Journal articles: 'Acide caprique'

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Santillo, Antonella, Lucia Figliola, Maria G. Ciliberti, Mariangela Caroprese, Rosaria Marino, and Marzia Albenzio. "Focusing on fatty acid profile in milk from different species after in vitro digestion." Journal of Dairy Research 85, no. 2 (May 2018): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029918000274.

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We report the fatty acid profile of raw milk and of the corresponding digested milk from different sources (human milk, formula milk and donkey, bovine, ovine and caprine milk) to gain information on the nutritional quality of different milk sources in infant nutrition.Short chain fatty acids (SC-FA) were higher in bovine and caprine milk, intermediate in ovine and donkey and lower in human and formula milk. Medium chain fatty acids (MC-FA) showed the highest values for bovine and caprine milk and the lowest for donkey and formula milk, whereas long chain fatty acids (LC-FA) were the highest in donkey and formula milk and intermediate in human milk.The percentage distribution of fatty acids liberated after in vitro digestion did not reflect the patterns found in the corresponding milk sources. In particular, MC free fatty acids (MC-FFA) showed the highest and the lowest values in donkey and in formula milk, LC-FFA showed the highest value in human milk. The total FFA was highest in human milk, lowest in formula milk and intermediate in donkey, bovine, ovine, and caprine milk.

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JAVIER MORENO, F., ISIDRA RECIO, AGUSTÍN OLANO, and ROSINA LÓPEZ-FANDIÑO. "Heterogeneity of caprine κ-casein macropeptide." Journal of Dairy Research 68, no. 2 (May 2001): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002202990100471x.

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The heterogeneity of caprine caseinmacropeptide (CMP) was determined by means of treatments with neuraminidase and acid phosphatase and analyses by anion exchange FPLC and reversed-phase (RP)-HPLC, with on-line and off-line electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The main CMP components were two non-glycosylated and di-phosphorylated forms, as well as two other mono-phosphorylated species, each corresponding to a genetic variant of caprine κ-casein due to the silent substitution Ile/ Val at position 119. Asialo-aglyco mono- and di-phosphorylated forms were found in the ratios 8–14% and 86–92%, respectively. Approximately 36% of caprine CMP was glycosylated. Based on the obtained molecular masses, the occurrence of tri-, di- and monosaccharide-containing di-phosphorylated CMP are reported, assuming that N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, N-acetyl and N-glycolylneuraminic acids would constitute the main monosaccharides of caprine CMP. CMP microheterogeneity due to the genetic polymorphism was also observed in the glycosylated forms.

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Bernard, Laurence, Mohamad B. Montazer Torbati, Benoit Graulet, Christine Leroux, and Yves Chilliard. "Long-chain fatty acids differentially alter lipogenesis in bovine and caprine mammary slices." Journal of Dairy Research 80, no. 1 (December 17, 2012): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029912000726.

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Indirect comparisons from studies in vivo have suggested that caprine mammary tissue is less sensitive than bovine mammary tissue to the anti-lipogenic effect of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), including specific rumen biohydrogenation (RBH) intermediates of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Our objective was to investigate the effects on lipogenesis of 18-carbon LCFA differing in the degree of unsaturation and/or double bond conformation using cultured slices of bovine and caprine mammary tissues. Mammary tissues were collected from five multiparous Holstein × Normande cows and six multiparous Alpine goats in mid lactation. The expression of genes involved in milk component synthesis was measured in tissues collected at slaughter and after slice preparation:FASN, SCD1, CD36, SREBF1andPPARG1mRNA levels were higher in bovine than caprine samples, whereas the opposite was observed forCSN2mRNA levels. Bovine and caprine mammary slices were incubated for 20 h in a medium with BSA (control), cis-9-18 : 1, 18 : 2n-6, 18 : 3n-3, cis-9, trans-11-CLA, or trans-10, cis-12-CLA (the latter at 3 increasing concentrations: C1 (0·11 mm), C2 (0·16 mm), C3 (0·37 mm)). Lipogenesis was estimated by measuring the incorporation of14C-acetate into total lipid. Significant differences of individual LCFA (P < 0·05) were observed between species: bovine tissue showed a decrease in total lipogenesis with 18 : 2n-6, 18 : 3n-3, trans-10,cis-12-CLA (C2 and C3) while caprine tissue showed an increase after treatment with 18 : 3n-3, cis-9, trans-11-CLA or trans-10, cis-12-CLA (C3). These results were not related to the mRNA abundance of our set of genes in the mammary slices after incubation. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that caprine mammary slices reacted differently from bovine mammary slices to the anti-lipogenic activity of specific LCFA and suggests that regulation of lipogenesis via other genes and/or at protein level and enzyme activity may be involved.

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Rolland, Marie-Paule, Lotfi Bitri, and Pierre Besançon. "Monospecificity of the antibodies to bovine αs1-casein fragment 140–149: application to the detection of bovine milk in caprine dairy products." Journal of Dairy Research 62, no. 1 (February 1995): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900033690.

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SUMMARYComparison of the primary sequences of bovine, ovine and caprine αs1-casein shows a deletion of eight amino acid residues in the ovine casein region 141–148, which is identical in the bovine and caprine proteins except for a single difference in position 148 (Q or E). Polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbits against the bovine casein sequence 140–149 (QELAYFYPEL) appeared monospecific for bovine αsl-casein, since no antibody-antigen complex was formed with homologous ovine or caprine proteins. These antibodies remained unable to recognize the caprine sequence in the native protein even after extensive tryptic proteolysis. The lack of immunoreactivity of the antibodies against synthetic caprine αsl-casein peptide 138–149 (VNQELAYFYPQL) suggested that the glutamic acid residue in position 148 is essential for the antigenic character of the bovine peptide. From these observations, the use of these antibodies for the detection and quantitation of bovine milk present in ovine dairy products could be extended to caprine products.

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Hardy, D. M., A. F. M. Schoots, and J. L. Hedrick. "Caprine acrosin. Purification, characterization and proteolysis of the porcine zona pellucida." Biochemical Journal 257, no. 2 (January 15, 1989): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2570447.

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Acrosin purified from an acidic extract of ejaculated goat spermatozoa migrated as a single 42,000-Mr band in SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Reduction and alkylation of caprine acrosin produced two polypeptides, one of Mr 40,000 (heavy chain) and the other of Mr 3700 (light chain). The light chain purified by reversed-phase h.p.l.c. was a glycosylated octadecapeptide with an amino acid sequence similar to that of the N-terminal 18 residues of porcine acrosin light chain (78% positional identity). The sequence of the N-terminal 37 amino acids of purified caprine acrosin heavy chain is similar to that of porcine acrosin heavy chain (70% positional identity through 37 residues). Studies with synthetic substrates and synthetic and natural proteinase inhibitors confirmed both the specificity of the purified proteinase for Arg-Xaa and Lys-Xaa bonds and a serine-proteinase mechanism. Purified caprine acrosin hydrolysed the 90 kDa and 65 kDa components, but did not hydrolyse the 55 kDa component of the porcine zona pellucida. The action of the enzyme on the porcine zona pellucida was indistinguishable from that previously reported for porcine acrosin.

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Bernard, Laurence, Kevin J. Shingfield, Jacques Rouel, Anne Ferlay, and Yves Chilliard. "Effect of plant oils in the diet on performance and milk fatty acid composition in goats fed diets based on grass hay or maize silage." British Journal of Nutrition 101, no. 2 (June 16, 2008): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114508006533.

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Based on the potential benefits to long-term human health there is interest in developing sustainable nutritional strategies for reducing saturated and increasing specific unsaturated fatty acids in ruminant milk. The impact of plant oil supplements to diets containing different forages on caprine milk fatty acid composition was examined in two experiments using twenty-seven Alpine goats in replicated 3 × 3 Latin squares with 28 d experimental periods. Treatments comprised of no oil (control) or 130 g/d of sunflower-seed oil (SO) or linseed oil (LO) supplements added to diets based on grass hay (H; experiment 1) or maize silage (M; experiment 2). Milk fat content was enhanced (P < 0·01) on HSO, HLO and MLO compared with the corresponding H or M control diets, resulting in 17, 15 and 14 % increases in milk fat secretion, respectively. For both experiments, plant oils decreased (P < 0·05) milk 10 : 0–16 : 0 and odd- and branched-chain fatty acid content and increased 18 : 0,trans-Δ6–9,11–14,16-18 : 1 (and their corresponding Δ-9 desaturase products),trans-7,trans-9-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA),trans-9,trans-11-CLA andtrans-8,cis-10-CLA concentrations. Alterations in the distribution ofcis-18 : 1,trans-18 : 1, -18 : 2 and CLA isomers in milk fat were related to plant oil composition and forage in the diet. In conclusion, plant oils represent an effective strategy for altering the fatty acid composition of caprine milk, with evidence that the basal diet is an important determinant of ruminal unsaturated fatty acid metabolism in the goat.

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Miao, Qiuhong, Ruibing Qi, Chunchun Meng, Jie Zhu, Aoxing Tang, Dandan Dong, Hongyuan Guo, Monique M. van Oers, Gorben P. Pijlman, and Guangqing Liu. "Caprine MAVS Is a RIG-I Interacting Type I Interferon Inducer Downregulated by Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Infection." Viruses 13, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13030409.

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The mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS, also known as VISA, IPS-1, or CARDIF) plays an essential role in the type I interferon (IFN) response and in retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) mediated antiviral innate immunity in mammals. In this study, the caprine MAVS gene (caMAVS, 1566 bp) was identified and cloned. The caMAVS shares the highest amino acid similarity (98.1%) with the predicted sheep MAVS. Confocal microscopy analysis of partial deletion mutants of caMAVS revealed that the transmembrane and the so-called Non-Characterized domains are indispensable for intracellular localization to mitochondria. Overexpression of caMAVS in caprine endometrial epithelial cells up-regulated the mRNA levels of caprine interferon-stimulated genes. We concluded that caprine MAVS mediates the activation of the type I IFN pathway. We further demonstrated that both the CARD-like domain and the transmembrane domain of caMAVS were essential for the activation of the IFN-β promotor. The interaction between caMAVS and caprine RIG-I and the vital role of the CARD and NC domain in this interaction was demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation. Upon infection with the Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV, genus Morbillivirus), the level of MAVS was greatly reduced. This reduction was prevented by the addition of the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Moreover, we found that viral protein V could interact and colocalize with MAVS. Together, we identified caMAVS as a RIG-I interactive protein involved in the activation of type I IFN pathways in caprine cells and as a target for PPRV immune evasion.

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Mora-Gutierrez, Adela, Rahmat Attaie, Maryuri T. Núñez de González, Yoonsung Jung, and Sixto A. Marquez. "Interface Compositions as Determinants of Resveratrol Stability in Nanoemulsion Delivery Systems." Foods 9, no. 10 (October 2, 2020): 1394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9101394.

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The incorporation of hydrophobic ingredients, such as resveratrol (a fat-soluble phytochemical), in nanoemulsions can increase the water solubility and stability of these hydrophobic ingredients. The nanodelivery of resveratrol can result in a marked improvement in the bioavailability of this health-promoting ingredient. The current study hypothesized that resveratrol can bind to caprine casein, which may result in the preservation of the biological properties of resveratrol. The fluorescence spectra provided proof of this complex formation by demonstrating that resveratrol binds to caprine casein in the vicinity of tryptophan amino acid residues. The caprine casein/resveratrol complex is stabilized by hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. Hence, to study the rate of resveratrol degradation during processing/storage, resveratrol losses were determined by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) in nanoemulsions stabilized by bovine and caprine caseins individually and in combination with polysorbate-20. At 48 h oxidation, 88.33% and 89.08% was left of resveratrol in the nanoemulsions stabilized by caprine casein (αs1-I)/polysorbate-20 complex and caprine (αs1-II)/polysorbate-20 complex, while there was less resveratrol left in the nanoemulsions stabilized by bovine casein/polysorbate-20 complex, suggesting that oxygen degradation was involved. The findings of this study are crucial for the food industry since they imply the potential use of caprine casein/polysorbate-20 complex to preserve the biological properties of resveratrol.

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Sobhy, Nader M., Aníbal G. Armién, Arno Wünschmann, Dean Muldoon, Sagar M. Goyal, and Sunil K. Mor. "Detection and molecular characterization of kobuvirus from diarrheic goats in Minnesota." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 32, no. 6 (August 17, 2020): 873–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638720949475.

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Kobuvirus infections are common among humans, rodents, carnivores, pigs, and ruminants. We report herein the complete genome sequence of a novel caprine kobuvirus (MN604700) from diarrheic kids in Minnesota. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a kobuvirus genome of 8,139 nt with a single ORF region encoding a polyprotein of 2,480 amino acids. Further analysis revealed nt substitutions along the genome compared with that of the caprine kobuvirus reference strain, with 93% identity. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the clade of the caprine kobuvirus was most closely related to porcine kobuviruses rather than bovine or ovine kobuviruses. Using primers designed from this genome, caprine kobuvirus was identified in the stools of other goats. Sanger sequencing of PCR products indicated 3D and VP1 gene nucleotides of this latter strain were 95% and 91% identical with those of MN604700, respectively. There were 35 and 101 nt substitutions in 3D and VP1 genes, respectively. Findings of kobuvirus over a 2-y period may indicate an endemic state, which needs further research. In addition, screening for kobuviruses over large geographic areas is needed to identify the evolutionary connections among different strains.

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An, X. P., J. X. Hou, T. Y. Gao, and B. Y. Cao. "Cloning and expression of caprine KIT gene and associations of polymorphisms with litter size." Animal Production Science 56, no. 10 (2016): 1579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13497.

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The full coding region of KIT mRNA was cloned from the caprine ovary. The results showed the caprine KIT cDNA (GenBank accession number KF364483) contained a 2925-bp open reading frame encoding a protein with 974 amino acid residues. BLAST analysis revealed that the caprine KIT protein had high similarity with that of four species: Ovis aries (99%), Bos taurus (99%), Sus scrofa (94%) and Homo sapiens (90%). The KIT mRNA expression pattern showed that KIT mRNA was expressed highly in kidney, ovary, uterus and breast. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (g.88430T > A and g.120466G > A) in the caprine KIT gene were detected by PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and DNA sequencing in 735 goats of Xinong Saanen, Guanzhong and Boer breeds. The g.88430T > A mutation was a missense mutation (Tyr > Asn at position 409 amino acid of KIT). The association study has been done by jointly analysing all data in one analysis. The result showed that individuals with TT and TA genotypes had their litter size increased by 0.11 and 0.09, respectively, compared with those with AA genotype at the g.88430T > A locus for three goat breeds (P < 0.05). Further analysis revealed that combined genotype TTAA was better than the others for litter size in three goat breeds. Therefore, the biochemical and physiological functions, together with the results obtained in our investigation, suggest that the KIT gene could serve as a genetic marker for litter size in goat breeding.

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Lin, Heng-Ching, Wai How Chong, Han Hsiang Huang, Chi-Chung Chou, Yi-Lun Tsai, Chi-Shih Chu, Wen-Ling Shih, Jyh-Mirn Lai, and Yao-Chi Su. "SEROPREVALENCE AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSPECIES PARATUBERCULOSIS IN FARMED GOATS IN CENTRAL-SOUTHERN TAIWAN." Taiwan Veterinary Journal 44, no. 04 (December 2018): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1682648518500087.

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Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) are Gram positive, aerobic, acid-fast, catalase positive bacteria. The Johne’s disease, caused by MAP, is a wasting disease found in all ruminants including cattle, sheep, goats, deer, camelids and wildlife ruminants. MAP has attracted hygienic attention due to the link between Crohn’s disease (CD) in humans and MAP presence in the gut of patients. The aims of this study are to investigate and monitor the serological prevalence and molecular identification rate of MAP in caprine feces and verify the MAP-negative goat farms in central-southern Taiwan. A total of 8486 blood samples were randomly collected between the years 2011 and 2015 from 321 caprine farms. The serum samples were assessed by commercial ELISA while 3015 fecal samples from 201 anti-MAP antibodies (MAP-Ab) negative herds were further molecularly examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from year 2014 to 2015. The individual seroprevalence rate of caprine MAP in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 was 0% (0/1032), 0% (0/429), 0% (0/1402), 0.14% (4/2917) and 0.07% (2/2706), respectively. Molecular identification rate of MAP in caprine fecal samples at MAP-Ab negative farms accounted for 0.92% (14/1515) and 0.93 (14/1500), respectively, in the years 2014 and 2015. Meanwhile, there was no association between the MAP seroprevalence and the sampling regions or years at farm or individual level. The seroprevalence data revealed in this study highlighted the rising prevalence of caprine MAP and the link of MAP to farmed ruminant species and its possible implications in hygienic aspects.

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Aguiar, G. V., M. F. van Tilburg, A. G. V. Catunda, C. K. S. Celes, I. C. S. Lima, A. C. N. Campos, A. A. A. Moura, and A. A. Araújo. "Sperm parameters and biochemical components of goat seminal plasma in the rainy and dry seasons in the Brazilian Northeast: the season's influence on the cooling of semen." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 65, no. 1 (February 2013): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352013000100002.

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The present study aimed to verify the caprine semen characteristics during dry and rainy seasons in the Brazilian Northeast, and the influence of these seasons on cooled semen. Seminal volume, concentration, percentage of motile cells, vigor and spermatic morphology, as well as biochemical profile (fructose, citric acid, P, Ca2+, Mg, total proteins and phospholipase A2 activity) were analyzed. It was observed a reduction (P<0.05) in normal sperm morphology, fructose, citric acid, P, Mg and total protein concentration during the dry season, which did not affect the motility, vigor, volume and sperm concentration. Phospholipase A2 activity was increased during the dry season (P<0.05). The analysis of the semen cooled at 4ºC during 48 hours showed reduction in total motility and vigor sperm during the dry season (P<0.05). Based on these results, we conclude that the best period of year for caprine semen cooling is the rainy season.

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SKOUFOS, I., A. TZORA, A. KARAMOUTSIOS, G. TSANGARIS, I. GIANNENAS, and G. C. FTHENAKIS. "Milk quality characteristics from Greek indigenous goats." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 67, no. 4 (January 29, 2018): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15646.

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The aim of this study was to assess the chemical and microbiological characteristics of goat milk from indigenous Greek breeds, domestic (Capra prisca) and Skopelos. Εach breed’s milk yield was recorded three times during lactation (early, mid and late stage of lactation) for two consecutive years. No significant differences were observed for fat, protein, lactose, casein and solids-non-fat contents of milk from both breeds. The dominant fatty acids (FA) in milk for both breeds were: palmitic (C16:0) and oleic (C18:1). Other abundant FA was stearic (C18:0), myristic (C14:0), capric (C10:0) and lauric (C12:0). The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content was similar in both breeds. Linolenic acid content in milk of Capra prisca breed was higher than in Skopelos.A high number of minor short chain fatty acids (SCFA), medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) and long chain fatty acids (LCFA) was also observed in milk fat. SCFA’s increased in mid lactation in goats of Capra prisca breed, while no significant differences were noted during early, mid or late lactation period in medium or long chain FA. In Skopelos breed, SCFA’s increased gradually from early to late lactation, while LCFAs followed a descending order. Enumeration of bacteria presented similar numbers of total viable count in milk of both breeds and higher number of Psychrotrophic ones in milk from Skopelos goats to domestic. Somatic cell counts (SCC) values were significant lower in Skopelos breed compared to Capra prisca. Caprine milk can be an important sourceof health promoting substances and deserves further investigation with specific investigation on milk of indigenous local breeds.

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Dauda, Ayuba, Abdulmojeed Yakubu, Ihe Dim, and Deeve Gwaza. "Proteins sequence analysis of Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 33, no. 3 (2017): 309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1703309y.

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A total of twenty (20) contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) proteins were retrieved from the GenBank (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The proteins sequences were used to investigate the molecular identity of various CCPP proteins. The physico-chemical properties of CCPP proteins were performed using protparam tool. Isoelectric point (pI), molecular weight (MW), extinction coefficient (EC); instability index (II), aliphatic index (AI) and grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY) were computed. The study revealed that the pI of CCPP proteins were acidic and basic in nature. The EC and II of CCPP proteins indicate better stability which is an indication of resistant to mutation and thermally stable. The GRAVY of CCPP proteins revealed some are positive while some are negative. The positive value indicates solubility (hydrophilic) in water while negative is not soluble (hydrophobic) in water. The amino acid composition of CCPP proteins indicates that they are rich in isoleucine, leucine and lysine. The three dimensional structures (3D) of the CCPP proteins were determine using Phyre2 server. The amino acid sequences of CCPP proteins were subjected to secondary structure prediction using ExPASy?s SOPMA tool. The proteins are more of alpha helix structure. The genetic information eminating from this study may bring insight into mutagenesis and pharmacogenetic. This article has been retracted. Link to the retraction <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/BAH1803369E">10.2298/BAH1803369E</a>

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Zhao, Mengli, Huitong Zhou, Jon G. H. Hickford, Hua Gong, Jiqing Wang, Jiang Hu, Xiu Liu, Shaobin Li, Zhiyun Hao, and Yuzhu Luo. "Variation in the caprine keratin-associated protein 15-1 (KAP15-1) gene affects cashmere fibre diameter." Archives Animal Breeding 62, no. 1 (March 26, 2019): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-62-125-2019.

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Abstract. Keratin-associated proteins (KAPs) are a structural component of cashmere fibre, and variation in some KAP genes (KRTAPs) has been associated with a number of caprine fibre traits. In this study, we report the identification of KRTAP15-1 in goats. Sequence variation in the gene was detected using the polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) technique in 250 Longdong goats, and six variants (named A to F) containing eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. Five of the SNPs were non-synonymous and would lead to putative amino acid changes. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that KRTAP15-1 was expressed in secondary hair follicles but not in heart tissue, liver tissue, lung tissue, kidney tissue or the longissimus dorsi muscle. Despite being rich in cysteine, the caprine KAP15-1 protein possesses a high content of serine and moderate content of glycine and phenylalanine. Association analyses revealed that KRTAP15-1 variant A was associated with decreased mean fibre diameter (MFD), and this effect appeared to be dominant; while variant C was found to be associated with increased MFD, the effect being recessive. The findings suggest that caprine KRTAP15-1 is highly polymorphic and that variation in this gene affects cashmere MFD.

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Alonso, L., J. Fontecha, L. Lozada, M. J. Fraga, and M. Juárez. "Fatty Acid Composition of Caprine Milk: Major, Branched-Chain, and Trans Fatty Acids." Journal of Dairy Science 82, no. 5 (May 1999): 878–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(99)75306-3.

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Aiello, R. J., and L. E. Armentano. "Effects of Volatile Fatty Acids on Propionate Metabolism and Gluconeogenesis in Caprine Hepatocytes." Journal of Dairy Science 70, no. 12 (December 1987): 2504–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(87)80318-1.

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Atroshi, F., S. Sankari, H. Pösö, and M. Sandholm. "Uptake of blood amino-acids and erythrocyte glutathione by the caprine mammary gland." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 55, no. 1-5 (January 8, 1986): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.1986.tb00721.x.

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Luzzago, Camilla, Erika Ebranati, Antonio Lavazza, Martina Besozzi, Gianguglielmo Zehender, Paolo Lanfranchi, and Stefania Lauzi. "Identification and Genetic Characterization of a Novel Respirovirus in Alpine Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra)." Animals 10, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040704.

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The Respirovirus genus, family Paramamixoviridae, includes respiratory viral pathogens. Here we report the identification and genetic characterization of a respirovirus in an Alpine chamois showing interstitial pneumonia associated with catarrhal bronchopneumonia. The full-genome characterization of this respirovirus, named ChamoisRV/IT2014, revealed low similarities to caprine respirovirus (77.1%), bovine respirovirus (74.5%) and human respirovirus (72.0%). The phylogenetic analyses based on the full-length genome sequence of the novel isolate and reference respirovirus strains showed that ChamoisRV/IT2014 clustered with caprine respirovirus but formed a separate branch. The phylogenetic tree topology of complete large protein amino acid sequences, representing the current species demarcation criterion for Respirovirus genus, showed a 0.05 branch length of ChamoisRV/IT2014 sequence between the nearest node and the tip of the branch, suggesting that this virus belongs to a novel species. This new isolate in a new host species raises several questions to be addressed on the epidemiological role of chamois and the risks of cross-transmission between wild ruminants and livestock.

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Lecchi, Cristina, Guido Invernizzi, Alessandro Agazzi, Mariella Ferroni, Laura Francesca Pisani, Giovanni Savoini, and Fabrizio Ceciliani. "In vitro modulation of caprine monocyte immune functions by ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids." Veterinary Journal 189, no. 3 (September 2011): 353–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.09.001.

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Robitaille, Gilles. "Growth-promoting effects of caseinomacropeptide from cow and goat milk on probiotics." Journal of Dairy Research 80, no. 1 (November 27, 2012): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029912000660.

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Caseinomacropeptide (CMP), a 7-kDa phosphoglycopolypeptide fragment released from κ-casein during milk renneting, is heterogeneous with respect to post-translational glycosylation. Several studies have reported that CMP has growth-promoting activity on lactic acid bacteria belonging to the genera Bifidobacterium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of glycosylation and sequence variations between bovine and caprine CMP on the growth of two probiotics: Lactobacillus rhamnosus RW-9595-M and Bifidobacterium thermophilum RBL67. The growth-promoting activities of CMP (mixture of glycosylated (gCMP) and non-glycosylated (aCMP) fractions), aCMP and gCMP were measured in a basal minimal culture medium using turbidimetric microplate assay at 37 °C. Supplementation of the culture media at 2 mg/ml significantly improved maximum growth by 1·5 to 1·8 times depending on the strain, the additive (CMP, aCMP, gCMP), and the bovine or caprine origin (P < 0·05). CMP preparations also decreased the time needed to reach the inflexion point of the growth curve and increase the cell density at that time (P < 0·05). The effects of CMP preparations were dose dependent and significantly superior to the effect of bovine β-lactoglobulin added to the culture media. As gCMP and aCMP were as efficient as bovine and caprine CMP (P > 0·1), it was concluded that the presence of oligosaccharides linked to CMP was not essential for growth-promoting activity of CMP.

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HABIB YAHYAOUI, M., AGUSTINA COLL, ARMAND SANCHEZ, and JOSEP M. FOLCH. "Genetic polymorphism of the caprine kappa casein gene." Journal of Dairy Research 68, no. 2 (May 2001): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029901004733.

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Polymorphism in the goat kappa casein gene was studied using the base excision sequence scanning (BESS) method and sequencing. Seven polymorphic sites, corresponding to single nucleotide transversions were detected. Three of these were silent mutations while the other four produced amino acid substitutions. The association between these polymorphic sites was investigated, which resulted in the identification of three goat kappa casein alleles, designated A, B, and C. Protocols for rapid genotyping of the C variant were developed by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism using Alw44I and BseNI restriction endonucleases. The occurrence of this allele was found to be very low in Spanish breeds but more frequent in the French Saanen goat. Further studies among different goat populations are necessary to establish the distribution of these alleles and their effects on the quality and functional properties of milk.

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Shingfield, Kevin J., Jacques Rouel, and Yves Chilliard. "Effect of calcium salts of a mixture of conjugated linoleic acids containingtrans-10,cis-12 in the diet on milk fat synthesis in goats." British Journal of Nutrition 101, no. 7 (September 25, 2008): 1006–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114508051696.

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Dietary supplements of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) containingtrans-10,cis-12 CLA decrease milk fat secretion in the lactating cow and sheep, but their effects on mammary lipogenesis in the goat are less well defined. Eight lactating goats were used in two 4 × 4 Latin-square experiments with 14 d experimental periods to examine the effects of calcium salts of CLA methyl esters (CaCLA) containingtrans-10,cis-12 on milk fat synthesis. Experimental treatments consisted of incremental inclusion of 0, 30, 60 or 90 g of CaCLA/d (corresponding to 7·47, 14·9 and 22·4 g/d oftrans-10,cis-12 CLA) offered during the first 10 d of each experimental period that replaced maize grain in concentrates (Experiment 1) or calcium salts of palm oil fatty acids (Experiment 2). Relative to the control, inclusion of 30, 60 or 90 g CaCLA/d in the diet reduced milk fat yield by 19·8, 27·9 and 32·3 % and 17·5, 39·0 and 49·3 % in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Decreases in milk fat were due to reductions in the secretion of fatty acids synthesisedde novorather than the uptake of fatty acids from the peripheral circulation. Indirect comparisons with the studies in the lactating cow indicated a lower efficacy of CaCLA supplements on mammary lipogenesis in the goat. In conclusion, CaCLA in the diet inhibits milk fat synthesis in the goat, responses that are dependent on the supply of dietary fatty acids, with evidence that the caprine is less sensitive to the anti-lipogenic effects oftrans-10,cis-12 CLA compared with the bovine or ovine.

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Attaie, Rahmat, Alden H. Reine, and Ronald L. Richter. "Low Molecular Weight Branched-Chain and n-Chain Fatty Acids in Caprine and Bovine Colostrum." Journal of Dairy Science 76, no. 1 (January 1993): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(93)77323-3.

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Moio, Luigi, Jocelyne Dekimpe, Patrick Etievant, and Francesco Addeo. "Neutral volatile compounds in the raw milks from different species." Journal of Dairy Research 60, no. 2 (May 1993): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900027515.

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SummaryA comparative study was carried out on the flavour constituents of bovine, ovine, caprine and water buffalo fresh raw milks. The volatiles were isolated from milks by means of vacuum distillation and liquid–liquid extraction. Eighty neutral volatile compounds were identified using high resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) and HRGC-mass spectrometry. About 30 of these components have not been detected previously in milk. The volatiles in milk were similar for the four species, although several quantitative differences might explain the different odours. The volatiles consisted mainly of ethyl esters, especially those derived from butyric and hexanoic acids. Dimethylsulphone alone comprised ~ 25% of the volatile components in bovine, caprine and ovine milk, but only 4% in buffalo milk. Among the aldehydes, pentanal and nonanal were the most representative. Other aldehydes were present selectively: 3-methylbutanal was found only in buffalo milk; phenylacetaldehyde and benzaldehyde were present in large quantities in caprine milk, and in trace amounts in the other milks. The content of ketones, mainly 2-methylketones, was higher in buffalo milk than in the other three types. Alcohols varied between species, from 1·5% (bovine) to 5% (buffalo). Among these, 1-octen-3-ol and phenylethanol could be particularly important for the aroma of milk. The level of l-octen-3-ol in the milks was: buffalo > ewe > goat ≫ cow. Phenylethanol was not found in ewes' and goats' milk and its concentration in buffalo milk was 100 times higher than in bovine milk. Finally, indole and 4-methylphenol, interesting because of their odorant properties, were present in higher quantities in buffalo, ewes' and goats' milks than in cows' milk.

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Zhao, Chengquan, Tung Nguyen, Lide Liu, Olga Shamova, Kim Brogden, and Robert I. Lehrer. "Differential Expression of Caprine β-Defensins in Digestive and Respiratory Tissues." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 11 (November 1, 1999): 6221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.11.6221-6224.1999.

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ABSTRACT We identified two novel β-defensin precursors, preproGBD-1 and preproGBD-2, in the tissues of a goat. Although the precursors were identical in 96.8% of their bases and 88.2% (60 of 68) of their amino acids, preproGBD-1 was expressed principally in the tongue and respiratory tract, whereas preproGBD-2 expression predominated throughout the intestine. These findings exemplify the phenomenon of tissue-specific expression in a family of host defense peptides that arose before the avian and mammalian lineages diverged.

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Katoh, Kazuo, Hiroko Ishiwata, Chen Chen, and Yoshiyuki Obara. "Inhibition of GH release and synthesis by fatty acids in primary cultured caprine anterior pituitary cells." Regulatory Peptides 94, no. 1-3 (October 2000): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-0115(00)80070-1.

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Rainard, Pascal, Juan-Carlos Corrales, M. Belén Barrio, Thierry Cochard, and Bernard Poutrel. "Leucotoxic Activities of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Cows, Ewes, and Goats with Mastitis: Importance of LukM/LukF′-PV Leukotoxin." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 10, no. 2 (March 2003): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.10.2.272-277.2003.

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ABSTRACT Among the toxins that Staphylococcus aureus is able to secrete, bi-component toxins named leukotoxins target specifically leukocytes, mainly phagocytic cells. Isolates from cows, goats and ewes with mastitis were selected on the basis of the presence or not of the genes encoding the recently described LukM/LukF′-PV leukotoxin. Of the 128 isolates tested, 126 had moderate to high leukotoxic activity to bovine polymorphonuclear cells (PMN). The supernatants of lukM-positive isolates were much more leukotoxic than the supernatants of lukM-negative isolates: mean leukotoxic titers were 122 versus 20 and 581 versus 26 for isolates of bovine and caprine origin, respectively. Among lukM/lukF′-PV positive isolates, those of caprine and ovine origins were more leukotoxic than were isolates of bovine origin (P < 0.01). The two most abundant proteins in the culture supernatant of a highly toxic isolate were purified and identified as the two components of LukM (LukM and LukF′-PV) on the basis of their molecular mass, N-terminal amino acid sequence, and high synergistic activity. LukM/LukF′-PV induced the flattening of bovine PMN at a concentration as low as 3.6 ng/ml (0.1 nM). A higher concentration (18 ng/ml) was necessary to produce the same effect on caprine or ovine PMN. Affinity-purified antibodies to LukM or to LukF′-PV neutralized the leukotoxic effect of all the culture supernatants. They neutralized with the same efficiency the toxic activity of supernatants from lukM/lukF′-PV positive or negative isolates. These results establish that LukM/LukF′-PV is very active on PMN of ruminants and suggest that this leukotoxin could be the most active leukotoxin produced by mastitis isolates. They prompt further studies to delineate the contribution of LukM/LukF′-PV to the pathogenesis of mastitis in ruminants and the protective effect of antibodies to this leukotoxin.

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Tzamaloukas, Ouranios, Marina C. Neofytou, Panagiotis E. Simitzis, and Despoina Miltiadou. "Effect of Farming System (Organic vs. Conventional) and Season on Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Bovine, Caprine and Ovine Milk and Retail Halloumi Cheese Produced in Cyprus." Foods 10, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10051016.

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The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of farming practices and season on the fat and protein content and fatty acid (FA) profile of milk and Halloumi cheese produced in Cyprus. Over a year, raw bulk-tank milk samples from cow, goat, and sheep farms were collected seasonally from all organic (11) and representative conventional (44) dairy farms, whereas Fresh Halloumi cheese samples were collected monthly from retail outlets (48 organic and 48 conventional samples in total). The different farming practices did not affect the milk fat content of ruminants, while protein levels were decreased in organic bovine and caprine milk. Under organic farming practices, milk and cheese contained increased values of total mono-unsaturated FA (MUFA) and poly-unsaturated FA (PUFA), and specific FA, such as oleic, conjugated linoleic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acids. Total saturated FA (SFA) levels were particularly decreased in organic samples and, consequently, the atherogenic indices of milk and cheese were decreased. Season influenced milk and Halloumi cheese FA profile; spring samples had lower SFA and higher PUFA and MUFA concentrations. Overall, the organic farm practices improved the lipid profile of milk and Halloumi cheese, which is more likely attributed to the different feeding strategies applied in organic dairy farms.

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Conceição, Juliana C. Z., Marcelo T. Moura, José C. Ferreira-Silva, Pamela Ramos-Deus, Priscila G. C. Silva, Ludymila F. Cantanhêde, Ricardo M. Chaves, Paulo F. Lima, and Marcos A. L. Oliveira. "Use of retinoids during oocyte maturation diminishes apoptosis in caprine embryos." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 63, no. 2 (June 2015): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.2015.021.

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Exposure of caprine oocytes and embryos to retinoids enhances embryonic development, but the mechanisms governing this phenomenon have not been characterised. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if the incidence of apoptosis is affected by the addition of retinyl acetate (RAc) and 9-cis-retinoic acid (RA) during in vitro maturation (IVM) of caprine oocytes. Embryonic development was recorded on days 3 and 8 post-fertilisation, and apoptosis was measured by caspase activity and DNA fragmentation (TUNEL assay). Control zygotes had lower capacity to cleave and reach the blastocyst stage (24.45 ± 2.32 and 5.32 ± 0.81, respectively) than those of RAc- (29.96 ± 1.62 and 7.94 ± 0.93, respectively) and RA-treated groups (30.12 ± 1.51 and 7.36 ± 1.02, respectively). Oocytes and blastocysts positive for TUNEL assay were more frequent, respectively, in the controls (8.20 ± 0.78, 8.70 ± 1.05) than in RAc (5.60 ± 0.52, 4.80 ± 0.51) and RA (6.40 ± 0.69, 5.40 ± 0.69). Caspase activity did not differ between control oocytes (7.20 ± 0.91), RAc (6.60 ± 0.68) and RA (7.30 ± 0.67), but it was reduced in RAc- (5.05 ± 0.62) and RA-treated blastocysts (5.75 ± 0.22) compared to controls (8.35 ± 0.71). These results indicate that the addition of retinoids during IVM increases the developmental potential of goat embryos with a concomitant reduction in apoptosis rates.

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Wang, Yating, Hainan Tian, Wei Wang, Xutong Wang, Kaijie Zheng, Saddam Hussain, Rao Lin, Tianya Wang, and Shucai Wang. "The Carboxyl-Terminus of TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 Is Critical for Its Functions in Arabidopsis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 10039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810039.

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The Arabidopsis WD40 repeat protein TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1) regulates cell fate determination, including trichome initiation and root hair formation, as well as secondary metabolism such as flavonoid biosynthesis and seed coat mucilage production. TTG1 regulates different processes via regulating the expression of its downstream target genes by forming MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) activator complexes with different R2R3 MYB and bHLH transcription factors. Here, we report the identification of the carboxyl (C)-terminus as a critical domain for TTG1′s functions in Arabidopsis. We found that the ttg1Δ15aa mutant shows pleiotropic phenotypes identical to a TTG1 loss-of-function mutant. Gene sequencing indicates that a single nucleotide substitution in TTG1 led to a premature stop at the W327 residue, leading to the production of a truncated TTG1 protein with a deletion of the last 15 C-terminal amino acids. The expression of TTG1 under the control of its native promoter fully restored the ttg1Δ15aa mutant phenotypes. Consistent with these observations, the expression levels of TTG1 downstream genes such as GLABRA2 (GL2) and CAPRICE (CPC) were reduced in the ttg1Δ15aa mutant. Assays in Arabidopsis protoplast show that TTG1Δ15aa failed to interact with the bHLH transcription factor GL3, and the deletion of the last 3 C-terminal amino acids or the 339L amino acid alone fully abolished the interaction of TTG1 with GL3. Furthermore, the expression of TTG1Δ3aa under the control of TTG1 native promoter failed to restore the ttg1Δ15aa mutant phenotypes. Taken together, our results suggest that the C-terminal domain of TTG1 is required for its proper function in Arabidopsis.

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Liu, K. H., J. C. Huang, and J. D. Godkin. "Characterization of protein production by caprine placental membranes: identification and immunolocalization of retinol-binding protein." Journal of Endocrinology 146, no. 3 (September 1995): 527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1460527.

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Abstract Caprine chorion, allantois and amnion from days 23, 28, 35, 39 and 45, and yolk sac from day 23 of pregnancy were isolated by dissection and cultured for 24 h in modified minimum essential medium in the presence of [35S] methionine. De novo-synthesized proteins released into the culture medium were analyzed by two-dimensional PAGE and fluorography. Patterns of protein production by these isolated extraembryonic membranes remained relatively unchanged from days 23 to 45 of pregnancy. Electrophoretic profiles of proteins synthesized by allantois and amnion were identical but distinct from that produced by chorion. Yolk sac was the major source of serum-like proteins. An acidic (pI 5·3–6·3) 22 kDa protein, which consisted of four isoelectric variants, was produced by all extraembryonic membranes and demonstrated to immunoreact with antiserum produced against bovine placental retinol-binding protein (RBP). Limited N-terminal sequence analysis of one major isoform indicated that the protein had complete homology with bovine RBP over the first 15 amino acids. Immunoreactive RBP was localized in epithelial cells lining the chorion, allantois and amnion. In this study, we have characterized and compared protein production by isolated extraembryonic membranes through days 23 to 45 of pregnancy and identified the 22 kDa protein as caprine RBP of placental origin. Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 146, 527–534

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Dixit, S. P., Jayakumar Sivalingam, A. K. Tyagi, V. Saroha, A. Sharma, and R. K. Nagda. "Association of novel SNPs in the candidate genes affecting caprine milk fatty acids related to human health." Meta Gene 4 (June 2015): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mgene.2015.01.004.

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34

Kirat, Doaa, Junji Masuoka, Hideaki Hayashi, Hidetomo Iwano, Hiroshi Yokota, Hiroyuki Taniyama, and Seiyu Kato. "Monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) plays a direct role in short-chain fatty acids absorption in caprine rumen." Journal of Physiology 576, no. 2 (October 4, 2006): 635–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.115931.

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35

Huso, D. L., O. Narayan, and G. W. Hart. "Sialic acids on the surface of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus define the biological properties of the virus." Journal of Virology 62, no. 6 (1988): 1974–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.62.6.1974-1980.1988.

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36

Ortega, Joaquín, José Manuel Verdes, Eleonora L. Morrell, John W. Finnie, Jim Manavis, and Francisco A. Uzal. "Intramural Vascular Edema in the Brain of Goats With Clostridium perfringens Type D Enterotoxemia." Veterinary Pathology 56, no. 3 (January 20, 2019): 452–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985818817071.

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Enterotoxemia caused by Clostridium perfringens type D is an important disease of sheep and goats with a worldwide distribution. Cerebral microangiopathy is considered pathognomonic for ovine enterotoxemia and is seen in most cases of the disorder in sheep. However, these lesions are poorly described in goats. In this article, we describe the vasculocentric brain lesions in 44 cases of caprine spontaneous C. perfringens type D enterotoxemia. Only 1 goat had gross changes in the brain, which consisted of mild cerebellar coning. However, 8 of 44 (18%) cases showed microscopic brain lesions, characterized by intramural vascular proteinaceous edema, a novel and diagnostically significant finding. The precise location of the edema was better observed with periodic acid–Schiff, Gomori’s, and albumin stains. Glial fibrillary acidic protein and aquaporin 4 immunostaining revealed strong immunolabeling of astrocyte foot processes surrounding microvessels. The areas of the brain most frequently affected were the cerebral cortex, corpus striatum (basal ganglia), and cerebellar peduncles, and both arterioles and venules were involved. Most of the goats of this study showed lesions in the intestine (enteritis, colitis, and typhlitis), although pulmonary congestion and edema, hydrothorax, hydropericardium, and ascites were also described. Although the intramural edema described, for the first time, in these caprine cases is useful for the diagnosis of enterotoxemia when observed, its absence cannot exclude the disease.

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Keskintepe, L., P. C. Morton, S. E. Smith, M. J. Tucker, A. A. Simplicio, and B. G. Brackett. "Caprine blastocyst formation following intracytoplasmic sperm injection and defined culture." Zygote 5, no. 3 (August 1997): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199400003701.

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SummaryExperiments were undertaken to develop intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) to produce caprine embryos out of the normal breeding season. Oocytes were obtained from 2–6 mm ovarian follicles at slaughter. Selected oocytes with two to four layers of cumulus cells were incubated in 1 ml of H-TCM 199 supplemented with 10 μg each of oFSH and bLH (NHPP, NIDDK, NICHD, USDA) and 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in a thermos (38.5°C) for 4.5 h during transportation. Then, oocytes were transferred into 75 μl of freshly prepared maturation medium under paraffin oil and a mixture of 5% O2, 5% CO2 and 90% N2. Approximately 26 h after recovery oocytes were denuded by incubation with hyaluronidase (100 IU/ml) and pipetting and held at 38.5°C for 90 min. Spermatozoa frozen in egg yolk extender were thawed in a 37°C water bath for 15s. Motile fractions were selected by swim-up, then incubated for 90 mm in TALP with 10 μg heparin/ml. Each oocyte was positioned with its first polar body at 6 or 12 o'clock by a holding pipette. Sperm (1 μl) were added to 10 μl medium containing 10% polyvinylpyrrolidone. A sperm cell was aspirated into a pipette, and then injected head-first into the cytoplasm of an oocyte maintained in H-TCM 199 + 20% FBS at 37°C. Injected oocytes were transferred to HM and, after 90 min, cultured in 50 μl of BSA-free synthetic oviduct fluid plus polyvinyl alcohol, citrate and non-essential amino acids. Results demonstrate that caprine blastocysts can be produced outside the breeding season by the use of frozen-thawed semen and injection of sperm cells with broken tails into ova followed by culture in defined medium.

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Backwell, F. R., B. J. Bequette, D. Wilson, A. G. Calder, J. A. Metcalf, D. Wray-Cahen, J. C. MacRae, D. E. Beever, and G. E. Lobley. "Utilization of dipeptides by the caprine mammary gland for milk protein synthesis." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 267, no. 1 (July 1, 1994): R1—R6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.267.1.r1.

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Specific use by the mammary gland in vivo of amino acids (AA) of peptide origin has been demonstrated in lactating dairy goats using a dual-labeled tracer technique involving close-arterial (external pudic artery, EPA) infusion of 13C-labeled dipeptides. The extent of utilization does not appear to differ for glycyl-L-[1-13C]phenylalanine and glycyl-L-[1-13C]leucine, perhaps indicative of a common mechanism by which AA are incorporated from peptide into milk protein. [1-13C]phenyl-alanine of peptide origin appears to be concentrated within the red blood cell, suggesting a role for the erythrocyte in peptide metabolism in vivo. In conclusion, it appears that the lactating mammary gland of goats has the ability to utilize AA of peptide origin for milk protein synthesis, and while the mechanism by which [1-13C]AA are incorporated into milk protein is not clear, it may involve peptide hydrolysis by either mammary cell surface or red blood cell hydrolases followed by uptake of liberated AA by the mammary gland.

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Hommez, Jozef, Luc A. Devriese, Mario Vaneechoutte, Philippe Riegel, Patrick Butaye, and Freddy Haesebrouck. "Identification of Nonlipophilic Corynebacteria Isolated from Dairy Cows with Mastitis." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 4 (1999): 954–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.4.954-957.1999.

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Nonlipophilic corynebacteria associated with clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy cows were found to belong to four species: Corynebacterium amycolatum, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, andCorynebacterium minutissimum. These species may easily be confused. However, clear-cut differences between C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis were found in their acid production from maltotriose and ethylene glycol, susceptibility to vibriostatic agent O129, and alkaline phosphatase. Absence of growth at 20°C and lack of α-glucosidase and 4MU-α-d-glycoside hydrolysis activity differentiatedC. amycolatum from C. pseudotuberculosis andC. ulcerans. The mastitis C. pseudotuberculosisstrains differed from the biovar equi and ovis reference strains and from caprine field strains in their colony morphologies and in their reduced inhibitory activity on staphylococcal β-hemolysin.C. amycolatum was the most frequently isolated nonlipophilic corynebacterium.

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Santillo, Antonella, Lucia Figliola, Mariangela Caroprese, Rosaria Marino, Maria dʼApolito, Ida Giardino, and Marzia Albenzio. "Effect of lipid fraction of digested milk from different sources in mature 3T3-L1 adipocyte." Journal of Dairy Research 86, no. 1 (February 2019): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029919000104.

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AbstractWe evaluated the effect of in vitro digested milk on mature adipocytes 3T3-L1, paying particular attention to its fatty acid composition, and comparing human (HM), donkey (DM), bovine (BM), ovine (OM), caprine (CM) and formula (FM) milk. Cellular viability, apoptosis, oxidative response and gene expression levels of NF-κB p65, HMGB1, SREBP-1c and FAS were evaluated. Digested milk treatments significantly reduced 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes viability and caspase activity compared with control group, but no significant differences were observed among different sources of digested milk. In all digested milk samples, ROS level was higher than the control, however, the digested human and formula milk showed lower levels of ROS than DM, BM, OM and CM samples. Lower capacity of HM and FM to induce oxidative stress in mature adipocytes was ascribed to the peculiar free fatty acids profile of digested milk samples. All milk treatments elicited a significant over-expression of NF-κB p65 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes compared to the control; the lowest gene expression was found in HM, BM, OM and CM, the highest in FM and an intermediate behavior was shown in DM. All digested milk treatments influenced the gene expression of SRBP-1c with FM and HM showing the highest levels. For FAS expression, BM showed the highest level, OM and CM intermediate and FM, HM and DM the lowest levels, however HM and DM had comparable levels to the control.

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Barron, Luis J. R., M. Teresa G. Hierro, and Guillermo Santa-María. "HPLC and GLC analysis of the triglyceride composition of bovine, ovine and caprine milk fat." Journal of Dairy Research 57, no. 4 (November 1990): 517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900029563.

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SummaryA total of 116 molecular species of triglycerides were identified in milk fat, using a combination of HPLC and GLC. Triglyceride composition was predicted from the random composition, which was calculated on the basis of the mole fractions of the main fatty acids making up the total triglyceride fraction. The qualitative composition of the milk fat was similar in cows', ewes' and goats' milk. In all three milks the partition number of the main triglycerides was 46, but the proportions of the triglycerides with partition numbers of 34, 38, 42, and 48 exhibited substantial differences among the milks of the three species.

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Mashek, D. G., and R. R. Grummer. "Short Communication: Net Uptake of Nonesterified Long Chain Fatty Acids by the Perfused Caudate Lobe of the Caprine Liver." Journal of Dairy Science 86, no. 4 (April 2003): 1218–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73705-9.

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Häni, Annakatrin, Gaëlle Diserens, Anna Oevermann, Peter Vermathen, and Christina Precht. "Sampling Method Affects HR-MAS NMR Spectra of Healthy Caprine Brain Biopsies." Metabolites 11, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11010038.

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The metabolic profiling of tissue biopsies using high-resolution–magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy may be influenced by experimental factors such as the sampling method. Therefore, we compared the effects of two different sampling methods on the metabolome of brain tissue obtained from the brainstem and thalamus of healthy goats by 1H HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy—in vivo-harvested biopsy by a minimally invasive stereotactic approach compared with postmortem-harvested sample by dissection with a scalpel. Lactate and creatine were elevated, and choline-containing compounds were altered in the postmortem compared to the in vivo-harvested samples, demonstrating rapid changes most likely due to sample ischemia. In addition, in the brainstem samples acetate and inositols, and in the thalamus samples ƴ-aminobutyric acid, were relatively increased postmortem, demonstrating regional differences in tissue degradation. In conclusion, in vivo-harvested brain biopsies show different metabolic alterations compared to postmortem-harvested samples, reflecting less tissue degradation. Sampling method and brain region should be taken into account in the analysis of metabolic profiles. To be as close as possible to the actual situation in the living individual, it is desirable to use brain samples obtained by stereotactic biopsy whenever possible.

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Yakubu, Abdulmojeed, Adebowale Salako, Donato de, Michael Takeet, Sunday Peters, Moses Okpeku, Mathew Wheto, and Ikhide Imumorin. "Nucleotide sequence variability analysis of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II DQA1 gene in Nigerian goats." Genetika 49, no. 3 (2017): 865–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1703865y.

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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules loaded with peptides derived from invading pathogens are recognised by the immune system to produce a highly effective and specific response against foreign pathogens. A 310-bp fragment of exon 2 of the MHC Class II DQA1 gene was amplified in 27 animals made up of three major Nigerian goat breeds [West African Dwarf (WAD), Red Sokoto (RS) and Sahel (SH)]. Twenty amino acid polymorphic sites were found in Nigerian goats. Comparison of predicted amino acid residues of DQA1 exon 2 alleles of Nigerian goats with similar alleles from other caprine species revealed considerable congruence in amino acid substitution pattern. A significant positive selection signature was detected at the DQA1 locus of Nigerian goats in that non-synonymous substitutions occurred at a faster rate compared to synonymous substitutions (dN:dS ratio = 1.28 ; Z-Statistics= 1.634; P<0.05). The evolutionary tree constructed using UPGMA, revealed that the southern WAD goat appeared to be more related to the northern RS than SH goat at the DQA1 locus. It will be interesting therefore, for future studies to investigate the association of the genetic variants in DQA1 gene of Nigerian goats with resistance/susceptiblity to diseases in order to conserve these precious animal genetic resources.

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Billinis, Charalambos, Cynthia H. Panagiotidis, Vassilios Psychas, Stamatis Argyroudis, Anna Nicolaou, Sotirios Leontides, Orestis Papadopoulos, and Theodoros Sklaviadis. "Prion protein gene polymorphisms in natural goat scrapie." Journal of General Virology 83, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 713–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-83-3-713.

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A total of 51 goats, including seven clinical cases, from the first herd in Greece reported to have scrapie was examined to discern an association between scrapie susceptibility and polymorphisms of the gene encoding the prion protein (PrP). Each animal was evaluated for clinical signs of the disease, histopathological lesions associated with scrapie, the presence of detectable protease-resistant PrP in the brain and PrP genotype. Eleven different PrP genotypes encoding at least five unique predicted mature PrP amino acid sequences were found. These genotypes included the amino acid polymorphisms at codons 143 (H→R) and 240 (S→P) and ‘silent’ nucleotide alterations at codons 42 (a→g) and 138 (c→t). Additionally, novel caprine amino acid polymorphisms were detected at codons 21 (V→A), 23 (L→P), 49 (G→S), 154 (R→H), 168 (P→Q) and 220 (Q→H) and new silent mutations were found at codons 107 (g→a) and 207 (g→a). The following variants were found in scrapie-affected goats: VV21, LL23, GG49, SS49, HH143, HR143, RR154, PP168, PP240, SP240 and SS240. All scrapie-affected animals carried the HH143RR154 genotype, with the exception of two goats (HR143), both of which had detectable protease-resistant PrP but showed no clinical signs or histopathological lesions characteristic of scrapie.

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Tyczkowska, Krystyna, and Arthur L. Aronson. "Simultaneous Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Some Tetracyclines in Serum." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 69, no. 5 (September 1, 1986): 760–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/69.5.760.

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Abstract A sensitive liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of oxytetracycline, minocycline, tetracycline, and doxycycline in serum. A serum sample is vortex-mixed with a solution of mobile phase for tetracyclines and 2% (v/v) phosphoric acid. The mixture is filtered using a 30 000 molecular weight cutoff microseparation tube which separates high-molecular-weight solutes following low-speed centrifugation. Tetracyclines are separated from other serum components by reverse phase liquid chromatography (LC) with buffered methanol mobile phase. Ultraviolet absorbance of the column effluent is monitored at 267 nm. Concentrations as low as 0.2 μg/mL of tetracyclines in serum are quantitatable, with recoveries from 76.2 to 102.6% and coefficients of variation from 2.69 to 5.36%. The method has been tested in bovine, porcine, equine, caprine, ovine, canine, feline, and avian (turkey) serum.

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Gómez-Cortés, Pilar, Alfonso Cívico, Miguel Angel de la Fuente, and Andrés L. Martínez Marín. "Application of a linear regression model to study the origin of C17 branched-chain fatty acids in caprine milk fat." Journal of Dairy Research 86, no. 4 (November 2019): 461–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029919000712.

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AbstractThis research communications addresses the hypothesis that a part of iso 17:0 and anteiso 17:0 in milk fat could come from endogenous extraruminal tissue synthesis. In order to confirm this a linear regression model was applied to calculate the proportions of iso 17:0 and anteiso 17:0 in milk fat that could come from elongation of their putative precursors iso 15:0 and anteiso 15:0, respectively. Sixteen dairy goats were allocated to two simultaneous experiments, in a crossover design with four animals per treatment and two experimental periods of 25 d. In both experiments, alfalfa hay was the sole forage and the forage to concentrate ratio (33 : 67) remained constant. Experimental diets differed on the concentrate composition, either rich in starch or neutral detergent fibre, and they were administered alone or in combination with 30 g/d of linseed oil. Iso 15:0, anteiso 15:0, iso 17:0 and anteiso 17:0, the most abundant branched-chain fatty acids in milk fat, were determined by gas chromatography using two different capillary columns. The regression model resolved that 49% of iso 17:0 and 60% of anteiso 17:0 in milk fat was formed extraruminally from iso 15:0 and anteiso 15:0 elongation.

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Pal, A., V. K. Sharma, and N. Khurana. "Extraction and quantitative estimation of nucleic acids and proteins from liver tissue of Heterpneustus fossilis (fish) and Caprine barbari (goat)." IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences 9, no. 1 (2014): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3008-09122133.

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dos Santos, Karina M. O., Marco A. D. Bomfim, Antônio D. S. Vieira, Selene D. Benevides, Susana M. I. Saad, Flávia C. A. Buriti, and Antônio S. Egito. "Probiotic caprine Coalho cheese naturally enriched in conjugated linoleic acid as a vehicle for Lactobacillus acidophilus and beneficial fatty acids." International Dairy Journal 24, no. 2 (June 2012): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2011.12.001.

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Bernard, L., C. Leroux, J. Rouel, M. Bonnet, and Y. Chilliard. "Effect of the level and type of starchy concentrate on tissue lipid metabolism, gene expression and milk fatty acid secretion in Alpine goats receiving a diet rich in sunflower-seed oil." British Journal of Nutrition 107, no. 8 (August 30, 2011): 1147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511004181.

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The potential benefits on human health have prompted an interest in developing nutritional strategies for reducing saturated and increasing specific unsaturated fatty acids (FA) in ruminant milk. The impact of the level and type of starchy concentrate added to diets supplemented with sunflower-seed oil on caprine milk FA composition and on mammary, omental and perirenal adipose, and liver lipid metabolism was examined in fourteen Alpine goats in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square with 21 d experimental periods. Treatments were a grass hay-based diet with a high level of forage (F) or a high level of concentrate with either maize grain (CM) or flattened wheat (CW) as source of starch and supplemented with 130 g/d sunflower-seed oil. Milk yield was enhanced (P < 0·01) and milk fat content was decreased on the CM and CW diets compared with the F diet, resulting in similar milk fat secretion. Both high-concentrate diets increased (P < 0·05) milk yield of 10 : 0-16 : 0 and decreased trans-9,11-18 : 1 and cis-9, trans-11-18 : 2. The CW diet decreased (P < 0·05) the output of Σ C18 and Σ cis-18 : 1 and increased (P < 0·05) the output of trans-10-18 : 1 in milk. The expression and/or activity of fourteen proteins involved in the major lipogenic pathways in mammary tissues and of lipogenic genes in adipose and liver tissues were similar among treatments. In conclusion, high starch concentrates alter milk FA yield via mechanisms independent of changes in mammary, liver or adipose tissue lipogenic gene expression. Furthermore, data provided indications that mammary lipogenic responses to starch-rich diets differ between caprine and bovine ruminants.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Acide caprique'

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