Journal articles: 'Acid-base imbalances'

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Gooch, Michael D. "Identifying acid-base and electrolyte imbalances." Nurse Practitioner 40, no. 8 (August 2015): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.npr.0000469255.98119.82.

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Hasuda, A. L., K. K. M. C. Flaiban, J. A. N. Lisbôa, L. A. Gomes, I. G. Polizelli, and L. S. Santana. "Identifying hydric, electrolytic and acid-base imbalances through traditional and quantitative approaches in dogs with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 72, no. 1 (January 2020): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-11017.

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ABSTRACT Vomiting and diarrhea are two important clinical signs that can cause significant electrolytic and acid-base imbalances. The purposes of this study were to characterize hydric, electrolytic and acid-base disorders presented by puppies with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and to compare the traditional and quantitative approaches to acid-base status interpretation. Sixty-one animals with a history of vomiting and/or diarrhea were used in this study and the following tests were performed: complete blood count, total plasma protein concentration and hemogasometry. Mean, standard deviation and Kappa values were calculated. The imbalances characterized by both approaches were: 42 (69%) animals without imbalance, 17 (28%) with metabolic alkalosis and 2 (3%) with metabolic acidosis by the traditional approach and 17 (28%) dogs without imbalance, 26 (43%) with metabolic alkalosis and 18 (29%) with metabolic acidosis by the quantitative approach. The agreement calculated between two approaches coincide in 28 cases, with a moderate Kappa value equivalent to 0.459. The most found imbalances were metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, and mild dehydration. Most of acid-base disturbances were not identified by the traditional approach, whereas by the quantitative approach, they were easily determined. Thus quantitative approach proved to be superior in identification of possible acid-base imbalances.

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Chun, Daseul, and DoHyeon Yu. "A comparison of traditional and quantitative analysis of acid-base and electrolyte imbalance in 87 cats." Korean Journal of Veterinary Research 61, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): e40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14405/kjvr.2021.61.e40.

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Acid–base disorder is a common problem in veterinary emergency and critical care. Traditional methods, as well as the Stewart method based on strong ion difference concepts and the Fencl–Stewart method, can be used to analyze the underlying causes. On the other hand, there are insufficient comparative study data on these methods in cats. From 2018 to 2020, 327 acid–base analysis data were collected from 69 sick and 18 healthy cats. The three most well-known methods (traditional method, Stewart method, and Fencl–Stewart method) were used to analyze the acid–base status. The frequency of acid–base imbalances and the degree of variation according to the disease were also evaluated. In traditional acid–base analysis, 5/69 cats (7.2%) showed a normal acid–base status and 23.2% and 40.6% of the mixed and straightforward disorders, respectively. The Fencl–Stewart method showed changes in both the acidotic and alkalotic processes in 64/69 (92.8%), whereas all cats showed an abnormal status in the Fencl–Stewart method (semiquantitative approach). Different acid–base imbalances were identified according to the analysis method. These findings from the disease categories are anticipated to assist in analyzing the underlying causes of acid–base imbalance and developing the appropriate treatment.

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York, Karen. "The Lung and Fluid-Electrolyte and Acid-Base Imbalances." Nursing Clinics of North America 22, no. 4 (December 1987): 805–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-6465(22)01335-4.

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Mavrothalassitis, Orestes, Balkarn S. Thind, and Ashish Agrawal. "Four Acid-Base Disturbances in a Critically-Ill Patient Undergoing Emergent Abdominal Surgery." Case Reports in Critical Care 2022 (July 4, 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1285598.

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Lactic acidosis is common in critically-ill surgical patients, but not all perioperative acid-base imbalances are attributable to tissue hypoperfusion. Other causes of acid-base abnormalities can be missed when focused on acute resuscitation of a surgical pathology. This report presents the case of a 60-year-old woman with no past medical history who underwent exploratory laparotomy for umbilical hernia with incarcerated and perforated bowel whose perioperative management was complicated by four acid-base disturbances, including starvation ketosis. This case highlights the importance of early recognition of acid-base imbalances to explain concurrent medical pathology and accurately predict a patient’s expected post-operative course.

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Lemann, Jacob, David A. Bushinsky, and L. Lee Hamm. "Bone buffering of acid and base in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 285, no. 5 (November 2003): F811—F832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00115.2003.

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The sources and rates of metabolic acid production in relation to renal net acid excretion and thus acid balance in humans have remained controversial. The techniques and possible errors in these measurements are reviewed, as is the relationship of charge balance to acid balance. The results demonstrate that when acid production is experimentally increased among healthy subjects, renal net acid excretion does not increase as much as acid production so that acid balances become positive. These positive imbalances are accompanied by equivalently negative charge balances that are the result of bone buffering of retained H+ and loss of bone Ca2+ into the urine. The data also demonstrate that when acid production is experimentally reduced during the administration of KHCO3, renal net acid excretion does not decrease as much as the decrease in acid production so that acid balances become negative, or, in opposite terms, there are equivalently positive [Formula: see text] balances. Equivalently positive K+ and Ca2+ balances, and thus positive charge balances, accompany these negative acid imbalances. Similarly, positive Na+ balances, and thus positive charge balances, accompany these negative acid balances during the administration of NaHCO3. These charge balances are likely the result of the adsorption of [Formula: see text] onto the crystal surfaces of bone mineral. There do not appear to be significant errors in the measurements.

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Ferraz, GC, AR Teixeira-Neto, IC Silva, KB Nardi, and A. Queiroz-Neto. "Acid-Base Imbalances in Endurance Racing Using Traditional and Quantitative Approaches." Equine Veterinary Journal 46 (June 2014): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evj.12267_51.

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Ortolani, Enrico Lippi, Carlos Henrique Machado, Antonio Humberto Hamad Minervino, Raimundo Alves Barreto-Júnior, Clara Satsuk Mori, and Selwyn Arlington Headley. "Clinical observations and acid-base imbalances in sheep during chronic copper poisoning." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 32, no. 3 (August 29, 2011): 1123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2011v32n3p1123.

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Viu, J., L. Armengou, J. Ríos, C. Cesarini, and E. Jose-Cunilleras. "Acid base imbalances in ill neonatal foals and their association with survival." Equine Veterinary Journal 49, no. 1 (December 25, 2015): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evj.12542.

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Russell, JM. "Successful methods for arterial blood gas interpretation." Critical Care Nurse 11, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn1991.11.4.14.

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Understanding acid-base disturbances is essential in the care of the critically ill patient. Through a systematic evaluation of patient symptoms and arterial blood gas values, patient care can be improved. These formulas can be effective tools for the nurse to use in the care of patients with acid-base imbalances.

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Torrente, Carlos, Edgar G. Manzanilla, and Rafael Ruiz de Gopegui. "A comparison of traditional and quantitative analysis of acid-base imbalances in hypoalbuminemic dogs." Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 24, no. 5 (August 20, 2014): 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vec.12218.

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Vaska, Patricia L. "Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances After Cardiac Surgery." AACN Advanced Critical Care 3, no. 3 (August 1, 1992): 664–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/15597768-1992-3013.

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Patients having cardiac surgery experience a myriad of fluid and electrolyte disorders. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can cause multiple physiologic alterations, including electrolyte disturbances, acid-base imbalances, atelectasis, diminished pulmonary compliance, hemolysis, and thromboembolism. Cardioplegic solutions and induced hypothermia impose alterations in potassium metabolism and pH. The stress of surgery increases catecholamine circulation and augments antidiuretic hormone release, both of which affect fluid and electrolyte equilibrium. Dilution of the circulating blood volume from pump perfusate and volume resuscitation with crystalloid and colloid solutions produce fluid, electrolyte, and hemostatic disorders. Nonpulsatile flow produced by CPB can alter renal function. This article describes the metabolic alterations that are iatrogenically produced by cardiac surgery and the nursing and medical therapies aimed at correcting such alterations

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VIȚALARU, A. B. "Peritoneal dialysis in dogs and cats." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 71, no. 4 (January 25, 2021): 2419. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.25914.

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Dialysis represents the separation process of a colloidal dispersion substance from molecular dispersion particles, based on the property of certain membranes to retain only colloidal particles. In veterinary medicine, the most common use for peritoneal dialysis is the therapy of acute kidney injury, although it can be employed for removing dialyzable toxins and treating pancreatitis, electrolyte disorders and acid-base imbalances, refractory congestive heart failure and metabolic congenital disorders. Peritoneal dialysis is contraindicated in patients with peritoneal adhesions, fibrosis or abdominal malignant tumours. The ideal catheter for dialysis allows for an adequate administration and evacuation of the dialysate, it determines minimum subcutaneous losses, it minimizes infection both in the peritoneal cavity and in the subcutaneous tissue. The placement method for peritoneal dialysis catheters depends on the catheter itself, on the patient and on the approximate duration of the dialysis. In cases of extreme emergency, when the peritoneal dialysis should not be used more than 72 hours, the placement of a short-term catheter is justified. The peritoneal dialysis system is placed immediately after the peritoneal dialysis catheter is inserted and attached to a closed collection system, being carefully prepped in place with dry sterile dressings. The ideal peritoneal dialysis solution should achieve the low absorption clearance of osmotic agents, provide missing or insufficient electrolytes and nutrients, correct acid-base imbalances, inhibit growth of microorganisms, and be inert with regard to the peritoneum. When initiating peritoneal dialysis in acute kidney injury, the main goal is not to immediately normalize uraemia. The initial objectives should be to normalize the hemodynamic status of the patient and the acid-base and electrolyte imbalances, as well as to reduce uraemia to a BUN of 60-100 mg/dl and to reach a creatinine of 4.0-6.0 mg/dl in 24-48 hours. Complications of peritoneal dialysis are common, but they can be easily managed if discovered or addressed in due time. The most common complications are: peritoneal catheter obstruction, electrolyte imbalances, hypoalbuminemia and bacterial peritonitis.

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Russell, Karen E., Bernie D. Hansen, and Jerry B. Stevens. "Strong Ion Difference Approach to Acid-base Imbalances with Clinical Applications to Dogs and Cats." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 26, no. 5 (September 1996): 1185–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-5616(96)50061-6.

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Gutowski, Łukasz, Kaja Gutowska, Alicja Brożek, Marcin Nowicki, and Dorota Formanowicz. "ABG Assistant—Towards an Understanding of Complex Acid-Base Disorders." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 7 (April 5, 2021): 1516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10071516.

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The ability to diagnose acid-base imbalances correctly is essential for physicians and other healthcare workers. Despite its importance, it is often considered too complex and confusing. Although most people dealing with arterial blood gases (ABGs) do not usually have problems with acid-base disorder assessment, such an analysis is also carried out by other healthcare workers for whom this can be a challenging task. Many aspects may be problematic, partly due to multiple data analysis methods and no definitive statement on which one is better. According to our survey, the correctness of arterial blood gas analysis is unsatisfactory, especially in mixed disorders, which do not always manifest an obvious set of symptoms. Therefore, ABG parameters can be used as an established biomarker panel, which is considered to be a powerful tool for personalized medicine. Moreover, using different approaches to analyze acid-base disorders can lead to varying diagnoses in some cases. Because of these problems, we developed a mobile application that can spot diagnostic differences by taking into account physiological and chemical approaches, including their variants, with a corrected anion gap. The proposed application is characterized by a high percentage of correct analyses and can be an essential aid for diagnosing acid-base disturbances.

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Yessayan, Lenar, Jerry Yee, Stan Frinak, and Balazs Szamosfalvi. "Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy for the Management of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Imbalances in Acute Kidney Injury." Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 23, no. 3 (May 2016): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ackd.2016.02.005.

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Abd Elfatah, Thoria, Mona Mohammed, and Mogedda Mehany. "Nurses Performance Regarding Fluid, Electrolytes and Acid Base Imbalances for Neonates and Pediatrics at Pediatric Hospital Assiut University." Assiut Scientific Nursing Journal 6, no. 15.00 (December 1, 2018): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/asnj.2018.118199.

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Navarro, Marga, Luis Monreal, Dídac Segura, Lara Armengou, and Sònia Añor. "A Comparison of Traditional and Quantitative Analysis of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Imbalances in Horses with Gastrointestinal Disorders." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 19, no. 6 (November 2005): 871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02780.x.

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VIU, J., E. JOSE-CUNILLERAS, L. ARMENGOU, C. CESARINI, I. TARANCÓN, J. RIOS, and L. MONREAL. "Acid-base imbalances during a 120 km endurance race compared by traditional and simplified strong ion difference methods." Equine Veterinary Journal 42 (November 2010): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00213.x.

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Nikhil Gupta, T. N. Dubey,. "Acid - Base Imbalance and Dyselectrolytemia in Malaria." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 05, no. 06 (June 16, 2017): 23365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i6.95.

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El Fuad, T. Murad, Efori Gea, Chaerul Yael, and Munar Lubis. "Patterns of Acid Base Balance and Plasma Electrolyte Concentrations in Post Surgical Digestive Patients." Paediatrica Indonesiana 33, no. 7-8 (January 24, 2019): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi33.7-8.1993.173-81.

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Patterns of acid-base balance and plasma electrolyte concentrations of postsurgical digestive patients were studied retrospectively. The patients were treated at the Pediatric ICU Dr. Pirngadi Hospital, Medan, during the period of February 1991 through January 31 1992. There were 131 patients admitted to the Pediatric ICU, 67 (51.1 %) of them had had gastrointestinal surgery. Arterial blood gas and I or plasma electrolyte examinations were done in 92% of patients within 12 hours of admission. In 50 patients both blood gas and electrolyte concentration values were examined; 6 of them died. One out of 14 patients who had only serum electrolyte concentration values died. One out of 3 patients who had neither blood gas nor plasma electrolyte concentration values died. Acid-base imbalances were found in 66% of those 50 patients, consisting of 28% metabolic acidosis, 12% respiratory alkalosis, 8% respiratory acidosis, and 6% metabolic alkalosis. Hyponatremia was found in 68.4% of the survivors and in 2 out of 6 patients who died. No hypernatremia was found in any of the patients. Hypokalemia was found in 24.6% of patients survived; and none in those who died. Hyperkalemia was encountered in 24.6% of those who survived. The overall mortality of patients who had undergone gastrointestinal surgery in the Pediatric ICU, Pirngadi Hospital, was 8/67 (11.9%).

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Roldan-Santiago, P., D. Mota-Rojas, J. Martínez-Burnes, A. Velarde, R. Muns, and A. López-Mayagoitia. "Neurophysiological development of newborn pigs: effect of the sow." Animal Production Science 59, no. 2 (2019): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16641.

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The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of sow parity on neonatal piglet health and vitality at birth. We evaluated 1505 neonate piglets, which were born of York–Landrace sows with the following parity distribution: primiparous (n = 202), second (n = 207), third (n = 211), fourth (n = 222), fifth (n = 225), sixth (n = 218) and seventh parity (n = 220). Piglets born to primiparous and seventh-parity sows had the lowest and highest birthweights respectively, and showed the most marked imbalances in blood gas exchanges, acid–base balance and energy profiles, as well as the highest percentage of severe meconium staining of the skin and the lowest vitality scores (P < 0.05). In contrast, the neonates from the fourth-parity sows had the highest vitality scores, required less time to reach the mother’s teat, and had the highest percentage of adhered umbilical cords and newborns with dyspnoea, apnoea and abnormal heartbeat (P < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that during eutocic farrowings, the sow’s parity number has the following effects on newborn piglets: reduced vigour and longer latencies to begin breathing, stand and take the teat. These effects are due to the presence of imbalances in gas exchanges, the acid–base balance and energy profiles that occurred when the mother was a primiparous or older sow. These signs indicate that the newborn piglet survived a process of intrapartum asphyxia.

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Ostermann, Carola, Susanna Linde, Christiane Siegling-Vlitakis, and Petra Reinhold. "Evaluation of pulmonary dysfunctions and acid–base imbalances induced by Chlamydia psittaci in a bovine model of respiratory infection." Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine 9, no. 1 (2014): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2049-6958-9-10.

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Ostermann, Carola, Susanna Linde, Christiane Siegling-Vlitakis, and Petra Reinhold. "Correction: Evaluation of pulmonary dysfunctions and acid–base imbalances induced by Chlamydia psittaci in a bovine model of respiratory infection." Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine 9, no. 1 (2014): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2049-6958-9-42.

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Coenen, Marie-Charlotte, Linde Gille, Justine Eppe, Hélène Casalta, Calixte Bayrou, Pierre Dubreucq, Vincent Frisée, et al. "Blood Inflammatory, Hydro-Electrolytes and Acid-Base Changes in Belgian Blue Cows Developing Parietal Fibrinous Peritonitis or Generalised Peritonitis after Caesarean Section." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 3 (March 14, 2022): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9030134.

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This study aimed to describe the inflammation, hydro-electrolyte and acid-base imbalances caused by generalised peritonitis (GP) and parietal fibrinous peritonitis (PFP) after caesarean section. After clinical examination, blood was sampled from 11 cows with PFP, 30 with GP and 14 healthy cows. Serum and plasma refractometry and glutaraldehyde tests were used to evaluate the inflammation level, while hydro-electrolytes and acid-base parameters were assessed using an EPOC® device. In addition to clinical signs of dehydration (>10%), blood analysis showed a high fibrinogen concentration (PFP: 8.64 ± 8.82 g/L; GP: 7.83 ± 2.45 g/L) and fast glutaraldehyde coagulation (<3 min) indicative of severe inflammation in both diseases compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, a severe decrease in electrolytes concentration (Na+: 126.93 ± 5.79 mmol/L; K+: 3.7 ± 1.3 mmol/L; Ca++: 0.89 ± 0.12 mmol/L; Cl−: 82.38 ± 6.45 mmol/L) and a significant increase in bicarbonate (30.87 ± 8.16 mmol/L), base excess (5.71 ± 7.42 mmol/l), L-lactate (8.1 ± 4.85 mmol/L) and creatinine (3.53 ± 2.30 mg/dL) were observed in cows with GP compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In contrast, few major perturbations were noticed in PFP, where only K+ (3.64 ± 0.25 mmol/L) and Ca++ (1.06 ± 0.09 mmol/L) were significantly modified (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a high dehydration and severe inflammation are induced by PFP and GP. Nevertheless, GP causes more electrolytes and acid-base disturbances than PFP.

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BIGDELI, MOHAMMAD REZA, SOHRAB HAJIZADEH, BEHZAD BANIEGHBAL, and MOHAMMAD REZA MASJDI. "A COMPREHENSIVE SIMULATOR OF THE HUMAN PULMONARY SYSTEM: VALIDATION WITH DETERMINATION OF TOTALCO2AND DIAGNOSIS OF ACID-BASE ABNORMALITIES." Journal of Biological Systems 17, no. 01 (March 2009): 153–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339009002818.

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In previous models, heart-lung-blood interactions and their physicochemical properties have not been considered in comprehensive simulators and an integrated mathematical model has not been presented. The aim of the present study is to combine different phenomena involved in the cardiopulmonary function, which are often considered separately. In this study, the variables that constitute a comprehensive model; which includes physicochemical reactions of O2and CO2in the blood and fluid compartments, V/Q, pH , body temperature and diffusion limitation in the adult human and its ability to provide realistic response under different physiological and pathophysiological conditions; have been evaluated. The new biological system model consists of two subsystems: physicochemical properties of blood and physiological subsystem models. Based on the mentioned parameters, comprehensive simulator model has been suggested as following: [Formula: see text] According to the literature, all patients [COPD (20) and asthma (20)] showed acid-base imbalances. The mathematical model has been validated by diagnosis of acid-base abnormalities via calculating the total CO2and T40HCO3in physiological and pathophysiological conditions, and then the results compared to literature experimental data. Our comprehensive model provides results consistent with dynamic and steady state responses measured in subjects undergoing physiological and pathophysiological conditions. This might enable us to deepen our understanding of the cardiopulmonary system as a whole.

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Madani, Seyed Jalal, Fariba Araste Fard, Hamidreza Karimi-Sari, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, and Abbasali Delavari. "Comparison of acid–base and electrolyte imbalances between normal saline and 1.4% sodium bicarbonate intravenous fluids therapy during cervical and lumbar laminectomy." Polish Annals of Medicine 24, no. 2 (August 2017): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.poamed.2016.03.005.

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Jukes, Alison, Marcus Gunew, and Rhett Marshall. "Severe muscle fasciculations and tremor in a cat with hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis secondary to duodenal obstruction." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports 3, no. 1 (January 2017): 205511691668642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055116916686427.

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Case summary An 18-month-old, female spayed, Australian Mist cat presented with a 24 h history of muscle tremors and inappetence progressing to collapse with generalised muscle fasciculations. The cat was diagnosed with a hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis due to a duodenal foreign body found to be a trichobezoar at coeliotomy. The cat made a complete recovery after enterotomy to remove the trichobezoar, with cessation of neuromuscular clinical signs and normalisation of its electrolyte and acid–base imbalances. Relevance and novel information Muscle fasciculations and tremors in cats can be caused by intoxications, metabolic derangements, encephalomyelitis, feline hyperaesthesia syndrome and cerebellar diseases. The presenting clinical signs of severe muscle fasciculations and tremors have not previously been reported in association with an intestinal obstruction in the cat.

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Roehrborn, Friederike, Daniel-Sebastian Dohle, Indra N. Waack, Konstantinos Tsagakis, Heinz Jakob, and Johanna K. Teloh. "Postoperative Compensatory Ammonium Excretion Subsequent to Systemic Acidosis in Cardiac Patients." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5383574.

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Background. Postoperative acid-base imbalances, usually acidosis, frequently occur after cardiac surgery. In most cases, the human body, not suffering from any severe preexisting illnesses regarding lung, liver, and kidney, is capable of transient compensation and final correction. The aim of this study was to correlate the appearance of postoperatively occurring acidosis with renal ammonium excretion.Materials and Methods. Between 07/2014 and 10/2014, a total of 25 consecutive patients scheduled for elective isolated coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass were enrolled in this prospective observational study. During the operative procedure and the first two postoperative days, blood gas analyses were carried out and urine samples collected. Urine samples were analyzed for the absolute amount of ammonium.Results. Of all patients, thirteen patients developed acidosis as an initial disturbance in the postoperative period: five of respiratory and eight of metabolic origin. Four patients with respiratory acidosis but none of those with metabolic acidosis subsequently developed a base excess > +2 mEq/L.Conclusion. Ammonium excretion correlated with the increase in base excess. The acidosis origin seems to have a large influence on renal compensation in terms of ammonium excretion and the possibility of an overcorrection.

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Hayes, Wesley, Emma Laing, Claire Foley, Laura Pankhurst, Helen Thomas, Helen Hume-Smith, Stephen Marks, et al. "Multicentre randomised controlled trial: protocol for Plasma-Lyte Usage and Assessment of Kidney Transplant Outcomes in Children (PLUTO)." BMJ Open 12, no. 3 (March 2022): e055595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055595.

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IntroductionAcute electrolyte and acid–base imbalance is experienced by many children following kidney transplantation. When severe, this can lead to complications including seizures, cerebral oedema and death. Relatively large volumes of intravenous fluid are administered to children perioperatively in order to establish perfusion to the donor kidney, the majority of which are from living and deceased adult donors. Hypotonic intravenous fluid is commonly used in the post-transplant period due to clinicians’ concerns about the sodium, chloride and potassium content of isotonic alternatives when administered in large volumes.Plasma-Lyte 148 is an isotonic, balanced intravenous fluid that contains sodium, chloride, potassium and magnesium with concentrations equivalent to those of plasma. There is a physiological basis to expect that Plasma-Lyte 148 will reduce the incidence of clinically significant electrolyte and acid–base abnormalities in children following kidney transplantation compared with current practice.The aim of the PLUTO trial is to determine whether the incidence of clinically significantly abnormal plasma electrolyte levels in paediatric kidney transplant recipients will be different with the use of Plasma-Lyte-148 compared to intravenous fluid currently administered.Methods and analysisPLUTO is a pragmatic, open-label, randomised controlled trial comparing Plasma-Lyte 148 to current care in paediatric kidney transplant recipients, conducted in nine UK paediatric kidney transplant centres.A total of 144 children receiving kidney transplants will be randomised to receive either Plasma-Lyte 148 (the intervention) intraoperatively and postoperatively, or current fluid. Apart from intravenous fluid composition, all participants will receive standard clinical transplant care.The primary outcome measure is acute hyponatraemia in the first 72 hours post-transplant, defined as laboratory plasma sodium concentration of <135 mmol/L. Secondary outcomes include symptoms of acute hyponatraemia, other electrolyte and acid–base imbalances and transplant kidney function.The primary outcome will be analysed using a logistic regression model adjusting for donor type (living vs deceased donor), patient weight (<20 kg vs ≥20 kg pretransplant) and transplant centre as a random effect.Ethics and disseminationThe trial received Health Research Authority approval on 20 January 2020. Findings will be presented to academic groups via national and international conferences and peer-reviewed journals. The patient and public involvement group will play an important part in disseminating the study findings to the public domain.Trial registration numbers2019-003025-22 and 16586164.

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Kirsch, Katharina, and Charlotte Sandersen. "Traditional and quantitative analysis of acid‐base and electrolyte imbalances in horses competing in cross‐country competitions at 2‐star to 5‐star level." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 34, no. 2 (March 2020): 909–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15708.

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Ronco, Claudio, Piero Conz, Francesco Agostini, Juan P. Bosch, Susy A. Lew, and Giuseppe La Greca. "The Concept of Adequacy in Peritoneal Dialysis." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 14, no. 3_suppl (June 1994): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686089401403s18.

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The aim of renal replacement therapy is to obtain blood purification from metabolic waste products sufficient to achieve patient rehabilitation, the control of dry body weight, and the correction of acid base and electrolyte imbalances (1–3). Among these, the correction of the hormonal imbalances as a result of renal disease would also be required (4). However, this is difficult to achieve, and the majority of substitute therapies such as hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis focus on blood purification and fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. For this reason the search for the optimal dialytic therapy has been limited to the possibility of achieving a treatment that could at least be adequate in terms of blood purification and patient rehabilitation. Therefore, dialysis adequacy has been selected as a term to indicate successful renal replacement therapy, one that could overcome most of the uremic symptoms and allow the patient to reach a sufficient degree of rehabilitation, even though the treatment is far from the complete and optimal substitution of the lost kidney function in its whole. In recent years the concept of dialysis adequacy has been studied by several authors, and a continuous evolution of this concept has been observed. From the original description of the square-meter-hour hypothesis of Babb and Scribner in 1971 (5), a series of new studies led to the clinical application of various indices devoted to describing the level of efficiency achieved by dialysis treatment (6,7). Finally, after the American National Cooperative Dialysis Study was analyzed, and the KTN index was selected as a marker for dialysis adequacy, the majority of authors now rely on this index and are proposing various formulas for its calculation (8–11).

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Dumont, Cinthia B. S., Camila A. O. Bello, André R. C. B. Vianna, Roberta F. Godoy, and Eduardo M. M. Lima. "Venous hemogasometry of equines finalists in 90 km endurance races." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 34, no. 6 (June 2014): 589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2014000600014.

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Front of exercise, the organic systems may suffer water-electrolyte and acid-base imbalances, particularly in the case of blood gases, demonstrating variations from different causes, whether respiratory and/or metabolic. Understanding the physiological adaptations to exercise is essential in the search for the optimum performance. In this way, this study measured the venous blood gases (pO2, pCO2), as well as the oxygen saturation (SatO2) in healthy equines, Arabian horses finalists in 90km endurance races. A total of fourteen Arabian horses were evaluated, nine males and five females, between six and 12 years old, finalists in 90km endurance races. There was a significant reduction in pO2, pCO2 and SatO2 after the exercise, however, the values remained within the normality range, and did not change the athletic performance of the animals, indicating a temporary alteration, assuming thus a character of physiological response to the exercise performed. The equines, finalists in 90 Km endurance races, demonstrated efficient ventilatory process, without any alterations in the athletic performance, being adapted to the type of exercise imposed.

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Takubo, Masahiro, Sho Tanaka, Masaru Kushimoto, Jin Ikeda, Katsuhiko Ogawa, Yutaka Suzuki, Masanori Abe, Hisamitsu Ishihara, and Midori Fujishiro. "Hyponatremia Associated with Prophylactic Low-Dose Trimethoprim during Systemic Corticosteroid Therapy for AQP4-Positive Optic Neuritis in a Diabetic Patient." Antibiotics 9, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9040201.

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Hyponatremia associated with low-dose trimethoprim in patients on concomitant systemic corticosteroid therapy has rarely been reported. Here, we describe a 57-year-old woman with a history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension treated with telmisartan, who presented with progressive visual impairment of the left eye due to anti-aquaporin-4 antibody-positive optic neuritis. The patient received pulsed intravenous methylprednisolone followed by oral prednisolone at 30 mg/day and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis (160 mg and 800 mg daily). Her serum sodium level steadily decreased, and the potassium level was slightly elevated despite well-preserved renal function. This state persisted even after telmisartan discontinuation. In addition to hypotonic hyponatremia (125 mEq/L) with natriuresis, hyperkalemic renal tubular acidosis was diagnosed based on normal anion gap metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia with low urinary potassium excretion. After trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole cessation, electrolytes and acid–base imbalances swiftly recovered. We can conclude that caution must be exercised when treating such patients, because even low-dose trimethoprim may cause hyponatremia concomitant with hyperkalemic renal tubular acidosis, despite the mineralocorticoid effects of systemic corticosteroids.

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Morooka, Hikaru, Daisuke Kasugai, Akihito Tanaka, Masayuki Ozaki, Atsushi Numaguchi, and Shoichi Maruyama. "Prognostic Impact of Parameters of Metabolic Acidosis in Critically Ill Children with Acute Kidney Injury: A Retrospective Observational Analysis Using the PIC Database." Diagnostics 10, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10110937.

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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major complication of sepsis that induces acid-base imbalances. While creatinine levels are the only indicator for assessing the prognosis of AKI, prognostic importance of metabolic acidosis is unknown. We conducted a retrospective observational study by analyzing a large China-based pediatric critical care database from 2010 to 2018. Participants were critically ill children with AKI admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). The study included 1505 children admitted to ICUs with AKI, including 827 males and 678 females. The median age at ICU admission was 22 months (interquartile range 7–65). After a median follow-up of 10.87 days, 4.3% (65 patients) died. After adjusting for confounding factors, hyperlactatemia, low pH, and low bicarbonate levels were independently associated with 28-day mortality (respective odds ratio: 3.06, 2.77, 2.09; p values: <0.01, <0.01, <0.01). The infection had no interaction with the three parameters. The AKI stage negatively interacted with bicarbonate and pH but not lactate. The current study shows that among children with AKI, hyperlactatemia, low pH, and hypobicarbonatemia are associated with 28-day mortality.

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Joseph, Dibin, and Sunilbala Keithellakpam. "A study of serum electrolyte imbalances and its impact in children of 4 months to 5 years of age group presenting with acute gastroenteritis." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 10, no. 2 (January 24, 2023): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20230088.

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Background: Fluid and electrolyte derangement are the immediate causes that increases the mortality in diarrhea. The present study was carried out among children of 4 months to 5 years with dehydration due to acute diarrhea to determine the serum electrolyte profile. Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was carried out in department of pediatrics, RIMS during a period of two years (sept 2019-Aug 2021). Results: A total of 195 patients of 4 months to 5 years of age group presented with acute gastroenteritis were included in the study, among them hyponatreamia was the most frequent electrolyte abnormality noted (37.4%). Most (65.5%) of hyponatremic patients in our study took dilute ORS whereas majority (64.2%) of patients who took appropriate ORS had normal serum sodium levels. Frequency and duration of diarrhea, dehydration status and inappropriate ORS were significant risk factors for serum electrolyte and acid base imbalances. Conclusions: Electrolyte abnormalities were significantly associated with frequency and duration of diarrhea, dehydration status and inappropriate ORS administration. Hence, timely recognition and management of electrolyte abnormalities and appropriate ORS administration improves outcome in acute gastroenteritis related dehydration in children.

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Roldan-Santiago, P., D. Mota-Rojas, H. Orozco-Gregorio, F. Borderas-Tordesillas, R. Martínez-Rodríguez, P. Mora-Medina, S. Flores-Peinado, M. Sánchez-Hernández, and M. E. Trujillo-Ortega. "Welfare of recently weaned piglets transported on unpaved roads: the effect of age and the use of straw bedding." Animal Production Science 55, no. 5 (2015): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13067.

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This study evaluated the physiological responses of piglets weaned at three different ages and transported immediately over unpaved roads with and without the use of straw bedding in the transport vehicle. The study included 270 hybrid piglets born of York–Landrace dams and Pietrain sires. The piglets were weaned and then transported at 8 days old (n = 90), 15 days old (n = 90) or 22 days old (n = 90). The duration of each trip, from the time the transport vehicle left the original site until its arrival at the destination (site 2) on the same farm, was 1 h. The piglets in each one of the three groups were divided into two subgroups: (1) transported over unpaved roads with straw bedding; (2) transported over unpaved roads without straw bedding. Three repetitions were performed for each experimental condition. To assess physiological responses to the stress caused by transport, blood samples were taken as soon as the piglets arrived at site 2. The blood variables evaluated were: pH, haematocrit (%), glucose (mg/dL), electrolytes (Na+, K+ and Ca2+) (mmol/L), lactate levels (mg/dL), partial pressures of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and oxygen (pO2) (mm Hg), bicarbonate (HCO3–), and total carbon dioxide (TCO2C). Piglets that were weaned at 8 and 15 days of age and then transported without straw bedding were found to be more susceptible to metabolic, acid–base, hydric, and gas exchange imbalances (P < 0.05). Blood concentrations of pO2, Na+, K+, Ca2+ and pH were not affected by transport in piglets weaned at 22 days of age in vehicles using straw bedding. Hence, we conclude that regardless of age and trip conditions, the transport of recently weaned piglets constitutes a stressful situation, because just 1 h of transport time was sufficient to cause imbalances in their physiological blood indicators.

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Morinaka-Nakamura, Setsuko. "Vertigo and acid-base imbalance." Equilibrium Research 72, no. 3 (2013): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3757/jser.72.145.

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Bernasconi, Claude F., Rodney J. Ketner, Xin Chen, and Zvi Rappoport. "Reactions of substituted benzylidene Meldrum’s acids and methylthiobenzylidene Meldrum’s acids with OH–, CF3CH2O– And HOCH2CH2S– in 50% DMSO-50% water. π-Donor effects, soft acid-base interactions and transition state imbalances." Arkivoc 2001, no. 12 (February 1, 2002): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/ark.5550190.0002.c16.

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Bushinsky, David A. "Acid-base imbalance and the skeleton." European Journal of Nutrition 40, no. 5 (October 1, 2001): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s394-001-8351-5.

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Borhan, Marisa Khatijah, and Florence Hui Sieng Tan. "Life-Threatening VIPoma Crisis in an Immunocompromised Patient." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A998—A999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.2043.

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Abstract Background: Vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting tumors (VIPoma) are rare neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) that present with a triad of profuse watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and achlorhydria. The resulting renal impairment, electrolytes and acid-base imbalances pose a high risk of morbidity and mortality. We describe a case of life-threatening VIPoma crisis in an immunocompromised patient. Clinical Case: A 64-year-old man was intubated after he was brought in unconscious with tachypnea. Upon review, he had experienced persistent watery diarrhea for the past 6 months, with a weight loss of 18 kg. He had severe hypokalemia (potassium 1.9 mmol/L, n= 3.5-5.0), metabolic acidosis (blood gases pH 6.927, bicarbonate 4.8 mmol/L, base excess -25.9 mmol/L), and acute kidney injury (urea 47.9 mmol/L, creatinine 980umol/L). He continued to have electrolyte imbalances and acidosis due to persistent diarrhea, despite hydration and dialysis support. His biohazard screening results were positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with a CD4 count of 101 cells/µl. He was given courses of antibiotics for treating pathogenic infections; however, his septic workups were negative for infection, including HIV-related opportunistic infections. Later, pancreatic CT revealed a well-defined heterogeneously enhancing pancreatic head mass, size 6.8x5.2x7.5 cm. Further laboratory investigations confirmed the diagnosis of VIPoma, with elevated VIP levels (1600 pg/ml, n < 75). Eventually, subcutaneous octreotide was started, with resolution of the diarrhea and normalization of his electrolytes and renal function. After a 6-week hospital stay, he was discharged well with monthly octreotide and initiated on antiretroviral therapy (ART). After 3 months of ART, his CD4 count improved, and he remained diarrhea-free with octreotide. He is scheduled for tumor debulking surgery. Conclusion:This case highlights the importance of having a clinical suspicion of NETs, especially in immunocompromised patients. Further investigations and imaging studies to rule out noninfectious pathologies should be considered in patients who respond poorly to standard therapy. In VIPoma, somatostatin analog is an antisecretory treatment and it is highly effective for controlling diarrhea. High-dose octreotide up to 1500 µg/day has previously been studied for treatment of refractory diarrhoea in the setting of HIV infection² and it has been found to be helpful in reducing stool volume and frequency. Lastly, delays in the diagnosis and treatment of VIPoma in immunocompromised patients can be fatal. References1/ Hoffland J., Kaltsas G., de Herder W. Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Endocrine Reviews, Volume 41, Issue 2, April 2020, Pages 371-403.2/ Farthing MJ. Octreotide in the treatment of refractory diarrhoea and intestinal fistulae. Gut 1994;35:S5-10.

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Kavtarashvili, Alexey, and Viktor Buyarov. "The reasons for the deterioration of chicken eggshell quality at high temperatures: a review." E3S Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124701015.

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In hot-climate regions high ambient temperature is one of the main problems of poultry farming. It is a reason for large financial losses caused by a significant decrease in the livability and productivity of poultry and the quality of products. Poor shell quality results in increased egg breakage and cracking. Such eggs lose the abilities for long-term storage or incubation and their market price is become significantly (1.5-3-fold) reduced. In the review presented the biological role of the eggshell, certain aspects of its formation, and the main reasons for the deterioration of eggshell quality in high ambient temperatures are discussed. It was shown that the eggshell quality depends on the genotype, age, feeding, health status, management conditions, etc. High ambient temperatures (above 32-35 °C) disrupt the process of eggshell formation and leads to a significant decrease in its weight, thickness, and strength. The negative impact of high ambient temperature on eggshell quality is associated with a complex set of problems, including low feed intake by hens, acid-base and mineral imbalances, physiological disorders in the endocrine system and other organs and mechanisms involved in the process of eggshell formation. The understanding of these reasons gives an opportunity for the development and implementation of targeted interventions and enables the minimization of negative impact of heat stress on eggshell quality and the efficiency of the commercial egg production.

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Kellum, John A., J. W. Olivier van Till, and George Mulligan. "Targeting acute kidney injury in COVID-19." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 35, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 1652–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfaa231.

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Abstract As of 15 August 2020, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been reported in >21 million people world-wide and is responsible for more than 750,000 deaths. The occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 has been reported to be as high as 43%. This is comparable to AKI in other forms of pneumonia requiring hospitalization, as well as in non-infectious conditions like cardiac surgery. The impact of AKI on COVID-19 outcomes is difficult to assess at present but, similar to other forms of sepsis, AKI is strongly associated with hospital mortality. Indeed, mortality is reported to be very low in COVID-19 patients without AKI. Given that AKI contributes to fluid and acid–base imbalances, compromises immune response and may impair resolution of inflammation, it seems likely that AKI contributes to mortality in these patients. The pathophysiologic mechanisms of AKI in COVID-19 are thought to be multifactorial including systemic immune and inflammatory responses induced by viral infection, systemic tissue hypoxia, reduced renal perfusion, endothelial damage and direct epithelial infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Mitochondria play a central role in the metabolic deregulation in the adaptive response to the systemic inflammation and are also found to be vital in response to both direct viral damage and tissue reperfusion. These stress conditions are associated with increased glycolysis and reduced fatty acid oxidation. Thus, there is a strong rationale to target AKI for therapy in COVID-19. Furthermore, many approaches that have been developed for other etiologies of AKI such as sepsis, inflammation and ischemia–reperfusion, have relevance in the treatment of COVID-19 AKI and could be rapidly pivoted to this new disease.

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McLaughlin, Dave. "A decade of forest tree monitoring in Canada: evidence of air pollution effects." Environmental Reviews 6, no. 3-4 (September 1, 1998): 151–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a98-008.

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In Canada, the eastern tolerant hardwood forest is potentially at risk from air pollution. Surveys indicate that, overall, the condition of hardwood forests has either not changed or has marginally improved. However, stands growing on shallow, poorly buffered soils have a higher frequency and severity of decline symptoms, and some of these stands have continued to decline, in contrast to the general trend. In Ontario on the most sensitive sites (<6 mequiv. exchangeable bases/100 g), decline symptoms increased coinciding with a decrease in B horizon pH and base saturation and with an exchangeable Al increase. On these sites the chemical analysis of foliage, root, xylem, and soils indicate that nutrient deficiencies, nutrient imbalances, or metal/nutrient antagonism are related to stand decline. There is a consistent spatial relationship between white birch decline in the Bay of Fundy area and acidic sea fog. Acid fog injures and leaches foliage and hastens soil acidification, leaving the stands weakened and making them more sensitive to stress, particularly drought. Some recent studies suggest that forest growth rates are declining and that the relationship with climate has deteriorated, implying that the forests are responding to a regional, nonclimatic, nonpathogenic stress. This could be a response to altered forest nutrient cycling associated with acidic deposition and chronic O3 exposure. A study of sugar maple in Ontario estimated that after the mid-1960s growth has declined between 0.66 and 0.96 m3·ha-1·year-1, and that the decline was greatest on poorly buffered soils. Without enhanced forest management and more stringent air pollution regulations, the sustainability of forest productivity in Eastern Canada is likely to be difficult because of air pollution and soil fertility losses.Key words: dendroecology, acid deposition, ozone, forest decline, sugar maple, climate change.

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Ciastkowska-Berlikowska, Agnieszka, and Dariusz Zawadzki. "Adrenal crisis as a life-threatening condition." Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna 17, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/pimr.2021.0032.

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Adrenal crisis is a medical emergency, which requires quick, accurate diagnosis and the implementation of adequate treatment. It usually occurs in patients taking glucocorticoid therapy due to chronic adrenal insufficiency in conditions that demand increased glucocorticoids, such as infection, trauma, surgery, myocardial infarction, stroke, exercise or acute stress. The disease follows a course of shock that does not respond to catecholamines. Prodromal symptoms include decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, joint or muscle pain, and fatigue. This is followed by fluctuating consciousness, as well as reduced blood pressure and tachycardia, which are symptoms of shock. These symptoms result from the following metabolic disorders: hyponatremia, hyperkalaemia, hypoglycaemia and mild hypercalcemia. Due to the absence of characteristic symptoms in adrenal crisis, the basis for correct diagnosis in a prehospital setting is a carefully collected medical history, followed by a detailed physical examination that should pay particular attention to discoloration of the skin (so-called melasma suprarenale) that is not exposed to light: the hands (especially creases), elbows, areolae, scars and buccal mucosa, which is one of the symptoms of primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease). The therapeutic approach consists in the administration of intravenous hydrocortisone (to moderate cortisol deficiency), modifying fluid and electrolyte imbalances and abnormalities of acid-base balance, and treating the disease that has led to decompensation of the patient’s clinical condition, which in many cases is an infection. Adrenal crisis left untreated leads to patient death.

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Bregadioli, Gabriela de Castro, Maíra Moreira Santos, Fabrício Moreira Cerri, João Pedro Marmol de Oliveira, Priscilla Fajardo Valente Pereira, Karina Keller Marques da Costa Flaiban, and Júlio Augusto Naylor Lisbôa. "Water intake and feeding with whole milk accentuate metabolic acidosis in calves with induced osmotic diarrhea." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 43, no. 6 (December 6, 2022): 2437–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n6p2437.

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Sucrose- and diuretics-based protocols are widely used to induce osmotic diarrhea and dehydration in calves, but they fail to cause metabolic acidosis. In previous studies, calves were fed milk replacers and deprived of water. In this study, we assessed the water, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances in calves that were fed whole milk and were not completely deprived of water during the induction period. Healthy, male Holstein calves aged 10-12 days were assigned to two groups: free access to water (FWG; n=17) and water deprivation at night (DWG; n=21); and osmotic diarrhea was induced with sucrose added to milk, spironolactone (2mg kg-1) and hydrochlorothiazide (2mg kg-1) orally every 8h for 48h. pH, pCO2, HCO3-, BE, Na+, K+, Cl-, SID3, TPP, AG, Atot, glucose, L-lactate, D-lactate, SIG, and percentage change in plasma volume were measured in venous blood samples taken at 0, 24, and 48h. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Calves showed diarrhea, mild (FWG) to moderate (DWG) dehydration, hyponatremia, and moderate (FWG) to severe (DWG) metabolic acidosis. AG and D-lactate levels were higher and SIG was lower in the DWG, and there was no hyper-L- or D-lactatemia. The magnitude of metabolic acidosis was similar to that observed in natural cases of diarrhea. The protocol for inducing osmotic diarrhea and dehydration should be applied to calves that are fed whole milk and are not completely deprived of water.

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Perotta, João H., Júlio A. N. Lisbôa, Priscila F. V. Pereira, Rüdiger D. Ollhoff, Nilton Vieira, Karina K. M. C. Faliban, and Ivan R. Barros Filho. "Fractional excretion of electrolytes and paradoxical aciduria in dairy cows with left displaced abomasum." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38, no. 5 (May 2018): 840–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5403.

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ABSTRACT: The fractional excretion of electrolytes is used to assess renal function and interpret electrolyte and acid-base imbalances. Left displaced abomasum is a common disorder in dairy cows, which causes hypokalemic, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. There is limited information on fractional excretion of electrolytes in cows with displaced abomasum. This study aimed to measure the fractional excretion of sodium, potassium, and chloride and paradoxical aciduria in dairy cows with displaced abomasum. Blood and urine samples were collected from 30 dairy cows before and 24, 48, and 72 h after surgery. The cows were divided into two groups (G1: laparoscopy and G2: laparotomy) with 15 cows each. The concentrations of chloride, sodium, potassium, and creatinine were measured in serum and urine. Urinary pH and packed cell volume were measured. Fractional excretion of sodium, potassium, and chloride and urinary strong ion difference [SID]urine were calculated using published formulas. Cows in both groups showed hypokalemic, metabolic alkalosis before surgery; however, hypochloremia was observed only in G2. Potassium concentration significantly increased 24, 48, and 72 h after surgery in G1 and 48 and 72 h after surgery in G2. There were no significant changes in fractional excretion of sodium, chloride, and potassium and urinary pH and [SID]urine between treatments and time points. Paradoxical aciduria was observed before and 24 h following surgery in G1. Fractional excretion and urinary SID are valuable tools to understand hypochloremic, hypokalemic alkalosis in dairy cows with displaced abomasum, as well as paradoxical aciduria and return of abomasal flux.

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Bregadioli, G. C., M. M. Santos, F. M. Cerri, J. P. O. Marmol, T. F. Sanches, P. F. V. Pereira, K. K. M. C. Flaiban, and J. A. N. Lisbôa. "Effectiveness of oral electrolyte solutions with different compositions for the treatment of neonatal calves with induced osmotic diarrhea." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 75, no. 1 (2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12730.

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ABSTRACT In a randomized controlled trial, we evaluated the effects of five oral electrolyte solutions (OESs) with different compositions of water, electrolyte, and acid-base balances of diarrheal neonatal calves. Osmotic diarrhea and dehydration were induced with sucrose in milk, spironolactone, and hydrochlorothiazide for 48 h in thirty 10-day old Holstein healthy calves with 43.5 ± 3.80 kg BW who were fed with natural milk. They were allocated to five treatment groups (n=6) based on the administered OES (commercial: OES A, B, C, D; and non-commercial: OES UEL). On the day of treatment, the calves received 6L of OES in two doses apart from milk intakes. Venous blood samples were collected at -48h (start of induction), -24h, 0h (start of the treatment day), 8h, 16h, 24h, 48h, and 72h. TPP, glucose, D-lactate, L-lactate, pH, pCO2, HCO3 -, BE, Na+, K+, Cl-, SID3, SIG, AG, Atot and percentage change in plasma volume (%PV) were measured or calculated and analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA. All the calves developed osmotic diarrhea, mild to moderate dehydration, hyponatremia, relative hyperchloremia, and moderate to severe metabolic acidosis. The tested OESs were well accepted by the calves and effective in reversing dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and metabolic acidosis. OES D did not completely correct hyponatremia, and SEO B caused transient hyperglycemia. It has been concluded that all the tested OESs are safe and effective for the treatment of diarrhea in calves with moderate degrees of dehydration and metabolic acidosis, which indicates that they have proper compositions for this purpose.

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Schlichtig, Robert, Alan W. Grogono, and John W. Severinghaus. "Human PaCO2 and standard base excess compensation for acid-base imbalance." Critical Care Medicine 26, no. 7 (July 1998): 1173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199807000-00015.

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Celotto, A. C., V. K. Capellini, C. F. Baldo, M. B. Dalio, A. J. Rodrigues, and P. R. B. Evora. "Effects of acid-base imbalance on vascular reactivity." Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 41, no. 6 (May 31, 2008): 439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879x2008005000026.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Acid-base imbalances'

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