Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Acides gras trans – Effets physiologiques'
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Nolet, Geneviève. "Comparaison des effets différentiels des acides gras saturés et trans et des acides gras monoinsaturés et polyinsaturés sur la lipémie postprandiale et l'expression de gènes du métabolisme lipidique chez des sujets sains." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29556/29556.pdf.
Full textHorreard, Etienne. "Production intestinale des acides gras à chaîne courte : effets physiologiques et pathologiques." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P025.
Full textRaharison, Lucie Hortense. "Exercice maximal, métabolisme musculaire et évolution des températures cutanée et centrale chez les sujets ayant présenté un "syndrome d'hyperthermie d'effort" (HTE)." Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX22093.
Full textBlin, Patrice. "Activités lipoxygénases et rôle des dérivés monohydroxyles des acides gras polyinsaturés dans la paroi artérielle athéroscléreuse." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR28217.
Full textGevariya, Nikunj. "Effets des acides gras oméga-3 sur le cancer de la prostate." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34012.
Full textProstate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in Canadian men with 21,300 new cases and is the third-largest cause of cancer mortality with 4100 deaths in 2017. Epidemiological studies have shown that populations with a diet rich in omega (ω)-3 fatty acids(FA) (e.g. coastal Asian populations) have a low incidence of PCa while populations in Western countries with a diet rich in ω6 FA have higher (almost 60 times) incidence of PCa. Dietary fats influence many biological processes including inflammation which is associated with PCa development and progression. Notably, long-chain ω6 FA (LCω6) have pro-inflammatory properties and could contribute to PCa progression. On the opposite, LCω3 such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanenoic acid (DHA) have anti-inflammatory properties and could inhibit PCa progression. I hypothesized that dietary ω3 FA are beneficial against PCa growth and progression mainly via their anti-inflammatory properties. Using the TRAMP-C2 mouse model of PCa, I found that an ω3 FA-enriched diet reduced PCa growth compared to an ω6 FA-enriched diet in both androgen-deprived and non-deprived mice by inducing local antitumor Th1-, Th2-and eosinophil-related immune response. In the quest to further study the effects of individual ω3 FA subtype, I found that dietary supplementation with monoacylglyceride (MAG)-EPA reduced tumor growth by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2gene (VEGFR2)expression as well as reducing the size of blood vessels in TRAMP-C2 tumors. I also observed that higher level of EPA reduced the size of blood vessels in prostate in a clinical trial testing MAG-EPA supplementation on PCa patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Finally, I analyzed the effects of an ω3 FA-rich diet intervention versus treatment with a 5α- reductase inhibitor (5ARI) on low-risk PCa patients under active surveillance. I found that 6 months of ω3 FA-rich diet intervention resulted in a reduction of plasma level of pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenesis cytokines as well as Th2 and Th17 immune response-related cytokines. In order to assess the effects of these interventions on the prostate tissue, I used cytokines assay and mass spectrometry (MS ) assay to analyze proteins in clarified urine obtained after digital rectal examination (DRE urine). I did not succeed at identifying significant variation in protein levels following the interventions in this sample type but I found that crude (non-clarified) DRE urine contained twice the amount of proteins compared to clarified urine, suggesting that this type of sample should be used for further analysis. Overall, my results confirmed the importance of ω3 FA for prevention of PCa progression and provide the rationale to further investigate their effects on immune response, tumor vasculature and tumor progression in PCa patients.
Tsoko, Marcelline. "Effets de la concentration en carnitine hépatique sur plusieurs paramètres physiologiques et biochimiques relatifs à l'oxydation des acides gras." Dijon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DIJOS006.
Full textChevrier, Geneviève, and Geneviève Chevrier. "Effets physiologiques et signature métabolomique de peptides de saumon et d'acides gras oméga-3 dans un modèle murin du syndrome métabolique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37193.
Full textL’objectif principal des études présentées dans cette thèse était d’étudier les effets physiologiques et mécanistiques d’une fraction de peptides de saumon (SPF) de faible poids moléculaire (molecular weight, MW) combinée ou non avec une huile riche en oméga-3 (fish oil, FO), dans un contexte d’obésité induite par une diète riche en gras et en sucre (high-fat and sucrose diet, HFS). Le modèle de souris utilisé en était un du syndrome métabolique (metabolic syndrome, MetS), la souris LDL-/-/ApoB100/100. Dans l’étude de 3 mois (JN, 2015), nous avons montré que les souris nourries avec le SPF ou à la combinaison (SPF+FO) étaient plus tolérantes au glucose. Elles présentaient également des améliorations de plusieurs conditions généralement associées avec le MetS, soit un meilleur profil lipidique, une diminution de l’inflammation du tissu adipeux épidydimaire et une amélioration de la voie de signalisation de l’insuline hépatique. Ces effets étaient associés à une légère diminution du poids corporel, du poids du foie et de l’efficience alimentaire. Les effets observés in vivo du SPF ont ensuite été validés dans 3 lignées cellulaires. Deuxièmement, nous avons voulu valider les effets du SPF au niveau de la tolérance au glucose après 3 mois de diète. Puis, nous avons exploré les mécanismes derrière les effets bénéfiques du SPF et du FO en analysant le métabolome plasmatique des acylcarnitines (AC) et l’expression de gènes hépatiques. Les niveaux d’adiponectine ainsi que l’expression de plusieurs gènes impliqués dans l’homéostasie du glucose, des lipides, dans l’inflammation et dans la β-oxydation mitochondriale et peroxisomale étaient modulés par le SPF et le FO. Le profil en AC a démontré plusieurs changements causés par le SPF et le FO autant au niveau des AC à courte chaîne qu’à moyenne et longue chaîne. Troisièmement, nous avons une fois de plus validé les effets du SPF au niveau de la tolérance au glucose, mais sur une période de 6 mois. Nous nous sommes concentrés sur le profil métabolomique des acides aminés (AA) plasmatiques et avons tenté de comprendre les changements importants survenus après 6 mois de diète en faisant l’analyse par immunobavardage des protéines et enzymes régulant le catabolisme des acides aminés à chaîne ramifiée (branched-chain amino acids, BCAA). L’utilisation du plasma obtenu au sacrifice à l’état de jeûne et post prandial de notre cohorte de souris nourries pendant 3 mois nous a permis d’évaluer l’association entre la signature métabolomique des AA et les effets physiologiques du SPF. Ces études démontrent le potentiel du SPF jumelé ou non avec le FO dans la prévention de complications reliées à l’obésité, comme l’intolérance au glucose, l’inflammation de bas degré et la dyslipidémie.
The main objective of this thesis was to evaluate the metabolic and mechanistic effects of a low-molecular-weight salmon peptide fraction (SPF) combined or not with omega-3-rich fish oil (FO) in the context of diet-induced obesity (DIO) in a murine model of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), the LDL-/-/ApoB100/100 mouse. In the first study, we have shown that mice fed the SPF alone or in combination with FO (SPF+FO) were more glucose tolerant and had marked improvements in their plasma lipid profile, adipose tissue inflammation and hepatic insulin signaling pathway. These effects were associated with a small reduction in body weight, liver weight and energy efficiency. These in vivo effects were then validated in 3 cell lines. Secondly, we validated once again the beneficial impact of SPF on glucose tolerance after 3 months of diet. We aimed to explore its mechanisms of action by doing an extensive assessment of the acylcarnitine (AC) plasma metabolome and the hepatic gene expression of the mice. We found that adiponectin levels and many hepatic genes involved in inflammation, in glucose and lipid homeostasis and in mitochondrial and peroxisomal β-oxidation were altered with SPF and FO. The AC profile was modified upon dietary treatment with FO and SPF, with significant changes in short-, medium- and long-chain AC. Thirdly, we validated the beneficial effects of SPF on glucose tolerance over a 6- month period, and decided to concentrate on the metabolomic profile of plasma amino acids (AA). We aimed to understand the important alterations that occured after 6-months on diet in the SPF-fed animals. Then we also looked at changes in the proteins and enzymes regulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) catabolism in liver, skeletal muscle and epidydimal adipose tissue by Western blotting. The metabolomic analyses of plasma obtained after 3 months of diet in our other cohort of mice gave us the opportunity to evaluate the association between the AA signature and the physiological effects of SPF. These studies show the potential of SPF combined or not with FO as a nutraceutical for the prevention of obesity-related complications, such as glucose intolerance, low-grade inflammation and dyslipidemia.
The main objective of this thesis was to evaluate the metabolic and mechanistic effects of a low-molecular-weight salmon peptide fraction (SPF) combined or not with omega-3-rich fish oil (FO) in the context of diet-induced obesity (DIO) in a murine model of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), the LDL-/-/ApoB100/100 mouse. In the first study, we have shown that mice fed the SPF alone or in combination with FO (SPF+FO) were more glucose tolerant and had marked improvements in their plasma lipid profile, adipose tissue inflammation and hepatic insulin signaling pathway. These effects were associated with a small reduction in body weight, liver weight and energy efficiency. These in vivo effects were then validated in 3 cell lines. Secondly, we validated once again the beneficial impact of SPF on glucose tolerance after 3 months of diet. We aimed to explore its mechanisms of action by doing an extensive assessment of the acylcarnitine (AC) plasma metabolome and the hepatic gene expression of the mice. We found that adiponectin levels and many hepatic genes involved in inflammation, in glucose and lipid homeostasis and in mitochondrial and peroxisomal β-oxidation were altered with SPF and FO. The AC profile was modified upon dietary treatment with FO and SPF, with significant changes in short-, medium- and long-chain AC. Thirdly, we validated the beneficial effects of SPF on glucose tolerance over a 6- month period, and decided to concentrate on the metabolomic profile of plasma amino acids (AA). We aimed to understand the important alterations that occured after 6-months on diet in the SPF-fed animals. Then we also looked at changes in the proteins and enzymes regulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) catabolism in liver, skeletal muscle and epidydimal adipose tissue by Western blotting. The metabolomic analyses of plasma obtained after 3 months of diet in our other cohort of mice gave us the opportunity to evaluate the association between the AA signature and the physiological effects of SPF. These studies show the potential of SPF combined or not with FO as a nutraceutical for the prevention of obesity-related complications, such as glucose intolerance, low-grade inflammation and dyslipidemia.
Vacaresse, Nathalie. "Activation des récepteurs à tyrosine kinase par les acides gras et les lipoprotéines de faible densité oxydées." Toulouse 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU30051.
Full textRoussel, Damien. "Contrôle du couplage énergétique mitochondrial par les acides gras : implication dans la thermogenèse sans frisson musculaire aviaire." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10044.
Full textAcar, Niyazi. "Incorporation et conversion des acides gras trans polyinsaturés dans les structures nerveuses : conséquences physiologiques sur l'électrorétinogramme et sur les teneurs en neuromédiateurs du système dopaminergique." Dijon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DIJOS060.
Full textTrans n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are formed during heat treatment of vegetable oils. In this work, we demonstrated that feeding rats and piglets with a diet in which a part of 18:3 n-3 is present as trans isomers lead to a "deficiency-like" status in n-3 PUFA in phospholipids of the retina and the frontal cortex. These changes in lipid composition were associated to a decrease of the b-wave amplitude of the electroretinogram (ERG) and to an increase of the levels of the dopaminergic neurotransmitters, respectively. Nevertheless, these results showed that trans n-3 PUFA and/or the n-6/n-3 ratio could act on the visual function and the dopaminergic neurotransmission by inducing a 30%-decrease of the b-wave amplitude of the ERG and a depletion of dopamine levels in the hippocampus. These results suggest that it would be better to prevent the presence of trans n-3 PUFA in the Human diet
Chatelier, Aurélien. "Modulation des performances cardio-respiratoires du bar européen (Dicentrarchus labrax) par l'apport d'acides gras alimentaires : une étude intégrée des effets cardiaques in vivo au courant calcique de type L des myocytes ventriculaires." La Rochelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LAROS148.
Full textDiet fatty acid composition is an environmental factor that is emerging as a significant source of physiological diversity. Heart plays a central role in fish adaptability to their environment. The objective of the study on the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) was to investigate the effects of fatty acids on: cardio-respiratory performances during a swim test and a hypoxic test, L-type calcium channel activity of ventricular myocytes. Sea bass were fed with three different diets enriched in fish oil (n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acid), canola oil (oleic acid) and palm oil (saturated fatty acid). The study carried out on the whole animal shows that diet and cardiac high level of oleic acid is associated with best cardiac and metabolic performances. The hypoxic test revealed no significant difference between the diets. Studies on L-type calcium channel revealed that both oleic acid perfusion and high membrane content of oleic acid induce a reduction in ventricular myocyte calcium influx. The heart may limit metabolic and swimming performance of fishes. During an intensive muscular challenge, this restriction is due to cardiac hypoxia which leads to a rise in intracellular calcium and to the appearance or cardiac arrhythmias. Results suggest that oleic acid, by decreasing cell calcium entry, limit cardiac arrhythmia occurrence. This protective effect could be responsible of differences observed during the swim test
Roy, Alexandre. "Beurre ALC, trans ou ordinaire ? : de la modulation nutritionnelle des acides gras trans du lait chez la vache, aux effets sur des paramètres liés au risque de Syndrome métabolique, chez le lapin." Dijon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DIJOS023.
Full textA butter enriched, through dietary manipulation in dairy cows, in rumenic acid (RA, cis9,trans11-C18:2, the major isomer of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in milk fat) has been shown to exhibit anti-carcinogenic properties in rodents. Increasing milk fat level of RA systematically results in enhanced levels of vaccenic acid (VA, 11trans-C18:1), and in some cases of trans10-C18:1, and decreased saturated fatty acids (FA). Trans and saturated FA being associated with Metabolic Syndrome (MS) risk, consequences upon this risk of changes in milk FA composition had to be studied. The primary objective of this work was to determine the changes in milk fat CLA and trans-C18:1 isomers, occurring during plant oil supplementation of 3 different basal diets. The 2 maize silage-based diets supplemented with sunflower oil resulted in transitory increase milk fat RA and VA levels, while the hay-based diet supplemented with linseed oil resulted in time-stable enhancement of these FA. Moreover, time-dependent changes in milk fat CLA isomers were different according to the type of oil-supplemented diet, and trans10,cis12 and trans9,cis11-CLA, and trans10-C18:1 isomers could have anti-lipogenic activities on mammary gland. In addition, this study allowed us to determine the days to collect of the richest milk, either in RA and VA, or in trans10-C18:1. Thus, corresponding butters (RA/VA and T10, respectively) were made. The effects of these butters on MS parameters (plasma lipids, aortic fatty streak, lipogenic enzyme activities in liver and adipose tissue (AT) have been compared to those of a standard butter. The T10 butter caused marked dyslipemia, while the RA/VA butter had no effect and would tend to reduce aortic fatty streak development. The 2 experimental butters exhibited anti-lipogenic activities in AT. In conclusion, further studies in human and rodents are needed to confirm i) the neutral effect of the AR plus AV-rich butter on MS parameters, and ii) the detrimental effects of trans10-C18:1. Conclusions, which will be drawn from these studies, will define further research directions on the effects of dietary factors in cows on milk FA composition
Medimagh, Sassi. "Optimisation du dosage des acides gras à courtes chaînes (AGCC) par CPG selon la technique espace de tête." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P160.
Full textChainier, François. "Effets des acides gras alimentaires sur l'énergétique mitochondriale du caneton de Barbarie : comparaison avec l'effet de l'acclimatation au froid." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10208.
Full textBisson, Julie. "Effet de la gélatine de poisson ajoutée à un supplément d'acides gras oméga-3 d'origine marine sur la tolérance au glucose chez des sujets résistants à l'insuline." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29248/29248.pdf.
Full textDaniel, Noémie. "Impact des acides gras oméga-3 sur les désordres métaboliques associés à l'obésité : rôle potentiel du microbiote intestinal." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26271.
Full textCaron-Dorval, Dominique. "L'effet du polymorphisme PPARalpha-L162V sur la réponse lipidique à une supplémentation en acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25389.
Full textThe main objective of this master degree project was to examine whether omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids induced changes in cardiovascular disease risks factors are influenced by the PPAR L162V polymorphism. A total of 14 men carriers of the V162 allele and 14 L162 homozygotes were matched according to age and body mass index. All men were supplemented daily with 5g of fish oil during a 6-week period. At screening, both genotype groups were similar for anthropometric indices and plasma lipoprotein/lipid concentrations. Independently of the genotype, the supplementation was associated with a significant decrease in plasma triglyceride and fasting glucose concentrations, diastolic blood pressure and with an increase in total Apolipoprotein B concentrations. A significant genotype-by-diet interaction effect was observed for plasma C-reactive protein concentrations. The PPAR L162V polymorphism may contribute to the interindividual variability in the cardiovascular disease risk factor response to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Bouchard, Thomassin Andrée-Anne. "Impacts de diètes riche en gras et riche en fructose sur le remodelage ventriculaire gauche chez des rats ayant une insuffisance sévère de la valve aortique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27372/27372.pdf.
Full textHenchiri, Chérifa. "Contribution à l'étude des delta-6 et -5 désaturations par les microsomes hépatiques de rat : effets de l'obésité et des acides gras trans (présents dans les huiles chauffées)." Dijon, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987DIJOS034.
Full textLeplaix-Charlat, Laurence. "Effets des acides gras et du cholestérol alimentaires sur le métabolisme des lipides et des lipoprotéines aux niveaux plasmatique et hépatique chez le veau préruminant : conséquences sur la composition lipidique des tissus." Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX30085.
Full textFantini, Elisabeth. "Etude expérimentale des effets des composantes simulées de l'ischémie sur les propriétés physiologiques des myocytes ventriculaires de rat en culture : influence de l'apport en acides gras polyinsaturés de séries N-3 et N-6." Dijon, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990DIJOS005.
Full textPicard-Deland, Éliane. "Les effets combinés d'une protéine de poisson et d'un supplément d'acides gras N-3 d'origine marine sur le profil lipidique et l'inflammation chez des hommes et des femmes résistants à l'insuline." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23134.
Full textGASSER, PATRICK. "Acides gras volatils : aspects physiologiques et role en pathologie digestive ; etude experimentale des effets du butyrate sur la croissance et la differenciation de deux lignees de cellules cancereuses coliques (prob, regb)." Nantes, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NANT102M.
Full textChancharme, Laurent. "LDL denses et physiopathologie de l'athérosclérose : implication des hydropéroxydes lipidiques." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P144.
Full textKaleem, Muhammad. "Effets des produits d'oxydation de l'acide linoléique sur sa biohydrogénation ruminale." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013INPT0042/document.
Full textRuminal biohydrogenation (BH) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) produces some trans FA which can be found in ruminant products. Among them, t11 isomers would be beneficial for human health while t10 isomers are potentially deleterious. In farms, addition of oilseeds to the diet of dairy cows increases these fatty acids in milk. Oilseeds are often heated before incorporation to cow’s diets, to enhance their nutritional value. Experiments investigating effects on t11 isomers content in rumen and milk of cows receiving heated oilseeds provided variable results, but they usually increased t11 isomers and protected PUFA from BH. On the contrary, highly oxidized oil decrease t11 isomers and sometimes increase t10 isomers. Lipid oxidation products generated during heating of oilseeds and oils could be incriminated. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of c9,c12-C18:2 oxidation products on its BH. Protection of PUFA in heated soybeans was linked to aldehydes, mainly hexanal. An increase of t11 isomers was observed with a long and unsaturated aldehyde, the t2,t4-decadienal, due to an inhibition of the last BH step. This effect was concomitant with a modification of bacterial community by t2,t4-decadienal. Hydroperoxides formed during c9,c12-C18:2 heating are 13HPOD and 9HPOD. The increase of t10 isomers in all of our experimentations was systematically linked with 13HPOD. No definitive explanation about the mechanism of action could be proposed, but 13HPOD would most probably act on microbiote since it had no effect on Δ9-isomerase. Our experiments did not explain the decrease of t11 isomers observed with heated oils, which could, at least in part, be due to 13HPOD and 9HPOD, which were able to inhibit Δ12-isomerase Some modifications of ruminal fermentation without measurable alteration of bacterial community abundance, diversity or structure also suggest an action of heated PUFA on bacterial activity
Leblanc, Caroline P. "Effet de la déficience en fer maternelle sur le métabolisme des acides gras essentiels et des éicosanoïdes et sur l'apprentissage spatial et le processus de mémoire de la progéniture chez le cochon d'Inde." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20970.
Full textMies, Frédérique. "Régulation du canal sodium épithélial par les acides gras polyinsaturés n-3." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210514.
Full textLe canal sodium épithélial bloquable par l’amiloride (ENaC) est une protéine intégrale de la membrane apicale des épithéliums impliqués dans l’absorption du sodium. Deux fonctions majeures sont directement liées au fonctionnement d’ENaC. D’une part, la régulation de la balance sodée par le rein et donc de la pression artérielle et d’autre part, la clairance du fluide alvéolaire pulmonaire.
Le transport vectoriel de sel et d’eau à travers ces épithéliums à jonctions serrées repose sur un transport actif de sodium entraînant un flux osmotique d’eau. Ce transport de sodium s’effectue en deux étapes: l’entrée apicale, par diffusion, facilitée via ENaC, et la sortie basolatérale, active, par les pompes Na+/K+ ATPases.
Ces dernières années, un intérêt grandissant est porté sur les acides gras polyinsaturés à longues chaînes de type oméga 3 (PUFAs) et leurs implications dans divers processus physiologiques. Entre autres effets, les PUFAs modulent différents types de canaux ioniques (canaux Na+ dépendant du voltage, Ca++ L-type, K+).
Les études in vivo impliquant un effet à long terme des PUFAs décrivent des mécanismes inhibiteurs. Cependant, lors d’une étude précédente, axée sur la composition lipidique des membranes de cellules rénales en culture et l’influence de l’ajout d’acides gras saturés et insaturés sur le transport du sodium, nous avons constaté que les acides gras polyinsaturés à longues chaînes de type oméga 3 augmentaient la réabsorption du sodium. Ces résultats pourraient être intéressants, car les canaux sodiques de l’épithélium alvéolaire sont en contact direct avec le surfactant, dont la composition lipidique varie en fonction de l’apport alimentaire en PUFAs. Chez les prématurés humains, le syndrome de détresse respiratoire est une des causes les plus fréquentes de mortalité. Dans un certain nombre de cas, on peut restaurer une fonction pulmonaire satisfaisante par l’administration de surfactant.
Dans ce travail, nous avons opté pour une approche fondamentale des mécanismes de régulation du canal sodium épithélial par l’acide eicosapentanoïque (EPA, C 20:5, n-3). Des études électrophysiologiques, biochimiques et d’imagerie cellulaire ont été réalisées sur la lignée cellulaire A6 de rein d’amphibien, qui sert d’épithélium modèle pour l’étude d’ENaC depuis plus de 25 ans. Cette lignée exprime des canaux sodiques très sélectifs et possède des propriétés électrophysiologiques facilitant l’étude de leur régulation.
Ce travail nous a permis de mettre en évidence de nouveaux mécanismes fondamentaux dont la pertinence physiologique et /ou clinique ne pourra être établie qu’en transposant cette étude sur un modèle in vivo, comme nous le proposons dans les perspectives.
Dans le présent travail, nous avons étudié :
1.\
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
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Rodriguez, Annie. "Ontogénèse et caractérisation cinétique des -6 et -5 désaturases du foie foetal humain." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20180.
Full textOseikria, Mouhamad. "Effets et mécanismes d'action d'une supplémentation en acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 sur la qualité ovocytaire, dans le contexte de la production d'embryons chez les vaches laitières." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4006/document.
Full textWe aimed to investigate whether dietary n-3 PUFA, in Prim‘Holstein dairy cattle in lactation, could influence reproductive performance in terms of embryo production. We showed that n-3 PUFA-enriched diet had a tendency to increase the average number of oocyte-cumulus complexes recovered per cow per OPU session. A tendency to increase the average numbers per cow per OPU session of blastocysts and expanded blastocysts with significantly increase of blastocysts of quality 1 and 2 were noted in the n-3 group compared to the n-6 group. Similarly, the rate of blastocysts, expanded blastocysts and blastocysts of quality 1 and 2 were significantly increased in the n-3 group compared to the n-6 group. We also showed that the addition of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3) at low concentration (1μM) during IVM of bovine oocytes increased cleavage rate, blastocyst rate and embryo quality. DHA and free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4) agonist TUG- 891 (1 or 5 μM) supplied during IVM similarly improved in vitro embryo development, suggesting that FFAR4 may, at least partially, mediate DHA beneficial effects on OCC, through activation of signaling pathways
Lerch, Sylvain. "Supplémentation en colza ou en lin de rations à base d’herbe chez la vache laitière durant deux lactations consécutives : effets sur les performances zootechniques et la composition fine en acides gras du lait." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF22238/document.
Full textAddition of oilseed supplements to dairy cow diets for 1 to 3 months may improve the milk nutritional quality, but detrimental effects on animal performance may also occur. However, data is scarce on long-term effects of these nutritional strategies. The objective of this thesis was to quantify the effects of extruded linseed and three forms of rapeseed-derived supplements on dairy cow performance and detailed milk fatty acid composition, during 2 consecutive lactations. Basal diet was conserved grass during winter and pasture during summer. Oilseed supplements effects persist within each period (winter and summer) and are repeatable between the 2 summer periods. Long-term effects observed over 2 consecutive lactations are similar to those observed during short-term (1 to 3 months) studies. These oilseed-derived supplements not improve dairy cow performance, but decrease the milk protein content in some instances, especially during winter period. Nevertheless, oilseed supplementations reduce milk saturated fatty acid content and increase milk content in oleic acid and with linseed in α-linolenic acid. Such changes could be considered as an improvement of the milk nutritional quality. However, extruded linseed and fat-rich rapeseed meal increase milk trans fatty acid content, and oilseed supplements often decrease milk rumenic acid at pasture. Isomer distribution of cis and trans unsaturated fatty in milk fat is dependent on the oilseed nature and diet starch content, but not on the rapeseed form. However, rapeseed form modifies the magnitude of observed effects. Furthermore, the detailed analyses of milk fatty acid profile allowed to explore conjugated linoleic and linolenic fatty acids metabolism, and their relationship with mammary lipogenesis
Huang, Bing. "Réponses physiologiques et biochimiques à une limitation nutritive en phosphore ou en azote sur la réorientation métabolique des lipides polaires chez différentes espèces de microalgues marines." Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA1021/document.
Full textBetaine lipids (BL) are P-free polar lipids, conversely to phospholipids (PL). The metabolic reorientation induced by phosphorus (P) limitation in microalgae producing BL (Tisochrysis lutea and Diacronema lutheri, Haptophyta) or producing low levels of BL (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Bacillariophyta) was compared to that induced by nitrogen (N) limitation. The carbon destiny and flow in different biosynthetic pathways were studied with a multidisciplinary approach. P or N limitation differently affected carbon metabolism according to microalgal species. P limitation highly decreased photosynthetic activity and respiration of P. tricornutum and T. lutea. Consequently, carbon accumulation was higher than under N limitation in these two species. Both limitations stimulated the synthesis of neutral lipids and / or carbohydrates. Replacement of PL by BL was observed in P. tricornutum under P limitation. This result is in agreement with a transcription increase of the gene encoding BL synthase. On the other hand, this limitation did not modify BL contents in reference with carbon in T. lutea or D. lutheri. Fatty acid composition of the different lipid classes was modified according to the microalgal species and the limiting nutrient. Particular attention was paid to the fatty acids of the omega-3 series, notably eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 ω3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 ω3), the proportions of which vary according to the limiting element, species and lipid class. The increase in the production of neutral lipids and / or polar lipids, especially betaine lipids, rich in DHA and / or EPA induced by nutritive stress suggests a valorization of these molecules of interest in various areas including nutrition and health
Bergeron, Karen. "Rôle des phospholipides membranaires des muscles sur l'anabolisme protéique du porcelet nouveau-né." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23645/23645.pdf.
Full textThifault, Elisabeth. "Les effets de l'âge, du sexe, de l'indice de masse corporelle et du génotype de l'APOE sur les facteurs de risque cardiovasculaires suite à une supplémentation en acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24342.
Full textThe goal of this nutritional intervention was to test the interindividual variability observed in the metabolic response to an omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supplementation. Two hundred and ten subjects (97 men and 113 women) completed the intervention. A supplementation with five grams of fish oil, providing 3 grams of n-3 per day (1.9 to 2.2g EPA + 1.1g DHA) has been administered for a 6-week period following a 2-week run-in period where nutritional recommendations were established. After the intervention, a significant decrease in blood triglyceride (TG) levels was observed. In addition, the results of this study suggest that age, sex, body mass index, and APOE genotype may be identified as potential contributions to important cardiovascular disease risk factors in response to an n-3 PUFA supplementation.
Mayer, Claire. "Effets préventifs des micro-algues marines et de leurs molécules bioactives sur le syndrome métabolique et l’obésité." Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA1036.
Full textMetabolic syndrome is a pathophysiological state, including hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and abdominal obesity as the main metabolic risk factors. This syndrome can also be associated with inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress and nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis (NAFLD). Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega 3 PUFA) from fish oils exert protective effects against metabolic disorders associated with obesity. In an unfavourable economic and environmental context of fish oil production, marine microalgae could be an alternative source of omega 3 PUFA and have an interest for human nutrition. The objective of this work was to study the impact of the marine microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Phaeo), Tisochrysis lutea (Tiso) and Diacronema lutheri (Dia), used as food supplement, at a dose of 12%, in high-fat fed Wistar rats. The effects of extracts of total lipids and carotenoids from Phaeo were studied in vitro on palmitate-treated human hepatic HepG2 cells to mimic NAFLD. In vivo, the three studied microalgae have preventive effects on metabolic disturbances associated with the metabolic syndrome, with a greater efficiency for Phaeo. In vitro, the study demonstrated the preventive effect of lipid and carotenoid extracts from Phaeo, in the hepatic accumulation of triglycerides and cholesterol
Colin, Julie. "Le vieillissement membranaire cérébral : conséquences fonctionnelles et protection par les acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3 alimentaires." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0078/document.
Full textOne of the marked societal phenomena in recent decades is the aging of populations due to continually increasing lifespans and as a result, a considerable surge in the number and proportion of elderly, particularly in Western countries. In this demographic context, the rise of chronic diseases related to aging, including Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia, has become a major public health issue. The impact of modifiable environmental factors, evolution of the pathogenic mechanisms involved, and the lack of curative treatments illustrates the need for the development of interventions to prevent or delay the onset of these aging-related diseases. The present work demonstrates the importance of using age-adapted study models and experimental methods with the goal towards slowing or delaying age-related deleterious processes. Secondly, our results have identified membranes as an essential part for normal brain function. The composition and architectural changes in the neuronal membranes of elderly mice disrupt their functionality and reduce neuroprotective responsiveness such as those sought by anti-Alzheimer’s therapies. We also observed similar pro-aging-type changes in brain membranes of dyslipidemic mice fed a high-fat diet. Thus, disturbances of lipid homeostasis are correlated with an increased risk of developing aging-related cardiovascular and metabolic as well as neurodegenerative diseases. We finally demonstrated the preventive potential of dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid, the most abundant long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in the brain, and observed its ability to restore a neuroprotective response that was impaired in older mice
Benistant, Christophe. "Transport plasmatique et cellulaire des acides gras chez les oiseaux développant une thermogenèse sans frisson : étude comparée chez le caneton de Barbarie acclimaté au froid et le poussin de manchot royal en conditions naturelles." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10308.
Full textLerch, Sylvain. "Supplémentation en colza ou en lin de rations à base d'herbe chez la vache laitière durant deux lactations consécutives : effets sur les performances zootechniques et la composition fine en acides gras du lait." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00769944.
Full textBaril-Gravel, Lisa. "Étude de l'impact de différentes huiles sur les biomarqueurs inflammatoires chez des sujets à risque de maladies cardiovasculaires." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29578/29578.pdf.
Full textEzanno, Hélène. "Fonctions physiologiques et cellulaires de l’acide myristique chez le rat : étude comparée des effets des acides gras saturés alimentaires et étude cellulaire de la myristoylation N-terminale de la dihydrocéramide 4-désaturase (DES) et de l’E3-ligase Mahogunin ring finger 1 (MGRN1)." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NSARI068.
Full textThe physiological and cellular metabolism and functions of the saturated fatty acids are not yet wellknown. Therefore, it is necessary to study saturated fatty acids separately to improve the knowledge about them. Among them, we are particularly interested in studying myristic acid, which is able to regulate several metabolic pathways by acylating proteins. This is the N-terminal myristoylation. To study thoroughly the effects of saturated fatty acids and myristic acid on the organism, physiological and molecular experiments have been realized during this thesis. The first epidemiological studies described in the literature showed that dietary saturated fatty acids, supplied in excess, had negative effects for health because they were positively correlated with the increase of the mortality due to the cardiovascular diseases. However, no negative association was observed when they are supplied at moderated quantities. Our results showed that diets supplemented with butterfat (which supply moderate quantity of saturated fatty acids, less than 10% of the total energy intake) significantly decrease cholesterolemia in the rat, compared to diets with olive oil, known as neutral concerning the cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, the butterfat improves the bioavailability of the n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids of rat tissues. We have however not identified the saturated fatty acid of the dairy fat which is responsible for these positive effects in the rat. Myristic acid is able to regulate many cellular mechanisms by the myristoylation of proteins. First, we evaluated its impact in the sphingolipid biosynthesis by studying the dihydroceramide 4-desaturase (DES) in cultured rat hepatocytes. Our results showed that, among the tested fatty acids, myristic acid only increases, weakly but significantly, the native DES activity. This effect is probably due to the myristoylation of DES and has for consequences to induce apoptosis. Then, we investigated new myristoylated proteins, to discover other metabolic pathways which could be regulated by myristic acid. The study reveals the myristoylation of an enzyme which is involved in the ubiquitine-proteasome system: the E3-ligase, named Mahogunin ring finger 1 (MGRN1). Our results showed that there are two isoforms of MGRN1 in the rat: MGRN1(-12)S and MGRN1(+12)S, which are both myristoylated in vivo. The effects of the myristoylation on its function are still preliminary results. But, we showed that the myristoylation could modify the subcellular localization of MGRN1, because the recombinant wild-type myristoylable form seems to be excluded from the nucleus, whereas the mutated non-myristoylable form is mainly in this organelle. The results obtained during this thesis show the physiological and cellular functions of the saturated fatty acids, and particularly the importance of the myristic acid in essential pathways of cellular regulations, through its function of myristoylation. Key
Grasland, Sylvie. "Les méthodes d'évaluation "in vivo", "in vitro" et en cultures cellulaires des capteurs de radicaux libres." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P261.
Full textCerrato, Giulia. "Oleate : An Atypical Cellular Stress Inducer That Stalls Protein Secretion Oleate-Induced Aggregation of LC3 at the Trans-Golgi Network Is Linked to a Protein Trafficking Blockade A Genome-Wide RNA Interference Screen Disentangles the Golgi Tropism of LC3 Live Cell Imaging of LC3 Dynamics." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASL023.
Full textDistinct classes of fatty acids (FAs) (saturated or cis-/trans-unsaturated carbon chains) impact on cellular and organismal physiology in a different manner. Interestingly, these diverse categories have a profound (but different) effect on autophagy, the conserved intracellular degradation mechanism that maintains energy homeostasis and protects cells against stress. Oleate, the most abundant endogenous and dietary cis-unsaturated FA, has the atypical property to induce the redistribution of the LC3 protein (peculiar sign of autophagy) in a non-canonical fashion and preferentially to the Golgi apparatus. Intrigued by these observations, which might be related to the health-improving effects of cis-unsaturated FAs (and the notorious toxicity of trans-unsaturated and saturated FAs), we decided to explore the mechanisms causing the oleate-induced relocation of LC3 to the Golgi apparatus. To achieve this goal, a robotized RNA interference genome-wide screen led to the identification of multiple genes involved in the Golgi-related protein transport, as well as in the integrated stress response. Follow-up experiments revealed that oleate affected the subcellular morphology of the Golgi apparatus, correlating with a blockade of conventional (Golgi-dependent) protein secretion that caused secretory cargo to be stalled at the level of the trans-Golgi network. The inhibition of protein secretion was observed using several experimental systems, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, a systematic screen searching for other chemical entities that mimic the oleate-induced cellular effects led to the identification of several compounds belonging to rather different pharmacological classes. These “oleate mimetics” also shared with oleate the capacity to block conventional protein secretion, supporting the notion that this pathway of Golgi perturbation is indeed of pharmacological relevance. In conclusion, this research work shows that oleate represents a class of molecules that act on the Golgi apparatus to cause the recruitment of LC3 and to stall protein secretion
Nguyen, Anh Dung. "Elaboration of an innovative protocol for measuring the mechanical properties of cell membranes for medical diagnostic and therapeutic applications." Thesis, Le Mans, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LEMA1006.
Full textMeasurement of the mechanical properties of the membranes surrounding living cells could reveal/reflect their physiological state, pathological condition, or the influence of an external agent such as a drug or virus, or also, the response to stimulation or a therapeutic protocol. The main techniques for measuring these properties have many limitations, particularly in terms of quality, reliability, speed of measurement and number of acquisitions. This thesis focuses on the use of the Circular Mode Atomic Force Microscopy or CM-AFM in liquid media for applications in the field of Health. This mode is obtained by modifying the electronics of an AFM to generate a sliding contact in a circular relative motion. Coupled with the AFM force spectroscopy mode (i.e. the application of a vertical movement to the tip), the MC-AFM allows access, in a single measurement procedure and performed under steady state conditions (continuous displacement at constant speed), to numerous mechanical properties of the biological membrane, some of which are inaccessible by conventional AFM procedures.The main objective of this PhD project is to develop a series of protocols and adapt the MC-AFM to measure the mechanical properties of complex biological objects. Once the protocols have been validated using red blood cells, their interest for applications in the field of Life science is demonstrated by (1) studying the influence of original microalgae-based nutritional protocols on the mechanical properties of red blood cell membranes and (2) for studying the effect of a phytosterol-based treatment on breast cancer cells. These protocols are also useful to better understand the physiological mechanisms involved, and/or the role of the molecules constituting the membrane on the evolution of mechanical properties