Journal articles: 'Acidity and Al tolerance'

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Laenoi, Suwannee, Nattinee Phattarakul, Sansanee Jamjod, Narit Yimyam, Bernard Dell, and Benjavan Rerkasem. "Genotypic variation in adaptation to soil acidity in local upland rice varieties." Plant Genetic Resources 13, no. 3 (September 11, 2014): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262114000896.

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Local upland rice germplasm is an invaluable resource for farmers who grow rice on acidic soils without flooding that benefits wetland rice. In this study, we evaluated the adaptation to soil acidity in common local upland rice varieties from an area with acidic soil in Thailand. Tolerance to hydrogen and aluminium (Al) toxicity was determined by measuring root growth, plant dry weight and phosphorus (P) uptake in aerated solution culture without the supplementation of Al (0 mg/l) at pH 7 and 4 and with the supplementation of 10, 20 and 30 mg Al/l at pH 4. The root growth of upland rice plants grown from farmers' seed was depressed less by Al than that of common wetland rice varieties. Pure-line genotypes of upland rice varieties were differentiated into several classes of Al tolerance, with frequency distribution of the classes that sometimes differed between the accessions of the same varieties. The effect of Al tolerance on root length was closely correlated with depression by Al in root dry weight and whole-plant P content. A source for adaptation to soil acidity for exploitation in the genetic improvement of aerobic and rainfed rice is clearly found among local upland rice varieties grown on acidic soils. However, the variation in tolerance to soil acidity within and among the seed lots of the same varieties maintained by individual farmers as well as among the varieties needs to be taken into consideration.

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Khabaz-Saberi, Hossein, Susan J. Barker, and Zed Rengel. "Tolerance to ion toxicities enhances wheat grain yield in acid soils prone to drought and transient waterlogging." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 9 (2014): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14011.

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The ion toxicities of aluminium (Al), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) induced in transiently waterlogged acid soils decrease root and shoot growth and grain yield more in intolerant than tolerant wheat genotypes. Whether these tolerances might also enhance grain yield in moisture-limited acid soils is not known. Wheat genotypes contrasting in ion toxicity tolerances (differing 6-fold for Al, 14-fold for Mn and 2.7-fold for Fe tolerance, quantified via relative root length (Al) or relative root dry weight (Mn and Fe)), but otherwise having a similar yield potential and maturity, were evaluated in plots with and without lime in multi-location field experiments (including two dry and one non-moisture-limiting site) in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Liming reduced surface soil acidity, and increased grain yield more in ion-toxicity tolerant than intolerant genotypes. The combined adverse effect of soil acidity and drought reduced relative grain yield less in Al- and Mn-tolerant genotypes (68%, 2347 kg ha–1) than intolerant genotypes (76%, 2861 kg ha–1) in drought-stressed environments. It appears that a deep root system to allow uptake of water from deep horizons in acidic soils with a dry surface layer is contingent on tolerance to multiple ion toxicities.

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Fageria, N. K., O. P. Morais, M. C. S. Carvalho, and J. M. Colombari Filho. "Upland Rice Genotype Evaluations for Acidity Tolerance." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 46, no. 9 (March 6, 2015): 1076–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2015.1018525.

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Tang, C., M. Nuruzzaman, and Z. Rengel. "Screening wheat genotypes for tolerance of soil acidity." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 5 (2003): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02116.

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A soil-based screening method was used to test tolerance of wheat genotypes to acidity. Plants were grown for 6 days in an acid soil with the pH adjusted to 3.9–5.8. The number and length of roots were measured. To validate the method, 12 wheat cultivars of known acidity tolerance and one acid-sensitive barley cultivar were grown on an acid soil in the field with or without amelioration of subsoil acidity. The relative yields of these wheat genotypes on the soil with subsoil acidity ranged from 50 to 89% of yields on soil without subsoil acidity, and were correlated with root growth parameters obtained in the glasshouse. The best correlation was obtained between relative yields in the field (y) and root length per plant (x) at pH 3.9 in the glasshouse (y = –43 + 52*log x, r = 0.95) or root length per plant at pH 3.9 as a percentage of root length at pH 4.8 (y = 1.2 + 46*log x, r = 0.94). Following validation of the glasshouse screening method in the field, 115 wheat genotypes, including cultivars and breeding lines, were screened in the glasshouse. A substantial genotypic variation in acidity tolerance was found, with root length per plant at pH 3.9 ranging from 66 to > 350 mm. Many Western Australian breeding lines displayed better tolerance than existing tolerant wheat cultivars. The screening system can be instrumental in breeding wheat for increased tolerance to acid soils.

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Ballard, Ross A., and David M. Peck. "Sensitivity of the messina (Melilotus siculus)–Sinorhizobium medicae symbiosis to low pH." Crop and Pasture Science 72, no. 9 (2021): 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20292.

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Messina (Melilotus siculus) is a new annual pasture legume with better combined waterlogging and salt tolerance than other annual legumes. Messina cv. Neptune and a new salt-tolerant rhizobial symbiont (Sinorhizobium medicae SRDI-554) were made available to Australian growers in 2017. Messina is related to the annual medics (Medicago spp.) that are nodulated by the same genus of rhizobia and regarded as sensitive to soil acidity. Because some saltland soils are acidic, it is important to understand the sensitivity of messina to soil acidity in order to avoid failures during early adoption. Acidity tolerance of the messina–Sinorhizobium symbiosis was investigated in a hydroponic experiment (inoculation with SRDI-554, or the salt-intolerant strain WSM-1115 recommended for medics), and in three acidic soils (pHCa 4.3–5.5) (inoculation with SRDI-554 ± lime pelleting of seed), in the greenhouse. In the hydroponic experiment, the percentage of messina plants (with SRDI-554) that formed nodules declined at pH levels between 5.7 (43%) and 5.5 (4%). Strain SRDI-554 was slightly more sensitive to acidity than strain WSM-1115. In the acidic soils, more plants formed nodules than in the hydroponic experiment at similar pH levels; however, without lime pelleting, nodule number was inadequate at soil pHCa <5.5. Addition of lime to seed was beneficial to messina nodulation. Nodule number per plant increased from 4.0 to 9.6 with the addition of lime. The messina–Sinorhizobium symbiosis was confirmed as sensitive to low pH. At pHCa 5.5, which is the level recommended as the lower limit for growing messina, nodule number was constrained in both hydroponics and soil. The risk of suboptimal nodulation would be reduced if the recommended lower soil pH limit for growing messina is increased to pHCa 5.8, in line with most annual medics. Efforts to improve the acidity tolerance of the messina symbiosis would be best focused on the rhizobial symbiont, rather than the plant.

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Fageria, N. K., V. C. Baligar, L. C. Melo, and J. P. de Oliveira. "Differential Soil Acidity Tolerance of Dry Bean Genotypes." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 43, no. 11 (June 2012): 1523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2012.675389.

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Amara, D. S., W. A. Mohjadi, and R. H. Miller. "Tolerance ofRhizobium phaseoli to acidity, aluminium and manganese." MIRCEN Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2, no. 2 (1986): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00933495.

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Aurag, J., and A. Sasson. "Tolerance ofRhizobium leguminosarum bv.phaseoli to acidity and drought." World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 8, no. 5 (September 1992): 532–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01201955.

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Hauck, Markus, and Sascha-René Jürgens. "Usnic acid controls the acidity tolerance of lichens." Environmental Pollution 156, no. 1 (November 2008): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.12.033.

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Schachtman, DP, and WM Kelman. "Potential of Lotus germplasm for the development of salt, aluminium and manganese tolerant pasture plants." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, no. 1 (1991): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9910139.

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As part of a search for alternative legumes adapted to unfavorable edaphic conditions in southern Australian pastures, nineteen accessions from nine Lotus species were tested for tolerance to salinity and/or acidity. Four Trifolium cultivars and two Medicago cultivars with known responses to salinity and acidity were grown as controls. Salt tolerance was assessed in sand culture with NaCl as the predominant salt. The growth of accessions within the species L. maroccanus, L. tenuis, L. angustissimus, L. corniculatus and L. subbbiflorus did not significantly decrease in 120 mol m-3 NaCl. Tolerance to acid soil conditions was assessed in nutrient solutions with aluminium and manganese at pH 4.5. L. pedunculatus cv. Grasslands Maku and an accession of the winter annual, L. purshianus, were tolerant to both aluminium and manganese. The L. corniculatus accessions were intermediate in their tolerance to acidity. The responses of the Trifolium and Medicago cultivars to aluminium, manganese and salinity were similar to known field responses.

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Oliveira, Luiz Antonio de, and Hélio Paracaima de Magalhães. "Quantitative evaluation of acidity tolerance of root nodule bacteria." Revista de Microbiologia 30, no. 3 (July 1999): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37141999000300004.

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Quantification of acidity tolerance in the laboratory may be the first step in rhizobial strain selection for the Amazon region. The present method evaluated rhizobia in Petri dishes with YMA medium at pH 6.5 (control) and 4.5, using scores of 1.0 (sensitive, "no visible" growth) to 4.0 (tolerant, maximum growth). Growth evaluations were done at 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 day periods. This method permits preliminary selection of root nodule bacteria from Amazonian soils with statistical precision. Among the 31 rhizobia strains initially tested, the INPA strains 048, 078, and 671 presented scores of 4.0 at both pHs after 9 days of growth. Strain analyses using a less rigorous criterion (growth scores higher than 3.0) included in this highly tolerant group the INPA strains 511, 565, 576, 632, 649, and 658, which grew on the most diluted zone (zone 4) after 9 days. Tolerant strains still must be tested for nitrogen fixation effectiveness, competitiveness for nodule sites, and soil persistence before their recommendation as inoculants.

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Fageria, N. K., V. C. Baligar, and Y. C. Li. "Differential Soil Acidity Tolerance of Tropical Legume Cover Crops." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 40, no. 7-8 (April 2009): 1148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103620902754127.

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Islam, M. Anowarul, Peter M. Dowling, Paul J. Milham, Lindsay C. Campbell, Brent C. Jacobs, and Denys L. Garden. "Ranking acidity tolerance and growth potential of Austrodanthonia accessions." Grassland Science 52, no. 3 (September 2006): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-697x.2006.00057.x.

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Duque‐Vargas, J., S. Pandey, G. Granados, H. Ceballos, and E. Knapp. "Inheritance of Tolerance to Soil Acidity in Tropical Maize." Crop Science 34, no. 1 (January 1994): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183x003400010009x.

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Pandey, S., H. Ceballos, R. Magnavaca, A. F. C. Bahía Filho, J. Duque‐Vargas, and L. E. Vinasco. "Genetics of Tolerance to Soil Acidity in Tropical Maize." Crop Science 34, no. 6 (November 1994): 1511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183x003400060018x.

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Dilworth, M. J., J. G. Howieson, W. G. Reeve, R. P. Tiwari, and A. R. Glenn. "Acid tolerance in legume root nodule bacteria and selecting for it." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 3 (2001): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99155.

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Bacteria face a variety of problems in trying to survive and grow in acidic environments. These include maintaining intracellular pH (pHi) in order to protect internal cell components, modifying or abandoning those external structures inevitably exposed to acidity, and resisting stresses whose interaction with pH may be the actual determinant of survival or growth rather than H+ toxicity per se. An important aspect of acid resistance in Gram-negative bacteria (including the root nodule bacteria) is the adaptive acid tolerance response (ATR), whereby cells grown at moderately acid pH are much more resistant to being killed under strongly acidic conditions than are cells grown at neutral pH. Survival during pH shock is also markedly affected by the calcium concentration in the medium. The pH at which commercial legume inoculants are grown and supplied for inoculation into acid soils may therefore be of considerable importance for initial inoculant survival. The mechanisms of resistance to acidity in root nodule bacteria have been investigated via 3 approaches: (i) creation of acid-sensitive mutants from acid-tolerant strains, and identification of the genes involved; (ii) random insertion of reporter genes to create mutants with pH-dependent reporter expression; and (iii) proteomics and identification of proteins regulated in response to acidity. The results of the first approach, directed at genes essential for growth at acid pH, have identified a sensor–regulator gene pair (actS–actR), a copper-transporting ATPase (actP), and another gene involved in lipid metabolism (actA), inactivation of which results in sensitivity to heavy metals. While the ActS–ActR system is undoubtedly required for both acid tolerance and the ATR, it is also involved in global regulation of a wide range of cellular processes. The second approach has allowed identification of a range of acid-responsive genes, which are not themselves critical to growth at low pH. One of these (phrR) is itself a regulator gene induced by a range of stresses including acid pH, but not controlled by the ActS–ActR system. Another, lpiA, responds specifically to acidity (not to other stresses) and may well be an antiporter related to nhaB, which is involved in Na+ transport in other bacteria. The third approach indicates a number of proteins whose concentration changes with a switch from neutral to acidic growth pH; most of these seem to have no homologues in the protein databases, while the blocked N-terminal sequences of others have prevented identification. It has been common experience that strains of root nodule bacteria selected for acid tolerance in the laboratory are not necessarily successful as inoculants in acid soils. In the light of the complex interactive effects on growth and survival of H+, Ca2+ and Cu2+ concentrations in our studies, this lack of correlation is no longer surprising. It remains to be seen whether it will be possible to improve the correlation between growth on laboratory media and performance in acid soils by determining which strains show an ATR, and by screening on media with defined ranges of concentration of some of these critical metal ions, perhaps approximating those to be expected in the soils in question.

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Ghimire, Bandana, Thangasamy Saminathan, Abiodun Bodunrin, Venkata Lakshmi Abburi, Arjun Ojha Kshetry, Suhas Shinde, Padma Nimmakayala, and Umesh K. Reddy. "Genome-Wide Association Study of Natural Variation in Arabidopsis Exposed to Acid Mine Drainage Toxicity and Validation of Associated Genes with Reverse Genetics." Plants 10, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020191.

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Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a huge environmental problem in mountain-top mining regions worldwide, including the Appalachian Mountains in the United States. This study applied a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to uncover genomic loci in Arabidopsis associated with tolerance to AMD toxicity. We characterized five major root phenotypes—cumulative root length, average root diameter, root surface area, root volume, and primary root length—in 180 Arabidopsis accessions in response to AMD-supplemented growth medium. GWAS of natural variation in the panel revealed genes associated with tolerance to an acidic environment. Most of these genes were transcription factors, anion/cation transporters, metal transporters, and unknown proteins. Two T-DNA insertion mutants, At1g63005 (miR399b) and At2g05635 (DEAD helicase RAD3), showed enhanced acidity tolerance. Our GWAS and the reverse genetic approach revealed genes involved in conferring tolerance to coal AMD. Our results indicated that proton resistance in hydroponic conditions could be an important index to improve plant growth in acidic soil, at least in acid-sensitive plant species.

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Ritchey, K. D., R. Goenaga, and A. Sotomayor‐Rios. "Rapid evaluation of juvenile sorghum for tolerance to soil acidity." Journal of Plant Nutrition 14, no. 3 (March 1991): 315–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904169109364204.

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Djalovic, Ivica, Ivana Maksimovic, Rudolf Kastori, and Miodrag Jelic. "Mechanisms of adaptation of small grains to soil acidity." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 118 (2010): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1018107d.

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Acid soils limit crop production on 30-40% of the world's arable land and up to 70% of the world's potentially arable land. Over 60% of the total arable lands in Serbia are acid soils. Soil acidity is determined by hydrogen (H+) in soil solution and it is influenced by edaphic, climatic, and biological factors. Major constraints for plant growth on acid mineral soils are toxic concentrations of mineral elements like Al of H+ and/or low mineral nutrient availability due to low solubility (e.g. P and Mo) or low reserves and impaired uptake (e.g. Mg2+) at high H+ concentrations. Aluminum (Al) toxicity is primary factor limiting crop production on acid soils. This review examines our current understanding of mechanisms of Al-toxicity, as well as the physiological and genetic basis for Al-toxicity and tolerance. Inhibition of root growth by Al leads to more shallow root systems, which may affect the capacity for mineral nutrient acquisition and increase the risk of drought stress. Of the two principal strategies (tolerance and avoidance) of plants for adaptation to adverse soil conditions, the strategy of avoidance is more common for adaptation to acid mineral soils. At the same, the short view of the most important genetics tolerance mechanisms, developed and determined in some small grains genotypes, is showed as well.

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Yang, Hongling, Chunyan Ma, Gang Wang, Yonggang Sun, Jie Cheng, Zhongshen Zhang, Xin Zhang, and Zhengping Hao. "Fluorine-enhanced Pt/ZSM-5 catalysts for low-temperature oxidation of ethylene." Catalysis Science & Technology 8, no. 7 (2018): 1988–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cy00130h.

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Kalkhoran, Sanaz Shoghi, David Pannell, Tas Thamo, Maksym Polyakov, and Benedict White. "Optimal lime rates for soil acidity mitigation: impacts of crop choice and nitrogen fertiliser in Western Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 71, no. 1 (2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19101.

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Many agricultural soils are naturally acidic, and agricultural production can acidify soil through processes such as nitrogen (N) fixation by legumes and application of N fertiliser. This means that decisions about mitigation of soil acidity (e.g. through application of lime), crop rotation and N fertiliser application are interdependent. This paper presents a dynamic model to determine jointly the optimal lime application strategies and N application rates in a rainfed cropping system in Western Australia. The model accounts for two crop rotations (with and without a legume break crop), for the acid tolerance of different crop types, and for differences in the acidifying effect of different N fertilisers. Results show that liming is a profitable strategy to treat acidic soils in the study region, but that there are interactions between N and acidity management. Choice of fertiliser affects optimal lime rates substantially, with the use of a more acidifying ammonium-based fertiliser leading to higher lime rates. The optimal liming strategy is also sensitive to inclusion of a legume crop in the rotation, because its fixed N can be less acidifying than fertiliser, and it allows a reduction in fertiliser rates. Higher rainfall zones have greater N leaching, which contributes to a higher optimal rate of lime. We find that injection of lime into the subsoil increases profit. Optimal lime rates in the absence of subsoil incorporation are higher than usual current practice, although the economic gains from increasing rates are small.

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Merga, Misgana, Hussein Mohammed, and Kebebew Assef. "Genetic Variability of Tef [Eragrostis Tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Genotypes for Acid Soil Tolerance." Journal of Agriculture and Crops, no. 59 (September 5, 2019): 162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jac.59.162.171.

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Genetic variability studies provide basic information for breeders to develop different stress-tolerant varieties. In the present study, forty-nine Tef genotypes were evaluated under strong acid soil (pH 4.97) and lime treated (pH 5.90) soils in the lathouse at Assosa Agricultural Research Center in 2017 to estimate the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of various traits of tef genotypes in relation to soil acidity stress. The result indicated that there was high significant (p<0.01) differences among genotypes for all traits under both environments; except for shoot biomass in the combined data analysis. The two environments differed significantly in their effect on all traits except on plant height, panicle length, culm length, total and fertile tillers and number of primary branches, although environment contribution to total TSS was less than 10% in 13 of the 17 traits studied; its high contribution was to harvest index (42.6%) and grain yield pot-1 (32.5%). Big reduction due to soil acidity was recorded for yield of primary panicle (27.78%), grain yield pot-1 (33.85%) and harvest index (35.6%). A contribution of G was from 44.5% in harvest index to 90.5% in panicle length. The GxE interaction was also significant for all traits and it contributed more than 15% in 11 of the traits, indicating inconsistency of performance of genotypes under acidic and lime treated soils. PCV, GCV, and GAM were high (>20%) for fertile tillers per plant, panicle weight, yield of primary panicle, grain yield, and harvest index under both acidity levels and in the combined analysis. Heritability was high (>60%) for all traits except for shoot biomass in the combined analysis and lime treated soil. In general, there was wide genetic variability in the traits studied pointing to the possibility of improving the desired traits, including grain yield under both environments and over environments through the selection of elite genotypes.

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Belachew, Kiflemariam Y., and Frederick L. Stoddard. "Screening of faba bean (Vicia fabaL.) accessions to acidity and aluminium stresses." PeerJ 5 (February 8, 2017): e2963. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2963.

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BackgroundFaba bean is an important starch-based protein crop produced worldwide. Soil acidity and aluminium toxicity are major abiotic stresses affecting its production, so in regions where soil acidity is a problem, there is a gap between the potential and actual productivity of the crop. Hence, we set out to evaluate acidity and aluminium tolerance in a range of faba bean germplasm using solution culture and pot experiments.MethodsA set of 30 accessions was collected from regions where acidity and aluminium are or are not problems. The accessions were grown in solution culture and a subset of 10 was grown first in peat and later in perlite potting media. In solution culture, morphological parameters including taproot length, root regrowth and root tolerance index were measured, and in the pot experiments the key measurements were taproot length, plant biomass, chlorophyll concentration and stomatal conductance.ResultResponses to acidity and aluminium were apparently independent. Accessions Dosha and NC 58 were tolerant to both stress. Kassa and GLA 1103 were tolerant to acidity showing less than 3% reduction in taproot length. Aurora and Messay were tolerant to aluminium. Babylon was sensitive to both, with up to 40% reduction in taproot length from acidity and no detectable recovery from Al3+challenge.DiscussionThe apparent independence of the responses to acidity and aluminium is in agreement with the previous research findings, suggesting that crop accessions separately adapt to H+and Al3+toxicity as a result of the difference in the nature of soil parent materials where the accession originated. Differences in rankings between experiments were minor and attributable to heterogeneity of seed materials and the specific responses of accessions to the rooting media. Use of perlite as a potting medium offers an ideal combination of throughput, inertness of support medium, access to leaves for detection of their stress responses, and harvest of clean roots for evaluation of their growth.

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Ingleson, Michael, and Valerio Fasano. "Recent Advances in Water-Tolerance in Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry." Synthesis 50, no. 09 (March 29, 2018): 1783–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1609843.

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A water-tolerant frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) combines a sterically encumbered Lewis acid and Lewis base that in synergy are able to activate small molecules even in the presence of water. The main challenge introduced by water comes from its reversible coordination to the Lewis acid which causes a marked increase in the Brønsted acidity of water. Indeed, the oxophilic Lewis acids typically used in FLP chemistry form water adducts whose acidity can be comparable to that of strong Brønsted acids such as HCl, thus they can protonate the Lewis base component of the FLP. Irreversible proton transfer quenches the reactivity of both the Lewis acid and the Lewis base, precluding small molecule activation. This short review discusses the efforts to overcome water-intolerance in FLP systems, a topic that in less than five years has seen significant progress.1 Introduction2 Water-Tolerance (or Alcohol-Tolerance) in Carbonyl Reductions3 Water-Tolerance with Stronger Bases4 Water-Tolerant Non-Boron-Based Lewis Acids in FLP Chemistry5 Conclusions

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Bounejmate, M., and AD Robson. "Differential tolerance of genotypes of Medicago truncatula to low pH." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, no. 3 (1992): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9920731.

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Growth and nodulation of five Moroccan ecotypes of Medicago truncatula Gaertn. Collected from soils of different pH, Medicago truncatula cv. Cyprus and Medicago murex Willd. cv. Zodiac, were compared in soil and solution at different pH values. The seven genotypes tested varied greatly in their ability to grow and nodulate on acid soils. Increasing soil pH from 4.5 to 5.4 increased the shoot dry weight of Cyprus and three M. truncatula ecotypes but not Zodiac and two M. truncatula ecotypes. Cultivar Cyprus, with a shoot dry weight at pH 4.5 only 58% of that at pH 5.4, was the most affected by acidity. Nodulation was the most sensitive step as nodule numbers decreased with increasing acidity for sensitive genotypes. Several genotypes were more able to nodulate at low pH than the commercial cultivar Cyprus. Acid tolerance was not restricted to genotypes occurring naturally in acid soils.

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Wood, M., and J. E. Cooper. "Screening clover and Lotus rhizobia for tolerance of acidity and aluminium." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 17, no. 4 (January 1985): 493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(85)90016-1.

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Kuswantoro, Heru, Andy Wijanarko, Dany Setyawan, Eddy William, Ahmad Dadang, and I. Made Jana Mejaya. "Soybean germplasms evaluation for acid tidal swamp tolerance using selection index." International Journal of Plant Biology 1, no. 2 (June 15, 2010): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/pb.2010.e11.

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Availability of fertile land on the island of Java in Indonesia decreases due to the shifting from agricultural land to non-agricultural land. Hence, an extensification of soybean culture to outer Java suboptimal land areas is needed, such as tidal swamp which occupies approximately 20.192 million hectares. The main limitations in this soil are soil acidity, Fe toxicity and excess water. To develop soybean varieties tolerant to acid tidal swamp, tolerant soybean gene resources are needed. Hence, glasshouse and field experiments were carried out to identify tolerant gene resources. The glasshouse experiment has been conducted using 185 genotypes of germplasm at the Indonesian Legume and Tuber Crops Research Institute, Malang, East Java. Selection was carried out by using a selection index method. The glasshouse experiment was followed by field experiment at the Belandean research station, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, using the best 17 genotypes selected from the glasshouse trial. Results showed that there was variability of response of each genotype to acidity and Fe toxicity. Therefore, assessment of soybean tolerance to acidity and Fe toxicity should be conducted by root growth. Based on selection index criteria, varieties of Lawit and Menyapa served as check tolerant varieties and showed lower growth than the 17 selected genotypes. In the field experiment, genotype MLGG 1087 was identified as the most tolerant and can serve as a gene resource tolerant to acid tidal swamp because it has the highest relative root growth on root dry weight, and the highest average of root and shoot dry weight.

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Yang, Lin-Tong, Yi-Ping Qi, Huan-Xin Jiang, and Li-Song Chen. "Roles of Organic Acid Anion Secretion in Aluminium Tolerance of Higher Plants." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/173682.

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Approximately 30% of the world’s total land area and over 50% of the world’s potential arable lands are acidic. Furthermore, the acidity of the soils is gradually increasing as a result of the environmental problems including some farming practices and acid rain. At mildly acidic or neutral soils, aluminium(Al) occurs primarily as insoluble deposits and is essentially biologically inactive. However, in many acidic soils throughout the tropics and subtropics, Al toxicity is a major factor limiting crop productivity. The Al-induced secretion of organic acid (OA) anions, mainly citrate, oxalate, and malate, from roots is the best documented mechanism of Al tolerance in higher plants. Increasing evidence shows that the Al-induced secretion of OA anions may be related to the following several factors, including (a) anion channels or transporters, (b) internal concentrations of OA anions in plant tissues, (d) temperature, (e) root plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase, (f) magnesium (Mg), and (e) phosphorus (P). Genetically modified plants and cells with higher Al tolerance by overexpressing genes for the secretion and the biosynthesis of OA anions have been obtained. In addition, some aspects needed to be further studied are also discussed.

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Getahun, Alemayehu, Diriba Muleta, Fassil Assefa, and Solomon Kiros. "Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Isolated from Degraded Habitat Enhance Drought Tolerance of Acacia (Acacia abyssinica Hochst. ex Benth.) Seedlings." International Journal of Microbiology 2020 (October 29, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8897998.

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Drought stress (DS) is the most impacting global phenomenon affecting the ecological balance of a particular habitat. The search for potential plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) capable of enhancing plant tolerance to drought stress is needed. Thus, this study was initiated to evaluate the effect of inoculating Acacia abyssinica seedlings with PGPR isolated from rhizosphere soil of Ethiopia to enhance DS tolerance. The strains were selected based on in vitro assays associated with tolerance to drought and other beneficial traits such as salinity, acidity, temperature, heavy metal tolerances, biofilm formation, and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production. The strains with the best DS tolerance ability were selected for the greenhouse trials with acacia plants. The results indicate that out of 73 strains, 10 (14%) were completely tolerant to 40% polyethylene glycol. Moreover, 37% of the strains were strong biofilm producers, while 66 (90.41%) were EPS producers with a better production in the medium containing sucrose at 28 ± 2°C and pH 7 ± 0.2. Strains PS-16 and RS-79 showed tolerance to 11% NaCl. All the strains were able to grow in wider ranges of pH (4–10) and temperature (15–45°C) and had high tolerance to heavy metals. The inoculated bacterial strains significantly ( p ≤ 0.05 ) increased root and shoot length and dry biomass of acacia plants. One of the strains identified as P. fluorescens strain FB-49 was outstanding in enhancing DS tolerance compared to the single inoculants and comparable to consortia. Stress-tolerant PGPR could be used to enhance acacia DS tolerance after testing other phytobeneficial traits.

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Distefano, Robert J., Richard J. Neves, Louis A. Helfrich, and Mark C. Lewis. "Response of the crayfish Cambarus bartonii bartonii to acid exposure in southern Appalachian streams." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 1585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-222.

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Intermolt adult and juvenile Cambarus bartonii bartonii (Fabricius) from southern Appalachian Mountains streams tolerated considerable acidity when acutely exposed to greatly reduced pH levels in laboratory bioassays. Tolerance increased with increasing size or age of crayfish. Ninety-six-hour exposures yielded LC50 values of pH 2.43, 2.56, and 2.85 for adults, advanced juveniles, and early juveniles, respectively. Lowering the water temperature increased the acid tolerance and survival time of intermolt adults during severe acidification (temperatures ranged from 20.2 to 13.3 °C). Acid exposure of intermolt adults in soft water up to 96 h caused a linear decrease in hemolymph [Na]. Hemolymph [Ca] increased through 48 h and then returned to near pre-exposure levels. An initial increase in [K] was followed by a decrease to slightly below pre-exposure levels. Hemolymph [Mg] remained unchanged. No Ca was lost from carapaces. These observations indicate that occasional episodes of higher than normal acidity in southern Appalachian streams are not necessarily a threat to intermolt adult and juvenile C. b. bartonii. Nevertheless, gradually increasing acidity and loss of watershed buffering capacity could produce sublethal effects such as altered reproductive activity, or changes in early life history stages and more sensitive molt cycle stages, that could damage these populations.

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Yumnam, Julia S., Mayank Rai, and Wricha Tyagi. "Allele mining across two low-P tolerant genes PSTOL1 and PupK20-2 reveals novel haplotypes in rice genotypes adapted to acidic soils." Plant Genetic Resources 15, no. 3 (December 8, 2015): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262115000544.

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About 40% of the global arable land is acidic, and in India, majority of these acidic soils are in the north-eastern region. Soil acidity leads to high phosphorus (P) fixation that causes P deficiency; therefore, there is a need to characterize the identified potential donors for acidic soils for P-deficiency tolerance. We evaluated rice genotypes for nucleotide variation in two loci reported for low P tolerance, namely PSTOL1 and PupK20-2. Sequence comparison for PSTOL1 revealed two distinct haplotypes. Genotypes with higher P uptake such as LR 19 and LR 23 had the desired Kasalath-type haplotype, whereas those with lower P uptake such as UR 29 and LR 39 showed a mixed haplotype. A total of four novel nucleotide variations were observed in 3′-UTR (untranslated region). Sequencing of PupK20-2 revealed a total of 28 SNPs and one insertion–deletion, of which 24 SNPs were novel. The discovery of novel SNPs across both PSTOL1 and PupK20-2 suggests the existence of novel haplotypes in genotypes adapted to acidic soil conditions. We reported for the first time the characterization of the donors being used in breeding programmes for acidic soils at the molecular level. The implications in breeding programmes are discussed.

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Bender, R. J., J. K. Brecht, S. A. Sargent, and D. J. Huber. "Mango Tolerance to Reduced Oxygen Levels in Controlled-atmosphere Storage." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 638d—638. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.638d.

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Exposure to hypoxic O2 levels has been reported to result in better epidermal color, higher titratable acidity and soluble solids levels, delayed softening and reduced ethylene production and respiratory activity in many fruit species. Mangoes have been shown to tolerate short term (4 days) exposures to O2 concentrations below 0.5% with beneficial effects on firmness retention and maintenance of ground color. In the present work, `Haden' mangoes were stored for 14 days at 15°C with O2 levels ranging from 2% to 5% and compared to an air control and an atmosphere of 25% CO2 in air. `Tommy Atkins' mangoes were stored under the same treatments at 12°C for 21 days. After storage at 12 or 15°C the mangoes were transferred to air at 20°C for 5 days. Ethanol production rates during controlled atmosphere (CA) storage were significantly higher at O2 levels of 4% and below. Respiration (CO2 production) rates were reduced during CA storage but did not differ from the control after transfer to air. There were no differences in ethylene production as well as in flesh firmness, titratable acidity and total sugars. The ground color of mangoes kept under the lowest O2 concentration and under 25% CO2 was greener, as indicated by higher hue angles, than in the other treatments upon transfer to air at 20°C. However, only the mangoes stored under high CO2 maintained higher hue angles during the subsequent 5 days at 20°C.

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Krishna, Thalishetti, Eppakayala Laxminarayana, and Dipak Kalita. "FeF3 as a green catalyst for the synthesis of dihydropyrimidines via Biginelli reaction." European Journal of Chemistry 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.11.3.206-212.1992.

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A facile and highly efficient FeF3-catalyzed method has been developed for the direct synthesis of functionalized dihydropyrimidines from readily available starting materials via Biginelli reaction. These reactions proceed at low-catalyst loadings with high functional group tolerance under mild conditions. This method provides efficient reusability of the catalyst and good to excellent yields of the products, making the protocol more attractive, economical, and environmentally benign. FeF3 is an attractive catalyst for the Biginelli reaction because of its high acidity, thermal stability and water tolerance.

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Shezi, N., and J. A. Adjetey. "High Aluminium Concentration and Soil Acid Saturation Reduce Germination, Emergence and Seedling Establishment of Groundnut." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 2 (April 20, 2020): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i2.11.

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Studies on crop responses to soil acidity have largely neglected the germination and seedling establishment stages. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soil acidity, including aluminium per se and acid saturation, on germination, emergence and establishment of groundnut seeds. Germination was carried out on groundnut cultivars Harts, Jasper and Rambo under 0, 50, 100 and 200 μM Al applied as Al2 (SO4)3.18H2O at pH between 4.2 and 4.5. Seedling emergence and establishment were examined in 0, 3 and 6 g of dolomitic lime per kg of soil, representing control, 50% lime requirement and 100% lime requirement, respectively. High Al concentration of 200 μM reduced germination, germination velocity index and seminal root length but had no influence on mean germination time of all groundnut cultivars. There were highly significant differences (P<0.001) in seedling emergence between non-limed and limed soils. Root length and mass were significantly (P<0.05) reduced at high soil acidity but the cultivar Rambo was least susceptible. We conclude that the germination, emergence and establishment stages were negatively affected by high Al levels and acid saturation but the cultivars showed different tolerance levels to high acid saturation, and proper liming can ameliorate the problems associated with these growth stages. Key words: acid saturation, aluminium, establishment, peanuts, tolerance

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Milić, Dragan, Ksenija Taški-Ajduković, Nevena Nagl, Jovanka Atlagić, and Đura Karagić. "Utilization of M. sativa ssp. caerulea × M. sativa ssp. sativa hybridization in improvement of alfalfa aluminium tolerance." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 16, no. 1 (November 29, 2016): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262116000447.

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AbstractSensitivity of alfalfa to acidity and aluminium (Al) toxicity in soil is the major limiting factor in broadening of its growing area. Due to lack of Al tolerance in primary alfalfa germplasm, there is a need for transfer of genes for Al tolerance from other Medicago germplasm. One of the identified sources of Al tolerance is M. sativa ssp. caerulea accession PI 464724, which was used as a female parent in our study. The objectives of this study were: (i) obtaining the tetraploid offspring from 2x–4x M. sativa ssp. caerulea – M. sativa ssp. sativa spontaneous crosses, and (ii) development of a breeding strategy for Al/acid tolerance in alfalfa, using M. sativa ssp. caerulea as a source of Al tolerance. Out of eleven fully developed plants, five were morphologically similar to M. sativa ssp. caerulae, while six plants were similar to M. sativa ssp. sativa. All tested plants were fertile, with the pollen viability ranging from 21.45 to 97.09% and the average number of ovules per plant from 8.80 to 12.29. Eleven SSR primer pairs confirmed the hybrid nature of M. sativa ssp. caerulae × M. sativa ssp. sativa offspring. Both the Cluster Analysis and the Principal Coordinates Analysis separated plants in the caerulae type from plants in the sativa type, with one exception. Strategies based on conventional and molecular marker breeding efforts could lead towards development of tolerant alfalfa cultivars and successful crop production on acidic, Al-contaminated soils.

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Chen, Qianqian, Weiwei Wu, Tong Zhao, Wenqi Tan, Jiang Tian, and Cuiyue Liang. "Complex Gene Regulation Underlying Mineral Nutrient Homeostasis in Soybean Root Response to Acidity Stress." Genes 10, no. 5 (May 27, 2019): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10050402.

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Proton toxicity is one of the major environmental stresses limiting crop production and becomes increasingly serious because of anthropogenic activities. To understand acid tolerance mechanisms, the plant growth, mineral nutrients accumulation, and global transcriptome changes in soybean (Glycine max) in response to long-term acidity stress were investigated. Results showed that acidity stress significantly inhibited soybean root growth but exhibited slight effects on the shoot growth. Moreover, concentrations of essential mineral nutrients were significantly affected by acidity stress, mainly differing among soybean organs and mineral nutrient types. Concentrations of phosphorus (P) and molybdenum (Mo) in both leaves and roots, nitrogen (N), and potassium (K) in roots and magnesium (Mg) in leaves were significantly decreased by acidity stress, respectively. Whereas, concentrations of calcium (Ca), sulfate (S), and iron (Fe) were increased in both leaves and roots. Transcriptome analyses in soybean roots resulted in identification of 419 up-regulated and 555 down-regulated genes under acid conditions. A total of 38 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in mineral nutrients transportation. Among them, all the detected five GmPTs, four GmZIPs, two GmAMTs, and GmKUPs, together with GmIRT1, GmNramp5, GmVIT2.1, GmSKOR, GmTPK5, and GmHKT1, were significantly down-regulated by acidity stress. Moreover, the transcription of genes encoding transcription factors (e.g., GmSTOP2s) and associated with pH stat metabolic pathways was significantly up-regulated by acidity stress. Taken together, it strongly suggests that maintaining pH stat and mineral nutrient homeostasis are adaptive strategies of soybean responses to acidity stress, which might be regulated by a complex signaling network.

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Blumenschein, Theodore G., Kelly A. Nelson, and Peter P. Motavalli. "Use of a New Deep Vertical Gypsum Placement Practice on Corn and Soybean Production in Conservation Tillage Systems." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 11 (October 15, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n11p1.

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Corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) production in claypan soils in the north central U.S. may be constrained by the presence of acidic subsoils. Subsoil acidity can inhibit root growth leading to decreased drought tolerance and grain yields. In conservation tillage systems, management options to incorporate gypsum applications may be limited; thereby reducing available practices to lower subsoil acidity. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of surface placement of gypsum compared to a new practice for deep vertical placement of gypsum on corn and soybean plant growth and yields in a conservation tillage system. Field trials were conducted from 2012 to 2016 in northeast Missouri (USA) with treatments of gypsum (0, 2.9, and 5.2 Mg ha-1) broadcast on the soil surface or applied in a deep vertical band to a depth of 51 cm. Surface and deep banding of gypsum had inconsistent effects on corn and soybean plant heights, plant population and yields. However, deep banding of gypsum resulted in a 6.4 to 9.8% decrease in corn yields and a 9.9 to 13.0% decrease in soybean yields depending on the time after application. These results indicate that further research is warranted in conservation tillage systems in claypan soils to examine modification to the deep vertical placement practice or combining applications of surface-applied gypsum and deep placement of lime in order to develop a practice that will be more effective in overcoming subsoil acidity.

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Sutradhar, Apurba, Romulo P. Lollato, Katy Butchee, and Daryl B. Arnall. "Determining Critical Soil pH for Sunflower Production." International Journal of Agronomy 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/894196.

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Soil acidity has become a major yield-limiting factor in cropping systems of the Southern Great Plains, in which winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) is the predominant crop. Sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) is a strong rotational crop with winter wheat due to its draught and heat tolerance. However, the effects of low soil pH on sunflower productivity have not been explored. The objective of this study was to determine the critical soil pH and aluminum concentration (AlKCl) for sunflower. Sunflower was grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications of a pH gradient ranging from 4.0 to 7.0 at three locations with varying soil types. Soil pH was altered using aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) and hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2). Plant height, vigor, and survivability were all negatively affected by soil acidity. Sunflower yield was reduced by 10% at or below soil pH 4.7 to 5.3 dependent upon location and soil type. Levels ofAlKClabove 6.35 mg kg−1reduced seed yield by 10% or greater. We concluded that sunflower may serve as a better rotational crop with winter wheat under acidic conditions when compared to other adaptable crops.

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Watkin, Elizabeth L. J., Graham W. O’Hara, John G. Howieson, and Andrew R. Glenn. "Identification of tolerance to soil acidity in inoculant strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 32, no. 10 (September 2000): 1393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-0717(00)00057-2.

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Ridley, AM, and SM Windsor. "Persistence and tolerance to soil acidity of phalaris and cocksfoot in north-eastern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 8 (1992): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9921069.

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Persistence of Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Sirosa (phalaris) and Dactylis glomerata cv. Porto (cocksfoot) was evaluated for 5 pH treatments at 2 field sites on acidic soils. At one site (Beechworth) the soil was strongly acidic [pH(CaCl2) 14.21 to depth (80 cm) and contained concentrations of CaCl2-extractable aluminium (Al) >11 �g/g. At the other site (Lake Rowan) the soil pH (0-10 cm) was 5.0 and A1 concentrations were 4 �g/g. At Beechworth, lime incorporated at 5.5 t/ha improved establishment of phalaris but plant density declined, and by 30 months after sowing, phalaris plant densities were similar to treatments receiving no lime. Establishment of cocksfoot was less affected by lime application than phalaris, and plant densities were similar to those of phalaris by 26 months after sowing. However, there were no differences between pasture species where no lime was applied. Considerable re-establishment of cocksfoot seedlings occurred regardless of soil treatment. Despite the reported relative sensitivity of phalaris to Al in solution culture experiments, at Beechworth phalaris had more root development at depth than cocksfoot or annual pasture. Although concentrations of Al in the subsoil were high, the perennial deep root system of phalaris may give it an advantage over cocksfoot in terms of survival over summer. A larger root system at depth may give phalaris greater potential than cocksfoot for reducing nitrate leaching and soil acidification. On less acidic soils at the Lake Rowan site, lime application did not affect establishment of either phalaris or cocksfoot. Phalaris had greater persistence than cocksfoot at Lake Rowan. Dry summer conditions at Lake Rowan were the likely cause of poor persistence of cocksfoot. More drought-tolerant cocksfoot cultivars are required if this species is to be a useful perennial grass for pastures in ley cropping areas of Victoria and southern New South Wales.

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Poolpipatana, Sunthorn, and N. V. Hue. "Differential acidity tolerance of tropical legumes grown for green manure in acid sulfate soils." Plant and Soil 163, no. 1 (June 1994): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00033949.

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42

Wilder-Smith, C. H., F. Halter, and H. S. Merki. "Tolerance and rebound to H2-receptor antagonists: Intragastric acidity in patients with duodenal ulcer." Digestive Diseases and Sciences 36, no. 12 (December 1991): 1685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01296610.

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Boskovic-Rakocevic, Ljiljana, Miodrag Jakovljevic, Momcilo Ubavic, and Jelena Milivojevic. "Changes in soil acidity depending on amelioration measures." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 48, no. 2 (2003): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas0302149b.

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The long-term use of high mineral fertilizer rates, aimed at intensifying the plant production, causes the process of soil acidification, resulting in the decrease of the yield of grown plants, due to increased contents of aluminium and manganese and decreased contents of organic matter and basic cations in the soil. In order to eliminate or reduce these harmful effects trials were set up and different materials for the neutralization of acidity and the excess of mobile aluminium were used: bentonite, zeolite, crude phosphates, MgO and CaO. The trial was set up on the pseudogley type of soil with an extremely acid reaction (pH/MKCl about 3.55) and a high content of mobile aluminium (over 37 mg/100 g soil). The obtained results show that the best effect on the decrease of all forms of soil acidity was exerted by the use of the amelioration measure CaO+MgO, with a ratio of 5:1. The application of crude phosphates and zeolite produced the weakest effect. Furthermore, the amelioration measure mentioned reduced mobile aluminium to 1.87 mg/100 g soil, and as regards three more variants (bentonite+CaO and both CaO rates) the content of aluminium was within the limits of successful tolerance for maize (about 10 mg/100 g soil).

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Liu, Hao, Chuanzhi Sun, Zhongxuan Fan, XuanXuan Jia, Jingfang Sun, Fei Gao, Changjin Tang, and Lin Dong. "Doping effect of Sm on the TiO2/CeSmOx catalyst in the NH3-SCR reaction: structure–activity relationship, reaction mechanism and SO2 tolerance." Catalysis Science & Technology 9, no. 13 (2019): 3554–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cy00731h.

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Riccillo, Pablo M., Cecilia I. Muglia, Frans J. de Bruijn, Andrew J. Roe, Ian R. Booth, and O. Mario Aguilar. "Glutathione Is Involved in Environmental Stress Responses in Rhizobium tropici, Including Acid Tolerance." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 6 (March 15, 2000): 1748–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.6.1748-1753.2000.

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ABSTRACT The isolation of rhizobial strains which exhibit an intrinsic tolerance to acidic conditions has been reported and has facilitated studies on the basic mechanisms underlying acid tolerance.Rhizobium tropici strain CIAT899 displays a high intrinsic tolerance to acidity and therefore was used in this work to study the molecular basis of bacterial responses to acid conditions and other environmental stresses. We generated a collection of R. tropici CIAT899 mutants affected in acid tolerance using Tn5-luxAB mutagenesis, and one mutant strain (CIAT899-13T2), which fails to grow under acid conditions, was characterized in detail. Strain CIAT899-13T2 was found to contain a single Tn5-luxAB insertion in a gene showing a high degree of similarity with the Escherichia coli gshB gene, encoding the enzyme glutathione synthetase. Intracellular potassium pools and intracellular pH levels were found to be lower in the mutant than in the parent. The glutathione-deficient mutant was shown to be sensitive to weak organic acids, osmotic and oxidative stresses, and the presence of methylglyoxal. Glutathione restores responses to these stresses almost to wild-type levels. Our data show that in R. tropici the production of glutathione is essential for growth in extreme environmental conditions. The mutant strain CIAT899-13T2 induced effective nodules; however, it was found to be outcompeted by the wild-type strain in coinoculation experiments.

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Ballen, Karen G., Peter H. Graham, Roger K. Jones, and John H. Bowers. "Acidity and calcium interaction affecting cell envelope stability inRhizobium." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 582–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w98-042.

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Calcium improves the ability of many rhizobia to survive and persist in acid soils, but the mechanism responsible for this phenomenon has not been studied in detail. Here, we present data examining the combined effects of pH and calcium on the cell envelope of Rhizobium strains that differ in pH tolerance. The effect of pH and calcium on solute uptake was demonstrated by a change in the resistance to selected antimicrobial agents. When grown at pH 5.0, all strains exhibited fatty acid methyl ester profiles that were significantly different from those obtained using cells grown at pH 7.0. These differences included changes in the C16:C18 ratio and the percentage of 19:0 cyclopropane in the membrane. Both pH and calcium level had marked effects on Rhizobium etli UMR1632 lipopolysaccharide-banding patterns, but there was little evidence of a change in lipopolysaccharides with pH and calcium in Rhizobium tropici UMR1899. Both pH and calcium influenced expression of outer membrane proteins in all strains.Key words: Rhizobium, acidity, calcium, lipopolysaccharide, cell envelope, outer membrane protein.

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Griffiths, Ronald W. "Effects of pH on Community Dynamics of Chironomidae in a Large River near Sudbury, Ontario." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, S1 (December 19, 1992): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-302.

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To identify the mechanism(s) by which acidity alters the composition and richness of chironomid communities and to determine the acid tolerance of chironomid taxa inhabiting a large river, pH was manipulated in three stream channels. The chironomid community that developed after a 10-wk exposure to pH 4.5 was poorer in species and lower in abundance than those exposed to pH 5.9 or 7.4 (reference pH). The reduced density of chironomids at pH 4.5 was not a result of differential egg deposition, behavioural drift, or emergence. Acid-enhanced larval mortality appeared to be the primary mechanism accounting for reduced density. Tribelos predomined in the channel acidified to pH 4.5, while Ablabesmyia was predominant in the other channels. Tanytarsus, Microtendipes, and Nilothauma were the most acid-sensitive taxa. When pH was returned to 7.4 from 4.5, the composition and density of the community changed rapidly; acid-sensitive species invaded quickly, and within 6 wk the community resembled that in the other channels. These results suggest that acidity is important in structuring and maintaining lotic communities and that reduction in acidic emissions should lead to rapid biological recovery of acidified lotic systems, provided that acid-sensitive species have survived in nearby refuges.

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Ohki, S., T. Irie, M. Inoue, K. Shinmen, H. Kawahata, T. Nakamura, A. Kato, et al. "Symbiosis increases coral tolerance to ocean acidification." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 4 (April 19, 2013): 7013–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-7013-2013.

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Abstract. Increasing the acidity of ocean waters will directly threaten calcifying marine organisms such as reef-building scleractinian corals, and the myriad of species that rely on corals for protection and sustenance. Ocean pH has already decreased by around 0.1 pH units since the beginning of the industrial revolution, and is expected to decrease by another 0.2–0.4 pH units by 2100. This study mimicked the pre-industrial, present, and near-future levels of pCO2 using a precise control system (&pm;5% pCO2), to assess the impact of ocean acidification on the calcification of recently-settled primary polyps of Acropora digitifera, both with and without symbionts, and adult fragments with symbionts. The increase in pCO2 of 100 μatm between the pre-industrial period and the present had more effect on the calcification rate of adult A. digitifera than the anticipated future increases of several hundreds of micro-atmospheres of pCO2. The primary polyps with symbionts showed higher calcification rates than primary polyps without symbionts, suggesting that (i) primary polyps housing symbionts are more tolerant to near-future ocean acidification than organisms without symbionts, and (ii) corals acquiring symbionts from the environment (i.e. broadcasting species) will be more vulnerable to ocean acidification than corals that maternally acquire symbionts.

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Guo, YJ, GD Li, RC Hayes, BS Dear, and A. Price. "Tolerance of the annual legumesBiserrula pelecinus,Ornithopus sativa,Trifolium spumosum,T. vesiculosumandT. subterraneumto soil acidity." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 55, no. 1 (January 24, 2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2011.626785.

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Dale, J. M., B. Freedman, and J. Kerekes. "Acidity and associated water chemistry of amphibian habitats in Nova Scotia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-018.

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One hundred and fifty-nine field sites consisting of ditches, bogs, marshes, ponds, and lakes in south and central Nova Scotia were surveyed for the presence of the adults, eggs, or larvae of 11 amphibian species. Water samples were analyzed for pH, alkalinity, color, conductivity, Na, K, Mg, Ca, SO4, and Cl. Discriminant function analysis revealed that none of these variables predicted a species' presence. Two three-species groups were found to be significantly associated among themselves, but mutually exclusive of each other. The two groups were (i) Ambystoma maculatum, Hyla crucifer, and Rana sylvatica and (ii) Rana clamitans, Rana catesbeiana, and Rana palustris. Rana sylvatica and A. maculatum were observed breeding successfully in an acidic bog (mean pH 4.1). Rana clamitans adults and larvae were located in the field at pHs as low as 3.5 and 3.9, respectively. Field transplant studies, using eggs of A. maculatum and R. sylvatica (at pH 5.7 and 4.1) and Bufo americanus (at pH 6.3 and 4.1), revealed that R. sylvatica was least sensitive to acidity. There is considerable variation in acid tolerance among the various species of Nova Scotia amphibians. Nevertheless, successful breeding by some species is occurring at very low pHs.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Acidity and Al tolerance'

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