Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Acides biliaires – Métabolisme'
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Claudel, Thierry. "Rôle du récepteur nucléaire FXR dans le métabolisme lipidique." Lille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LIL2P005.
Full textRiottot, Michel. "Métabolisme des acides biliaires chez le rat : influence de la flore microbienne du tractus digestif et des glucides alimentaires." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112243.
Full textThis study was undertaken in germ-free and conventional rats which were fed semi synthetic diets to investigate the effects of intestinal microflora and those of dietary carbohydrate on bile acid intestinal contents. Relationships between these contents and the parameters derived from three processes involved in bile acids enterohepatic circulation (biosynthesis, intestinal transit and intestinal absorption) were established. The amount of bile acids in the small intestine and in the hindgut were generally two or three times lower in conventional than in germ-free rats. Fecal excretion of bile acids was increased in conventional compared to germ-free rats and bile acid composition was modified by microflora. Bile acid intestinal contents were strongly changed by sucrose, lactose, maize starches, wheat bran or apple pectin. Pools of the small intestine ranged from 40 to 120 micromoles/100 g of body weight in germ-free rats and from 22 to 90 micromoles/100 g in conventional rats. Similar variations were found in the hindgut. Pools were modified by the composition of carbohydrates, by the mode of sterilization and presentation of the diet, by the presence of microflora. To explain these results, the effects of intestinal microflora and carbohydrates on bile acid biosynthesis, intestinal transit and intestinal absorption were studied. No relationship was found between bile acid pool and fecal excretion of bile acid (biosynthesis). Lt is suggested that biosynthesis has little action on the variation of bile acid pool. Bile acid intestinal transit time, slightly modified by diets, was strongly decreased by the microflora. Relationships between bile acid pools and intestinal transit times were found. Lt is suggested that intestinal transit plays an important part on these variations. Bile acid intestinal absorption, slightly modified by microflora, was strongly increased by carbohydrates. Relationships between bile acid pools and absorption were found. Lt is suggested that intestinal absorption has an action on the variation of pools. Microflora and diets strongly modify two physiological processes involved in bile acid dynamic: bile acid intestinal absorption and intestinal transit. They probably modify intestinal before hepatic processes
Duboc, Henri-Gérard. "Dysbiose et métabolisme des acides biliaires : implications au cours du syndrome de l’intestin irritable." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066218.
Full textThe irritable bowel syndrome associates chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel transit. This is a common digestive disorder, which in its pathophysiology include the concept of dysbiosis, i. E disruption of the intestinal microbiota (overall micro organisms in a gut). Dysbiosis implies alterations of the host-microbiota dialogue leading to disease, a mainly descriptive concept to date. Bile acids are synthesized by the liver and metabolized by bacteria then reabsorbed from the intestine - so potentially involved in this dialogue. Other pathophysiological axes include motor, permeability, and intestinal secretion, and theses are functions also regulated by bile acids, through the membrane receptor TGR5. This work presents and discusses, through two scientific publications, the links between irritable bowel syndrome, dysbiosis, and TGR5 receptor
Genet, Cédric. "Identification et développement de triterpènes comme agonistes TGR5 : étude de leurs effets sur le métabolisme." Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA6295.
Full textMitochondrial dysfunction, a hallmark feature in the early stage of metabolic diseases, is currently not targeted by the available therapies with preferentially focus on the consequence of the diseases. Nevertheless, an early discovered G coupled protein receptor named TGR5 was shown to lead to an increase in mitochondrial activity. This effect reveals TGR5 as an interesting target to prevent the early onset of metabolic diseases. To further explore TGR5 potential, our principal challenge was to identify more potent and more selective TGR5 agonists than the already known bile acids which act on other nuclear receptors. To this end we used a TGR5 activity assay to screen a plant library. Among the plant extracts tested, was have been able to isolated two active principles from the triterpene family, the oleanolic acid and the corosolic acid. In vivo, oleanolic acid showed antihyperglycemic activity, improved glucose tolerance and decrease weight gain. Furthermore, oleanolic acid enhanced mitochondrial activity in vitro. An SAR study based on natural triterpenes has led us to the discovery of betulinic acid used in hemi-synthesis and affords the synthesis of RG 239, a more potent TGR5 agonist which induce mitochondrial activity in a TGR5 dependant manner. Unfortunately, RG 239 was not active in vivo, probably because of poor bioavailability. Although, these results confirm TGR5 as therapeutical target, we have found that triterpenes were not drugable molecules. Indeed, triterpenes are hydrophobic molecules and the degree of liberty of their chemical function for structural modification is very low. That is the reason why we have decided to screen two databases of commercial products, Zinc and Asinex with a scaffold hoping method in order to find new TGR5 agonist family. The selected molecules by this approach are under investigation
Courillon, Florence. "Aspects particuliers du métabolisme des acides biliaires au cours de la vie fœtale et des atteintes peroxysomiales." Tours, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOUR3810.
Full textThomas, Charles. "Impact du cholestérol sur le cycle entérohépatique des acides biliaires : conséquences pour l'homéostasie lipidique." Dijon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DIJOS016.
Full textHypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. Understanding of mechanisms ensuring the maintenance of body cholesterol homeostasis is crucial, since it can allow the development of new hypocholesterolemiant therapies. Bile Acids (BA) are end-products of cholesterol metabolism. These molecules, produced in the liver, participate to fat digestion and absorption in the intestine. Moreover, BA represent the main pathway of body cholesterol removal. The results presented in this thesis show that genes encoding intestinal, hepatic and renal BA transporters are coordinately regulated. This mechanism ensures efficient BA elimination through faecal and urinary route, and thus contributes to explain the resistance of mice to diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. The transcription factors SREBP-2 and HNF-1, and the nuclear receptor PPAR, play a key role in this adaptative process since they allow cholesterol-dependent regulation of several key BA transporters, particularly ASBT in the ileum and the kidney, and L-FABP in the liver
Lapillonne, Alexandre. "Étude du métabolisme des acides gras polyinsaturés chez l'enfant." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO1T006.
Full textFavé, Gaëlle. "Stratégies d'amélioration de la biodisponibilité des acides gras : approches physico-chimiques et enzymatiques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00689483.
Full textMagnier, Benjamin. "Rôle du récepteur nucléaire Liver Receptor Homolog-1 (LRH-1) dans l’homéostasie du cholestérol et des acides biliaires." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2007/MAGNIER_Benjamin_2007.pdf.
Full textThe goal of this work was to evaluate the in vivo role of the nuclear receptor Liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1) in the control of cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis. To this end, a mouse model in which the LRH-1 gene is specifically deleted in the hepatocytes was generated. These mice show a massive reduction of CYP8B1 and fail to produce cholic acid. In addition, we also show that the profound remodeling of the BA composition reduces significantly the efficacy of intestinal absorption of lipids and re-uptake of BAs and facilitates the removal of lipids from the body. Our studies hence unequivocally demonstrate a pivotal role for LRH-1 in determining the composition of BAs, which, in turn, has major consequences on the whole body lipid homeostasis. The second step of this work was to study the impact of the absence of LRH-1 on the hepatic transcriptome. The preliminary outcome of this study is suggestive for a predominant role of LRH-1 in both lipid metabolism and immune defense
Combettes, Laurent. "Effet des acides biliaires sur le métabolisme du calcium cellulaire : nouvelle hypothèse pour le déclenchement d’une cholestase d’origine hépatocytaire." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112171.
Full textThe effects of different bile acids on cell ca² ⁺ were examined in suspensions of isolated rat hepatocytes. The bile acids taurolithocholate and lithocholate, which markedly inhibit bile secretion, increase the concentration of cytosolic ca² ⁺ from 150 to 700 nM within 20 sec and stimulate the efflux of ca² ⁺ from the cells. The effect is dose-dependent (half-maximal effect at 16-18 ). It is independent of the extracellular ca² ⁺ and results from a rapid mobilization of ca² ⁺ from an intracellular store (0. 8 tc 1 nmol/mg proteins). This store is the same as that permeabilized by the Inositol-(1,4,5)-triphosphate dependent hormone, vasopressin. However, unlike the hormone, taureli thocholate and lithochelate do not stimulate Inositol-(1,4,5)-triphosphate CIP3l synthesis. In saponintreated hepatocytes, taurolithocholate and lithocholate induce a substantial release of ca2+ (within 20 sec with a half-maximal effect at 16-18 ),from an ATP-dependent, non mitochondrial pool, which is sensitive to IP3, likely the endoplasmic reticulum. This effect is not mediated by an action on the ca² ⁺-Mg² ⁺-ATPase or on the IP3 receptors and results from a permeabilization process. The action of the bile acids is specifie for the endoplasmic reticulum as demonstrated by the fact that the bile acids have no permeabilizing effects on mitochondria and cell plama membranes and on artificial phosphatidylcholine vesicles. In contrast, the trihydroxylated bile acids taurocholate and chelate, which stimulate bile secretion, do not alter cell ca² ⁺, These results suggest that taurolithocholate and lithocholate permeabilize directly and specifically the membrane of endoplasmic reticulum to ca² ⁺. This permeabilization might be a key signal in the inhibition of bile secretion
Sato, Hiroyuki. "Identification and biological validation of natural TGR5 agonists." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR13232.
Full textBile acids were shown to have antiobesity properties by increasing energy expenditure via activation of a membrane bile acid receptor, TGR5. In this thesis studies, potent TGR5 agonist was widely explored for pharmacological applications of the treatment of metabolic diseases. In the first study, the structure-activity relationship study was performed using 80 natural bile acids, bile acid derivatives. Not only structural feature of bile acid on TGR5 activation, but also several TGR5 agonists were identified as potent TGR5 selective agonists in this study. In the second study, the author paid an attention to a phytosterol, gugulsterone (GS) known as a metabolic modulator. Its effect was reported to be mediated by another bile acid receptor FXR but the author found that GS was a potent TGR5 ligand. Biological activity of GS on Dio2 activation and enhancement of oxygen consumption was observed in animal model and in cell model. This study showed diversity of drug development targeted to the two bille acid receptor, TGR5 and FXR. In the third study, the author attempted screening of TGR5 agonists using 29 plant extracts as a source of compound library. This assay revealed that 21 out of 29 crude extracts were positive. The author succeeded to purify and identify an active compound from one of the positive extract by means of flash chromatography and subsequently NMR analysis. The active compound showed antiobesity effects in an animal. Thus the author could identify the several compounds as potent TGR5 agonists, which could find the pharmacological applications in the future
Ramière, Christophe. "Interactions entre le métabolisme hépatique des sels biliaires et des lipoprotéines et les infections par les virus des hépatites B et C." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10016.
Full textHepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV) infections are tightly linked with hepatic lipid metabolism. HBV replication depends on specific nuclear receptors, such as HNF4α and PPARα, both implicated in this metabolism. HCV assembly depends on the synthesis of Very-Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDL), and the virus circulates in the blood as lipo-viral-particles associated in particular with apoB, an essential component of VLDL. In this study, we first studied the influence of FXRα, the nuclear receptor for bile acids, on HBV replication. We showed that, in vitro, bile acids, via FXRα, were able to activate the HBV Core promoter which controls the level of viral replication. Then, in the study of the interactions between HCV and lipoproteins, we demonstrated that apoB, which is associated with a proportion of viral particles, played an important role in HCV infectivity in vitro, and that Cideb, a protein involved in VLDL assembly, was implicated in the association between HCV and apoB and influenced the infectivity of secreted viral particles. Finally, we showed that, besides HCV infectious particles, sub-particles bearing only viral envelope glycoproteins circulated in the blood of infected patients. Interactions of HBV with the metabolism of bile acids, and of HCV with the metabolism of lipoproteins, are two examples of adaptation of a parasite to its host. The potential benefits from these interactions are still to be determined, as well as the possibility to develop anti-viral strategies targeting lipid metabolism
Moreno-Dubrac, Sandrine. "Action de l'insuline sur le métabolisme du cholestérol et des acides biliaires chez le Hamster : rôle dans l'induction de la lithiase biliaire cholestérolique : effets sur la viscosité de la bile mesurée par spectrométrie RMN." Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA077102.
Full textSberna, Anne-Laure. "Etude du rôle du récepteur nucléaire CAR, Constitutive Androstane Receptor, dans le métabolisme des lipides et la susceptibilité à l'athérosclérose." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00825474.
Full textTrabelsi, Mohamed-Sami. "Rôle du récepteur nucléaire FXR dans la régulation de la production de GLP-1 : nouvelle cible thérapeutique dans le traitement du diabète de type 2 ?" Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S012/document.
Full textOriginally identified as dietary lipid detergents, bile acids (BA) are now recognized as signaling molecules which bind to the transmembrane receptor TGR5 and the nuclear receptor FXR (Farnesoid X Receptor). Upon binding to TGR5 at the surface of enteroendocrine L cells, bile acids (BA) promote the secretion of the incretin GLP-1 which potentiates the glucose-induced insulin secretion by pancreatic beta-cells. More than 50% of the insulin secretion in response to glucose is mediated by GLP-1 and the other incretin Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP). Once secreted, GLP-1 is rapidly (2-3 minutes) degraded by the endothelial enzyme Dipeptydil Peptidase 4 (DPP4). GLP-1 analogues and DPP4 inhibitors are successfully used for the treatment of T2D. FXR is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor highly expressed in the liver and in the distal intestine. FXR controls BA, lipid and glucose metabolism. Whether FXR is expressed, functional in intestinal enteroendocrine L cells and in which extend its activation affects GLP-1 production are not yet reported. Encouraging data were obtained during my M2 training course. The aim of my thesis was thus to assess whether FXR in enteroendocrines cells could participate in the control of the deregulation of glucose homeostasis. Multiple in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo human and murine models allowed us to show that FXR is present and functional in L cells. FXR activation decreases GLP-1 production and secretion in L cells by inhibiting glycolysis pathway through an interference with the carbohydrate responsive transcription factor ChREBP. Finally, I identified an additional mechanism of action of the bile acid sequestrant Colesevelam, a molecule currently successfully used in USA for treating type 2 diabetic patients
Serrar, Mostafa. "Effets croisés des régimes enrichis en stérols ou en acides biliaires et du traitement par la 3, 5,3’triiodo-L-thyronine (t3) sur les activités des enzymes microsomales hépatiques responsables du métabolisme des xénobiotiques chez le rat." Dijon, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987DIJOS043.
Full textSerhan, Nizar. "Impact du récepteur purinergique P2Y13 sur le transport retour du cholestérol et le développement de l'athérosclérose." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3094/.
Full textThe level of High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C) is inversely correlated to the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The protective effect of HDL is mostly attributed to their metabolic functions in Reverse Cholesterol Transport (RCT), a process whereby excess cell cholesterol is taken up from peripheral cells and macrophages by the HDL particles, and is later delivered to the liver for elimination by bile excretion. We have previously identified a new pathway for hepatic HDL uptake, involved in RCT. In this pathway, apoA-I, the major protein of HDL, binds an ecto-F1-ATPase leading to ATP hydrolysis into ADP. Extracellular ADP activates the P2Y13 receptor which stimulates in fine HDL uptake through an unknown low affinity receptor, distinct from the classical HDL receptor, SR-BI. In this work, we have investigated on mouse models the physiological relevance of P2Y13 receptor in RCT and atherosclerosis development. In a first part, we have showed that P2Y13 deficient mice fed on chow diet displayed a decrease in hepatic HDL-C uptake and biliary lipids secretions. In these conditions, P2Y13 deficiency was also associated with a strong decrease in RCT, from macrophages to the faeces. Moreover, the same phenotype was found on P2Y13 deficient mice fed on a high cholesterol diet (1. 25%, HCD). Conversely, intravenous bolus injection of cangrelor, a partial agonist of P2Y13, stimulated hepatic HDL uptake and biliary lipids secretions (cholesterol, bile acids and phospholipids) in both wild-type and scavenger receptor class B type I liver deficient mice, with no effect in P2Y13 knockout mice. Furthermore, a long-term chronic treatment with cangrelor, by continuous infusion for 3 days, decreased plasma HDL-C levels as a consequence of increased hepatic HDL uptake. These effects were correlated with an increase in biliary bile acid secretion. In a second part, we have showed that deficiency of P2Y13 in a mice model for atherosclerosis, apoE knockout mice, induced an increase in atherosclerosis development. This result was correlated with a decrease in biliary lipids secretions and excretions into the faeces. Taken together our results suggest that P2Y13 receptor could be a target for therapeutic intervention on HDL ("HDL-Therapies"), aiming to prevent or reduce the development of atherosclerosis
Mazuy, Claire. "Etude de l’interaction entre le récepteur nucléaire FXR et le facteur de transcription FOXA2 dans le foie." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S055/document.
Full textThe liver is a key regulator of whole-body energy metabolism. The nuclear receptor super-family plays a leading role in the metabolic sensing of the liver. Among the nuclear receptors, the bile acid nuclear receptor FXR contribute to the modulation of liver activity in particular through the regulation of bile acid, lipids and glucose homeostasis. Consequently, FXR became a potential therapeutic target for many diseases implicated metabolic disorder such as cholestasis, type 2 diabete or Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). Despite promising results especially on NASH, patient treatment with FXR agonist the INT747 seems to increase LDL-Cholesterol plasma concentrations together with a decreased concentration of HDL-Cholesterol suggesting a higher risk to develop atherosclerosis. These effects on plasma lipid profile are the major break against the development of agonists in clinics. Giving the poor understanding and knowledge of the molecular mechanisms which govern FXR regulation of activity on various signaling pathways, it is of major interest to find new partners and regulators of FXR and especially on lipid and cholesterol homeostasis. One of the transcription factor known to be active in the control of these signaling pathways in the liver is the forkhead box transcription factor FOXA2. This transcription factor whose activity is dependent of physiological conditions is activated by glucagon and inhibited by insulin. In addition, this factor is known to regulate bile acid, cholesterol and lipid metabolism, functions very close from FXR activities in the liver.The objective of this PhD was to study the interaction between FXR and FOXA2 signaling pathways in different hepatic cells lines from human or mouse origin and in the liver. We established that FOXA2 and FXR are colocalised in HepG2 cells and liver chromatin near genes implicated in the lipid and cholesterol metabolism. These FXR/FOXA2 cobinding zones present few consensus FOXA2 response elements suggesting the implication of non consensus binding motifs or a “tethering” mechanism. We show that FOXA2 binding to FXR/FOXA2 cobinding zones is increased when FXR is activated and/or more present in the chromatin evoking a potential interaction between these two factors. We demonstrate that FXR and FOXA2 interact physically and that FOXA2 is a repressor of FXR transcriptional activity using different approaches and cellular models. Finally, we show that FOXA2 is implicated in glucagon-induced repression of FXR transcriptional activity on Shp gene.To conclude, our results show for the first time that the fasting key regulator of lipid and cholesterol homeostasis FOXA2 is a repressor of FXR transcriptional activity through a plausible mechanism involving “tethering” process. This work gives a novel mechanism by which FXR activity can be modified by nutritional status in a gene-specific manner
Huaman, Samanez Carolina. "Etude de rôle du récepteur Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) dans le contrôle de l’utilisation du glucose." Thesis, Lille 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL2S001/document.
Full textGlucose metabolism dysreglation leads to the developpment of hyperglaecemia and is classically associated with metabolic diseases such as Type II diabetes or obesity. The liver is a key organ in the control of glucose homeostasis. Indeed, at a post-prandial state (after a meal), it utilizes glucose to produce energy by the glycolysis pathway, but mostly stores the glucose excess as glycogen by the glycogenesis pathway and the energie excess as fatty acids by the lipogenesis pathway. These pathways are controlled by insulin and glucagon hormones which, in response ton nutritional changes, regulate respectively the utilization (glycolysis) and the production (gluconeogenesis) of glucose by inducing the expression of enzymes involved in these pathways. More recently, it has been shown that glycolyisis and lipogenesis are also regulated by glucose who activates the transcription factor ChREBP (Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein) and therefore induces the expression of glycolytic genes, such as LPK (Liver Pyruvate Kinase) and lipogenic genes, such as FAS (Fatty Acid Synthase) and ACC1 (Acetyl-CoenzymeA Carboxylase 1). Nuclear receptor Farnesoid X Receptor, a transcription factor activated by ligands, besides its role in the regulation of bile acids and lipids, also controls the glucose metabolism in liver. Thus, FXR inhibit the expression of genes involved in glycolysis and lipogenesis, probably by interfering with the transcription factor ChREBP, as it has been suggested by a recent study The objectifs of my thesis were to characterize two human hepatocyte cell lines IHH ( (Immortalized Human Hepatocytes) and HepaRG from a metabolic point of view and to study the molecular mecanisms involved in the interference of FXR with the activity of ChREBP in these two cell lines
Spinelli, Valeria. "Les acides biliaires et la régulation de l’homéostasie métabolique : rôle du récepteur Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) dans la cellule bêta-pancréatique : variation du pool des acides biliaires et chirurgie bariatrique Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S054.
Full textBile acids (BAs) are molecules produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, secreted into the intestine and returning to the liver via the enterohepatic circulation. A fraction of BAs escapes the reuptake by the liver and enters the systemic circulation, by which they reach the peripheral organs including the pancreas. Besides their function in facilitating the intestinal absorption of lipids, BAs are signaling molecules that act through receptors for BAs, which are expressed in the key tissues for metabolic regulation, and whose modulation by BAs contribute to regulate energy homeostasis. Thus, variations in the composition of the BAs pool determine the modulation of metabolism via their receptors. The BA-receptor Farnesoid-X receptor (FXR) is involved in the regulation of glucose, lipid and BA metabolism by its action in the liver, intestine, adipose tissue and pancreas. Whole body FXR deficient mice are glucose intolerant and insulin resistant in liver and peripheral tissues, whereas in a context of obesity, FXR deficiency rather improves these parameters. Furthermore, FXR is expressed in the pancreatic beta cell (bcell), where it regulates the synthesis and the secretion of insulin, but the molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated yet. To understand 1) the contribution of FXR bcell in the metabolic phenotype of the total FXRKO-mouse, and 2) the molecular mechanisms of the regulation of insulin production by FXR in the bcell, I developed a mouse model invalidated for FXR specifically in the bcell by the Cre-loxP strategy. The development of the model showed nonspecific recombination phenomena, and I developed a genotyping strategy to overcome this problem. To highlight the phenotype of the FXRKObcell mouse I tested various metabolic contexts (standard and high fat diet, fasting and refeeding conditions, circadian variations). Compared to control, FXRKO-bcell mice developed glucose intolerance and has lower insulinémia, defects increased by a high fat diet. The global transcriptomic analysis in the islets identified a set of microRNA strongly deregulated by invalidating FXR in the bcell, which could explain the dysfunctions in insulin secretion. Besides the modulation of the activity of the receptors, metabolic effects can be obtained by varying the composition of the pool of their ligands BAs. Thus, metabolic perturbations (such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, obesity) are associated with qualitative and/or quantitative variations in the BA pool. In addition, variations of the BAs pool are associated to the metabolic improvement that precedes the weight loss after the surgical practice of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB), which suggests that the BAs can be among the actors of the ‘weight loss-indipendent’ beneficial metabolic effects of RYGB. To investigate this hypothesis, some preclinical models of RYGB have been developed. During my thesis I compared the pool of BAs pre and post RYGB among three species (rat, pig and human; Coll. Prof. F. Pattou and Dr. E.Osto) with the aim of assessing which preclinical model is most suitable for these studies in terms of characteristics of the BAs pool. In a second study, I focused on the causes and mechanisms underlying the increased concentrations of circulating BAs induced by RYGB. In the model of minipig (coll. Pr. F. Pattou), the analysis of the plasma BA pool composition and the hepatic gene expression before and after RYGB, allowed to show that changes in the hepatic function are - at least in part - responsible for the increase of the BA pool following RYGB
Mourot, Jacques. "Contribution à l'étude du rôle des phytostérols sur le métabolisme du cholestérol et des lipides chez le rat." Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10351.
Full textMoullan, Norman. "Identification and validation of a potent synthetic TGR5 agonist that improves metabolism, inflammation and atherosclerosis." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EPHE3070.
Full textObesity, type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis, are amongst the main driving factors of a public health crisis that impacts developed countries. Although several drugs are available, there is still a large unmet medical need to find better and safer compounds to treat these diseases. In this context, my host laboratory discovered that activation of the membrane bile acid receptor TGR5 induces energy expenditure and reduces inflammation in mice, which would be beneficial to manage the above–mentioned disorders. INT-777, a semi-synthetic bile acid, is until now, one of the most specific TGR5 ligands. Here, we report the identification of a new synthetic, selective and potent TGR5 agonist. From a screen of 20,000 compounds as potential TGR5 activators, the compounds 50980906, 13008574 and 37525283 were the most potent and stable. In particular, 13008574 induced a significant reduction of body weight gain when C57BL/6J mice were exposed to a high fat diet, paralleled by an increase in the expression levels of Ucp-1, Dio-2 and Cpt-1 in brown adipose tissue. In addition, mice treated with 13008574 displayed improved glucose clearance, consequent to increased GLP-1 secretion. We showed furthermore that the effects of 13008574 were lost in TGR5-/- mice, testifying the specificity of the compound. In addition, 13008574 acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, with a protective effect on atherosclerosis development in LDLr-/- mice treated with a high cholesterol diet. Our work hence shows that potent, selective, and safe TGR5 agonists can be developed to cure the metabolic syndrome
Sow, Baly. "Modulation de l'activité du récepteur aux acides biliaires FXRa par les récepteurs de la famille EGFR/ErbB." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24472.
Full textBile acids are natural components of the gastrointestinal tract. An increase of bile acid levels in the intestine is associated with the carcinogenesis of the digestive system. Bile acid homeostasis is maintained by the nuclear receptor FXRα which regulates the expression of specific genes involved in metabolism such as SHP, FGF19 and CYP-7A1. In this way, FXRα acts as a transcription factor following bile acids binding, allowing its transcriptional activation. On the other hand, several studies established the central role of FXRα activation in liver carcinogenesis. EGFR/ErbB receptors are a family of tyrosine kinase receptors that can be regulated by bile acids. Overexpression of EGFR/ErbB receptors is associated with several cancers. Thus, the project aims to examine the impact of EGFR/ErbB receptors signaling on FXR transcriptional potential. We identify that EGFR/ErbB activation by their ligands HRG and EGF and by the expression of the constitutively active mutant ErbB2-V659E inhibits FXR transcriptional activity and expression of its target genes in liver cells. We demonstrate that this process is dependent on the MAPK signaling pathway. We also show that FXR activation decreases proliferation of liver cancer cells while activation of ErbB2 increases this cellular response. Thus, this study identifies a new mechanism of the deleterious impact of EGFR/ErbB receptors overactivation on liver cancer cells proliferation, involving the inhibition of the transcriptional potential of the bile acid receptor FXRα.
Ngo, Sock Emilienne Tudor. "Carence en œstrogènes et bases moléculaires du métabolisme des triglycérides et du cholestérol dans le foie et l'intestin : effet de l'exercice physique." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10523.
Full textHepatic steatosis and plasma lipid profile deterioration are metabolic diseases favored by post-menopausal estrogen deficiency. However, mechanisms underlying these diseases have not been systematically adressed. The aim of this thesis was to investigate molecular mechanisms causing hypercholesterolemia and lipids (triglycerides: TG and cholesterol) accumulation in the liver using animal model of menopause, the ovariectomized (Ovx) Sprague Dawley rat. We also examined whether lifestyle modifications such as physical activity can prevent or correct changes induced by Ovx. Finally, rosuvastatin (statine) was used as a pharmacological therapy of hypercholesterolemia in order to understand its effect at the molecular level in Ovx rats. The first study was designed to determine how the Ovx may affect levels of TG and cholesterol in the liver of rats fed a high-fat diet (HF: 42% fat). Rats were submitted to a HF or a normal diet for 6 weeks prior to Ovx or being sham operated, and then kept on the same diets for another 6 weeks. The Ovx increased liver TG content, but not the HF diet alone. However, the combination of Ovx and HF diet resulted in a greater liver TG accumulation than that observed in Ovx submitted to normal diet. The mRNA levels of CPT-1, PGC1 and PPARα involved in liver lipid oxidation significantly increased in rats fed the HF diet (p ˂ 0.001; p ˂ 0.01; p ˂ 0.05 respectively); but this increase was substantially less if HF fed rats were Ovx (p ˂ 0.05; p ˂ 0.05; p ˂ 0.07 respectively), thus favouring TG accumulation in the liver. The combination of HF diet and Ovx also induced hypercholesterolemia and an increase in liver total cholesterol content, in spite of the reduction of liver HMGCoA-r gene expression, the key enzyme for cholesterol synthesis. This was also associated with a decrease of liver CYP7a1 gene expression, suggesting a reduction in bile acids synthesis. Having found in the first study that the Ovx increases liver and plasma cholesterol levels, we aimed in the second study at determining the effects of Ovx on gene expression of hepatic and intestinal transporters and enzymes involved in cholesterol and bile acids metabolism; and to verify whether treadmill exercise could prevent or correct changes induced by Ovx. The Ovx resulted in hypercholesterolemia associated with a reduction in gene expression of hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R), lipoprotein remnants receptor (LRP1), SREBP-2 and PCSK9, suggesting a failure in the clearance of plasma lipoproteins particles. The Ovx also inhibited the expression of MTP and stimulated that of SR-B1 in the liver, but no change was observed with CYP7a1. These molecular changes might, therefore, favor cholesterol accumulation in the liver. Exercise training did not correct the deleterious effects caused by Ovx on gene expression of these molecular markers in the liver with the exception of SREBP-2. However, in the intestine (ileum) treadmill exercise reduced gene expression of molecular markers involved in the absorption of bile acids (OSTα/β, FXR, RXRα, Fgf15) and cholesterol (LXRα, NCP1L1) in Sham trained rats compared to sedentary rats. This could prevent the development of cholestasis and hypercholesterolemia protecting partially against the onset of atherosclerosis. In view of the deleterious effects (hypercholesterolemia and decreased in gene expression of LDL-R, PCSK9, LRP1, SREBP-2 and HMGCoA-r in the liver) caused by Ovx on cholesterol metabolism observed in the second study, the 3rd study was designed to test the effect of rosuvastatin (Ros) on gene expression of these molecular markers in Ovx sedentary rats or in Ovx rats submitted to voluntary training. Ros was injected to Ovx rats subcutaneously at dose of 5mg/kg/day during 21 days from the ninth week after ovariectomy. Ros failed to decrease plasma LDL-C and TC in Ovx rats. In contrast, Ros increased (P ˂ 0.05) PCSK9, SREBP-2, LRP1, HMGCoA-r and ACAT2 but not significantly (P ˂ 0.3) LDL-R mRNA in the Ovx sedentary and trained rat liver. Ros failed to decrease plasma LDL-C in Ovx rats probably because of a stronger induction of PCSK9 than LDL-R gene expression. However by increasing LRP1 expression, Ros could decrease circulating lipoprotein remnants and, therefore, protects partially against the onset of cardiovascular diseases. In conclusion, the studies of this thesis indicate that the decrease of ovarian estrogen levels causes radical changes in hepatic TG and cholesterol metabolism caused by alterations in the expression of key genes associated with metabolic pathways.
Côté, Isabelle. "Le rôle de la dysrégulation du métabolisme du cholestérol par le retrait des estrogènes sur la stéatose hépatique." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10509.
Full textEstrogens confer to women a cardiovascular protection until menopause. Indeed, the loss of ovarian functions leads to several lipid disorders along with hepatic triglycerides accumulation called hepatic steatosis. Estrogen withdrawal disrupts several cholesterol metabolism pathways that results in both hypercholesterolemia and hepatic steatosis. However, to date, the precise mechanisms by which estrogen withdrawal affect cholesterol metabolism pathways that favour lipid storage in the liver are unclear. In this regard, works in the present thesis aimed at elucidate the effects of estrogen withdrawal on cholesterol metabolism involved in hepatic steatosis pathogenesis. In the first study, estrogen withdrawal by ovariectomy (Ovx), a well established model for hepatic steatosis and hypercholesterolemia, had enabled the identification of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) pathway as a contributory element for hepatic steatosis. Since the VLDL pathway relates lipids and cholesterol metabolism, we conducted the second study to explore the role of dietary cholesterol on hepatic lipids. In the second study, the high fat/high cholesterol (HFHC) diet, also recognized as a model for hepatic steatosis development, was used to explore links between cholesterol metabolism and hepatic fat accumulation. Surprisingly, HFHC diet also disrupted the VLDL pathway. Additionally, data provided in this study indicated that a dysregulation of bile acids metabolism might have contributed to the severity of hepatic steatosis induced by the HFHC diet. As a continuation of these projects, we were interested in the concomitant effects of estrogen withdrawal and HFHC diet on hepatic lipid accretion. Interestingly, when combined, Ovx and HFHC diet not only potentiated hepatic lipid accumulation but also molecular disruptions involved in underlying pathways for hepatic steatosis including the VLDL pathway and bile acid secretion. Overall, data presented in the review of litterature and provided by the three studies related to the present thesis indicate that cholesterol metabolism dysregulation following estrogen withdrawal result in complications that favour hepatic lipid accumulation.
Caron, Véronique. "Régulation de l'activité transcriptionnelle du récepteur nucléaire FXR par la ghréline et les modifications post-traductionnelles." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4651.
Full textThe farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor within the nuclear receptor superfamily. FXR is activated by bile acids and plays a crucial role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and in bile acid homeostasis. Our group has recently identified the contribution of the ghrelin receptor in the regulation of the nuclear receptor PPARγ. Indeed, ghrelin triggers transcriptional activation of PPARγ through a concerted signaling cascade involving Erk1/2 and Akt kinases. These results support the peripheral actions of ghrelin in diseases associated with the metabolic syndrome. It is recognized that there is interplay between PPARγ metabolic cascade and FXR. Here, we demonstrate that ghrelin promotes FXR transcriptional activity in a dose-dependent manner and also promotes its phosphorylation on serine residues. By using truncated ABC and CDEF constructs of FXR, we found that ghrelin induces FXR activity through the AF-1 and AF-2 activation domains. The ghrelin-induced FXR activity is additive to the induction by the selective agonist GW4064. Also, we demonstrate that FXR is the target of sumoylation, another post-translational modification. In particular, FXR is modified by SUMO-1 and SUMO-3 in a ligand-independent manner. SUMO-1 and SUMO-3 promote dose-dependent transcriptional activity of FXR. Our results show that lysine 122 is the prevalent site of sumoylation by SUMO-1, though a compensation mechanism seems to exist between the various sumoylation sites of FXR. With its emerging role in several metabolic cascades, identification of FXR modulators represents a promising approach for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
Gagnon-Duval, Laurianne. "Une approche moléculaire pour mieux comprendre l'infertilité chez la vache laitière." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13381.
Full textOver the last fifty or more years, genetic selection has been employed to improve milk production in dairy cattle. This selection was made at the expense of reproductive performance. The observed decrease in fertility does not occur in heifers with the same genetic merit. The enormous milk production and the metabolic challenge that accompany it have a negative impact on the reproductive efficiency due to the metabolic stress of lactation. The purpose of the study was to gain a better knowledge of the molecular and metabolic difference between the two groups of animals in order to better understand the pathogenesis of infertility in dairy cows. To do this, the follicular wave of twelve lactating cows (30-50 days in milk; N = 12) and ten heifers (N = 10) were synchronized by ultrasound guided follicle ablation and by hormonal treatment with injection of prostaglandin-F2α and insertion of a progesterone implant. Follicular fluid and granulosa cells of the dominant follicle were aspirated on day 6. The metabolic indicators BHBA, total bile acids, cholesterol and glucose, were measured in the animals from the blood samples also taken on day 6 confirming greater metabolic stress in the cows when compared to the heifers. A total of six samples were used for RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were performed. Several genes and signaling and cellular function pathways were shown to differ between the two groups of animals, including the cell cycle signaling pathway and hormone production pathway. A confirmation of the results by real-time PCR was undertaken, but the great intragroup variation obviated significant results. In the second set of experiments, primary culture of granulosa cells was conducted to evaluate the effect of bile acids on steroidogenesis to further explore the larger amount of the bile acids in the dairy cows when compared to heifers. The results demonstrate a difference in the metabolic status of the animals; BHBA, total bile acids and cholesterol being higher and glucose being lower in the dairy cow relative to the heifer. Presence of bile acids in the granulosa cell culture caused a decrease in expression of CYP19A1, CYP11A1 and estradiol accumulation. The differences at the metabolic and molecular level of the dominant follicles between dairy cows and heifers may be implicated in the reduced reproductive efficiency of the dairy cows.