Relevant bibliographies by topics / Acid Methyl Ester

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Academic literature on the topic 'Acid Methyl Ester'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Acid Methyl Ester"

1

Gören, Ahmet C., Gökhan Bilsel, Mehmet Altun, and Fatih Satıl. "Fatty Acid Composition of Seeds of Satureja thymbra and S. cuneifolia." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 58, no. 7-8 (2003): 502–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2003-7-810.

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Abstract The chemical composition of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from seeds of S. thymbra and S. cuneifolia were analyzed by GC/MS. 7 FAMEs were identified from the seeds of S. thymbra mainly as 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (43.9%), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (11.4%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (Z,Z,Z) (30.2%), and octadecanoic acid methyl ester (14.1%), while from the seed of S. cuneifolia 10 FAMEs were obtained with the main components, similar to S. thymbra. These were identified as 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (10.1%), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (methyl palmitate, 34.6%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (Z,Z,Z) (6.3%) and octadecanoic acid methyl ester (1.8%).
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2

Chang, Chin-Feng, Li-Chun Chen, Cheng-Jer Hsieh, Kai-Chun Chang, and Jung-Jeng Su. "Characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoate-producing bacteria isolated from sludge of commercial pig farms for producing methyl esters." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 10 (2013): 2171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.474.

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The objectives of this work were to isolate and characterize the polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) producing bacteria in enriched piggery sludge and make methyl esters from PHA for industrial applications. The strain ECAe24 isolated from piggery sludge with the highest PHA production was selected to produce PHA and then methyl ester by trans-esterification using glucose as substrate under mesophilic conditions. The final product after trans-esterification consisted of approximately 75.39% of fatty acid methyl ester and was identified as decanoic acid-3-hydroxy-methyl ester, octanoic acid-3-hydroxy-methyl ester, and some other contents. The novelty of this study is to use PHA-producing bacteria from piggery sludge to make fatty acid methyl esters which can be used as materials for producing biodiesel from piggery wastes.
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Santoso, Aman, Abdurrohman, Anugrah Ricky Wijaya, Dedek Sukarianingsih, Sumari, and Daratu Eviana Kusuma Putri. "Synthesis of Methyl Ester from Rice Bran Oil through the Esterification Reaction." Key Engineering Materials 851 (July 2020): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.851.164.

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Vegetable oil is one of rice bran components. As triglycerides, vegetable oil can be converted to fatty acid and alkyl esters for further treatments. Synthesis of alkyl ester oil can be carried out by esterification or transesterification reaction, depending on the quality of the oil and the catalyst. The purposes of this study are 1) Rice bran oil isolation, 2) Oil esterification 3) Characterization and identification of the methyl ester that compose rice bran oil. The stages in this research are 1) Extraction of rice bran oil, 2) Synthesis of methyl ester from rice bran through esterification reaction, 3) Methyl ester characterization of rice bran oil and its potential test as biodiesel included determination of density, viscosity, refractive index, and acid number test, 4) The identification of synthesized methyl esters composition using GC-MS. The results showed that rice bran oil has a yield of 18.09%. Synthesis of methyl esters from rice bran oil through the esterification reaction with a catalyst acid yields 72.37%. The characters of the synthesized methyl ester are on the range of biodiesel quality standards, namely, the density is 0.850 g/mL, viscosity is 4.73 cSt, a refractive index is 1.45871, and an acid number is 0.76 g KOH/g methyl ester, therefore it is claimed that the synthesized methyl esters have the potential as biodiesel. The GC-MS result showed the presence of compounds methyl tetradecanoate (0.38%), methyl hexadecanoate (40.67%), methyl 9-octadecenoate (53.68%), methyl octadecanoate (5.02%), and methyl eicosanoate (0.14%).
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4

Astiti, Ni Putu Adriani, and Yan Ramona. "GC-MS Analysis of Active and Applicable Compounds in Methanol Extract of Sweet Star Fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) Leaves." HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 28, no. 1 (2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.28.1.12.

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The leaves of star fruit plants (Averrhoa carambola) have been traditionally used to cure many diseases, such as hypertension and fever. Besides, the leaves of this plant have also widely been used as the main raw material in lawar (a Balinese traditional food) making. In this research, the methanol extract of this plant leaves was analyzed and identified for active compound contents. The main objective of this research was to investigate types of possible active and applicable compounds contained in such leaves, previously extracted/macerated in methanol solution. Analysis was conducted by applying GC-MS instrumentation using methanol solution. The results showed that 10 possible active and applicable compounds (Butane, 1,1-diethoxy-3 methyl-(CAS)1.1-DII, Dodecanoic acid, methyk ester(CAS) methyl, Dodecanoic acid, methyl ester (CAS) Ethyl Laun, Pentadecanoic acid ethyl ester, Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (CAS) Methyl pa, OCTADECA 9.12 DIENOIC ACID METHYL, 9-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester (E)-(CAS), Octadecanoic acid methyl ester, and (E) 9-Octadecanoic acid ethyl ester) were identified in methanol extract of such leaves. Among those compounds, Butane, 1,1-diethoxy-3-methyl and Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester was two most abundance constituents with percentage of peak areas of 35.67% and 26.93%, respectively.
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Sumarni, Erwin Abdul Rahim, Ni Ketut Sumarni, Ruslan, Hardi Ys., and Moh Mirzan. "Sintesis Metil Ester Asam Lemak dari Biji Alpukat (Parsea americana Mill) Menggunakan Polimer Penyangga Katalis Berbahan Dasar Eugenol." KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia 6, no. 3 (2020): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2020.v6.i3.13053.

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Research on the manufacture of methyl esters from avocado seeds (Parsea americana Mill) with eugenol-based catalysts has been conducted. The aim is to determine the catalyst concentration used to produce methyl esters with the highest rendement and determine the composition of fatty acid methyl ester in avocado seeds. This study was used variations in concentrations of 0.25%, 1%, 1.75%, 2.25%, and 3%. The results of this study showed that the best concentration is 2.25% with the calculation of the results of 24.8% methyl esters in avocado seeds, namely lignoceric and octadecenoic acid methyl ester.
 Keywords: Avocado seeds, fatty acid methyl esters
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6

Makalalag, Ardi Kurniawan, Anton Muis, and Nicolas Tumbel. "Karakteristik Fisikokimia dan Identifikasi Komposisi Asam Lemak Minyak Testa Kelapa [Physicochemical Characteristics and Identification of Fatty Acid Composition Coconut Testa Oil]." Buletin Palma 21, no. 2 (2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bp.v21n2.2020.81-87.

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<p>Testa is a byproduct of the coconut flour industrial processing process and has not been used optimally. Testa is the outer layer of coconut flesh which is brown. peeled with a thickness of about 2mm, dried, and taken the oil. The purpose of this study was to see the potential that can be processed from coconut testa by identifying the physical and chemical properties of testa oil and to determine the composition of its fatty acid content. The research was carried out in 2019 and carried out at the Manado Industrial Research and Standardization Center Laboratory. The results showed a water content value of 0.2148%; free fatty acids 2.02%; the peroxide number is 0.4107 Mek O2/Kg; iodine number 14.452 g iodine/100g; and the saponin number 258.46 mg KOH/g. The results of testing the fatty acid composition of testa oil using a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) tool were obtained, eight types of fatty acids consisting of medium-chain fatty acids and long-chain fatty acids, with the most dominant percentage being Lauric acid methyl ester (C12 - Lauric acid) of 41.59% which is a group of medium-chain fatty acids. Overall, the fatty acids obtained are Caprylic acid methyl ester (C8 - caprylic acid) 5.43%, Capric acid methyl ester (C10 - capric acid) 4.68%, Lauric acid methyl ester (C12 - lauric acid) 41, 59%, Myristic acid methyl ester (C14 - myristic acid) 18.87%, Palmitic acid methyl ester (C16 - palmitic acid) 11.87%, Linoleic acid methyl ester (C18 - linoleic acid) 1.67%, Oleic acid methyl ester (C18 - oleic acid) 11.88%, Stearic acid methyl ester (C20 - stearic acid) 4.01%. The results obtained show that coconut testa oil has the potential to be developed into functional food, cosmetic and pharmaceuticals products .</p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Testa adalah produk samping dari proses pengolahan industri tepung kelapa, dan belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal. Testa merupakan lapisan luar daging buah kelapa yang berwarna coklat. dikupas dengan ketebalan sekitar 2mm, dikeringkan dan dikeluarkan minyaknya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat potensi yang dapat diolah dari testa kelapa dengan cara mengidentifikasi sifat fisik dan kimia dari minyak testa dan untuk mengetahui komposisi kandungan asam lemaknya. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada tahun 2019 dan dilakukan di Laboratorium Balai Riset dan Standardisasi Industri Manado. Hasil penelitian diperoleh nilai kadar air 0,2148%; asam lemak bebas 2,02%; bilangan peroksida sebesar 0,4107 Mek O<sub>2</sub>/Kg; bilangan iod 14,452 g iod/100g; dan bilangan penyabunan 258,46 mg KOH/g. Hasil pengujian komposisi asam lemak minyak testa menggunakan alat <em>Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry</em> (<em>GCMS</em>) diperoleh, delapan jenis asam lemak penyusun yang terdiri dari asam lemak rantai medium dan asam lemak rantai Panjang, dengan persentase yang paling dominan adalah Lauric acid methyl ester (C12 – Asam laurat) sebesar 41,59% yang merupakan golongan dari asam lemak rantai medium. Secara keseluruhan asam lemak yang diperoleh adalah, Caprylic acid methyl ester (C8 – asam kaprilat) 5,43%, Capric acid methyl ester (C10 – asam kaprat) 4,68%, Lauric acid methyl ester (C12 – asam laurat) 41,59%, Myristic acid methil ester (C14 – asam miristat) 18,87%, Palmitic acid methyl ester (C16 – asam palmitat) 11,87%, Linoleic acid methyl ester (C18 – asam linoleat) 1,67%, Oleic acid methyl ester (C18 – asam oleat) 11,88%, Stearic acid methil ester (C20 – asam stearat) 4,01%. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan minyak testa kelapa memiliki potensi yang dapat dikembangkan menjadi produk pangan fungsional, kosmetik, maupun farmasi.</p>
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Santoso, Umam, M. Rizky, Sumari Sumari, Anugrah Ricky Wijaya, Rini Retnosari, and Muhammad Roy Asrori. "Effect of various alcohols in Trans-Esterification of Palm Oil (CPO) with CaO-MgO Catalyst." Rekayasa Bahan Alam dan Energi Berkelanjutan 5, no. 1 (2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.rbaet.2021.005.01.01.

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The purpose of this research is the synthesis of alkyl esters from CPO through transesterification reaction using catalyst CaO-MgO. This experimental laboratory research through stages: (1) CPO refinement, (2) determination of CPO free fatty acid numbers, (3) activation of CaO-MgO catalysts, (5) synthesis of alkyl esters from CPO with alcohol (methanol and ethanol), (6) identification of the components of synthesized alkyl ester using GC-MS,characterization of alkyl esters including density, viscosity, refractive index and acid number test. The results showed that (1) alkyl esters can be synthesized from CPO through the transesterification reaction with methanol and CaO-MgO catalysts with a yield of 85.72%, while the transformation of ethanol is difficult to form ethyl ether (2) the character of methyl ester: density 0.86 g/mL, viscosity 3.23 cSt, refractive index 1.44819, and acid number 0.747 mg KOH/g methyl ester, (3) the main component of the synthesized alkyl ester contains 1.20% methyl myristic compound, methyl palmitate 40.637% methyl linoleate 9.332%, methyl 7-octadecenoate 42.986%, and methyl stearate 4.427%.
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8

Tebayashi, Shin-ichi, Takuya Kawahara, Chul-Sa Kim, et al. "Feeding Stimulants Eliciting the Probing Behavior for Peregrinator biannulipes Montrouzier et Signore (Hemiptera: Ruduviidae) from Tribolium confusum (Jacquelin du Val)." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 58, no. 3-4 (2003): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2003-3-426.

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Four fatty acid methyl esters identified in the solvent extract of Tribolium confusum (Jacquelin du Val) larvae as kairomones were individually and collectively tested for probing behavior of Peregrinator biannulipes Montrouzier et Signoret. All identified fatty acid methyl eaters, methyl palmitate, methyl linolate, methyl oleate and methyl stearate, exhibited characterisitic kairomonal probing behavior of P. biannulipe toward the lure. These fatty acid methyl ester were active at 0.2 μg/lure but a synergistic effect was not observed among them. Commercially available C8-C14 even-numbered fatty acid methyl esters that were not detected in the extract of T. confusum larvae also elicited a probing behavior but their activities were weaker than those of four fatty acid methyl ester (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2) identified in the extract. On the other hand, C17 and C19 odd-numbered fatty acid methyl esters did not show any activity at all.
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Santoso, Aman, Muhammad Roy Asrori, Sumari Sumari, and Andyka Medarda Pradana. "Karakterisasi Metil Ester Dari Minyak Biji Bunga Matahari dan Minyak Zaitun di Bawah Katalis KOH." Journal of Engineering Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (2023): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47134/jesty.v1i1.5.

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Fatty acid methyl esters can be obtained from the synthesis of vegetable oil with methanol using a base catalyst. Vegetable oil has potential as biodiesel feedstock, the methyl ester character of various vegetable oils is different, for example from sunflower seed oil and olive oil. The synthesis of methyl esters by conventional transesterification reactions generally takes 1-2 hours. The purpose of this study was to synthesize methyl esters from sunflower seed oil and olive oil with a KOH catalyst and to determine the yield and its characteristics. This research is a type of laboratory experimental research. The research was carried out in 3 stages which included (1) determination of the free fatty acid content (ALB) of the oil, (2) transesterification of the oil with methanol and potassium hydroxide as a catalyst, and (3) characterization of the synthesized methyl ester which included density, viscosity, and number. acid. The results showed that the yield of methyl esters synthesized by transesterification reaction of sunflower seed oil was 95.61% and the yield of methyl esters synthesized by transesterification reaction of olive oil was 95.09.%. The methyl ester characters synthesized from sunflower seed oil are, density of 0.906 g/mL, viscosity of 5.035 cSt, acid number of 1.21 g KOH/g. The methyl ester characters synthesized from olive oil by transesterification reaction are density of 0.909 g/mL, viscosity of 12.203 cSt, acid number of 0.629 g KOH/g.
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Ghalia, Mohamed H., Mohamed Abd El-Hamid, Mohamed A. Zweil, Abd El-Galil E. Amr, and Shimaa A. Moafi. "Synthesis and Reactions of New Chiral Linear and Macrocyclic Tetraand Penta-peptide Candidates." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 67, no. 8 (2012): 806–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/znb.2012-0116.

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9a A series of linear and macrocyclic pentapeptide derivatives have been prepared via the coupling of pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (1) or pyridine-2,6-dicarbonyl dichloride (2) with appropriate amino acid methyl esters. The coupling of 1or 2with aminoacid methyl esters gave the corresponding pyridine dipeptide methyl esters 3, which were hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide to the corresponding acids 4. The latter compounds 4were coupled with other amino acid methyl esters to afford the corresponding tetrapeptide esters 5, which were hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide to the corresponding acids 6. Cyclization of tetrapeptide acids with L-lysine methyl ester or with aliphatic diamide derivatives afforded the corresponding cyclic pentapeptide methyl ester derivatives 7and cyclic tetrapeptide diamines 8, respectively. Finally, hydrolysis with 1 N sodium hydroxide or hydrazinolysis with hydrazine hydrate of methyl esters 7afforded the corresponding acids - e and hydrazides 10a - e, respectively
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Acid Methyl Ester"

1

Pisac, Claudia A. "An experimental study of combustion characteristics of fatty acid methyl ester biodiesel." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/14641.

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The thesis presents an experimental investigation of combustion performance and emissions of waste cooking oil (WCO) based biodiesel. To evaluate the comparative performance of biodiesel and diesel, combustions tests were conducted using Continuous Combustion rig (CCR) and Land Rover VM diesel engine. Firstly, physical properties of WCO biodiesel and diesel samples were measured in the laboratory. Elemental analysis of WCO biodiesel showed that there are differences between the functional groups in diesel and biodiesel which lead to major differences in the combustion characteristics of the two fuel types. It was found that biodiesel had 10% lower carbon content, almost no sulphur content for biodiesel and up to 12% more oxygen content compared with diesel. This explains the lower caloric value for WCO biodiesel (up to l8 %) compared with diesel. However, higher oxygen content and double bounds in WCO biodiesel increase its susceptibility to oxidation. The CCR test results showed an increase in combustion gas temperature with the increases in biodiesel blend ratio in diesel. This was due to a faster reaction rate for biodiesel than that of diesel leading to a faster brakeage of the hydrocarbon chain to release more heat. The engine tests were performed to measure the torque and emissions for different engine speeds and loads. In general a decrease in engine torque with up to 9% for biodiesel was observed, which was due to the lower calorific value of biodiesel compared with that of diesel. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased as the biodiesel blend ratio in diesel increases due a greater mass of fuel being injected at a given injection pressure, compared with diesel. Using WCO blends ratio up to 75% in diesel showed a reduction in exhaust emission compared with diesel, however, at the cost of increased fuel consumption. A common conclusion can be drawn in favour of the WCO biodiesel as being a greener alternative to petro-diesel when used in blend with diesel. However, due to large variations in the biomass used for biodiesel production could lead to variations in physical and chemical properties between biodiesel produced from different biomass. Therefore more stringent standards need to be imposed for biodiesel quality in order to diminish the effect of variation in physicochemical properties on engine performance and emissions. The future work in developing standard test procedures for establishing fuel properties and limits/targets would be beneficial in using a large amount of waste cooking oil in the production of biodiesel, thus contributing to reduction in CO2 and waste minimisation.
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Bentley, David James. "Cyclic peptides : total synthesis of stephanotic acid methyl ester and approaches toward moroidin." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425241.

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De, Castro Ana Maria. "Fatty acid methyl ester analysis of microbial communities in biofilters inoculated with different sources." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ28820.pdf.

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Zhao, Peng. "The Attempted Synthesis of Carba-Nicotinic Acid Mononucleotide Methyl Ester using the Zincke Reaction." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1488576282701401.

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Bollin, Patrick M. "The Production of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters in Lewis Acidic Ionic Liquids." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1321507054.

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Kadisch, Marvin [Verfasser]. "Stabilizing whole-cell biocatalysts : En route to more efficient fatty acid methyl ester bioprocessing / Marvin Kadisch." Aachen : Shaker, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1149269103/34.

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Banerjee, Sagarika. "EFFECTS OF LIVESTOCK ANTIBIOTICS ON NITRIFICATION, DENITRIFICATION, AND MICROBIAL COMMUNITY COMPOSITON IN SOILS ALONG A TOPOGRAPHIC GRADIENT." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/43.

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Several types of antibiotics (roxarsone, virginiamycin, and bacitracin) are widely included in poultry feed to improve animal growth yields. Most of the antibiotics are excreted in manure which is subsequently applied to soils. One concern with this practice is that antibiotics may affect several microbially-mediated nutrient cycling reactions in soils that influence crop productivity and water quality. The main objectives of this study were to determine the effects of livestock antibiotics on nitrification, denitrification, and microbial community composition in soils along a topographic gradient. These objectives were addressed in a series of lab experiments by monitoring changes in inorganic N species and ester-linked fatty acid methyl ester profiles after exposing soil microorganisms collected from different topographic positions to increasing levels of antibiotics. It was discovered that roxarsone and virginiamycin inhibited nitrification and soil microbial growth and also influenced microbial community composition, but only at levels that were much higher than expected in poultry litter-applied soils. Bacitracin did not affect nitrification, microbial growth, or microbial community composition at any concentration tested. None of the antibiotics had a strong affect on denitrification. Thus, it is unlikely that soil, water, or air quality would be significantly impacted by the antibiotics contained in poultry litter.
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Huq, Abul Fatha Md Anisul. "Interfacial and Solvent Processing Control of Phenyl-C61-Butyric Acid Methyl Ester (PCBM) Incorporated Polymer Thin Films." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1427746818.

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Kerman, Ipek. "Synthesis And Characterization Of Poly(oxalic Acid Dithiophen-3-yl Methyl Ester) And Thiophene Ended Poly-&amp." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12605014/index.pdf.

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Synthesis and characterization of thiophene ended poly-&amp<br>#949<br>-caprolactone (PCL) and oxalic acid dithiophen-3-yl methyl ester (ODME) and their copolymers with both pyrrole and thiophene were achieved. Chemical structure of the precursor polymer and monomer were investigated Redox behavior of polymer and monomers were determined by Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). Structural characterization of samples were carried out by 1H, 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Conductivities of the films were measured by using four probe technique. Thermal analyses of conducting copolymers were investigated via Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal Gravimetry Analysis (TGA). The morphologies of the copolymer films were examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Electrochromic and spectroelectrochemical behavior of the copolymers were investigated, and their ability of employment in device construction has been examined.
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Bahceci, Humeyra. "Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Analysis Of Bacterial Isolates From Salt Lake, Turkey And Characterization Of Their Extracellular Enzymes." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12605483/index.pdf.

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In this study, 11 bacterial isolates from Salt Lake,Turkey were identified by using fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis. They were screened for production of industrially important enzymes xylanase, cellulase, &amp<br>#945<br>-amylase and protease. These enzymes were characterized in terms of enzyme activity, stability, optimum temperature and optimum pH. One of the isolates was identified as Bacillus pumilus, and two of them were identified as Bacillus subtilis. Other isolates were determined to be Bacillus licheniformis. All the isolates were determined to produce xylanase. Optimum temperatures and optimum pH values of xylanases were 50-55 &deg<br>C and pH 7.0-8.0. Xylanases were quite stable up to pH 8.0 and 70 &deg<br>C. Isolates were not significant cellulase producers. Four of the isolates did not produce any cellulase enzyme and the rest produced negligible amounts of cellulase. Therefore, xylanases from the isolates were promising for pulp and paper industry, which requires cellulase free and stable xylanases. All the isolates produced appreciable quantities of &amp<br>#945<br>-amylase. Optimum temperatures and optimum pH values of &amp<br>#945<br>-amylases 60-80 &deg<br>C and pH 7.0-8.0. &amp<br>#945<br>-Amylases were quite stable up to pH 9.0 and 80 &deg<br>C. &amp<br>#945<br>-Amylases from the isolates were promising for starch processing industry, which requires &amp<br>#945<br>-amylases stable at high temperatures and for detergent industry, which requires &amp<br>#945<br>-amylases stable at alkaline pH values. Considerable protease productions were achieved by all the isolates. TTG 2 was the best protease producer with 271 U/ml. Optimum temperatures and optimum pH values of proteases were 50-60 &deg<br>C and pH 7.0-7.4. Proteases were quite stable up to pH 9.0 and 80 &deg<br>C. Proteases from the isolates were promising for detergent and leather industry, in which proteases must be stable at alkaline pH values.
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Books on the topic "Acid Methyl Ester"

1

Castro, Ana Maria De. Fatty acid methyl ester analysis of microbial communities in biofilters inoculated with different sources. National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999.

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Chi, Lirong. The production of methyl esters from vegetable oil/fatty acid mixtures. National Library of Canada, 1999.

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3

European Committee for Standardization. Automotive fuels: Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for diesel engines : requirements and test methods. CEN, European Committe for Standardization, 2004.

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Wychen, S. Van. Determination of total lipids as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by in situ transesterification: Laboratory analytical procedure (LAP), issue date December 2, 2013. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2013.

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Fat and oil derivatives - Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME): Determination of ester and linolenic acid methyl ester contents. BSI, 2003.

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A third methyl ester of phthalic acid. University Library, pub. by the librarian, 1997.

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Kawakami, Yuji. Process for Preparing 3-[-8-Bromo-1-methyl-6--4H-imidazo[1,2-a][1,4]benzodiaze- Pin-4-yl]propionic Acid Methyl Ester Benzenesulfonate: United States Patent 9981941. Independently Published, 2020.

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8

Johansson, Benny. Pharmacological studies on disulfiram (Antabuse®): In relation to its metabolism, inhibitory action, and elimination kinetics, with special reference to the metabolite diethylthiocarbamic acid methyl ester. 1989.

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Institution, British Standards, and European Committee for Standardization., eds. Fat and oil derivatives - Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME): Determination of acid value. BSI, 2003.

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Fat and oil derivatives - Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME): Determination of iodine value. BSI, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Acid Methyl Ester"

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van Lierop, Ben, Laurence Castle, Alexandre Feigenbaum, and Achim Boenke. "4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, methyl ester." In Spectra for the Identification of Additives in Food Packaging. Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5222-8_43.

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Demaison, J. "196 C2H4O2 Formic acid methyl ester." In Asymmetric Top Molecules. Part 1. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10371-1_198.

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Demaison, J. "216 C2H5NO2 Carbamic acid methyl ester." In Asymmetric Top Molecules. Part 1. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10371-1_218.

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Vogt, J. "80 CH3NO2 Nitrous acid methyl ester." In Asymmetric Top Molecules. Part 1. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10371-1_82.

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Vogt, J. "699 C8H8O3 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester." In Asymmetric Top Molecules. Part 3. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14145-4_121.

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Hirota, E., K. Kuchitsu, T. Steimle, J. Vogt, and N. Vogt. "156 C2H6O2S2 Methanesulfonothioic acid S-methyl ester." In Molecules Containing No Carbon Atoms and Molecules Containing One or Two Carbon Atoms. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70614-4_357.

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Hirota, E., K. Kuchitsu, T. Steimle, J. Vogt, and N. Vogt. "109 C4H8O3 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid methyl ester." In Molecules Containing Three or Four Carbon Atoms and Molecules Containing Five or More Carbon Atoms. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41504-3_110.

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Hirota, E., K. Kuchitsu, T. Steimle, J. Vogt, and N. Vogt. "23 C5H8O3 3-Oxobutanoic acid methyl ester." In Molecules Containing Three or Four Carbon Atoms and Molecules Containing Five or More Carbon Atoms. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41504-3_154.

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Hirota, E., K. Kuchitsu, T. Steimle, J. Vogt, and N. Vogt. "155 C8H8O3 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester." In Molecules Containing Three or Four Carbon Atoms and Molecules Containing Five or More Carbon Atoms. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41504-3_286.

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Hirota, E., K. Kuchitsu, T. Steimle, J. Vogt, and N. Vogt. "45 C3H6OS Ethanethioic acid S-methyl ester." In Molecules Containing Three or Four Carbon Atoms and Molecules Containing Five or More Carbon Atoms. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41504-3_46.

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Conference papers on the topic "Acid Methyl Ester"

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Kusumawati, Dian, Andi Erwin Eka Putra, and Novriany Amaliyah. "Characterisation and Analysis of Chemical Compounds from the Ozonization Process of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) for Biodiesel Production." In International Conference on Research in Engineering and Science Technology (IC-REST) 2023. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-fh0xfc.

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Crude palm oil (CPO) is one of the potential feedstocks for biodiesel production. While CPO has potential as a sustainable biodiesel feedstock, there are still a number of challenges that need to be overcome. One of them is the presence of interfering compounds in CPO, such as free fatty acids and non-triglyceride compounds. This research aims to analyse the density, viscosity, calorific value and identify the types of chemical compounds in CPO for biodiesel production consisting of 100% biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester or FAME) without mixture with conventional diesel fuel (fossil diesel). This study used several test samples, including Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and B100 that had been ozonised for 30 minutes (BO30), 60 minutes (BO60), 120 minutes (BO120) and 180 minutes (B0180), then characterised using a bomb calorimeter to identify Higher Heating Value (HHV), density (ASTM D1298), viscosity (ASTM D445), Fourier Transform InfraRed Method (FT-IR), and Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). The results showed that the BO180 fuel mixture had the highest calorific value of 33.40 MJ/kg, the smallest kinematic viscosity of 21.42 cSt, and the density at 40°C showed no change among the biodiesel samples, which was around 0.85 gr/ml. The content of BO180 chemical compounds analysed using GC-MS), there are octadecenoic acid compounds of 44.15%, hexadecenoic acid of 32.92%, and other compounds less than 1%.
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Baibhav, Vibhu, Daniel Florez Orrego, Pullah Bhatnagar, and Fran�ois Mar�chal. "Process integration and waste valorization for sustainable biodiesel production toward a transportation sector energy transition." In The 35th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering. PSE Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.69997/sct.147707.

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Fossil fuel reliance in the transportation sector remains a leading contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, underscoring the urgent need for renewable alternatives like biodiesel. Derived from renewable feedstocks, biodiesel can reduce emissions, enhance energy independence, and support rural economies. However, its production faces challenges such as low energy efficiency, process optimization barriers, and the limited utilization of byproducts like glycerol, which elevate costs and hinder large-scale adoption. This study addresses these challenges by developing an integrated framework for biodiesel production and byproduct valorization, supporting the long-term decarbonization of biofuel production. Three key feedstocks�refined palm oil, rapeseed oil, and soybean oil�are evaluated for biodiesel yield. The single-step transesterification process is enhanced through a two-stage approach, optimizing fatty acid methyl ester conversion under varying methanol and NaOH catalyst split ratios. Glycerol valorization strategies, including combustion, purification, and anaerobic digestion, are analyzed to improve economic and environmental sustainability. Using mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), the study minimizes total costs by balancing operational and capital expenditures while incorporating process integration constraints. The findings provide actionable insights into cost-effective and sustainable biodiesel production pathways, promoting the broader adoption of biofuels in the transition toward net-zero emissions.
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Bota, Gheorghe, Peng Jin, Fernando Farelas, and Winston Robbins. "Phosphate Esters Inhibitors in Naphthenic Acid Corrosion – an Experimental Evaluation." In CORROSION 2019. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2019-13491.

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Abstract Crude oils with a total acid number (TAN) higher than 0.5 are highly corrosive at temperatures between 400 and 700°F found in atmospheric and vacuum distillations of oil refineries. The destructive effects of naphthenic acids (NAP) occur in the same temperature range as sulfidation corrosion due to reactive sulfur compounds also contained in crude oils. Efforts of mitigating NAP corrosion of existing equipment by a high TAN oil include blending with crudes of lower acids content, neutralization or removal of naphthenic acids, and the use of corrosion inhibitors. Phosphate esters are commonly used in commercial NAP corrosion inhibitors. Two such inhibitors have been evaluated in laboratory experiments using a specific testing – “pretreatment - challenge” procedure. This method evaluates the effects of NAP in oils at high temperature on the formation and corrosion resistance of scales on metal surfaces. NAP corrosivity is determined by weight loss and scales are characterized in cross section by both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Adding each inhibitor to two crude fractions changed the protective properties of scales formed in the test. The results differentiate the two inhibitors in terms of efficiency and phosphorous distribution in the scale.
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Razban, B., W. Chen, D. Wang, D. McMartin, and R. Cullimore. "Preliminary Assessment on Bacterial Deterioration of Asbestos Reinforced Concrete Pipes for Water Distribution." In CORROSION 2010. NACE International, 2010. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2010-10212.

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Abstract Asbestos reinforced concrete (ARC) pipes were commonly used for drinking water distribution networks in North American, primarily from middle1940s to early 1980s. In the City of Regina, Canada approximately 68% of all water mains are ARC pipes, to a total length of 535 km. In this preliminary research it was found that bacteriological activities within the internal surface coating (patina) as well as within the concrete could induce bio-deterioration, which eventually leads to pipe failures. Identification of the bacterial consortia was performed using the S43048 protocols for the chromatographic detection of the C5 to C20 fatty acids methyl esters (FAME). Using proprietary library software, high similarity indexes were statistically generated, confirming the ubiquitous nature of the bacterial community (consortium) within the patina (a distinctively fibrous internal coating) of various pipe samples. Bacteriological activities caused deterioration to the ARC pipes was primarily related to acid producing bacteria. . These bacteria are fermentative in the reductive environments, generating sufficient fatty acids that would reduce the pH into the acidic range of 3.5 to 5.5 and could cause structural failures in the concrete.
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Bucy, Harrison, and Anthony J. Marchese. "Oxidative Stability of Algae Derived Methyl Esters Containing Varying Levels of Methyl Eicosapentaenoate and Methyl Docosahexaenoate." In ASME 2011 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2011-60047.

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Microalgae is currently receiving strong consideration as a potential biofuel feedstock to help meet the advanced biofuels mandate of the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act because of its theoretically high yield (gallons/acre/year) in comparison to current terrestrial feedstocks. Microalgae lipids can be converted into a variety of biofuels including fatty acid methyl esters (e.g. biodiesel), renewable diesel, renewable gasoline or synthetic paraffinic aviation kerosene. For algal methyl ester biodiesel, fuel properties will be directly related to the fatty acid composition of the lipids produced by the given microalgae strain. Several microalgae species under consideration for wide scale cultivation, such as Nannochloropsis, produce lipids with fatty acid compositions containing substantially higher quantities of long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in comparison to terrestrial feedstocks. It is expected that increased levels of LC-PUFA will be problematic in terms of meeting all of the current ASTM specifications for biodiesel. For example, it is well known that oxidative stability decreases with increasing levels of LC-PUFA. However, these same LC-PUFA fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA: C20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA: C22:6) are known to have high nutritional value thereby making separation of these compounds economically attractive. Given the uncertainty in the future value of these LC-PUFA compounds and the economic viability of the separation process, the goal of this study was to examine the oxidative stability of algal methyl esters with varying levels of EPA and DHA. Tests were conducted using a Metrohm 743 Rancimat with automatic induction period determination following ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards, which call for induction periods of at least 3 hours and 6 hours, respectively. Tests were conducted at a temperature of 110°C and airflow of 10 L/h with model algal methyl ester compounds synthesized from various sources to match the fatty acid compositions of several algae strains subjected to varying removal amounts of roughly 0 to 100 percent LC-PUFA. In addition, tests were also conducted with real algal methyl esters produced from multiple sources. The bis-allylic position equivalent (BAPE) was calculated for each fuel sample to quantify the level of unsaturation. The induction period was then plotted as a function of BAPE, which showed that the oxidative stability varied exponentially with the amount of LC-PUFA. The results suggest that removal of 45 to 65 percent of the LC-PUFA from Nannochloropsis-based algal methyl esters would be sufficient for meeting existing ASTM specifications for oxidative stability.
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Zhu, Chunhong, Jiangtong Song, and Jie Li. "Comparison of Fuel Properties between Diesel and Fatty Acid Methyl Ester." In 2015 International Conference on Materials, Environmental and Biological Engineering. Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mebe-15.2015.121.

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Mirghani, Mohamed, Adeeb Hayyan, Hanee Hizaddin, et al. "Novel Encapsulated Ionic Liquid Analogous for Free Fatty Acid Conversion to Fatty Acid Methyl Ester." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/vapq5899.

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The development of an efficient and green catalyst can be considered as a major contribution for the esterification of free fatty acid (FFA) in non-edible oil feedstocks. The DES was encapsulated in medical capsules for esterification of free fatty acid. The DES was synthesized from allyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (Allyl) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA). The FFA content was reduced to &lt; 2 % under optimum conditions (catalyst dosage 2% (wt/wt) catalyst to oil, 10:1 molar ratio of oil to methanol at 60 °C for 60 min reaction time). The formation of a eutectic mixture endows the catalyst with advantages for esterification reaction such as improvements in recyclability and hygroscopicity of PTSA.
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"Exploratory of Palm Oil Based Catalyst to Produce Fatty Acid Methyl Ester." In International Conference on Biological, Chemical and Environmental Sciences. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c614030.

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Elzagheid, Mohamed I., Kati Mattila, Mikko Oivanen, Bryan C. N. M. Jones, Richard Cosstick, and Harri Lönnberg. "Hydrolytic reactions of 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiothymidine 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothiolate methyl ester." In XIth Symposium on Chemistry of Nucleic Acid Components. Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/css199902225.

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Zhimin, Ou, Liu Yong, and Nan Yinkang. "Synthesis of (R)-(-)-Mandelic Acid Methyl Ester by Asymmetric Reduction of Methyl Benzoylformate with Yeast Cells." In 2012 International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology (iCBEB). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbeb.2012.390.

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Reports on the topic "Acid Methyl Ester"

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Morris, Jr, Shardo Robert W., Higgins James, et al. Evaluation of the Impact of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Contamination on the Thermal Stability of Jet A. Defense Technical Information Center, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada594760.

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Wilson, George R. Diesel Lubricity Additive Effect on Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidative Stability with Supplementary Information on Fatty Acid Methyl Ester and Jet Engine Nozzle Performance. Coordinating Research Council, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21813/crcav-03-04.

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Carpita, Nicholas C., Ruth Ben-Arie, and Amnon Lers. Pectin Cross-Linking Dynamics and Wall Softening during Fruit Ripening. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585197.bard.

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Our study was designed to elucidate the chemical determinants of pectin cross-linking in developing fruits of apple and peach and to evaluate the role of breakage cross-linkages in swelling, softening, and cell separation during the ripening. Peaches cell walls soften and swell considerably during the ripening, whereas apples fruit cells maintain wall firmness but cells separate during late stages of ripening. We used a "double-reduction" technique to show that levels of non-methyl esters of polyuronic acid molecules were constant during the development and ripening and decreased only in overripe fruit. In peach, methyl and non-methyl esters increased during the development and decreased markedly during the ripening. Non-methyl ester linkages in both fruit decreased accompanied fruit softening. The identity of the second component of the linkage and its definitive role in the fruit softening remain elusive. In preliminary examination of isolated apples cell walls, we found that phenolic compounds accumulate early in wall development but decrease markedly during ripening. Quantitative texture analysis was used to correlate with changes to wall chemistry from the fresh-picked ripe stage to the stage during storage when the cell separation occurs. Cell wall composition is similar in all cultivars, with arabinose as the principal neutral sugar. Extensive de-branching of these highly branched arabinans pre-stages softening and cell-cell separation during over-ripening of apple. The longer 5-arabinans remain attached to the major pectic polymer rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I) backbone. The degree of RG I branching, as judged from the ratios of 2-Rha:2,4-Rha, also decreases, specially after an extensive arabinan de-branching. Loss of the 4-Rham linkages correlated strongly with the softening of the fruit. Loss of the monomer or polymer linked to the RG I produce directly or indirectly the softening of the fruit. This result will help to understand the fruit softening and to have better control of the textural changes in fruit during the ripening and especially during the storage. 'Wooliness', an undesirable mealy texture that is induced during chilling of some peach cultivars, greatly reduces the fruit storage possibilities. In order to examine the hypothesis that the basis for this disorder is related to abnormality in the cell wall softening process we have carried out a comparative analysis using the resistant cultivar, Sunsnow, and a sensitive one, Hermosa. We investigated the activity of several pectin- and glycan-modifying enzymes and the expression of their genes during ripening, chilling, and subsequent shelf-life. The changes in carbohydrate status and in methyl vs. non-methyl uronate ester levels in the walls of these cultivars were examined as well to provide a basis for comparison of the relevant gene expression that may impact appearance of the wooly character. The activities of the specific polygalacturonase (PGase) and a CMC-cellulase activities are significantly elevated in walls of peaches that have become wooly. Cellulase activities correlated well with increased level of the transcript, but differential expression of PGase did not correspond with the observed pattern of mRNA accumulation. When expression of ethylene biosynthesis related genes was followed no significant differences in ACC synthase gene expression was observed in the wooly fruit while the normal activation of the ACC oxidase was partially repressed in the Hermosa wooly fruits. Normal ripening-related loss of the uronic acid-rich polymers was stalled in the wooly Hermosa inconsistent with the observed elevation in a specific PGase activity but consistent with PG gene expression. In general, analysis of the level of total esterification, degree of methyl esterification and level of non-methyl esters did not reveal any major alterations between the different fruit varieties or between normal and abnormal ripening. Some decrease in the level of uronic acids methyl esterification was observed for both Hermosa and Sunsnow undergoing ripening following storage at low temperature but not in fruits ripening after harvest. Our results support a role for imbalanced cell wall degradation as a basis for the chilling disorder. While these results do not support a role for the imbalance between PG and pectin methyl esterase (PME) activities as the basis for the disorder they suggest a possible role for imbalance between cellulose and other cell wall polymer degradation during the softening process.
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Myo, Thet, Kazunori Hamasaki, Eiji Kinoshita, and Hiroshi Tajima. Diesel Combustion Characteristics of Single Compositions of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters. SAE International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-32-0042.

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Van Wychen, Stefanie, Alicia Sowell, Kelsey Ramirez, and Lieve Laurens. Determination of Total Lipids as Fatty Acid Methyl Esters: Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2208752.

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Kinoshita, Eiji, Kazuyo Fushimi, and Yasufumi Yoshimoto. Combustion Characteristics of a DI Diesel Engine with Short and Medium Chain Saturated Fatty Acid Methyl Esters. SAE International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-32-9080.

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Van Wychen, Stefanie, Kelsey Ramirez, and Lieve M. L. Laurens. Determination of Total Lipids as Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) by in situ Transesterification: Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1118085.

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Yamane, Koji, Kiyoshi Kawasaki, Kazutaka Sone, Takeru Hara, and Tirto Prakoso. A Fundamental Study for the Prevention of Biodiesel Fuel Oxidation Deterioration (1st Report)~Unsaturated Fatty Acid Methyl Esters and Thermal Oxidation Characteristics. SAE International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0556.

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Rouseff, Russell L., and Michael Naim. Characterization of Unidentified Potent Flavor Changes during Processing and Storage of Orange and Grapefruit Juices. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585191.bard.

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Citrus juice flavor quality traditionally diminishes after thermal processing and continuously during storage. Our prior studies found that four of the five most potent off-aromas formed during orange juice storage had not been identified. The primary emphasis of this project was to characterize and identify those potent flavor degrading aroma volatiles so that methods to control them could be developed and final flavor quality improved. Our original objectives included: 1 Isolate and characterize the most important unidentified aroma impact compounds formed or lost during pasteurization and storage. 2. Determination of thiamine and carotenoid thermal decomposition and Strecker degradation pathways in model solutions as possible precursors for the unidentified off-flavors. 3. Evaluate the effectiveness of an "electronic nose" to differentiate the headspace aromas of from untreated and heat pasteurized orange and grapefruit juices. 4. Use model systems of citrus juices to investigate the three possible precursor pathways (from 2) for flavor impact compounds formed or lost during pasteurization or storage. RESULTS - The components responsible for citrus storage off flavors and their putative precursors have now been identified. Certain carotenoids (b-carotene) can thermally degrade to produce b-ionone and b-damascenone which are floral and tobacco smelling respectively. Our GC-O and sensory experiments indicated that b-damascenone is a potential storage off-flavor in orange juice. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) degradation produces 2-methyl-3-furan thiol, MFT, and its dimer bis(2- methyl-3-furyl) disulfide which both produce meaty, savory aromas. GC-O and sensory studies indicated that MFT is another storage off-flavor. Methional (potato aroma) is another off flavor produced primarily from the reaction of the native amino acid, methionine, and oxidized ascorbic acid (vitamin C). This is a newly discovered pathway for the production of methional and is more dominant in juices than the classic Maillard reaction. These newly identified off flavors diminish the flavor quality of citrus juices as they distort the flavor balance and introduce non-typical aromas to the juice flavor profile. In addition, we have demonstrated that some of the poor flavor quality citrus juice found in the market place is not only from the production of these and other off flavors but also due to the absence of desirable flavor components including several potent aldehydes and a few esters. The absence of these compounds appears to be due to incomplete flavor volatile restoration after the making of juice concentrates. We are the first to demonstrate that not all flavor volatiles are removed along with water in the production of juice concentrate. In the case of grapefruit juice we have documented which flavor volatiles are completely removed, which are partially removed and which actually increase because of the thermal process. Since more that half of all citrus juices is made into concentrate, this information will allow producers to more accurately restore the original flavor components and produce a juice with a more natural flavor. IMPLICATIONS - We have shown that the aroma of citrus juices is controlled by only 1-2% of the total volatiles. The vast majority of other volatiles have little to no direct aroma activity. The critical volatiles have now been identified. The ability to produce high quality citrus juices requires that manufacturers know which chemical components control aroma and flavor. In addition to identifying the critical flavor components (both positive and negative), we have also identified several precursors. The behavior of these key aroma compounds and their precursors during common manufacturing and storage conditions has been documented so manufacturers in Israel and the US can alter production practices to minimize the negative ones and maximize the positive ones.
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