Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Acide lysophosphatidique'
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Wattelet, Valérie. "Rôle des acide lysophosphatidique acyltransférases dans la voie sécrétoire chez les plantes." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0333.
Full textIn eukaryotic cells, membrane lipids are essential for compartmentalization and regulation of secretory pathways. According to their physical properties, they are essential to membrane curvature and regulation of endomembrane morphodynamics, organelle morphology, and vesicles. In animal cells, lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases (LPAAT) are involved in the regulation of endomembrane trafficking, but nothing is known about their role in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, five LPAATs were identified. We determined their specific enzymatic activity for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) to produce phosphatidic acid (PA). I then characterized their subcellular localization in the endomembrane system of the secretory pathway and their potential role in this pathway using genetical (knockout mutants), biochemical (activity inhibitors, lipid analyzes) and imaging (confocal microscopy) approaches. Using the single, double and triple mutant lines for LPAAT genes that I produced, in addition to CI-976 treatment that inhibits LPAAT activity, I showed, after lipid analysis, that phosphatidic (PA) dependent on LPAAT activity is essential for the trafficking of the auxin carrier PIN2 and the aquaporin PIP2,7 to the plasma membrane.This work highlights the importance of lipid regulation in endomembranes and thresholds under which membrane homeostasis can be finely disturbed to the point of causing dysfunction of the secretory pathway
Mazereeuw-Hautier, Juliette. "Rôle des phospholipases A2 et des lysophospholipides (acide lysophosphatidique) dans la physiologie du kératinocyte humain." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30071.
Full textRancoule, Chloé. "Obésité, fibrose du tissu adipeux, gluco-intolérance : un nouveau médiateur lipidique impliqué, l'acide lysophosphatidique." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2309/.
Full textLysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid mediator acting via specific receptors (LPAR) and produced by autotaxin (ATX), a lysophospholipase D secreted by different tissues. In human being and in mouse, ATX expression in adipose tissue is increased in obesity. Our work shows that in human, this overexpression is found only in visceral fat deposits, while in mouse ATX is up-regulated in both subcutaneous and visceral fat deposits, and this is associated with an increase in the concentration of plasma LPA. We also show through a knockout mice model for the gene encoding the ATX in adipocytes (F-ATX KO) that the increased expression of ATX in adipocytes is responsible for the increased plasma concentration of LPA in obesity. We then demonstrated that under an obesogenic diet, the fat mass of F-ATX knockout mice increases to a greater extent than in wild-type mice. These results were confirmed using a pharmacological treatment with a LPA1R and LPA3R antagonist, Ki16425. The data obtained by these approaches suggest that ATX/LPA axis is a physiological barrier to adipose tissue expansion. Surprisingly, in F-ATX KO mice as in Ki16425-treated mice, the inhibition of the ATX/LPA axis is associated with an improved glucose tolerance. Ki16425 treatment also improves insulin tolerance, induces an increased number of the Langerhans islets and a better glucose storage in muscle and liver of treated animals. On the other hand, increasing the LPA signaling through the acute injection of LPA in mice induces glucose intolerance with a direct effect on Langerhans islets, blocking glucose-induced insulin secretion. Our results show that LPA impairs glucose homeostasis. In the last part of this thesis, we focused on adipose tissue fibrosis associated with obesity. As LPA is described as a pro-fibrotic factor in several other organs, we blocked its action (Ki16425) in massively obese mice (db/db). This treatment significantly reduced adipose tissue fibrosis. The pro-fibrogenic effect of LPA was found in human adipose tissue explants and seems to be dependent on the activation of the transcription factor HIF1a. Our studies thus suggest that LPA is involved in obesity-associated adipose tissue. Altogether, the results obtained during this thesis identify LPA as a deleterious lipokine and reveal ATX/LPA axis as target for the treatment of obesity-associated disorders such as adipose tissue fibrosis and glucose intolerance
David, Marion. "Rôle de l'axe Autotaxine (ATX)- Acide Lysophosphatidique (LPA) et récepteur LPA1 dans la dissémination métastatique des cancers du sein." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00878970.
Full textDavid, Marion. "Rôle de l’axe Autotaxine (ATX)- Acide Lysophosphatidique (LPA) et récepteur LPA1 dans la dissémination métastatique des cancers du sein." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10314/document.
Full textMetastases consist of poor disease progression for patients with cancers. Bone metastases are frequently found in multiple cancers. Despite the improvement of current therapies, the survival of bone metastasis patients is only 24 months. The aim of this work consisted in understanding the role of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), autotaxin (ATX) and the LPA receptor LPA1 in the metastatic dissemination of breast cancers. Our laboratory showed previously that LPA produced tumor growth and the progression of osteolytic bone metastases of breast cancer cells. Due to its lysophospholipase D activity, ATX generates LPA from lysophosphatidylcholine and controls LPA levels in the blood. ATX is a secreted protein with metastatic properties. In the present thesis, we first demonstrated that ATX expressed by tumors cells controls early events of metastatic dissemination of breast cancer cells and latter bone metastases formation and progression by acting on osteoclastic function. There is a large number of receptors mediating the cellular activation of LPA (LPA1-6). This work showed additionally that the LPA1 expression level at the primary tumor site is predictive for the metastatic relapse of breast cancers. On the other hand, in a preclinical animal model, we observed that targeting LPA1 at early stage of tumor development with the DEBIO-0719 decreased efficiently the metastatic dissemination of breast cancer cells. Altogether, these results indicate that targeting the ATX/LPA/LPA1 track has a high therapeutic potential against metastasis formation for patients with breast cancer
Gaaya, Amira. "Rôle de PRG-1, une phospholipide phosphatase neuronale, dans la régulation de la migration et de la prolifération des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066036.
Full textDusaulcy, Rodolphe. "Les sécrétions du tissu adipeux : rôles de l'autotaxine et recherche de nouvelles adipokines." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1588/.
Full textIn addition to its storage function, adipose tissue is now considered an endocrine organ whose secretions can act locally in an autocrine and paracrine manner, and / or on distant cells in many organs. The secretome of adipose tissue consists of lipid factors, the lipokines, and protein factors, the adipokines. These factors have various functions in the body including energy metabolism, inflammation, or cell proliferation and angiogenesis. The first part of the manuscript deals with a lipid mediator, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and autotaxin (ATX), a secreted lysophospholipase D responsible for its synthesis. The expression of ATX is increased in adipose tissue of obese and insulin resistant individuals. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of adipocyte ATX in obesity in vivo and its impact on plasma levels of LPA. For this, we invalidated the ATX coding gene specifically in adipocytes, using a Cre / lox transgenic approach in mice. The invalidation of adipocyte ATX resulted in 38% reduction of plasma LPA compared with wild-type mice. When these mice are fed an obesogenic high fat diet their mass of adipose tissue increases to a greater extent when compared to wild-type mice. This phenotype is associated with an increased expression of nuclear receptor PPAR? (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-?) and some of its target genes (ap2, adiponectin, leptin, Glut-1), as well as with an improved glucose tolerance of the mice. These results show that adipocyte ATX contributes significantly to plasma levels of LPA and that it behaves as a negative regulator of adipose tissue expansion in response to a high fat diet. The second part of the manuscript focuses on finding new adipokines involved in disturbances of glucose metabolism and inflammation. We have demonstrated an increased expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and MCP1 in the C2C12 myocytes cell line when they are exposed to adipose tissue conditioned media (MC). Ongoing experiments aim to identify the factors responsible for these effects by fractioning the bioactivity of MC using isoelectric focusing followed by mass spectrometry. This work illustrates the important roles played by the secretion of adipose tissue
Jaillard, Céline. "Edg8/s1p5 : récepteur bi-fonctionnel de l' oligodendrocyte." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066595.
Full textPradère, Jean-Philippe. "Etude de la régulation et du rôle de l'autotaxine et de l'acide lysophosphatidique dans le tissu adipeux et le rein." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/75/.
Full textWhite adipose tissue is now considered as an endocrine organ because of its huge capacity for secreting a large number of factors. Among them is Autotaxin (ATX), a soluble protein possessing a lysophopholipase D activity responsible for synthesis of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive phospholipid able to mediate different cellular responses (proliferation, motility…) via the activation of five distinct G protein coupled receptors (LPA1-5). In the present thesis, we first investigated the mechanisms of maturation and secretion of ATX in 3T3F442A adipocytes in vitro. Our results show that ATX is a N-glycosylated protein and that inhibition of N-glycosylation inhibits both secretion and lysoPLD activity of ATX. We also demonstrated that ATX follows a classical secretion pathway and undergoes a signal peptidase proteolytic cleavage which is required for its secretion. The second part of our work addressed the biological effects of LPA in white adipose tissue. Our data show that LPA is a strong inhibitor of adipogenesis resulting from a down-regulation of the nuclear receptor PPAR\gamma\2. The anti-adipogenic activity of LPA is accompanied by the higher adiposity of LPA1 receptor knockout mice compared to their wild type counterpart
Sahay, Debashish. "Identification of genes activated and biological markers involved in lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced breast cancer metastasis through its receptor LPA1." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10012/document.
Full textLysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a natural bioactive lipid with growth factor-like functions due to activation of a series of six G protein-coupled receptors (LPA1-6). It has been demonstrated that blocking LPA1 activity in vivo inhibits breast cancer cell metastasis, however, activated genes involved in LPA-induced metastasis have not been defined yet. In addition most mammalian cells co-express multiple LPA receptors, resulting in the co-activation of multiple intracellular signaling pathways with potential redundant or opposite effects impairing the validation of target inhibition in patients because of missing LPA receptor-specific biomarkers. In the first part of this thesis I found that HB-EGF is a specific biomarker of LPA1 activity. HB-EGF upregulation was inhibited by LPA1-3 antagonists (Ki16425, Debio0719) and by stably silencing LPA1. Using a human xenograft prostate tumors mouse model with PC3 cells, we found that a five-day treatment with Ki16425 significantly decreased both HB-EGF mRNA expression at the primary tumor site and circulating human HB-EGF concentrations in serum. In the second part of experimental work, we focused our attention on miRNAs that are master gene regulators. We carried out correlation studies in 1488 human primary breast tumors from publically available databases and found ZEB1 as the most correlated gene with LPAR1. The coefficient of correlation between ZEB1 and LPAR1 was higher in human basal tumors than in non basal tumors. In three different basal cell lines LPA up-regulated ZEB1 through an LPA1/Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase (Pi3K)/AKT-dependent pathway. Based on microarray and real-time PCR analyses we found that LPA up-regulated the oncomiR miR-21 through an LPA1/Pi3K/AKT/ZEB1-dependent mechanism. MirVana miR-21 inhibitor, silencing LPA1 or silencing ZEB1 totally blocked in vitro LPA-induced cell migration and invasion, and in vivo tumor cell bone colonization. In all cases, basal breast cancer cell functions were rescued with mirVana miR-21 mimic. All together our results identify HB-EGF as a new and relevant biomarker with potentially high value in quantifying LPA1 activation state in patients receiving anti-LPA1 therapies
Fourcade, Olivier. "Rôle et mécanisme d'action de la sPLA2 de type ILA : hydrolyse après ectosytase et synthèse d'acide lysophatidique : inhibition de l'agrégation plaquettaire par le propofol : hydrolyse des phospholipides de nutritions parentérales." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30117.
Full textStankoff, Bruno. "Mécanismes moléculaires et pharmacologie de la formation de myéline dans le système nerveux central." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066471.
Full textLaurencin-Mc, Manus Sara. "Rôle de l'acide lysophosphatidique et de son récepteur LPA1 dans le développement osseux et dentaire : effet paracrine dans le contrôle de l'ostégenèse et la cémentogenèse." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1083/.
Full textLysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid mediator that acts in paracrine and autocrine systems via interaction with a subset of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). LPA promotes cell growth, motility, and differentiation and has been shown to be implicated in a variety of developmental and pathophysiological processes. At least 5 LPA receptor subtypes have been identified to date, LPA1-LPA5. Several studies have suggested that the local production of LPA and its receptor LPA1 by tissues and cells contributes to paracrine regulation. A complex interplay between LPA and its receptors is also believed to be involved in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. The role of the LPA1 receptor has to date not been extensively examined with regard to bone formation in vivo. We attempted to clarify the role of the LPA1 receptor in vivo through defining the bone phenotype of LPA1(-/-) mice. These mice demonstrated bone defects and low bone mass, highly indicative of an important role played by LPA1 in osteogenesis. LPA1(-/-) mice presented with growth and costal abnormalities, which also highlights specific roles of LPA1 during bone development. µCT and histological analysis suggested altered endochondral ossification is. Finally, bone marrow mesenchymal progenitors from LPA1(-/-) mice demonstrated a decreased proliferation rate and delayed osteoblastic differentiation process. We also have arguments suggesting that LPA and LPA1 are involved in tooth root development and cementogenesis. The histological results on LPA1(-/-) mouse mandibular molars display root anomalies such as shorter roots, decreased cementum thickness and interadicular alveolar bone. Immunohistochemical expression of BMP-2 and -3 also seems modified and infra-red spectroscopy analysis shows a decrease in the mineral phase of LPA1(-/-) mice teeth
Lafleur, Josiane. "Neuroprotection des cellules ganglionnaires rétiniennes par l'hinhibition du récepteur de l'acide lysophosphatidique." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15510.
Full textDuhamel, François. "Caractérisation du rôle de la voie Jak/STAT dans la réponse mitogénique des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G." Thèse, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15487.
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