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances. The traditional classification system subdivides AKI into prerenal, intrinsic renal, and postrenal categories. Although AKI has a dominant cause in some patients, multiple factors usually contribute to its development. The management of AKI is mostly supportive because no therapeutic options are currently available. Determining and managing the risk factors associated with AKI are essential steps to decrease the extent of the injury.
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Schinstock, Carrie A. "Chronic Kidney Disease." In Mayo Clinic Internal Medicine Board Review, 565–70. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190464868.003.0050.
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The term acute kidney injury (AKI) has replaced acute renal failure in contemporary medical literature. AKI denotes a rapid deterioration of kidney function within hours to weeks, resulting in the accumulation of nitrogenous metabolites in addition to fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances. The definition of AKI was refined to a 3-stage definition, with criteria for stage 1 as follows: 1) an absolute increase in serum creatinine (SCr) by at least 0.3 mg/dL from baseline within 48 hours; or 2) a relative increase in SCr to at least 1.5 times baseline within the past 7 days; or 3) urine output decreased to less than 0.5 mL/kg/h for 6 hours.
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Chatterjea, MN, and Rana Shinde. "Acid Base Balance and Imbalance." In Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 708. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/11486_41.
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Chatterjea, MN. "Acid Base Balance and Imbalance." In Viva in Biochemistry, 460. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/11115_25.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Acid-base imbalances"
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Ovabor, K. O., and S. T. Apeh. "Real-Time Nitrogen Dioxide Pollutant Monitoring In Lagos State, Nigeria Using Wireless Sensor Networks." In 28th iSTEAMS Multidisciplinary Research Conference AIUWA The Gambia. Society for Multidisciplinary and Advanced Research Techniques - Creative Research Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/isteams-2021/v28p7.
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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) find its application in various facets of life. Atmospheric contamination in the various elements of air leading to hazardous effects of global warming and acid rains can affect the well-being of a population. An air pollution monitoring system is therefore important to keep away from such adverse imbalance in nature. In the proposed paper, an attempt is made to develop a real time pollution monitoring using wireless sensor networks (WSN). This WSN will monitor the profile concentration of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in a chosen location. With the rapid growth in the industries, which are the main sources of air pollutants, the problem of air pollution is becoming a serious concern for the health of the population. The concentration of one major air pollutant gases Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from the air is sensed by the gas sensors. The sensor is properly calibrated as per the standard methods and the gas sensor is then incorporated with the wireless sensor motes using hierarchical cluster-based architecture.The node is expected to sense pollutants, convert, and process the magnitude of pollution to equivalent data output which is transmitted to the remote base station. The expected results would show data of the Nitrogen dioxide sensor for each location and graphical results. Research and suggestions have been offered by researchers for two decades and more on the increasing dangers of industrialization, population growth, influx of used vehicles popularly called ‘tokunbos’ as they pertain to the public health and adverse effects if not properly managed. The test findings of this work would show if the concentration of gaseous air pollutant like NO2 in a chosen location at a particular time poses a problem to humans and the environment. Keywords— Air pollution, Wireless sensor networks, Nitrogen dioxide, Environmental risk, public health, Hierarchical cluster-based architecture