Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Acides gras polyinsaturé oméga-3'
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Pineda, Catherine. "Les acides gras Oméga 3 polyinsaturés : ont-ils un rôle antiathérogène ?" Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2PE71.
Full textGhandour, Rayane. "Effet des acides gras polyinsaturés sur la conversion des adipocytes blancs en adipocytes brites." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4010/document.
Full textThere are two types of thermogenic adipocytes able to use fatty acids and glucose to produce heat. We distinguish brown adipocytes from the brown adipose tissue and ‘’brite’’ adipocytes which occur into the white adipose tissue. Recently, the characterization of functional brown and brite adipocytes in adult humans has led to the consideration of their use to treat obesity by increasing energy expenditure. My thesis project was to study the effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, on the conversion of white into brite adipocytes, in vitro and in vivo, in humans and rodents respectively. We demonstrated that arachidonic acid ω6, precursor of prostaglandins, has 1) an inhibitory effect on the recruitment of brite adipocytes via prostaglandins E2 and F2α and 2) an activatory effect via prostacyclin. In fact, prostacyclin induces the conversion of white into brite adipocytes through the IP receptor and the PPARs signaling pathways. Based on human present nutritional recommendations, we demonstrated that a supplementation of ω3 fatty acids in mice diet was able to inhibit the negative effect of ω6 fatty acids and activate brown adipose tissue. Our data highlights the importance of arachidonic acid bioavailability on the biology of adipose tissue and reinforce the idea that an equilibrate ω6/ω3 ratio is a tool that can be used to prevent overweight obesity and associated metabolic disorders
Morneau, Pascale. "Risque de cancer du sein et acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3, étude cas-témoins." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0022/MQ51155.pdf.
Full textColin, Julie. "Le vieillissement membranaire cérébral : conséquences fonctionnelles et protection par les acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3 alimentaires." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0078/document.
Full textOne of the marked societal phenomena in recent decades is the aging of populations due to continually increasing lifespans and as a result, a considerable surge in the number and proportion of elderly, particularly in Western countries. In this demographic context, the rise of chronic diseases related to aging, including Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia, has become a major public health issue. The impact of modifiable environmental factors, evolution of the pathogenic mechanisms involved, and the lack of curative treatments illustrates the need for the development of interventions to prevent or delay the onset of these aging-related diseases. The present work demonstrates the importance of using age-adapted study models and experimental methods with the goal towards slowing or delaying age-related deleterious processes. Secondly, our results have identified membranes as an essential part for normal brain function. The composition and architectural changes in the neuronal membranes of elderly mice disrupt their functionality and reduce neuroprotective responsiveness such as those sought by anti-Alzheimer’s therapies. We also observed similar pro-aging-type changes in brain membranes of dyslipidemic mice fed a high-fat diet. Thus, disturbances of lipid homeostasis are correlated with an increased risk of developing aging-related cardiovascular and metabolic as well as neurodegenerative diseases. We finally demonstrated the preventive potential of dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid, the most abundant long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in the brain, and observed its ability to restore a neuroprotective response that was impaired in older mice
Campan, Philippe. "Les oméga-3 polyinsaturés dans le traitement de la gingivite expérimentale humaine : évaluation clinique et biochimique." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30171.
Full textCoulombe, Katherine. "Effets des acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3 dans deux modèles murins de maladie de Parkinson." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28207.
Full textParkinson's disease (PD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease affecting the integrity of the dopaminergic system of patients. Several studies suggest that lifestyle and eating habits influence the onset and progression of the disease. A diet rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated acid (n-3 PUFA) shows protective effects on the dopaminergic system and a decrease of the neuronal degeneration in the substancia nigra (SNpc). The hypothesis that we propose is that a diet enriched in n-3 PUFA would slow the progression of the disease in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) mice model and influence the presence of alpha-synuclein aggregates (αSyn) in the brain of a transgenic mice overexpressing the human αSyn, Thy1-αSyn mice. Our results show partial neurorecuperation of the dopaminergic system with an enriched diet. The n-3 PUFAs show little influence on the expression of αSyn levels. Altough, they seem to modulate the levels of different synaptic proteins in transgenic mice and increase mice longevity.
Caron-Dorval, Dominique. "L'effet du polymorphisme PPARalpha-L162V sur la réponse lipidique à une supplémentation en acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25389.
Full textThe main objective of this master degree project was to examine whether omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids induced changes in cardiovascular disease risks factors are influenced by the PPAR L162V polymorphism. A total of 14 men carriers of the V162 allele and 14 L162 homozygotes were matched according to age and body mass index. All men were supplemented daily with 5g of fish oil during a 6-week period. At screening, both genotype groups were similar for anthropometric indices and plasma lipoprotein/lipid concentrations. Independently of the genotype, the supplementation was associated with a significant decrease in plasma triglyceride and fasting glucose concentrations, diastolic blood pressure and with an increase in total Apolipoprotein B concentrations. A significant genotype-by-diet interaction effect was observed for plasma C-reactive protein concentrations. The PPAR L162V polymorphism may contribute to the interindividual variability in the cardiovascular disease risk factor response to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Ibrahim, Ayman. "Modulation nutritionnelle de la réponse inflammatoire intestinale par les acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3 : contribution des cellules endothéliales." Rouen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ROUES006.
Full textInflammatory bowel diseases are parts of public health priorities in gastroenterology because of their prevalence, their chronicity, their strong impact on the quality of life of patients and their cost. In addition to recent progress in the field of biotherapy, nutritional modulation of intestinal inflammation offer therapeutic possibilities simple, safe and inexpensive. Polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 (ω-3) exert anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of ω-3 on two experimental models of intestinal inflammation : in vivo and in vitro. The first study evaluated the effectiveness of an original formulation, highly concentrated in plant-derived ω3 (ALA) on a model of colitis induced by TNBS in rats, and clarified the mechanisms of action of ω3. The food was supplemented either with ω3 (ALA) or corn oil (lipid control). The rate of TNFα mRNA and IL-1β was measured by using PCR. The colonic expression of inflammatory mediators was determined by Western blot. The production of PGE2 and LTB4 was measured by ELISA. The study of erythrocyte phospholipids by gas chromatography confirmed the bioavailability and elongation of ALA. ω-3 supplementation exerted beneficial effects on intestinal inflammation with a reduction of macroscopic intestinal damage and the production of inflammatory mediators, and inhibition the activity of NF-kB. The second work evaluated the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a long chain ω3, on human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMEC). HIMEC cells were pretreated with DHA or palmitic acid (lipid control) and then stimulated by IL-1β. The expression of adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, ICAM-1), COX-2, TLR, of IkBα, p-JNK and p-P38 was studied by Western blot. The cytokine production was evaluated by ELISA. DHA showed anti-inflammatory effects : Diminution the expression of VCAM-1, COX-2 and TLR-4, reduction the production of PGE2, IL-6 and IL-8. These results suggest a beneficial role of DHA on the endothelial component of intestinal inflammation. The third work evaluated the effects of a formulation rich in ALA on the expression of adhesion molecules and HO-1 in a model of colitis induced by TNBS. The rats were fed a diet supplemented with either ALA or corn oil. Nutritional Intervention by ALA reduced the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in this model of colitis but did not alter the expression of HO-1. These results suggest beneficial effects of ALA supplementation on the expression of adhesion molecules in TNBS-induced colitis independently of HO-1. Conclusion : These studies highlight the therapeutic potential of ω3 for the treatment of intestinal inflammation and motivate the development and clinical evaluation of adequate formulation to achieve adequate concentrations in situ and to ensure good complain
Plé, Aude Marie-Laure. "Effet de l'acide docosahexaenoïque (DHA), un acide gras polyinsaturé de la famille n-3, dans l'activation des cellules T." Dijon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DIJOS057.
Full textIn this study, we investigated the role of docosahexaenoic acid, an n-3 PUFA, in the regulation of calcium, Src tyrosine kinase signaling and activation of TRPC3/6 channels. Furthermore, in mouse T regulatory cells we have shown that DHA via an inhibition of IL-10 induces in vivo and in vitro an inhibition of cell proliferation. The analysis of chemokines shows that DHA exert an effect on T reg migration and adhesion by regulating the expression of ERK1/2 and Akt protein. DHA modulates cell functions directly in the form of free fatty acid or, indirectly in etherified form at the sn-2 position in diacylglycerol (DAG). Classically, calcium influx is achieved following intracellular calcium stores depletion, through a mechanism termed as store-operated Ca2+ (SOC) entry (SOCE), via the opening of SOC channels that can be CRAC (Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channels) channels or TRPC (Canonical Transient Receptor Potential) channels. Among TRPC channels, TRPC3/6/7 channels are those which are regulated by DAG. In Jurkat T cells, only TRPC3 and TRPC6 were present and express differentially in relation to cell cycle and proliferation. In U937 cells, DHA induced increases in [Ca2+]i via the opening of CRAC channels and activation of PKC. . . By a physiological point of view, we have demonstrated that DHA-induced Ca2+ signaling can initiate apoptosis pathway, as assessed by the measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and caspase-3 activation. Together, these observations suggest that DHA exert immunomodulatory effects in part, by decreasing pHi, increasing [Ca2+]i and inhibiting PKC/MAP kinase pathway. Ngl
Sehl, Anthony. "Impact de la forme moléculaire et supramoléculaire de vectorisation des acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 sur leur biodisponibilité : étude physico-chimique et in vivo chez le rat." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0065.
Full textThe latest data from the cross-sectional national French dietary study show that dietary intakes of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are significantly lower than those recommended by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES). Considering their physiological roles, improving their dietary intake has became a nutritional priority. The control of the different forms of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty (n-3 LC-PUFA) intake represents an interesting way to address this issue. In this context, this thesis aims at studying the influence of the molecular form (phospholipids (PL) vs triglycerides (TG)) and/or supramolecular form (continuous phase, emulsion, liposomes) of n-3 LC-PUFA towards their bioavailability.The experimental approach consisted in characterizing the different forms of n-3 LC-PUFAs by coupling various physicochemical methods (optical microscopy, granulometry, measurement of primary and secondary oxidation products, enzymatic lipolysis). The data obtained made it possible to propose some mechanistic hypothesis for the bioavailability studies conducted in rat. Thus, in a second step, the in vivo study made addresses (1) the intestinal absorption of fatty acids following a single dose of lipids and (2) the lipid tissue accretion following an 8-week diet.The data obtained from the intestinal absorption study indicate that the molecular form of n-3 LC-PUFA targeting (marine TG vs marine PL, in continuous phase) does not influence their intestinal absorption but rather their incorporation into lymphatic lipids, which are the main carriers for dietary fatty acids in the organism. Conversely, structuring marine PL (emulsion or liposomes) improves the EPA and DHA absorption, but differently according to the supramolecular form. The results concerning tissue accretion show that, after 8-week diet, the tissue enrichment in n-3 LC-PUFA is different according to the molecular form of targeting. The consumption of marine TG favours the incorporation of n-3 LC-PUFA into hepatic lipids, while the supplementation of diets with marine PL targets DHA preferentially to brain and retina.All these results show that the molecular form of targeting (PL vs TG) of n-3 LC-PUFA can be a way for managing their tissue incorporation, whereas the supramolecular organization (emulsion or liposomes) can be envisaged to monitor their intestinal absorption
Martin, Jean-Charles. "La composition en acides gras polyinsaturés des triacylglycérols du lait maternel : contribution des apports alimentaires et du tissu de réserve analyse stéréospécifique." Tours, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOUR4001.
Full textZagol, Irène-Andrée. "Sur la qualité des acides gras polyinsaturés présents dans quelques poissons frais ou fumés du Golfe de Guinée." Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX30024.
Full textGleize, Béatrice. "Effets de l'apport en acides gras polyinsaturés Oméga 3 sous forme de phospholipides : étude chez le rat et sur modèle cellulaire." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX20662.
Full textMany studies have shown that the increase of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake induces beneficial effects on various diseases such as cardiac, neurological and inflammatory diseases. Our work aims to better understand the effects of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supplementation and in particular docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 ω3) rich phospholipids supplementation on both fatty acid metabolism and cellular functionality. We showed by an in vivo study in rats that diet supplementation with DHA enriched phospholipids at various amounts results in a modification of the fatty acid composition of blood lipids with, in particular, an accretion of the arachidonic acid level (C20:4 ω6). This increase is correlated negatively with the omega 6 PUFA intake but positively with the DHA intake. The effect of the DHA supplementation on fatty acid metabolism seems to be dose dependent with a bell-shaped curve and probably liked to the PUFA vectorization form. The in vitro study on a cellular model showed that the addition of various amount of PUFA under the form of phospholipids modifies the biophysical properties of the membranes by modulating the fatty acid composition of the phospholipid and thereby influenced the efficiency of membrane proteins. In this study, we also showed that addition of a too high amount of omega 3 PUFA under the form of phospholipid become letal for the cells thus highlighting the critical importance of the ω6/ω3 fatty acids ratio in phospholipids. In conclusion, these two studies allowed us to show that omega 3 PUFA supplementation has an effect which can be either beneficial or detrimental depending on the dose of omega 3 PUFA supplied, the vectorization form and the ω6/ω3 ratio of the supplement
Pinel, Alexandre. "Etude comparative des effets biologiques des acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3 (ALA, EPA, DHA) : importance dans la prévention de l'obésité et du syndrome métabolique." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF1MM22.
Full textObesity is characterized by an excess of adipose tissue (AT) mass and may be caused by multiple factors. It is associated with an increased risk of the development of insulin-resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome, leading to type 2 diabetes. The impairment of lipid storage in the AT play a central role in obesity-associated disorders, as it leads to ectopic lipid accumulation and peripheral IR notably in muscles. In this context, the quality of dietary lipids may play a role in the regulation of AT and muscle metabolisms. In fact, palmitic acid (PAL), a saturated fatty acid (SFA) induces lipogenesis, inflammation and lipotoxicity favoring IR in many tissues. On the contrary, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (3) have protective effect against obesity-associated disorders. Among them, linolenic (ALA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) specific effects remained partially described.This work aimed at exploring the specific effects of 3 on metabolic disorders and the development of obesity. Mechanisms were studied in C2C12 muscle cells during PAL-induced IR and in 3T3-L1 adipocytes to determine the impact of 3 on adipocyte differentiation. In vivo, the effects of 3 were investigated by supplementating C57BL/6 wild-type or leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice with ALA, EPA or DHA during a high fat / high sucrose diet (mimicking a western diet).In C2C12 muscle cells, co-incubation of 3 with PAL induced a similar decrease in the content of lipotoxic compound and improved glucose uptake, whereas only EPA and DHA restored -oxidation and insulin signaling activation. Furthermore, EPA and DHA were more potent to reduce PAL-induced inflammation compared to ALA. In mice, only EPA improved whole body glucose homeostasis compared to ALA and DHA. While EPA reduced body fat gain, DHA induced hypertrophy in AT, increased leptin secretion and decreased those of adiponectine. In cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, preadipocyte differentiation was also induced by DHA compared to ALA and EPA and might explain the hypertrophy observed in mice.In conclusion and in our experimental conditions, ALA, EPA and DHA have common effects on in vitro lipid and glucose metabolism but also specific effects, demonstrating that EPA would be more interesting to limit IR in vivo compared to DHA or ALA. DHA favored hypertrophy of AT and disturbance of adipokine secretion involved in peripheral regulation of insulin sensitivity, notably in muscle
Chauvin, Lucie. "Voies de signalisation impliquées dans la sensibilisation des tumeurs mammaires au docétaxel par les acides gras polyinsaturés n-3." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR3309/document.
Full textChemotherapy-resistant tumor cells are a major cause of cancer treatment failure. Preclinical studies show that polyunsaturated omega-3 long chain fatty acids (AGPIn-3LC), provided by food, improve the efficacy of chemotherapy without increasing side effects. AGPIn-3LCs are incorporated in cancer and stromal cells. This thesis aimed to identify molecular mechanisms involved in the increased sensitivity of mammary tumor cells to docetaxel. We have shown that docetaxel induces a resistance mechanism via activation of PKC/ERK and Akt pathways involved in cell proliferation and survival. Modification of the membrane lipid environment by AGPIn-3LCs supplementation inhibits these signaling pathways and increases the efficacy of docetaxel in mammary tumor cell lines and in a preclinical rodent model of native mammary tumors. Moreover, in this mammary tumor model we have found another molecular target regulated by AGPIn-3LCs: epiregulin, a member of the EGF family. AGPIn-3LCs inhibit epiregulin-VEGF induced in endothelial cells and induce a remodeling of tumor vasculature. Furthermore, AGPIn-3LCs act on the tumor microenvironment directly. This thesis work provides additional arguments for the use of AGPIn-3LCs as adjuvant molecules to reduce the resistance of breast tumors to anticancer agents
Le, Bloc’h Jérôme. "Modulation pharmacologique (acide nicotinique) et nutritionnelle (acides gras polyinsaturés oméga 3) du transport inverse du cholestérol chez le chien obèse et insulinorésistant." Nantes, 2010. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=31dd4374-f42c-4b34-ab60-a4d40fac468d.
Full textThe first aim of this thesis was to assess, in obese and insulin resistant dogs, differences in the characteristics of adipose tissue depending on its anatomical position. We have shown that the content of saturated fatty acid was higher in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) than in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Similarly, the expression of inflammatory and hypoxic markers was higher in VAT. Together, these findings could partly explain the higher implication of VAT in some diseases. We then aimed to determine the effects of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (EPA and DHA) on the obesity-related dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. We have shown that EPA and DHA supplementation improved the dyslipidemia, notably by increasing fatty acid oxidation and reducing lipogenesis. Dogs also presented a higher insulin sensitivity that could be explained by the modification of tissues fatty acid composition and the higher expression of PPARγ. The last step of this thesis was to evaluate the effect of a lowered triglyceridemia (by using nicotinic acid (NA) or omega 3 PUFA) on reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Firstly, NA reduced plasma triglyceride concentration by inhibiting hepatic triglyceride synthesis. Even if NA exerts its effects on RCT mainly through CETP, we have observed an improved RCT in dogs, mainly due to an increase in cholesterol esterification rate and cholesteryl ester uptake. Secondly, the analysis of apoAI and cholesterol kinetics during the EPA and DHA supplementation period are being conducted. They could allow to determine the effects of these fatty acids on RCT, and get a better understanding about the relationship between changes in triglyceridemia and RCT
Mies, Frédérique. "Régulation du canal sodium épithélial par les acides gras polyinsaturés n-3." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210514.
Full textLe canal sodium épithélial bloquable par l’amiloride (ENaC) est une protéine intégrale de la membrane apicale des épithéliums impliqués dans l’absorption du sodium. Deux fonctions majeures sont directement liées au fonctionnement d’ENaC. D’une part, la régulation de la balance sodée par le rein et donc de la pression artérielle et d’autre part, la clairance du fluide alvéolaire pulmonaire.
Le transport vectoriel de sel et d’eau à travers ces épithéliums à jonctions serrées repose sur un transport actif de sodium entraînant un flux osmotique d’eau. Ce transport de sodium s’effectue en deux étapes: l’entrée apicale, par diffusion, facilitée via ENaC, et la sortie basolatérale, active, par les pompes Na+/K+ ATPases.
Ces dernières années, un intérêt grandissant est porté sur les acides gras polyinsaturés à longues chaînes de type oméga 3 (PUFAs) et leurs implications dans divers processus physiologiques. Entre autres effets, les PUFAs modulent différents types de canaux ioniques (canaux Na+ dépendant du voltage, Ca++ L-type, K+).
Les études in vivo impliquant un effet à long terme des PUFAs décrivent des mécanismes inhibiteurs. Cependant, lors d’une étude précédente, axée sur la composition lipidique des membranes de cellules rénales en culture et l’influence de l’ajout d’acides gras saturés et insaturés sur le transport du sodium, nous avons constaté que les acides gras polyinsaturés à longues chaînes de type oméga 3 augmentaient la réabsorption du sodium. Ces résultats pourraient être intéressants, car les canaux sodiques de l’épithélium alvéolaire sont en contact direct avec le surfactant, dont la composition lipidique varie en fonction de l’apport alimentaire en PUFAs. Chez les prématurés humains, le syndrome de détresse respiratoire est une des causes les plus fréquentes de mortalité. Dans un certain nombre de cas, on peut restaurer une fonction pulmonaire satisfaisante par l’administration de surfactant.
Dans ce travail, nous avons opté pour une approche fondamentale des mécanismes de régulation du canal sodium épithélial par l’acide eicosapentanoïque (EPA, C 20:5, n-3). Des études électrophysiologiques, biochimiques et d’imagerie cellulaire ont été réalisées sur la lignée cellulaire A6 de rein d’amphibien, qui sert d’épithélium modèle pour l’étude d’ENaC depuis plus de 25 ans. Cette lignée exprime des canaux sodiques très sélectifs et possède des propriétés électrophysiologiques facilitant l’étude de leur régulation.
Ce travail nous a permis de mettre en évidence de nouveaux mécanismes fondamentaux dont la pertinence physiologique et /ou clinique ne pourra être établie qu’en transposant cette étude sur un modèle in vivo, comme nous le proposons dans les perspectives.
Dans le présent travail, nous avons étudié :
1.\
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Gbogouri, Grodji Albarin. "Co-valorisation des protéines et des lipides riches en lécithine et en acides gras polyinsaturés oméga 3 à partir de têtes de saumon (Salmo salar) par hydrolyse enzymatique." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL/2005_GBOGOURI_G_A.pdf.
Full textA new process for the extraction of lipids and proteins from salmon (Salmo salar) heads was performed by enzymatic treatment. In the first part of this work, proteolysis assisted with Alcalase® 2. 4 L was performed. The use of Response Surface Methodology allowed optimization of temperature, enzyme / substrate ratio and pH leading to various hydrolysates (10. 8 % - 17. 3 % degree of hydrolysis) and protein recovery ranging from 47 % to 71 %. The functional properties of protein hydrolysates were improved. In the second part, the enzymatic extraction of oil yielded 19. 6 % and was comparable to solvent extraction (21. 5 %). The oil fractions resulting from the proteolysis were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and their individual fatty acid composition was similar to total lipids extracted by solvent method. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) constituted predominant fatty acids among total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The sludge lipids contained most of phospholipids (up to 55 %) with high content of phosphatidylcholine (around 55 % of phospholipids). This process might be extended to any source of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are sensitive to drastic conditions
Baldy, Cécile. "Le stress et les acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3, deux facteurs environnementaux qui influencent le chémoréflexe laryngé chez le raton." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27969.
Full textLaryngeal chemoreflex (LCR) is a set of physiological responses to protect lower airways from liquids and include coughing and swallowing, larynx closure, arousal, and systemic arterial pressure increase. In preterm infants or young rats, LCR is immature and elicits apnea, O2 desaturation, bradycardia, laryngospasm and redistribution of blood flow to vital organs. Apnea of prematurity, apparent life threatening events and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) are examples of pathology strongly suspected to be linked to cardiorespiratory events observed in preterm infants. SIDS is more prevalent in males and immature LCR is suspected to be involved in a few SIDS cases. Neonatal maternal separation (NMS) is known to delay development of control of breathing neuronal networks but what is its effect on LCR development? Studies have shown that n-3 PUFA promote lung and central nervous system development but could they have an effect on respiratory development? The thesis hypothesis is that environment could influence LCR in rat pups. NMS consists in the separation of pups from their mother and the rest of the litter in an incubator at a controlled temperature (35°C) and humidity (45%), 3h per day from post-natal day 3 (P3) to P12. Experiments were performed at P14-15. SMN increases deleterious effect of LCR stimulation especially in males. We have performed 3 LCR stimulations (with 10µl of water injected close to the larynx) separated by 5 minutes of recovery for each. We have observed that LCR cardiorespiratory inhibition increased with the number of stimulations. We have studied excitatory currents in neurons in regions involved in LCR: nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS, integration center of information coming from the larynx) and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMNV, involved in bradycardia). In the DMNV we have seen an increase in excitatory post-synaptic currents (EPSCs) frequency and amplitude in stressed animals. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) has a more important effect on stressed animals vs controls. These findings allow us to hypothesize that afferents arriving on neurons in the DMNV are more numerous in stressed animals than in controls. One explanation of these results could be that synaptic pruning made by microglia is disrupted by NMS. Microglial analysis in the NTS and DMNV shows that NMS changes microglia phenotype which could disrupt synaptic pruning. However, this study did not demonstrate any disturbance from stress in neurons/microglia communication. Stress issuing from NMS delays LCR development, especially in males, by causing an increase in cardio-respiratory inhibition following LCR stimulation. This effect would be due to a synaptic pruning abnormality in neuronal regions involved in LCR, especially those involved in bradycardia. The respiratory system is immature in preterm infants. To accelerate maturation of this system, we have tested the effect of n-3 PUFA maternal supplementation. Experiments were performed in P10-11 rat pups. Maternal supplementation of n-3 PUFA reduced apnea duration caused by LCR stimulation, promoted hypoxic ventilatory response development and lungs development. However, the treatment increases the number of respiratory instabilities and induces a delay of microglial development whose impacts we do not know. N-3 PUFA maternal supplementation could be an interesting treatment to promote control of breathing development. That said, we should further the study to be sure that the unexpected effects of this treatment have no undesirable consequences. Stress increases the deleterious effects of LCR stimulation in rat pups by increasing the signal arriving on neurons involved in LCR cardiorespiratory response. This phenomenon could be explained by a disruption of synaptic pruning. If we look at a treatment to enhance respiratory system development in immature animals, n-3 PUFA is an option which should be considered.
Aires, Virginie. "Effet de l'acide docosahexaenoïque (DHA), un acide gras polyinsaturé de la famille n-3, dans la régulation de la signalisation cellulaire." Dijon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DIJOS032.
Full textWe investigated the role of docosahexaenoic acid, an n-3 PUFA, in the regulation of calcium, intracellular pH (pHi) and MAP kinase signaling, key steps controling cell proliferation. DHA modulate cell functions directly in the form of free fatty acid or, indirectly in esterified form at the sn-2 position in diacylglycerol (DAG). In Jurkat T cells, DHA has been shown to acidify pHi, in part, via its simple diffusion across the phospholipid bilayer and via the increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, [Ca2+]i. Classically, calcium influx is achieved following intracellular calcium stores depletion, through a mechanism termed as store-operated Ca2+ (SOC) entry (SOCE), via the opening of SOC channels that can be CRAC (Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channels) channels or TRPC (Canonical Transient Receptor Potential) channels. Among TRPC channels, TRPC3/6/7 channels are those which are regulated by DAG. In HEK293 cells, overexpressing TRPC6 protein, we have shown that DAG-containing arachidonic acid (SAG) and DAG-containing DHA (SDG), induce increases in [Ca2+]i by activating TRPC6 channels in these cells; however, SDG-induced response was lesser than SAG. In addition, it has been shown that tyrosine kinases of Src familly as well as integrity of lipid rafts are implicated in TRPC6 activation by these DAG species. In Jurkat T cells, we have shown that SOC influx triggered by thapsigargin (TG), activated MAP kinases ERK1/ERK2 by a PKC-dependent mechanism, via PLD activation. DHA abolished TG-induced ERK1/ERK2 activation by inhibiting PKC. In U937 cells, DHA induced increases in [Ca2+]i via the opening of CRAC channels and activation of PKC and By a physiological point of view, we have demonstrated that DHA-induced Ca2+ signaling can initiate apoptosis pathway, as assessed by the measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and caspase-3 activation. Together, these observations suggest that DHA exert immunomodulatory effects in part, by decreasing pHi, increasing [Ca2+]i and inhibiting MAP kinase pathway
Roy, Jérôme. "Évaluation des propriétés antiarythmiques de dérives oxygénés des acides gras polyinsaturés à longue chaîne." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTT028.
Full textSince 40 years, ω3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are known to have cardioprotective properties in ischemic disease such as cardiac infarction following ischemia/reperfusion period. Many studies in isolated cells or in animals confirmed these effects and it has been suggested that n-3 PUFA have direct effects on targeted proteins such as ionic channels. However, due to the abundance of double carbone bounds, the main n-3 PUFA; eicosapentaenoic acid (C20: 5 n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22: 6 n-3, DHA) are very sensitive to free radical oxidation and can undergo non-enzymatic spontaneous peroxidation under oxidative stress conditions as it occurs in ischemia/reperfusion. In the present work, we addressed the question of the form of DHA having cardioprotective properties: reduced or oxidized. Indeed, the effects of n-3 PUFA on cardiac function are controversial, notably due to the lack of information on the mechanisms involved. Particularly, it is not well understood which is the active lipid: the PUFA or one of its oxygenated metabolites. In the context of oxidative stress, during ischemia/reperfusion and in month following cardiac infarction, a lot of oxygenated metabolites of PUFA like Neuroprostane; 4(RS)-4F4t-NeuroP are produced and used as biomarkers of oxidative stress. This metabolite is associated to a lower atherosclerosis risk suggesting a beneficial role in cardiovascular diseases. In this context we speculate that Neuroprostane are not just a markers of stress conditions but have biological activities.The aim of this thesis was in first time to investigate the influence of DHA peroxidation on its potentially anti-arrhythmic properties in isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes and in vivo in post-myocardial infarcted (PMI) mice. In same way, we investigated in cellulo and in vivo anti-arrhythmic properties of oxygenated metabolites of n-3 PUFA such as 4(RS)-4F4t-NeuroP. In second time we investigated if the pericardial delivery 20 minutes before occlusion of 4F4t-NeuroP protects in prevention the myocardium from ischemic damages and arrhythmias during and following an I/R episode in rats.In this study, we challenged the paradigm that spontaneously formed oxygenated metabolites of lipids are undesirable as they are unconditionally toxic. This study reveals that the lipid mediator 4(RS)-4-F4t-NeuroP derived from non-enzymatic peroxidation of DHA, can counteract such deleterious effects through cardiac anti-arrhythmic properties in month following cardiac infarction by preventing deleterious post-translational modification of RyR2 and thus regulating calcium homeostasis. More early, during ischemia/reperfusion, our results show that pericardial delivery of 4(RS)-4-F4t-NeuroP reduced ischemia-induced ventricular arrhythmias, infarct sizes, and cardiac dysfonction ; cardioprotective effects involving mitchondria mecanisms.This thesis demonstrate for the first time that DHA per se has no anti-arrhythmic effects and 4(RS)-4-F4t-NeuroP as a mediator of the cardioprotection characteristics of DHA. This discovery opens new perspectives for products of non-enzymatic oxidized n-3 PUFA as potent mediators in oxidative stress diseases like during a cardiac infarction, where oxidative stress generated play fundamental role in pathophysiological alterations
Bernard, Jonathan. "Déterminants nutritionnels précoces du neurodéveloppement des enfants de l'étude EDEN : rôle des acides gras polyinsaturés." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00986264.
Full textOseikria, Mouhamad. "Effets et mécanismes d'action d'une supplémentation en acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 sur la qualité ovocytaire, dans le contexte de la production d'embryons chez les vaches laitières." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4006/document.
Full textWe aimed to investigate whether dietary n-3 PUFA, in Prim‘Holstein dairy cattle in lactation, could influence reproductive performance in terms of embryo production. We showed that n-3 PUFA-enriched diet had a tendency to increase the average number of oocyte-cumulus complexes recovered per cow per OPU session. A tendency to increase the average numbers per cow per OPU session of blastocysts and expanded blastocysts with significantly increase of blastocysts of quality 1 and 2 were noted in the n-3 group compared to the n-6 group. Similarly, the rate of blastocysts, expanded blastocysts and blastocysts of quality 1 and 2 were significantly increased in the n-3 group compared to the n-6 group. We also showed that the addition of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3) at low concentration (1μM) during IVM of bovine oocytes increased cleavage rate, blastocyst rate and embryo quality. DHA and free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4) agonist TUG- 891 (1 or 5 μM) supplied during IVM similarly improved in vitro embryo development, suggesting that FFAR4 may, at least partially, mediate DHA beneficial effects on OCC, through activation of signaling pathways
Cormier, Hubert. "Nutrigénomique appliquée aux gènes candidats modulant les profils lipidique, glycémique et inflammatoire suite à une supplémentation en acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33510.
Full textThe literature suggests that an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation may be beneficial in reducing metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, the effects reported by an n-3 PUFA supplementation, including lower TG levels, vary from one individual to another due to genetic variations. There is a great interindividual variability in the population, which is reflected by different responses to a dietary intervention. As part of this PhD project, 210 participants were recruited. In order to study the interindividual variability observed in the response to a nutrient, a 6-week fish oil (5 g/day) supplementation was carried out in the participants. It was shown that 28.8% of the study participants did not respond as expected to an n-3 PUFA supplementation. Moreover, an increase in TG plasma levels was observed in these hypo-responders. SNPs on genes related to the biosynthetic pathway of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids (FADS1-2-3 and ELOVL2-5) were associated alone or in an interaction effect with the fish oil supplementation with the plasma TG response following the 6-week n-3 PUFA supplementation. These same SNPs modulate fatty acid levels in plasma phospholipids as well as fasting insulin levels and homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IS) index. In addition to the effect on plasma TG, n-3 PUFA supplementation has been shown to exert a modest effect on the expression of inflammatory genes and to lower plasma levels of inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, TNFA and IL-6) under the influence of SNPs from inflammatory genes (CRP, TNF-LTA, IL-1B and IL-6). This thesis also includes a knowledge translation component where the perception of nutrigenomics, the level of interest in this science, the understanding of the main limitations of nutrigenetic testing, as well as the best ways to acquire knowledge in nutrigenomics were assessed by registered dietitians from the province of Quebec (Canada). Overall, these results demonstrate the presence of a large interindividual variability observed in the TG plasma levels and that SNPs on genes involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation may modulate the lipid, glycemic and inflammatory responses following an n-3 PUFA supplementation.
Venna, Venugopal Reddy. "Effets de l'apport chronique en acides gras polyinsaturés de type oméga-3 sur le comportement et la plasticité du système nerveux central chez l'animal sain ou soumis à une ischémie-reperfusion cérébrale : nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques dans le domaine de la dépression et de la neuroprotection." Lille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL2S005.
Full textDelbrut, Antoine. "Etude de la production et de l’extraction couplée de fucoxanthine et d’acides gras polyinsaturés par des microalgues." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSAM0016.
Full textThis thesis is part of Microphyt's SMILE project, which aims to propose a range of natural ingredients derived from microalgae. The main objective of this project is to respond to two major societal issues: overweight/obesity and the decline of age-related cognitive functions (DCLA). Omega- 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and fucoxanthin (Fx) have proven activities against the metabolic pathways associated with weight gain and DCLA. In this context, the first efforts were initially directed towards the selection of two species of brown microalgae with their productivity in these molecules of interest as the main criterion. Two strains of the species Tisochrysis lutea and Phaeodactylum tricornutum were then selected as raw materials rich in PUFAs and Fx and were grown at a 5,000 L scale in Camargue© photobioreactors. The work then focused on optimizing the downstream processing steps to the cultivation of microalgae in order to guarantee the safety, stability and efficiency of the final products. Harvesting processes had, in particular, through the mechanical stress generated, an impact on lipid classes and the appearance of free fatty acids (FFA) in the studied species. A CaCo2 cell model study has suggested that FFA may be responsible for increased cytotoxicity of extracts. The formation of FFA during the concentration stage could be limited by the use of tangential filtration and centrifugation under certain conditions. Finally, the optimization of the co-extraction conditions of PUFAs and Fx resulted in the selection of an eco-friendly solvent (ethanol) and highlighted the strong impact of particle size and solvent/biomass ratio on extraction yields
Hennebelle, Marie. "Acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 (AGPI n-3) e prévention des dommages cérébraux induits par un stress chronique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00691980.
Full textHoueijeh, Ali. "Etude de la cinétique de l’adaptation respiratoire à la naissance par la résonance magnétique : les effets des acides gras polyinsaturés oméga 3 sur la transition périnatale." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL2S003/document.
Full textPerinatal transition requires clearance of pulmonary fluid, creation of functional respiratory capacity (FRC), and the multiplication of pulmonary blood flow by ten, to ensure gas exchange and blood oxygenation. Physiology of perinatal transition has been broadly studied but the kinetics of its evolution is less known. The aim of our study was to assess the kinetics of the respiratory transition. Besides, we supposed that polyunsaturated fatty-acids omega 3 (n3 PUFA) would improve this transition. To study the kinetic of respiratory transition, we used the MRI in 3 groups of lambs: premature group (Preterm) with a term of 122-124 days, two groups of late preterm lambs (134-136 days), including one group who received antenatal steroids (Late preterm + steroids), and a group without steroids (Late preterm). Surprisingly, we observed a rapid increase of lung fluid in preterm lambs reaching 30% at the end of the experimentation. Creation of FRC was also impaired in this group. In the Late preterm group, clearance of pulmonary fluid was slowed down with a moderate fall of 10%, whereas, in the Late preterm + steroids group, lung fluid dropped by 50% (p<0.05). Similarly, FRC in the Late preterm + steroids group was higher than the other 2 groups (p <0.05). Respiratory functions were closely related to lung fluid content and to FRC. We hypothesized that n3 PUFA would improve perinatal transition using two models: - An acute model: in a chronically instrumented model, catheters were introduced in the jugular and the carotid vessels of lamb fetuses at 122 days of gestation. Lamb fetuses received either Omegaven (n3 PUFA), or Intralipide (n6 PUFA), or isotonique physiological serum (SSI) for 4 days. Respiratory transition was explored by MRI. There was no significant difference between these three groups. Total lung fluid increased by about 20% in Omegaven group and 18% in SSI group (p> 0.05). - A model of Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: pups were exposed to hyperoxia for 10 days, and feeding rats received supplementation by either n3 PUFA (Omacor), n6 PUFA (sunflower oil), or SSI, with control groups that received the same feeding supply but which were exposed to air. Histological studies showed bronchopulmonary dysplasia lesions in the Hyperoxia groups, characterized by decrease of alveolar number, decrease in the number of secondary alveolar septa, and widening of the interstitial space. These lesions were similar in SSI and n6 PUFA groups, whereas n3 PUFA improved these lesions (p <0.05). To assess the effects of n3 PUFA in pulmonary vascular resistances (PVR), we studied their effects on fetal circulation characterized by elevated RVP using a chronically instrumented experimental model of lamb fetus. Lamb fetuses received either n3 PUFA (Omegaven), or n6 PUFA (Intralipid). We then explored the action mechanisms of n3 PUFA: 1) NO pathway using L-Nitro Argenine (LNA), 2) potassium channels pathway using Tetraethylamonium (TEA) and 3) epoxides produced by cytochrome P450 using MS-PPOH. Finally, we investigated the effect of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) perfusion, or Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) perfusion in pulmonary circulation. We showed that, unlike Intralipid, Omegaven induced pulmonary vasodilation, and an increase in pulmonary flow. An identical effect was reproduced by EPA infusion, while DHA did not modify PVR. This response was not modified by LNA. But it was reduced by MS-PPOH, and abolished by TEA. These results indicate that n3 PUFA induced pulmonary vasodilation, mediated by epoxides which act on potassium channels. To conclude, we demonstrated that respiratory transition in preterm lambs even in late preterm ones is altered with the presence of pulmonary edema. n3 PUFA did not improve lung fluid clearance but should be considered in the tretment of pulmonary hypertension, and in the prevention of brochopulmonary dysplasia of the newborns
Thierry, Magalie. "Rôle des acides gras polyinsaturés alimentaires dans l'homéostasie lipidique de la rétine en conditions physiologiques et pathologiques liées au vieillissement." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOS044/document.
Full textThe retina is the association of the neurosensory tissue and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Despite the presence of the blood retinal barrier, the retina is submitted to changes of the external milieu, including dietary modulation and environmental stresses. With advanced age, the exchanges of nutrients and elimination of cellular and metabolic wastes via the RPE become limited. Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) and Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) are the most prevalent retinal pathologies in Western adult populations before and after the age of 50 years, respectively. Geographic atrophy and neovascular AMD are advanced stages of age-related maculopathies. DR afflicts 60% of type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients in the first 15 years of the disease. Dietary factors interfere in the development of both AMD and T2D. Accounting the worldwide epidemics of T2D in the one hand, and the improvement of life expectancy in the other hand, medical care to the patients is expected to worsen the socioeconomic burden of both T2D and AMD. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is one of the major risk factor for T2D. Lowering the development of MetS would potentially lessen the incidence of T2D, and its complications. The daily intake of omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) is now recommended by health agencies for the prevention of MetS. Meanwhile dietary omega 3 LC-PUFA are associated with reduced risk of AMD. The association between T2D, DR, and AMD remains controversial, although large-scale population-based studies have reported increased prevalence of AMD in patients with diabetes or DR. Our objectives were first to evaluate whether MetS would represent a favorable environment for the development of neovascular complications in the retina, and second to test the efficacy of omega 3 LC-PUFA to reduce the consequences of MetS in the retina. For that purpose, a pro-diabetogenic high fructose diet was fed to rats to induce MetS and choroidal neovascularization was triggered by laser impacts in the eye fundus. We focused first on short term diet periods, and showed impairment on cone photoreceptor sensitivity after 8 days, as well as changes in gene expression in relation to crystallin sub-families. A long term - up to 6 months - fructose diet period triggered MetS as illustrated by body fat increase, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia and liver steatosis. Rats exhibited exacerbated laser-induced choroidal neovascularization after 1 and 3 months of feeding, that was associated with up-regulation of genes coding pro-angiogenic factors such as VEGF and leptin, as well as infiltration of macrophages and/or activation of retinal microglia. Electroretinographic data showed decreased sensitivity of rod photoreceptors and inner retinal cell functionality at 6 months of feeding. In a second time, the efficacy of dietary omega 3 LC-PUFA (EPA plus DHA) to reduce the consequences of MetS in the retina was tested. Our data showed that a high dose of EPA+DHA in rats did not improve MetS. Furthermore, side effects were generated as illustrated by localized atrophy in the retina submitted to the combination of laser-impacts, and normal light exposure. These works allowed us to suggest that MetS generated a favorable environment in the retina for the development of neovascular complications. Meanwhile, the sensitivity of cones and rods was impaired by MetS. Accounting the deleterious long term effects of omega 3 LC-PUFA in the retina, caution may be taken while recommending massive supplementation with omega 3 LC-PUFA in the context of MetS
Guebre-Egziabher, Fitsum. "Modulation de l’apport en acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 : intérêt chez le sujet sain et au cours de l’insuffisance rénale chronique." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10126/document.
Full textOmega 3 fatty acids play an important modulatory role in metabolic and inflammatory responses, the progression of atherosclerosis and gene expression. Recent studies suggest their beneficial impact on adipocyte morphology and function. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have an increased cardiovascular morbi-mortality and suffer from a cluster of metabolic disorders. On the basis of previous studies there are reasons to suggest that omega 3 supplementation may offer a host of benefits to CKD patients. Unfortunatly, published studies on the effect of such supplementation are characterized by supra physiological omega 3 doses, that may be difficult to implement for extended periods in one hand and in the other hand the metabolic effect of different doses of omega 3 hasn’t been studied in detail. Simple dietary modifications can help achieve the recommended n-6/n-3 ratio in healthy subjects. In CKD patients supplementation with n-3 shows a differential dose response effect. Further studies are required to test the faisability and metabolic impact of dietary modifications in order to decrease n-6/n-3 ratio and to assess the long term effect of omega supplementation in CKD patients. Finally the molecular pathways implicated in this differential dose response should be assessed in animal models
Larrieu, Thomas. "Impact d’une déficience en acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) de la série n-3 sur les comportements émotionnels et la plasticité cérébrale chez la souris." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR22000/document.
Full textLow dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been associated with the prevalence of mood disorders in humans. In rodents, nutritional approaches aiming at modeling poor dietary n-3 PUFAs intake have been extensively developed in the last century. As a result, one- or multi-generation dietary n-3 deficiency induces depressive and anxiety-like behaviors. We have shown in the Nutrineuro lab that mice fed with a diet deficient in n-3 PUFAs exhibit decreased n-3 PUFAs levels, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, a n-3 PUFA) levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). We showed that dietary n-3 PUFA is able to modulate endocannabinoid (eCB) dependent plasticity since DHA reduction in PFC and NAc is accompanied with eCB dependent long term depression (eCB-LTD) and eCB signaling impairment in the PFC (Lafourcade et al., 2011; Larrieu et al., 2012). Our data indicate that LTD alteration results from region-specific uncoupling of CB1 receptor from its effector Gi/o protein. In addition, n-3 deficient mice display behavioral deficits in several tests measuring emotional behavior. To further understand the mechanisms underlying DHA decrease in the PFC and emotional behavior alteration, we thoroughly investigated neuronal morphology and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in n-3 deficient mice. We showed that n-3 deficient diet induced dendritic atrophy in pyramidal neurons within the PFC. The dendritic atrophy was comparable to the one measured in control diet mice submitted to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). No additional effect of CSDS on both neuronal morphology and emotional behavior was measured in n-3 deficient mice. We therefore investigated the role of the HPA axis deregulation in the development of behavioral and neurobiological alterations of n-3 deficient mice. We found a decreased expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the PFC of n-3 deficient mice together with increased circulating levels of corticosterone. Collectively, we unraveled one crucial mechanism underlying n-3 deficiency-induced alterations. Our results show that low dietary n-3 PUFAs can alter eCB-dependent plasticity and neuronal dendritic atrophy within the PFC leading to emotional behavior impairment. Importantly, we further demonstrated that corticosterone elevation in n-3 deficient mice was involved in the n-3 deficiency-induced emotional behavior and dendritic arborization alterations
Ouellette, Catherine. "Effets des polymorphismes des gènes MGLL, GPAM, AGPAT3 et AGPAT4 sur la variation des lipides plasmatiques en réponse à une supplémentation en acides polyinsaturés oméga-3 d'origine marine." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25632.
Full textOmega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from marine sources are known to lower plasma triglyceride (TG) levels and increase low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (C) as well as LDL particle size. However, a large inter-individual variability is observed, which could be explained by genetic factors. The effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes within the TG synthesis or metabolism pathways have been studied in a cohort of healthy overweight adults receiving 5 g per day of marine n-3 PUFA. Genotype*supplementation interaction effects on plasma lipids were observed for SNPs in GPAM, AGPAT4 and MGLL genes. These results suggest that these SNPs modulate the plasma lipid response to a marine n-3 PUFA supplementation and could explain part of the inter-individual variability observed.
Mimoun, Myriam. "Statut en AGPI et bénéfices d'une nutrithérapie à base de GPL-DHA chez un modèle murin de mucoviscidose." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20652/document.
Full textCystic fibrosis is a genetic disease showing ionic alterations, caused by an absent or defective membrane protein CFTR leading to metabolic disturbances. We are interested in n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism alteration characterized by a linoleic (LA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids deficiency and high level of arachidonic acid (AA). This imbalance can affect patient health due to the key role of some PUFAs in different levels of life. Our studies focused on finding the benefits of a vector enriched in one interesting n-3 PUFA, DHA, in context of cystic fibrosis, through two approaches: a nutritional supplementation conducted in a mouse model with the most common mutation of cystic fibrosis patients, and an approach on a model of human enterocyte to investigate more thoroughly the effect of the vector on cell functionality (absorption of lipid nutrients). Our results led us to different conclusions: del F508 mice fed with Peptamen Junior have a metabolic disorder of the n-6 PUFA (LA, AA) at the age of 3 months, but this alteration appears later under standard regime . But, whatever the diet, our model does not develop a DHA deficiency to the age of 1 year. The changing status of n-6 is dependent on diet and age. Glycerophospholipids enriched in DHA given at low doses can correct disturbances in PUFA n-6 and increase the DHA/AA ratio in most organs. This vector is potentially interesting for a patient nutritherapy. A physiological DHA enrichment of enterocyte does not alter its absorption capacity, which is rather regulated by the type of particles carrying the lipolysis products, bile salt micelles versus liposomes
Aliche-Djoudi, Fatiha. "Implication du remodelage membranaire induit par les acides gras polyinsaturés de la série oméga 3 dans la toxicité hépatique de l'éthanol : rôle de la fluidité membranaire et des radeaux lipidiques." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1B084.
Full textThe involvement of membrane remodeling in ethanol-induced liver toxicity was previously described by our team. Thus, an increase in membrane fluidity and lipid raft clustering were responsible for ethanol toxicity via the activation of a raft-dependent signaling pathway, implicating phospholipase C (PLC). Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have been described as capable of altering membrane fluidity and lipid rafts organization leading to modification of cell signaling. However, the impact of n-3 PUFA induced membrane remodeling on ethanol liver toxicity had never been described. For these reasons, the effect of some n-3 PUFAs, namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20: 5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3), on ethanol-induced toxicity (oxidative stress and cell death) has been studied in rat primary hepatocytes, with particular attention to the involvement of lipid rafts. We have shown that EPA enhanced ethanol toxicity while DHA protected from it. This differential effect between EPA and DHA was mainly due to their membrane behavior. EPA, by incorporating preferentially in non-raft domains, promoted lipid raft clustering and consequently, activation of the PLC pathway. In contrast, DHA inhibited PLC signaling by preventing lipid raft aggregation, due to its preferential incorporation in these membrane micro-domains
Dagmey, Aurélien. "Enrichissement d’huiles alimentaires riches en acides gras polyinsaturés, par des composés phénoliques d’origine naturelle, afin de les protéger de la peroxydation lipidique, en vue d’une encapsulation pour augmenter la durée de conservation de ces huiles." Thesis, Compiègne, 2020. http://bibliotheque.utc.fr/EXPLOITATION/doc/IFD/2020COMP2553.
Full textLinoleic (LA) and α-linolenic (ALA) acids are two polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are essential for humans because we are unable to synthesize them in situ. These two fatty acids are the representatives of omega-6 (LA) and omega-3 (ALA). Although they are essential and therefore necessary, the issue of the omega-6 / omega-3 ratio between these two families is also important to take into account in the diet. The consumption habits of the French over the past thirty years have shifted the balance against omega-3s compared to omega-6s. Or a rebalancing of the omega-6 / omega-3 balance tends to reduce cardiovascular risks. Linseed and camelina oils are endemic crops in France extremely rich in ALA. They are the most suitable for supplementation with omega-3 of plant origin. However, the high contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids in these oils are responsible for their low oxidative stabilities. The consumption of oxidized oils or fats is not recommended because they can contribute toxic molecules. The aim of this project was to improve the shelf life of oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids by enhancing the antioxidant extracts of the cakes obtained after crushing the seeds. Among the molecules studied, gallic acid, caffeic acid, propyl gallate as well as pinoresinol and lariciresinol purified from flax showed a real interest in slowing down oxidation, while secoisolariciresinol was ineffective
Escoula, Quentin. "Effets préventifs des acides gras polyinsaturés en n-3 dans l’altération de la couche de mucus colique et du stress du réticulum endoplasmique induit par un régime obésogène." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCK015.
Full textObesity is now recognized as a real global epidemic affecting more than 650 million people worldwide.This chronic inflammatory disease is accompanied with intestinal alteration, including alteration of the colic mucus layer and an increase in stress of the endoplasmic colic reticulum, associated with microbiota dysbiosis. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in n-3 are known for their anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory properties and appear to be a promising lead in the fight against metabolic and intestinal alterations induced by obesity.The objectives of this work was initially to determine whether tissue enrichment in n-3, in the fat-1 mouse model, prevent alterations of colon mucus layer induced by an obesogenic diet and understood the molecular mechanisms involved. We then sought to determine, through caecal microbiota transplantation, whether fat-1 mouse microbiota was “independently involved” in preventing obesity-induced alterations in fat-1 mice.In conclusion, this work shows that polyunsaturated fatty acids in n-3 prevent colon mucus layer alteration by preventing increased of endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by an obesogenic diet. We also showed that the intestinal microbiota of fat-1 mice, modulated by omega-3 fatty acids, actively participated in the prevention of alterations induced by obeesogenic conditions. These results present the modulation of the intestinal microbiota by omega-3 fatty acids as a promising way in the prevention of metabolic and intestinal alterations induced by an obesogenous diet
Drouin, Gaëtan. "Métabolisme et intérêt nutritionnel de l’acide docosapentaénoïque n-3 : modulation du statut tissulaire en acides gras n-3 par les lipides laitiers alimentaires chez le rat." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B020/document.
Full textThe optimization of tissue status in n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) is one of the current goals in human nutrition. Indeed, many beneficial effects on human health have been demonstrated for these different n-3 LCPUFA. However, the bioconversion of these derivatives from their food precursor, α-linolenic acid, is limited in humans and it does not meet the needs of the organism. Among this family of fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) have been widely studied in contrast to those of n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). The first objective of this work was to study the impact of dietary supplementation with DPA on fatty acid metabolism and lipid metabolism in healthy rats. For this, a method for purifying DPA with high purity and in large quantities by liquid chromatography was first established. This result helps future research of the in vivo effects of DPA, poorly commercially available. After its nutritional supplementation, DPA was incorporated into multiple tissues and it has affected the n-3 LCPUFA tissue compositions of specific organs such as the liver, heart, lung, spleen and the kidney. Thus, supplementation with DPA could be a source of EPA, DPA, and to a lesser extent DHA. Finally, compared to supplementation with EPA or DHA, DPA was the most potent n-3 LCPUFA to improve triglyceridemia and cholesterolemia in animals. This information will certainly contribute to a greater consideration of DPA both in nutritional studies and in the direction of future nutritional recommendations. The second area of research focused on the ability of a partial incorporation of dairy lipids in the diet to increase the tissue status in n-3 LCPUFA. Incorporation of dairy lipids in the diet increased DHA status in brain and retina and DPA status in the other studied tissues. In addition, the induction of conversion of n-3 LCPUFA from their precursor by dairy lipid was complementary with the DPA supplementation to increase n-3 LCPUFA status in tissues. These results fit into a context of infant nutrition, during which the incorporation of n-3 LCPUFA is maximal in nervous tissues. Thus, these results provide interesting data for both companies and health professionals to recommend infant formulas containing dairy lipids for consumption
Servais, Stéphane. "Altérations mitochondriales et stress oxydant pulmonaire en réponse à l'ozone : Effets de l'âge et d'une supplémentation en oméga-3." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012031.
Full textVang, Maylou. "Etude par dynamique moléculaire gros grains de l’impact des lipides polyinsaturés sur les propriétés conformationnelles du récepteur dopaminergique D2." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0277.
Full textThe dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) is a G-proteins coupled receptor (GPCR) localized in the nervous system. The alteration of its activity is involved in psychiatric pathologies such as schizophrenia and studies have shown that the membrane lipid composition had an impact on the pharmacological properties of D2R. Indeed, the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the omega-3 and omega-6 family influences the affinity of the receptor for some antipsychotics – aspect related to conformational changes. The use of digital simulation technique such as coarse grain molecular dynamics (CGMD) would make it possible to look into these changes since this method, combined with enhanced computer power, currently allows the simulation of systems of biologically relevant size (submicrometric) and timescale (microsecond or millisecond). Through our studies, we have been able to determine the behavior of various omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated lipids (PUL) as well as RD2, and we have identified the helices preferentially contacted by these PUL and cholesterol, which is an important component of the membranes
Mayer, Claire. "Effets préventifs des micro-algues marines et de leurs molécules bioactives sur le syndrome métabolique et l’obésité." Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA1036.
Full textMetabolic syndrome is a pathophysiological state, including hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and abdominal obesity as the main metabolic risk factors. This syndrome can also be associated with inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress and nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis (NAFLD). Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega 3 PUFA) from fish oils exert protective effects against metabolic disorders associated with obesity. In an unfavourable economic and environmental context of fish oil production, marine microalgae could be an alternative source of omega 3 PUFA and have an interest for human nutrition. The objective of this work was to study the impact of the marine microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Phaeo), Tisochrysis lutea (Tiso) and Diacronema lutheri (Dia), used as food supplement, at a dose of 12%, in high-fat fed Wistar rats. The effects of extracts of total lipids and carotenoids from Phaeo were studied in vitro on palmitate-treated human hepatic HepG2 cells to mimic NAFLD. In vivo, the three studied microalgae have preventive effects on metabolic disturbances associated with the metabolic syndrome, with a greater efficiency for Phaeo. In vitro, the study demonstrated the preventive effect of lipid and carotenoid extracts from Phaeo, in the hepatic accumulation of triglycerides and cholesterol
Létondor, Anne. "Effets des acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 sur les processus cibles des rétinoïdes impliqués dans la plasticité synaptique et la mémoire au cours du vieillissement." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14988/document.
Full textN-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) play a critical role in brain functioning, notably in the maintenance of synaptic plasticity and memory processes during aging. It is now well accepted that n-3 PUFAs can modulate transcription of genes involved in synaptic plasticity processes underlying the memory performances through binding and activating nuclear receptors such as PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), and RXRs (retinoid X receptors). RXRs are the common heterodimerization partner of numerous nuclear receptors, among them the retinoic acid receptor (RAR), which binds retinoic acid (RA), the active metabolite of vitamin A. Thus, RXRs play a key role in the regulation of n-3 PUFA and retinoid signaling pathways.In this context, the aim of this work was to study the mechanisms involved in the action of n-3 PUFAs on neurobiological processes underlying the memory performances during aging, and more particularly by assessing specifically the molecular mechanisms involved in interactions between n-3 PUFA and retinoid signaling pathways. For this purpose, we studied the effects of dietary supplementations in n-3 PUFAs and/or vitamin A on memory performances in aged rats. We also studied the specific effect of unesterified DHA pharmacological treatments on different hippocampal-dependent memory tasks.Our main results showed impairments in fatty acid and vitamin A metabolism during aging. These modifications were associated with an hypoexpression of n-3 PUFA and retinoid signaling pathways, and memory deficits. Furthermore, we demonstrated a synergetic effect of the joint n-3 LC-PUFA and vitamin A dietary supplementation on the maintenance of memory performances in aged rats. Moreover, in the hippocampus, this supplementation prevented the n-3 PUFA compositional changes, and also the mRNA hypoexpression of RXRγ and of several kinases regulated by RA and n-3 PUFAs which were observed during aging.These results suggest a beneficial synergetic effect of n-3 LC-PUFAs and vitamin A on the maintenance of memory performances during aging, through a combined action on their signaling pathways, which could be involved in the maintenance of synaptic plasticity processes underlying memory performances impaired during aging
Logez, Hélène. "Influence des acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 sur la réponse inflammatoire et la résistance à l'agression pulmonaire à Pseudomonas aeruginosa chez les souris sauvages et mutées pour le gène CFTR." Lille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL2S045.
Full textThifault, Elisabeth. "Les effets de l'âge, du sexe, de l'indice de masse corporelle et du génotype de l'APOE sur les facteurs de risque cardiovasculaires suite à une supplémentation en acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24342.
Full textThe goal of this nutritional intervention was to test the interindividual variability observed in the metabolic response to an omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supplementation. Two hundred and ten subjects (97 men and 113 women) completed the intervention. A supplementation with five grams of fish oil, providing 3 grams of n-3 per day (1.9 to 2.2g EPA + 1.1g DHA) has been administered for a 6-week period following a 2-week run-in period where nutritional recommendations were established. After the intervention, a significant decrease in blood triglyceride (TG) levels was observed. In addition, the results of this study suggest that age, sex, body mass index, and APOE genotype may be identified as potential contributions to important cardiovascular disease risk factors in response to an n-3 PUFA supplementation.
Fahs, Zeinab. "Isolement de gènes exprimés dans la graine de lin et potentiellement impliqués dans l'accumulation d'acides gras polyinsaturés et inhabituels : caractérisation de la fonctionnalité in vivo et in vitro des enzymes correspondantes." Thesis, Compiègne, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016COMP2275.
Full textFlaxseed oil contain high amount of oméga-3 and present different industrials applications and human health benefits. ln this work, we aimed to identify enzymes allowing the accumulation of high level of omega-3 in linseed plants. ln this context, we evaluated the role of Lysophophatidic acid acyltransferases (LPAAT) and Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) enzymes in the accumulation of omega-3 by in vitro and in vivo approaches. Results showed the presence of a LPAAT2A isoform into flax genome having a high specificity and selectivity toward omega-3. Expression of Lpaat2A and sPia2a gene in Arabidopsis seeds increase seed weight, oil production and omega-3 content (up to 10% and 11%) in transformant seeds respectively. These results showed the presence in linseed plant of an efficient enzymatic system toward omega-3 accumulation. Furthermore, we have evaluated in vitro and in vivo the potential of Litchi and flax LPAAT enzymes toward the production of cyclopropane fatty acids (CFA). These fatty acids are naturally produced by a specific enzyme «CFA synthase» with physico-chemical properties interesting to lubricant and cosmetics industries. ln this context, we have generated Arabidopsis lines expressing E. coli Cfa synthase with or not co-expression of litchi Lpaat gene. Result showed an increase of 25% in the content of CFA in transgenic line co-expressing Cfa synthase and litchi Lpaat comparing to the transgenic lines expressing the CFA synthase. This increase in the level of CFA in transgenic seeds reflects the specificity of Litchi LPAAT toward CFA
Thifault, Elisabeth. "Les effets de l'âge, du sexe, de l'indice de masse corporelle et du génotype de l' APOE sur les facteurs de risque cardiovasculaires suite à une supplémentation en acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30049/30049.pdf.
Full textThe goal of this nutritional intervention was to test the interindividual variability observed in the metabolic response to an omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supplementation. Two hundred and ten subjects (97 men and 113 women) completed the intervention. A supplementation with five grams of fish oil, providing 3 grams of n-3 per day (1.9 to 2.2g EPA + 1.1g DHA) has been administered for a 6-week period following a 2-week run-in period where nutritional recommendations were established. After the intervention, a significant decrease in blood triglyceride (TG) levels was observed. In addition, the results of this study suggest that age, sex, body mass index, and APOE genotype may be identified as potential contributions to important cardiovascular disease risk factors in response to an n-3 PUFA supplementation.
Farooq, Muhammad Akmal. "Potential of omega-3 EPA/DHA 6/1 to ameliorate ageing-related endothelial dysfunction." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ107/document.
Full textEPA:DHA 6:1 omega-3 formulation has been shown to induce a sustained endothelial NO synthase-derived formation of nitric oxide. This study examined if the intake of EPA:DHA 6:1 improves an established ageing-related endothelial dysfunction. Ageing-related endothelial dysfunction was characterized by a blunted NO-mediated component of relaxation, abolished EDH-mediated component and increased COX-derived endothelium-dependent contractile responses. Ageing increased vascular oxidative stress, expression of NADPH oxidase subunits, COX-2, eNOS, ACE, AT1R, and senescence markers, whereas COX-1 was down-regulated. Chronic intake of EPA:DHA 6:1 improved the NO-mediated relaxations, reduced EDCFs, vascular oxidative stress and normalized the expression of protein markers. In conclusion, chronic intake of EPA:DHA 6:1 prevented the ageing-related endothelial dysfunction in old rats, most likely by preventing activation of the local angiotensin system and the subsequent vascular oxidative stress
Zeghichi, Hamri Sabrina. "Effets des acides gras oméga-3 sur la cardioprotection : étude des acides gras oméga-3 chez le rat et chez des patients porteurs d'un défibrillateur automatique implantable." Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10049.
Full textAlthough the Mediterranean diet (MED) is considered the optimal diet to prevent coronary heart disease (CHD), it is still unknown whether adoption of MED may result in improved myocardial resistance to ischemia-reperfusion injury and may potentially prevent ventricular arrhythmias. Accordingly, the first experimental study was carried out to investigate whether a diet low in saturated fats and omega-6 fatty acids (Ω6) but rich in plant and marine omega-3 fatty acids (Ω3), a typical MED fatty acid profile, may result in smaller infarct size and better left ventricular function (L VF) recovery in a rat model of regional ischemia¬reperfusion. Results demonstrate a great accumulation of Ω3 and a parallel decrease of arachidonic acid in plasma, cell membranes and cardiac mitochondria. Also, the MED rats developed smaller infarct size compared with the control groups (p
Pierre, Maud. "Effets des acides gras poly-insaturés oméga 3 et oméga 6 sur la fonction pulmonaire au cours d'une infection pulmonaire chronique à Pseudomonas aeruginosa chez la souris." Lille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LIL2S006.
Full textGevariya, Nikunj. "Effets des acides gras oméga-3 sur le cancer de la prostate." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34012.
Full textProstate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in Canadian men with 21,300 new cases and is the third-largest cause of cancer mortality with 4100 deaths in 2017. Epidemiological studies have shown that populations with a diet rich in omega (ω)-3 fatty acids(FA) (e.g. coastal Asian populations) have a low incidence of PCa while populations in Western countries with a diet rich in ω6 FA have higher (almost 60 times) incidence of PCa. Dietary fats influence many biological processes including inflammation which is associated with PCa development and progression. Notably, long-chain ω6 FA (LCω6) have pro-inflammatory properties and could contribute to PCa progression. On the opposite, LCω3 such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanenoic acid (DHA) have anti-inflammatory properties and could inhibit PCa progression. I hypothesized that dietary ω3 FA are beneficial against PCa growth and progression mainly via their anti-inflammatory properties. Using the TRAMP-C2 mouse model of PCa, I found that an ω3 FA-enriched diet reduced PCa growth compared to an ω6 FA-enriched diet in both androgen-deprived and non-deprived mice by inducing local antitumor Th1-, Th2-and eosinophil-related immune response. In the quest to further study the effects of individual ω3 FA subtype, I found that dietary supplementation with monoacylglyceride (MAG)-EPA reduced tumor growth by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2gene (VEGFR2)expression as well as reducing the size of blood vessels in TRAMP-C2 tumors. I also observed that higher level of EPA reduced the size of blood vessels in prostate in a clinical trial testing MAG-EPA supplementation on PCa patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Finally, I analyzed the effects of an ω3 FA-rich diet intervention versus treatment with a 5α- reductase inhibitor (5ARI) on low-risk PCa patients under active surveillance. I found that 6 months of ω3 FA-rich diet intervention resulted in a reduction of plasma level of pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenesis cytokines as well as Th2 and Th17 immune response-related cytokines. In order to assess the effects of these interventions on the prostate tissue, I used cytokines assay and mass spectrometry (MS ) assay to analyze proteins in clarified urine obtained after digital rectal examination (DRE urine). I did not succeed at identifying significant variation in protein levels following the interventions in this sample type but I found that crude (non-clarified) DRE urine contained twice the amount of proteins compared to clarified urine, suggesting that this type of sample should be used for further analysis. Overall, my results confirmed the importance of ω3 FA for prevention of PCa progression and provide the rationale to further investigate their effects on immune response, tumor vasculature and tumor progression in PCa patients.
Bouchard-Mercier, Annie. "Génétique, acides gras oméga-3 et facteurs de risque des maladies cardiovasculaires." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25719.
Full textChronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are complex and their risk factors are regulated by many factors, for example the genetic background and dietary intakes. In this project, 210 participants were recruited. Two dietary factors were identified, the Prudent dietary pattern which was characterised by higher intakes of vegetables, fruits, whole grain products and non-hydrogenated fats and the Western dietary pattern, characterised by higher intakes of refined grain products, desserts, sweets and processed meats. Both dietary patterns modulated the expression of genes related to the immune system, inflammatory response, cancer and/or CVD. The Western dietary pattern was also associated with a metabolite profile which comprised greater concentrations of certain amino acids as well as small chain acylcartinines. To examine the interindividual variability in the response to a nutrient, a 6 week fish oil supplementation was conducted among the 210 participants. SNPs related to genes involved in de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid beta-oxidation (ACLY, ACACA, GCK, RXRA, ACOX1) were associated alone or in an interaction effect with dietary intakes with the plasma triglyceride (TG) response to the fish oil supplementation. The genetic variability within sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1) gene was associated with differences in the response of insulin concentrations following fish oil supplementation. In a second cohort of 691 participants, associations between SNPs, identified in a previous GWAS conducted among the 210 participants supplemented with fish oil, and TG as well as plasma phospholipid fatty acid concentrations were observed. This thesis also comprises a knowledge transfer section where the attitude was identified as the main determinant of the intention of dietitians to discuss nutrigenetics with their patients/clients. Globally, these results demonstrate that dietary patterns modulate the metabolism at several levels and that the response to fish oil is variable depending upon genetic profile and dietary intakes.