Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Acides gras insaturés dans l'alimentation humaine'
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Benichou, Sophie. "Rôle des acides polyinsaturés dans l'alimentation." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P011.
Full textBernard, Christine. "Préparation de glycérophospholipides enrichis en aicdes docosahexaénoï͏̈que : étude de leurs effets chez le lapin néo-zélandais hypercholestérolémique." Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30023.
Full textBabin, François. "Effets de la supplémentation des laits artificiels avec l'acide [alpha]-linolénique sur les lipides plasmatiques et érythrocytaires du prématuré." Montpellier 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON13511.
Full textPueyo, Sophie. "Histoire naturelle et évolution sous traitement d'adultes infectés par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 2 en France." Bordeaux 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR21188.
Full textThe HIV-2 infection is different from HIV-1 infection in its least pathogenicity, but the reasons are not clearly identified. This thesis is about the HIV-2 infection in adults in France, based on the data collected within an ongoing prospective cohort study of infected patients, initiated in 1994. This work presents the analysis of the collected data under various aspects. First the patients are described on clinical, epidemiological and immuno-virological aspects. Then, a study of the predictive factors of clinical progression of the disease are presented. The third part tackles about the antiretroviral treatments with a study about the side effects of the treatments, in particular lipodystrophy and metabolic abnormalities, an analysis of the incidence of clinical events according to the therapeutic status, and an analysis of the immunological and virological response after starting a triple nucleosidic analogs combination treatment
Grenier, Geneviève. "Impact de la consommation d'acides gras trans naturels et industriels sur le métabolisme des lipoprotéines." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20416.
Full textLes acides gras trans (AGT) proviennent de deux sources différentes dans l'alimentation : 1) des procédés industriels d'hydrogénation des huiles végétales insaturées et 2) de la biohydrogénation des acides gras insaturés par les bactéries naturellement présentes dans le rumen des ruminants. La consommation d'AGT d'origine industrielle (AGTi) augmente le risque de maladies cardiovasculaires. Toutefois, les effets de la consommation d'AGT d'origine naturelle (AGTn) demeurent inconnus. L'objectif de ce mémoire est de comparer les effets, gramme pour gramme, des AGTn et d'AGTi sur le métabolisme in vivo des HDL et des LDL. Les résultats suggèrent que la consommation d'une quantité élevée d'AGTn, en opposition aux AGTi, a un effet minimal sur la cinétique in vivo des HDL. Il ne semble pas y avoir de différence importante entre la consommation de quantités élevées d'AGTn et d'AGTi sur les taux de catabolisme et de production des différentes fractions de lipoprotéines contenant de l' apoB-l 00.
Sansonetti, Agnès. "Le régime crétois, mythe ou réalité ? /." Paris : F.-X. de Guibert, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39034885m.
Full textMunier, Sylvie. "Préparation d'actifs contre les stress oxydant et carbonylé in vivo (réaction de Maillard)." Montpellier 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON13521.
Full textBellenger, Jérôme. "Régulation de la biosynthèse des acides gras insaturés : influence des acides gras alimentaires et effets de l'hypertension artérielle chez le rat SHR." Dijon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DIJOS066.
Full textIn order to understand how a diet rich in purified fatty acids may affect essential fatty acid (EFA) biosynthesis, in the first part of this work male Wistar rats were fed a diet containing either ISIO4 oil (groupT), or oleic acid 18:1n-9 (groupA), or linoleic acid 18:2n-6 (groupB), or a-linolenic acid (groupC) as the only source of fatty acids. Our results show a decreased D9 desaturase activity in all experimental groups as compared with control group. D6n-6 desaturase activity increased in groups A and B when D6n-3 desaturase activity increased in groups B and C. D6 desaturase and Stearoyl CoA desaturase gene expression reflect the enzymes activities, and related to a significant decrease in liver n-6 fatty acids, for the benefit of n-3 fatty acids in groupC. Our results indicate that these diets affect differently the D6n-6 and D6n-3 desaturase activities. Specific ways of regulation for the two corresponding pathways may be recalled. In the second part of this work, we investigated, in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR), the effect of a n-6 and n-3 concentrate containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) on blood pressure, hepatic steatosis and on liver expression of SCD1. Our results show a decrease of blood pressure and SCD1 gene expression in SHR rats. 18:1n-9, GLA and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) levels decreased, when 18:2n-6 , 20:3n-6, EPA and DHA increased. These results confirm that such a concentrate may be considered as an active nutrient lowering blood pressure in SHR. Such mix induced changes in unsaturated fatty acid metabolism, leading to a decrease of the steatosis generally observed in SHR. Moreover, no change in D6n-6 activity was observed when primary cultured hepatocytes were treated with such a concentrate
Merlin, Jean-François. "Régulation de la biosynthèse des acides gras polyinsaturés chez le rat spontanément hypertendu SHR : influence d'une inhibition pharmacologique de la Delta-6 désaturase et effets d'un régime enrichi en isomères conjugués de l'acide linoléique (CLA)." Dijon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DIJOS011.
Full textArterial hypertension (AHT) frequently coexists with numerous metabolic abnormalities, particularly abnormalities of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) composition. Delta-6 desaturase (D6D) is the key step enzyme of hepatic PUFA biosynthesis. D6D is partially inhibited during AHT in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). The consequences of such an inhibition of PUFA biosynthesis on AHT and on hepatic lipid metabolism remain to be investigated. We firstly generated a pharmacological chronic D6D inhibition. This treatment, in addition to block PUFA biosynthesis, exacerbates lipid abnormalities usually shown in SHR, without changing blood pressure. Then, we performed a CLA supplementation (cis-9 trans-11, or trans-10 cis-12 linoleic acids) in SHR. Each isomer activates D6D and corrects some of the lipid abnormalities reported in SHR, while slowing AHT evolution. Moreover, PPARγ and SREBP1c transcription factors could be involved in such SHR hepatic metabolic dysfunctions
Gladine, Cécile. "Intérêt des extraits végétaux riches en polyphénols dans la prévention de la lipoperoxydation chez le rat et le mouton reçevant des régimes supplémentés en AGPI n-3." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CLF1MM16.
Full textThe addition of n-3 PUFA in diets is recommended in animal husbandry to improve the health value of animal products. However, this feeding practice enhances lipoperoxidation and alters the health of animals as well as the quality of their products. In this context, it is recommended to add antioxydants in diets but the exclusive use of vitamin E is critized. The aim of this work was to select and test new sources of antioxydants, natural and bioefficient in animals fed n-3 PUFA-enriched diets. We focused our research on plant extracts rich in polyphenols (PERP) and the 1st step consisted in selecting four PERP (i. E. , rosemary, grape, citrus and marigold) suitable to animal nutrition and potentially efficient. During the 2nd step, we investigated the in vivo efficiency of the 4 PERP in rats fed a n-3 PUFA-enriched diet. The daily consumption of the PERP (5g/kg) for 3 weeks decreased the extent of lipoperoxidation in plasma and liver, irrespective of the source. However, it appeared that the 4 PERP acted according to distinct mechanisms. The 3rd step consisted in investigating the in vivo efficiency of the PERP in ruminant given n-3 PUFA rich diet. The PERP, administrated as a single acute dose (10% DM) directly in the rumen of sheep, improved the total antioxidative status of plasma and reduced lipid susceptibility to lipoperoxidation. This experiment also revealed that the 4 PERP acted by a complementary mechanism of action and a different time. The 4th step was conducted to compare the bioefficiency of a mixture of the 4 PERP (PERPs, 10 g/kg) with that of vitamin E (VitE, 200 mg/kg) and to investigate their synergy of action (PERPs+VitE) in sheep given n-3 PUFA enriched diets. PERPs were more efficient than VitE to increase the resistance of plasma lipids to lipoperoxidation but the association of PERPs+VitE improved the efficiency of reduction of production of peroxidated lipids. Finally, the 5th step was undertaken to compare the bioefficiency of PERPs, VitE or PERPs+VitE in sheep exposed to oxidative stress. In this case, only the association of PERP+VitE was bioefficient. In conclusion, this work allowed identifying new types of antioxidants, naturals and able to optimize the action of vitamin E. Only the association of these 2 types of antioxidant efficiently prevent lipoperoxidation in animals fed n-3 PUFA enriched diets and exposed to oxidative stress
Campan, Philippe. "Les oméga-3 polyinsaturés dans le traitement de la gingivite expérimentale humaine : évaluation clinique et biochimique." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30171.
Full textCaron-Jobin, Maude. "Vitamine D, calcium et acides gras. Lien avec l'obésité chez la femme." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27947/27947.pdf.
Full textHelal, Olfa. "Etude multicentrique d'intervention nutritionnelle LipGene : effets de la qualité et de la quantité des acides gras alimentaires chez des sujets présentant un syndrome métabolique." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX20694.
Full textThe metabolic syndrome includes a constellation of interrelated factors of metabolic origin which are associated with increased risk cardiovascular disease: insulin-resistance, high glucose, hypertriglyceridemia, high blood pressure and overweight/obesity. The human intervention study LIPGENE was led in a multicentric cohort of 486 volunteers with metabolic syndrome defined by the NCEP-ATPIII criteria. The principal aim is to determine the relative efficacy of reducing dietary SFA consumption, by altering the quality and the quantity of dietary fat, on multiple metabolic and molecular risk factors of the metabolic syndrome. Volunteers were randomly assigned to one of four diets distinct in fat quantity and quality: high-SFA, high-MUFA and two low-fat diets, one supplemented with long chain n-3 PUFA for 12 weeks. Volunteers from eight centres across Europe completed the dietary intervention. Results indicated that compositional targets were largely achieved. A robust, flexible food exchange model was developed and implemented successfully in the LIPGENE pan European intervention study. After the nutritional intervention we observed that the habitual dietary fat composition had a profound effect on markers of insulin sensitivity. We found a hypotriglyceridemic effect of the low fat – high carbohydrate diet supplemented with long chain n-3 PUFA. The lipidic profiles of the volunteers were affected by the low fat-high carbohydrate diets. Inflammatory, oxidative stress and fibrinolysis markers were not changed after the nutritionalintervention. Ancillary studies were conducted in a Mediterranean sub-cohort. One of them concerned the quantification of circulating microparticles to assess the endothelial dysfunction. We showed that increased levels of various types of microparticles were associated with the mild metabolic abnormalities of MetS and with oxidative stress
Acar, Niyazi. "Incorporation et conversion des acides gras trans polyinsaturés dans les structures nerveuses : conséquences physiologiques sur l'électrorétinogramme et sur les teneurs en neuromédiateurs du système dopaminergique." Dijon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DIJOS060.
Full textTrans n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are formed during heat treatment of vegetable oils. In this work, we demonstrated that feeding rats and piglets with a diet in which a part of 18:3 n-3 is present as trans isomers lead to a "deficiency-like" status in n-3 PUFA in phospholipids of the retina and the frontal cortex. These changes in lipid composition were associated to a decrease of the b-wave amplitude of the electroretinogram (ERG) and to an increase of the levels of the dopaminergic neurotransmitters, respectively. Nevertheless, these results showed that trans n-3 PUFA and/or the n-6/n-3 ratio could act on the visual function and the dopaminergic neurotransmission by inducing a 30%-decrease of the b-wave amplitude of the ERG and a depletion of dopamine levels in the hippocampus. These results suggest that it would be better to prevent the presence of trans n-3 PUFA in the Human diet
Pifferi, Fabien. "Rôle des acides gras polyinsaturés sur le métabolisme énergétique cérébral : impact sur le transport de glucose des cellules endothéliales de la barrière hémato-encéphalique des astrocytes." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112057.
Full textAlterations in cognitive performance in animals deficient in omega-3 fatty acids (FA) have been linked to the decrease in docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) level in brain membranes. It has also been reported that DHA may modulate ion channels, synaptic signaling, and the storage and release of neurotransmitter. Since neuronal activity depends on brain energy metabolism, we hypothesized that the omega-3 FA deficiency-induced alterations in neuronal activity could partly result from changes in brain energy metabolism. Objective - To explore this hypothesis, first we examined in vivo the effects of omega-3 FA deficiency on oxidative phosphorylation and glucose uptake in several brain areas with high rate of energy consumption. Glucose is translocated from the bloodstream to brain cells through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) via specific membrane glucose transporters (GLUTs), mainly GLUT1 and GLUT3. Rats raised with an omega-3 FA deficient diet throughout one generation were compared with rats fed a diet with adequate amounts of omega-6 and omega-3 FA. The omega-3 deficiency decreased by 20 to 40% the cytochrome oxidase activity and by 30% the glucose uptake in the three brain areas. In order to determine whether the decreased glucose uptake was due to reduced protein expression, the main GLUTs were quantified by immunohistochemical staining. In a second time, in vitro effects of supplemental arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and DHA on membrane FA contents and glucose transport activity were investigated and compared on two culture models of rat brain endothelial cells generally used for glucose transport studies, the cell primary culture (RBEC) and the cell line RBE4
Madani, Sihem. "Effets des protéines et du cholesterol alimentaires sur le métabolisme du cholesterol et des lipoprotéines, la biosynthèse des acides gras polyinsaturés et la peroxydation lipidique chez le rat." Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOS037.
Full textJavouhey-Donzel, Anne. "Influence des acides gras polyinsaturés alimentaires des séries (n-6) et (n-3) sur les paramètres fonctionnels et biochimiques du coeur de rat." Dijon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993DIJOS007.
Full textMouriot, Julien. "Acides gras trans d'origine naturelle : impact sur les facteurs de risques cardiovasculaires chez l'Homme : modulation et compréhension du métabolisme de l'acide vaccénique chez la chèvre laitière." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CLF1MM06.
Full textTrans fatty-acids (TFA) are identified as undesirable nutrients in human diets to the documented adverse effects of these fatty acids resulting from partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils (PHVO). However, TFA not only occur in PHVO, but also in the ruminant products, in particular in dairy fats. In this case, the TFA have different isomeric profile with vaccenic acid (VA, trans-11 C18:1) being the major isomer, whereas PHVO mainly contain trans-9 and trans-10 isomers of C18:1. This difference is due in the first case to bacterial hydrogenation in the rumen (R-TFA for ruminant) and in the second case to catalytic hydrogenation (IP-TFA for industrial produced). During the development of this project, no study highlighted association between the R-TFA consumption and increase in the cardiovascular disease (CVD). The first objective of my thesis was to determine the impact of human consumption of dairy fat with fatty acid profile enriched in R-TFA on the biomarkers of cardiovascular risk factor (CVD). Another objective was to study R-TFA metabolism in ruminants. To achieve the 1st objective, three specific ruminant milk fats with increasing TFA content were distributed to human volunteers during 3 weeks nutritional intervention study. Then, in a second stage, was studied the metabolism of VA in the caprine lactating mammary gland by measuring the uptake and conversion of VA to C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 (rumenic acid, RA) using a chemical tracer strategy allowing an in vivo measurement of the delta9-desaturation of VA in goats fed lipid supplements. The clinical intervention study show that a 3 weeks period of consumption of products with 63. 3% of saturated fatty-acids (SFA) and 3. 5% of R-TFA decreases significantly total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol and the CT/HDL-cholesterol compared to commercial dairy fat consumption (72% of SFA and 2. 5% of R-TFA) in human volunteers. Dairy fats with 63. 3% of SFA and 3. 5% of R-TFA appear the optimal balanced in relation to CVD risk. The second study demonstrates in goats fed lipipd supplements that the endogenous synthesis of RA from VA in the mammary gland is the major source of this fatty-acid, since 63 to 73% of RA secreted comes from to the delta-9 desaturation of 32% of VA collected
Schneider, Stéphane Michel. "Effets de la nutrition artificielle sur la microflore et les acides gras à chaîne courte intestinaux chez l'homme." Aix-Marseille 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX30075.
Full textDiet is the most important factor to influence the intestinal flora, but its effects are poorly known. We studied the effects of total artificial nutrition on fecal flora and short-chain fatty acids, with a conventional plating technique as well as molecular tools (FISH); fatty acids were measured by gas-liquid chromatography. We then studied the effects of a probiotic and supplementation of enteral feeding with a mixture of six fibers on these same parameters. We were able to demonstrate that : - Whereas total parenteral nutrition leads to a global decrease of fecal microbiota, total enteral nutrition induces an imbalance in the fecal flora (increase in aerobes and decrease in anaerobes), resulting in dysmicrobism. - Administration of Saccharomyces boulardii and use of a fiber-supplemented formula in long-term total enteral nutrition patients induce an increase in fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations, especially butyrate
Lanzmann-Petithory, Dominique. "Rôle de l'acide alpha-linolénique dans la prévention des maladies cardio-vasculaires et des troubles du rythme cardiaque : effet de l'acide alpha-linolénique sur la prévention des récidives de fibrillation auriculaire, étude pilote sur un groupe de 98 patients." Bordeaux 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR21153.
Full text98 patients included for a cardioversion for atrial fibrillation were randomized in 2 groups : an experimental group receiving rapeseed oil and rapeseed margarin, rich in ALA, and a control group receiving the usual advices given to cardiac patients. On these 98 patients 67. 1 _+ 6. 41 years old, we could observe : - a compliance of 77 % in 75 patients who followed carefully the diet of their group, diet ALA going from 0. 65 _+ 0. 35 g / day to 2. 08 _+ 0. 85 g / day after 2 months, and plasmatic ALA going from 0. 41 _+ 0. 20 % to 0. 69 _+ 0. 26 % in the experimental patients. - A good safety of the diet, with neither modifications in the well-balancing of the diet nor side effects. - A compliance rate for this group of 75 patients going from 48. 5 % at 6 months in the control group, to 22. 5 % (p = 0. 017) in the experimental group, and from 54. 3 % at 12 months in the control, to 32. 5 % (p = 0. 057) in the experimental group. These results are only those of a pilot study requiring confirmation with a much larger study
Delage, Barbara. "Modulation de l'expression de récepteurs nucléaires par la vitamine A et les acides gras dans le processus de cancérogénèse colorectale : approches expérimentale et humaine." Bordeaux 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR12985.
Full textDu, Zhen-Yu. "Consequences of fat feeding on growth and body lipids in a herbivorous fish (Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella) : mechanisms related to fatty acid oxidation." Dijon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DIJOS019.
Full textSamieri, Cécilia. "Nutrition et vieillissement cérébral : approche épidémiologique du rôle des acides gras." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR21639/document.
Full textIn the absence of identified etiologic treatment for dementia, the potential preventive role of nutrition may offer an interesting perspective. The objective of the thesis was to study the association between nutrition and brain aging in 1796 subjects, aged 65 years or older, from the Bordeaux sample of the three-City study, with a particular emphasis on fatty acids. Considering the multidimensional nature of nutritional data, several complementary strategies were used. At the global diet level, dietary patterns actually observed in the population were identified by exploratory methods. Older subjects from the “healthy” pattern, who consumed more than 3.5 weekly servings of fish in men and more than 6 daily servings of fruits and vegetables in women, showed a better cognitive and psychological health. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet, measured according to a score-based confirmatory method, was associated with slower global cognitive decline after 5 years of follow-up. At the nutrient biomarker level, higher plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid, was associated with a decreased dementia risk, and the omega-6-to-omega-3 fatty acids ratio to an increased risk, particularly in depressed subjects. EPA was also related to slower working memory decline in depressed subjects or in carriers of the e4 allele of the ApoE gene. Docosahexaenoic acid was related to slower working memory decline only in ApoEe4 carriers
Latreille, Julie. "Approche épidémiologique du rôle des acides gras sur le vieillissement cutané dans le cadre de l’étude SU.VI.MAX." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CNAM0866/document.
Full textThe possible effect of dietary lipids on the photoprotection of the skin has been few investigated so far. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the links between dietary monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) on facial skin photoaging in a large population of men and women aged between 45 and 60 years old. An inverse association was found between intakes of olive oil and the severity of photoaging. Concerning n-3 PUFAs, severe photoaging was inversely associated in men with intake of -linolenic acid (ALA) from both vegetable oil and fruits & vegetable. In women, an inverse relationship was found with the intake of eicosapentaenoic acid and a tendency with ALA from vegetable oil. These findings support the recommendations for a diet rich in olive oil and n-3 PUFAs such as the Mediterranean diet
Mohamed, Ahmed ben. "Impact des fibres alimentaires et des acides gras à chaîne courte sur le dialogue tube digestif, foie et tissus périphériques, dans le cadre d'une surnutrition." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAS026.
Full textHypercaloric diets are one of the causes of the increased obesity prevalence worldwide (and particularly in western countries). Conversely, dietary fibers consumption is associated with a better health status. Yet, dietary fibers consumption in western countries (20 g/d in France) is below the values of dietary fiber intake recommended by health care organizations (30 g/d). One of the ways to increase fiber intake in populations is to supply fiber-enriched foodstuffs, and particularly food products enriched with fibers capable to improve metabolic health (i.e. fermentable fibers). The aim of this thesis was to determine if, in overfed minipigs, dietary fermentable fibers supplementation included in a regularly consumed food (i.e. bread), was capable to limit the obesity-linked metabolic disorders induced by overfeeding. Fourteen female minipigs were overfed for 2 months with a diet supplemented with sucrose (10% w/w) and palm oil (10% w/w) associated with a supplementation (or not) of fibers (25 g/d, pectin, inulin & resistant starch) included in a specially designed bread (250 g/d ingested). Animals were multicatheterized at the gut and hepatic levels for net splanchnic nutrients fluxes measurements over the experimental period. Feces were also sampled for microbiota composition and activity analysis. Animals were euthanized after 56 days of nutritional treatment and tissues sampled (caecum, jujunum, liver, muscle, adipose) for metabolic phenotyping (histology, qRT-PCR, proteomics).We have shown that fermentable fibers supplementation, in a situation of overnutrition for 56 days, was capable to limit body weight gain and lipids droplets accumulation in the liver. We also observed a stimulation of the oxidative capacity in peripheral tissues (particularly the muscle). The decreased lipids droplets accumulation within the liver was due to a decreased entry of lipids (Fabp1) and a probable decreased lipogenesis (Srebp-1c). This mechanism, confirmed by the analysis of net nutrients fluxes, induced an increased bioavailability of energy nutrients to peripheral tissues. This excess of nutrients was handled by the muscle that increased its oxidative capacity (↑ mRNA Pgc1α, Pparα, Nrf2, Acox, Ucp2, sdha, Cpt1-m). This altered liver-muscle cross talk could be regulated by an increased release of GLP1 and / or GLP2 by intestinal L cells (↑ mRNA jejunum GCG) and stimulation of short chain fatty acids receptor (SCFA) GPR41 in caecum (↑ mRNA). A direct action of SCFA directly on peripheral tissues is highly improbable. As a conclusion, fermentable fibers supplementation, even during overfeeding, was beneficial for metabolic health via an impact on tissues cross talk and metabolic activities regulations. The next step would be to test a similar nutritional strategy in human being
Guay, Valérie. "Étude comparative à court terme d'une diète riche et faible en gras sur le profil lipidique, la taille des particules LDL et l'expression des gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme intestinal des lipoprotéines." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27735/27735.pdf.
Full textThabuis, Clémentine. "Effets biologiques de l'oléoylethanolamide(OEA) sur la prise alimentaire et le métabolisme lipidique sur un modèle de souris rendues obèses." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20655.
Full textOleoylethanolamide (OEA) is a lipid derivative involved in food intake control and body weight gain management through the activation of several receptors such as PPAR-α. OEA effects have been demonstrated after intraperitoneal administration or on isolated cells. The aim of this research project was to study the efficiency of oral OEA with a chronic administration. An experimental model was designed to study OEA effects with a nutritional perspective. Oral OEA administration induced a decreased body fat deposition and a lower food intake. These effects were associated to the modulation of genes such as intestinal GPR119 and adipose FAAH. Other genes involved in lipid metabolism and also in β- oxidation were affected. At a physiological level, an increase of energy expenditure and lipid substrate oxidation was observed, and it was partially associated to a higher spontaneous activity. The non-hydrolysable analog study showed that OEA degradation was not sufficient to decrease its measured biological effects. In addition, we observed that a bolus administration of OEA could modulate AEA (orexigenic) plasma kinetics, this phenomenon could contribute indirectly to satietogenic effects of OEA. This research project has been performed in a nutritional aim, considering OEA as a putative bioactive ingredient. This PhD project belongs to the actual problematic concerning the use of FAEs for body weight management
Picard-Deland, Éliane. "Les effets combinés d'une protéine de poisson et d'un supplément d'acides gras N-3 d'origine marine sur le profil lipidique et l'inflammation chez des hommes et des femmes résistants à l'insuline." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23134.
Full textBélanger, Marie-Claire. "Statut redox, inflammatoire et métabolique chez une population inuit : effets d'une alimentation traditionnelle riche en acides gras omega-3 et en sélénium, mais contaminée par du mercure et des biphényles polychlorés." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24288/24288.pdf.
Full textThe Inuit of Nunavik are exposed by their traditional diet to environmental contaminants including methylmercury (MeHg) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), at levels potentially noxious for health. Nevertheless, this diet is rich in omega-3 fatty acids and selenium. We formulated the hypothesis that these dietary factors could have beneficial effects counteracting the potentially pro-oxidant effects of contaminants. An epidemiological study conducted in 1992 retrieved a relatively low prevalence of ischemic heart diseases and type 2 diabetes in these Inuit, maybe because of their high consumption of omega-3 fatty acids. The initiation of research on the Inuit and environmental contaminants to which they are exposed to revealed another factor that might affect their health: a high prevalence of obesity. In fact, the observation that several participants suffered from obesity lead us to carry out relevant measurements in order to assess metabolic syndrome components, the inflammatory status and endothelial function in this population, in an attempt to distinguish the potentially harmful effects linked to obesity from those linked to contaminants. The potential effects of omega-3 fatty acids on the components of the metabolic syndrome have therefore also been investigated. Our results indicate, firstly, that the observed levels of contaminants had no evident oxidant effect detectable at the level of the redox couples of vitamin E and coenzyme Q10 in these Inuit. The contaminants were nevertheless associated with an increase of low-density lipoprotein oxidation, and a stimulation of the antioxidant defenses. Besides, a positive association between omega-3 fatty acids and fasting blood glucose suggests that the introduction of a western diet rich in refined sugars could induce the expression of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia phenotypes without concomitant dyslipidemia usually reported for Caucasians. In fact, the lipid profile of the Inuit remained favourable, characterized by low levels of triglycerides and free fatty acids, and high levels of HDL cholesterol. Moreover, close to half of the studied subjects presented a fasting hyperinsulinemia, without evidence of peripheral inflammation or endothelial dysfunction, which are conditions usually met in hyperinsulinemic and obese Caucasians.
Gouazé, Alexandra. "Implication de la plasticité cérébrale hypothalamique dans la régulation de l'homéostasie énergétique chez la souris : effet d'un régime gras." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00841824.
Full textDubois, Virginie. "Établissement et stabilisation d'une formulation lipidique équilibrée nutritionnellement : résolution des problèmes de texture et de flaveur, et validation nutritionnelle sur modèle animal." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL064N.
Full textCardiovascular events are the major cause of death in France. Among the known risk factors, lipid intake is of growing interest, saturated fatty acids being too much consumed, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids not enough. The aim of this PhD study is to design a spread with a lipid profile that can improve the whole lipid intake, and with cardiovascular events prevention as main goal.Four studies were conducted regarding this issue. Following the design of the optimal fatty acid profile for the product, it appeared necessary to study the solid phase recipe impact on the product texture, to achieve both nutritional and technological restrains.The design of the liquid phase recipe generated a study on the development of deleterious volatile compounds following the addition of a high proportion of fish oil in the formula. This work highlighted two phenomena linked to the emission of these molecules, one related to lipid oxidation, and the other to a contact with water.A technology of microencapsulation, which is original because of its production process and aim, was designed to ensure the protection of the active nutrients in the product matrix.Finally, a bioavailability study in rats showed that this food product is a powerful way of providing these nutrients. Incorporated in such a matrix, these molecules modified the lipid profile of the circulating and cerebral cells membrane, potentially improving the inflammatory and clotting status of the animals
Attakpa, Eugène Sèlidji. "Rôle du récepteur nucléaire d'activation et de prolifération des péroxysomes (PPAR-alpha) dans la modulation de l'inflammation et l'activation des cellules T." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00750820.
Full textThomas, Mélanie. "Mobilisation de l'acide arachidonique et sensibilité au peptide ß-amyloïde." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0255/document.
Full textAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major public health problem. This disease is characterized by memory impairments which are caused by synaptic dysfunctions induced by the oligomers of amyloid-ß peptide (Aß). These activate the cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) which releases arachidonic acid (ARA) from neuronal membrane phospholipids (PL) whereas acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4) potentially counteracts this release by favoring ARA reincorporation into PL. Western diets contain growing amount of ARA. Contrary to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a few studies were devoted to the influence of ARA in AD. This is why we decided to study the mobilization of ARA and its effects on the sensitivity to Aß oligomers. First we showed that dietary ARA reduces short-term memory abilities and increases the deleterious effects of Aß on learning abilities. These alterations of cognitive abilities are associated to reductions of expression levels of AMPA receptors and ACSL4, an astrocyte proliferation, and greater incorporation of ARA in PL species phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine. Secondly, we used differentiated HT22 to show that ACSL4 modulate ARA incorporation and ARA / DHA balance in the PE species. These results indicate that excessive dietary intake of ARA may be a worsening factor in AD and the enzymes regulating ARA mobilization, such as cPLA2 and ACSL4, can modulate this risk. The characterization of their enzymatic activities could allow the identification of groups of individuals at AD risk
Grenier, Geneviève. "Impact de la consommation d'acides gras trans naturels et industriels sur le métabolisme des lipoprotéines /." 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/25923/25923.pdf.
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