Academic literature on the topic 'Acidifikace'

<p align="center"><strong>A</strong><strong>b</strong><strong>s</strong><strong>t</strong><strong>ra</strong><strong>k</strong></p><p>Tulisan ini bertujuan menguji pengaturan hukum lingkungan internasional mengenai kebijakan pengurangan pengasaman (<em>a</em><em>cidification</em>) dan menganalisis peran rejim internasional dalam pengurangan pengasaman di Eropa. Hukum Lingkungan Internasional telah menetapkan Konvensi Internasional tentang Polusi Udara Jarak Jauh Lintas Batas Negara beserta beberapa Protokol. Protokol yang paling baru adalah protokol untuk mengurangi pengasaman eutrofikasi, dan ozone level dasar. Protokol ini menetapkan batasan emisi tahun 2010 bagi empat polutan, yaitu: belerang (sulphur), Nitrogen Oksida (NOx), Senyawa Organik Volatil (VOCs), dan Ammonia. Selain itu, protokol ini juga menetapkan nilai batasan yang ketat untuk sumber emisi yang khusus serta mensyaratkan penggunaan teknologi terbaik yang tersedia. Pada level regional Eropa, Uni Eropa telah mengadopsi directives kebijakan-kebijakan udara dan secara terus menerus menginisiasi pengembangan strategi <em>acidification </em>untuk memberantas acidifikasi dan eutrofikasi. Kedua rejim, CLRTAP dan kebijakan udara Uni Eropa dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi proses acidifikasi di Eropa. Kedua rejim berfungsi secara timbal balik dan saling melengkapi dan terimplementasi dengan baik di Eropa. Hal ini terbukti bahwa proses acidifikasi dapat dikurangi. Konsekwensinya meningkatkan kualitas udara di wilayah Eropa. Jelas bahwa hukum lingkungan internasional dapat saling melengkapi hukum regional dan berperan dalam pengurangan acidifikasi di Eropa.</p><p><strong>Kata Kunci: </strong>Hukum Lingkungan Internasional, acidifikasi, Uni Eropa</p><p align="center"><strong><em>A</em></strong><strong><em>b</em></strong><strong><em>s</em></strong><strong><em>t</em></strong><strong><em>r</em></strong><strong><em>a</em></strong><strong><em>c</em></strong><strong><em>t</em></strong></p><p><em>T</em><em>his article examines the international environmental governance regarding abating acidification policy and analyses the role of the international regime in abating the acidification in Europe. International environ- mental law has been established the Convention of Long Range Trans boundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) as well as its protocols. The recent protocol is Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground- level Ozone which sets emission ceilings for 2010 for four pollutants; sulfur, NOx, volatile organic com- pounds (VOCs) and ammonia. In addition, it sets tight limit values for specific emission sources and requires best available technologies to be used. The European Union adopted Air policies Directives and simultaneously initiated the development of an Acidification Strategy for combating acidification and eutrophi- cation. Both of these regimes; CLRTAP and its protocols and the EU Air policy, might be used to abate the acidification in Europe. These regimes serve a reciprocal function and are well implemented in Europe. There is a proof that the acidification in lakes and streams is decreased. The consequence is the improve- ment of the air quality. It is clearly shown that the regimes play the major role in abating the acidification process in Europe.</em></p><p><strong><em>KEY WORDS: </em></strong><em>International Environmental Law, Acidification, European </em><em>Union</em></p>

Acidic atmospheric deposition and acidification of soil and water on the Earth's surface, due to emissions of sulfur and nitrogen into the atmosphere, have led to drastic changes in the composition of surface waters and their biota in many regions of the world over the last century. The number of species and biomass of phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos were reduced, or some components (zooplankton, zoobenthos, fish) became extinct. In the Jizera Mountains (Northern Bohemia, Czech Republic), the man-made acidification has always been combined with a natural acidity (dystrophy) of waters, caused by a high amount of organic acids. Despite a strong recovery of water chemistry from acidification, that has started in the 1990s, biological recovery is delayed and much more complex. This master thesis is a study of the succession of zooplankton (crustaceans) in mountain reservoirs Souš, Bedřichov and Josefův Důl after decades of strong acidification. Biological recovery from acidification has been in progress differently in the drinking water reservoir Souš, which has long been limed, in the Bedřichov reservoir with naturally high content of organic material, and in the drinking water reservoir Josefův Důl, which is the largest and deepest one and which was most affected by acidification. Recovery of...

Mountain Lakes in Bohemian forest are currently undergoing a process of acidification. In spite of the rapid improvement of chemistry, the biological recovery is considerably delayed. This state may be due to a number of factors, such as persistent periodic pH fluctuations and hence increased aluminum leaching, phosphorus limitation, resistance of acid-tolerant communities, or limited opportunities for spreading from surrounding sites or damage to the egg bank. With the delay in improving the chemical composition of water gradually comes the improvement of the biological state, which manifests in the first phase by increasing the abundance of the existing species, in the second by increasing the number of species. In addition to the fish, it seems that the largest filtering dwarfs of the genus Daphnia are returned. In spite of their efforts to accelerate their return in the natural experiment by repatriating the species Cyclops abyssorum and Daphnia longispina to Plešné Lake in 2004, the wildebeests did not enjoy the new locality. Still, after almost ten years, individual individuals of this kind were found in lake litoral. This diploma thesis builds on the research of the Bohemian forest lakes, which is going on for almost 150 years. The zooplankton's response to changes in chemistry was studied...

TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand) became known for its ability to selectively eliminate cancer cells. This ligand is a member of the TNF (tumor necrosis factor) ligands family and triggers extrinsic apoptotic pathway by binding of its death receptor 4 or 5 (DR4/5), and subsequent formation of death-inducing signalling complex (DISC). This signalling complex is required for successful transmission of apoptotic signal and activation of proximal caspases. However, regulation of the initial steps leading to activation of caspases is still not fully understood. Endocytosis of a TRAIL- DR4/5-DISC complex can be one of modulators of the initiation of extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Recent studies show controversial data documenting that endocytosis of TRAIL receptosomes can in cell type specific manner either positively or negatively influence TRAIL-induced apoptotic signalling. In this study, we focus on the analysis of a role of endocytosis and acidification of endosomal compartments during TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cell lines. Our results support the view that both clathrin-dependent endocytosis of TRAIL receptosome and endosomal acidification positively affect activation of caspases during the early stages of TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of endocytosis or endosomal...

The aims of the thesis were to compare chemistry of the Černá Nisa stream in the Jizera Mountains (Northern Bohemia, Czech Republic) at the end of the era of strong anthropogenic acidification (in the mid-1990s) and in the period of the recent intensive chemical and biological recovery from acidification, and to study the present biota of the stream. During the year 2008, physical and chemical parameters of the water were studied, the species and age composition of ichthyofauna, and the quality and quantity of macrozoobenthos - the main component of the food for fish. Special attention was paid to the content of toxic metals (Be, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, Hg) in the water, main representatives of benthic organisms, and in selected tissues of brook charr. The comparison of the water chemistry with results from the years 1994, 1996, and 1997 showed a decrease in acidification, despite the unstable chemical climate during the seasons, and sulphate and nitrate concentrations still high. Since the mid 1990s, the stream has been inhabited by a stable population of brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis), a non-native, highly acid-tolerant species, which is now dominating there. At present, also a stable population of a native species, common minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus), occurs in the stream....

This thesis deals with actual (pH/H2O) and exchange (pH/KCl) soil reaction and the humus content in 30 locations of soil in Rosicko. Samples for a determination of a pH and humus were taken in autumn in 2013 as damaged from topsoil and subsoil. In this thesis are included basic informations about soil reaction and humus, how they are determinated and about methods of evaluation measured values. By measuring was found, that actual soil reaction on monitored area we judge like immature alkaline, exchange soil reaction like immature acid. Average content of humus in Rosicko's topsoils are soils medium humous, by average content of humus in subsoils are soils gently humous. Statistical evaluation showed, that effect of topsoil and subsoil in pH/H2O and content of humus is statistically significant. The effect of topsoil and subsoil in pH/KCl is statistically inconclusive.