Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ácidos nucleicos'
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Severino, Patricia Cardoso. "Atividade de modelos biomiméticos de fosfatases ácidas púrpuras sobre ácidos nucleicos." Florianópolis, SC, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/89694.
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Complexos biomiméticos do sítio ativo das PAPs foram sintetizados com o objetivo de elucidar o papel das PAPs nos sistemas vivos e simultaneamente encontrar novas aplicações para estes complexos como nucleases sintéticas. Com este intuito, foi testada a atividade de uma série de complexos heterodinucleares Fe3+M2+, usando o ligante assimétrico H2BPBPMP. Os complexos são: FeCuOAc, FeCuOH, FeZnOAc, FeZnOH, FeMnOH e FeNiOAc. O DNA plasmidial foi utilizado como modelo para testar a clivagem da ligação fosfato pelos complexos. Foram testadas diferentes condições de pH e concentração dos complexos. As reações também foram realizadas na presença de captadores de radicais livres e na ausência de oxigênio. Para verificar a interação complexo/DNA foram realizados experimentos com Distamicina e titulação espectrofotométrica UV-Vis. Todos os complexos, exceto FeNiOAc, foram capazes de clivar DNA por um mecanismo hidrolítico em baixas concentrações do complexo (2,5 µM) a 37 oC em pH próximo ao fisiológico (faixa de 6,0 a 7,0). O complexo FeNiOAc não cliva o DNA, mas pode se ligar ao DNA e alterar significativamente sua mobilidade. O complexo FeCuOAc é o mais ativo da série apresentando uma aceleração de 2,71 x 107 vezes quando comparado com o valor do DNA não catalisado, seguido por, FeMnOH, FeZnOAc, FeCuOH e FeZnOH.
Coimbra, Sónia Isabel dos Santos. "Efeito fotodinâmico nos ácidos nucleicos de E. coli." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12586.
Full textO aumento do número de microrganismos resistentes a antibióticos constitui uma das grandes problemáticas da atualidade, tornando-se pertinente encontrar terapias alternativas de tratamento de doenças infeciosas. A inativação fotodinâmica (PDI) tem sido proposta como alternativa para o controlo de infeções. A PDI consiste na destruição de microrganismos através da interação entre três componentes: luz, uma molécula de fotossensibilizador e oxigénio na forma molecular. Apesar de existirem numerosos estudos que demonstram a eficiência da PDI em diferentes tipos de microrganismos e com recurso a diferentes fotossensibilizadores, o mecanismo de PDI, ainda não se encontra completamente compreendido, principalmente no que diz respeito ao dano causado no DNA. De um modo geral, são considerados dois mecanismos principais, propostos para os efeitos letais causados nas bactérias pelo processo de PDI: este processo pode produzir alterações na parede celular ou provocar danos no DNA, sendo que os danos na parede celular são, de um modo geral, referidos como os principais responsáveis pela inativação celular. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o efeito fotodinâmico nos ácidos nucleicos de E. coli usando como fotossensibilizadores duas porfirinas catiónicas, a tetra-iodeto de 5,10,15,20-tetraquis(1-metilpiridinio-4-il)porfirina (Tetra-Py+-Me) e a tri-iodeto de 5,10,15-(1-metilpiridinio-4-il)-20-(pentafluorofenil)porfirina (Tri-Py+-Me-PF). Neste sentido, recorreu-se a duas abordagens metodológicas diferentes. No primeiro caso, procedeu-se à fotoinativação das células de E. coli durante diferentes períodos de tempo e extraíram-se os ácidos nucleicos subsequentemente (efeito indireto). No segundo caso, os ácidos nucleicos foram extraídos de células de E. coli e irradiados posteriormente (efeito direto). Em ambas as abordagens metodológicas, os ácidos nucleicos foram analisados por eletroforese em gel de agarose e quantificados por fluorometria. Em geral, os perfis eletroforéticos dos ácidos nucleicos extraídos das células de E. coli após PDI mostram uma diminuição na quantidade de DNA genómico ao longo do tempo, diretamente proporcional à inativação das células. Com a porfirina Tri-Py+-Me-PF, a diminuição de DNA genómico ocorreu mais rapidamente, comparativamente com a porfirina Tetra-Py+-Me. Relativamente aos perfis eletroforéticos dos ácidos nucleicos extraídos das células de E. coli não irradiadas e posteriormente irradiados na presença do fotossensibilizador, observou-se que não ocorreu variação na quantidade de DNA genómico ao longo do tempo, contudo, observou-se uma diminuição na quantidade de rRNA ao longo do tempo. Embora não tenham sido observados danos no DNA, não se exclui a possibilidade de terem ocorrido danos não detetáveis com a metodologia utilizada neste estudo.
The increase of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic microorganisms is a major public health issue, making it relevant to find alternative therapies for the treatment of infectious diseases. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) has been proposed as an alternative approach for the treatment of infections. PDI consists in destroying microorganisms through the interaction of three components: light, photosensitizer and molecular oxygen. Although there are numerous studies showing the efficiency of PDI in the inactivation of different types of microorganisms, by different photosensitizers, the mechanism of PDI is not yet fully understood. In general, two main mechanisms are proposed for the lethal effects of PDI on bacterial cells: the PDI process can produce cell membrane damages or cause DNA damage. The damages of the membrane are generally referred to as the main responsible for cell inactivation. The aim of this study was to analyze the photodynamic effect on E. coli nucleic acids, using two cationic porphyrins as photosensitizers (5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methylpyridini-um-4-yl)porphyrin tetra-iodide (Tetra-Py+-Me) and 5,10,15-tris(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)-20-(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin tri-iodide (Tri-Py+-Me-PF). In this study, we used two different methodological approaches. In the first approach, the E. coli nucleic acids were extracted from photosensitized cells (indirect effect). In the second approach, the nucleic acids were extracted from non-irradiated E. coli cells and irradiated in the presence of the PS (direct effect). In both cases, nucleic acids were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and quantified by fluorometry. In general, the electrophoretic profiles of nucleic acids extracted from E. coli cells after PDI reveal decreases in the amount of genomic DNA over time, which are directly proportional to the cell inactivation. The porphyrin Tri-Py+-Me-PF induced a faster decrease of the genomic DNA over time, in comparison with Tetra-Py+-Me porphyrin. The electrophoretic profiles of nucleic acids of E. coli irradiated in the presence of photosensitizer show no variation in the amount of genomic DNA over time. In this last case, there was a decrease in the amount of rRNA. Although no damage was observed in the DNA, we cannot exclude the possibility of the occurrence of damages which are not detectable by the methodology applied in this study.
Faustino, Pló Ignacio. "Estudio teórico de formas inusuales y modificadas de los ácidos nucleicos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/128878.
Full textIn this thesis quantum mechanics and classical mechanics techniques have been used to study the tautomeric properties of modified nucleobases with potential application to antisense and biotechnology fields. On the other hand, the study of the mechanical properties of double stranded DNA and RNA (dsDNA versus dsRNA) and their sequence dependency have been addressed. In practice, the work has been divided into the following sections: 1.- Theoretical study of sulfur modified thymines. The tautomeric properties of thymine and two thioketoderivatives, 2- and 4-thioketothymines, have been studied by means of accurate ab initio calculations and molecular dynamics simulations coupled with free energy calculations. Previous results suggested that these modifications could stabilize DNA structure at least as good as the natural thymine leading to the fidelity consequences during the replication. Indeed, those results suggested that some minor tautomeric forms could be present in the DNA double stranded environment which would explain the higher stability of certain mismatches. In the light of these results, we explored the impact of thioketothymines by means of both theoretical and experimental studies. 2.- Theoretical study of seleno modified guanine. We explore the chemical properties of 6-selenoguanine (6SeG) and the influence in duplex, triplex and G-quadruplex structures by means of high-level quantum mechanics calculations and free energy calculations combined with molecular dynamics simulations. 6-Selenoguanine, like other related antimetabolites like thiopurines, has been longtime used against several cancers like lymphomas or hepatomas. Moreover, their applications have been extended to solving X-ray nucleic acids structures (6SeG can be incorporated to these molecules and display anomalous dispersion) and, from the present work we suggest that 6SeG can also exhibit remarkable conductor properties in DNA structures. 3.- Inhibition of 3’-exonucleases with dimeric N-ethyl-N modified nucleosides. Development of synthetic oligonucleotides (ONs) has received much attention in the past years due to their ability to silence the expression of undesired overexpressed genes. Among established therapies, siRNAs have been widely studied due to their high potency and sequence-specificity. However, the application of oligonucleotides in vivo faces important limitations. For example, their high vulnerability to degradation by serum nucleases. Much effort has been made to overcome these limitations but, in many cases, modifications that increase nuclease stability, cause negative effects on RNAi activity. We are interested in creating chemical modifications able to increase nuclease stability without disrupting RNAi activity. In particular, in this work, we explored 3’-terminal modifications by replacing standard nucleobases by N-ethyl-N-coupled nucleosides. We focused special attention on 3’-exonucleases because they are the predominant nuclease activity present in serum. By means of molecular dynamics simulations and in vitro experiments, modified siRNAs resistant to nuclease digestion were evaluated against Bcl-2 in vitro, an antiapoptotic gene which is overexpressed in several cancer processes. 4.- Flexibility study of dsRNA molecules. Despite their chemical similarity, DNA and RNA duplex structures play very different biological roles. While double stranded DNA can display a large variety of structures close to the B-form with very dynamic sugar-phosphate conformations, RNA double stranded has been traditionally considered rigid. However, presented results from CHARMM27 MD simulations that pointed in the opposing direction, stating that RNA2 is more flexible than DNA2. To shed some light on this topic, we study the flexibility of double stranded RNA molecules by means of molecular dynamics simulations on four different 18-mer sequences. AMBER and CHARMM nucleic acid force fields were used to analyze the sequence dependent elastic properties and the results were ultimately compared with the obtained for DNA duplex, were both force fields produced comparable results.
Cubero, Jordà Elena. "Estudio teórico de nucelobases: Implicaciones estructurales en ácidos nucleicos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2972.
Full textConcretamente se trataran las interacciones débiles pi-catión y los contactos entre bases con el objetivo de profundizar en su naturaleza. Dentro de las interacciones entre bases podemos diferenciar entre: (i) las interacciones de puente de hidrógeno impropio, (ii) las interacciones con bases modificadas, como la 8-aminoinosina y el difluorotolueno, y finalmente (iii) las interacciones no canónicas: Hoogsteen y Watson-Crick reverso, que pueden dar lugar a nuevas estructuras secundarias del ADN.
Se utilizan todo un conjunto de técnicas teóricas que van desde la mecánica clásica hasta los más elevados niveles de mecánica cuántica, con la finalidad de aportar la máxima información estructural, reactividad y dinámica que complemente así los datos experimentales disponibles sobre las nucleobases y los ácidos nucleicos.
En la primera parte de la presente tesis se describirán los métodos teóricos empleados para caracterizar las interacciones no covalentes. En la segunda parte se detallarán brevemente la estructura y las propiedades de los ácidos nucleicos. A continuación, se presentarán los resultados de las interacciones estudiadas. Y finalmente, se procederá a la discusión de los resultados obtenidos y a las conclusiones.
Silva, Annielle Mendes Brito da. "Estudo da interação de ácidos nucleicos com o nanoporo adaptado da α-hemolisina." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2013. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/13285.
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CAPES CNPq INAMI
O nanoporo formado pela incorporação da α-hemolisina em bicamadas lipídicas planas é considerado modelo de nanoporo proteico para elucidação do mecanismo de transporte de moléculas e no desenvolvimento de dispositivos analíticos - biossensores, espectrômetros de massa e sequenciadores moleculares. O conhecimento da interação de nucleotídeos com o nanoporo da α-hemolisina é de especial interesse, pois, alguns estudos sugerem varias metodologias para a utilização deste nanoporo como sequenciador de DNA em tempo real. Apesar de todos os avanços, a principal dificuldade operacional para obtenção de um sequenciador baseado na tecnologia “nanopore sensing”, é a rapidez na translocação do DNA através do nanoporo; dificultando a discriminação adequada das bases. Neste contexto é imprescindível fazer adaptações moleculares no nanoporo visando o aumento do tempo de permanência do DNA e da energia de interação deste com o nanoporo. As principais estratégias disponíveis para produção de nanoporos adaptados são: mutações sítio dirigidas e funcionalização química. Ambas são de elevado custo e tempo de experimentação. Neste trabalho utilizamos técnicas de simulação computacional para obtenção, a nível atomístico, a interação do DNA com o nanoporo da α-hemolisina na sua forma nativa e adaptada em posições estratégicas previamente selecionadas por modelagem molecular. As técnicas utilizadas baseiam-se na dinâmica molecular fora do equilíbrio e na Relação de Jarzynski, na qual a média do trabalho realizado ao deslocar o DNA ao longo do nanoporo proteico é estatisticamente relacionada à energia livre do processo. As informações sobre as interações do DNA-nanoporo obtidas podem predizer, teoricamente, os nanoporos mais promissores para serem testados experimentalmente. Realizou-se a seleção das mutantes que foram usadas e foram obtidos dados importantes sobre a parametrização das dinâmicas usando a relação de Jarzynski, como velocidade e constante de força que devem ser aplicadas ao sistema. Além disso, foram obtidas informações sobre a trajetória e contato do DNA com o interior do poro mutado e na forma selvagem, o que mostra a efetividade do sistema.
Nakao, Lia Sumie. "Metabolimos radicalares do etanol e alquilação de ácidos nucleicos estudos in vitro e in vivo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46131/tde-18092018-155702/.
Full textAlcohol consumption has been associated with increased cancer risk and an oxidative stress condition. Ethanol metabolites responsible for these processes remain debatable. Here, we characterized novel radical metabolites of ethanol and examined their interactions with nucleic acids. First, we demonstrated that the 1-hydroxyethyl and 2-hydroxyethyl radical produced from ethanol oxidation by Fenton systems alkylated DNA and RNA in vitro to produce 8-(1HE)Gua and 8-(2-HE)Gua, respectively. Both adducts were synthesized and structurally characterized. Next, we demonstrated that acetaldehyde, the main ethanol metabolite, is oxidized by Fenton systems, peroxynitrite, xanthine oxidase, submitochondrial particles and whole rats to acetyl and methyl radicals. These radicals were characterized and their production mechanisms in vitro elucidated. The possibility of the 1-hydroxyethyl radical alkylating nucleic acids in vivo was also examined. Unexpectedly, the adduct 8-(1-HE)Gua was detected in RNA and DNA from liver of control rats and their levels were not increased by acute ethanol treatment. Overall, the results suggest that the radicals 1-hydroxyethyl, acetyl and methyl are important ethanol metabolites in vivo but they preferentially attack biomolecules other than nucleic acids.
Balaceanu, Alexandra. "Information Transfer and Dynamics of Nucleic Acids studied by Theoretical Approaches." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665158.
Full text1. Problema de exactitud del campo de fuerza La utilidad y aplicabilidad de las simulaciones de DM para modelar sistemas biomoleculares depende de su capacidad para muestrear suficientemente el espacio conformacional y la descripción correcta del potencial en términos de la forma funcional del campo de fuerza y el conjunto de parámetros. Claramente, el campo de fuerza define la forma del espacio conformacional para un conjunto dado de posiciones atómicas y también el acceso a los mínimos energéticos. Al simular sistemas en equilibrio, especialmente en sistemas bastante estables como el ADN, los campos de fuerza se esfuerzan por generar conjuntos que reproducen sistemas reales y no tiene por qué ser una gran desventaja con el poder de muestreo. En los últimos años, se ha convertido en tarea de los ingenieros informáticos y los desarrolladores de software abordar el problema de lograr escalas de tiempo largas y biológicamente relevantes. La convergencia y reproducibilidad de simulaciones de ADN atomístico con campos de fuerza de última generación, como nuestro parmbsc1, se ha demostrado de forma convincente. También parece que hasta llegar a una revolución significativa, donde los milisegundos de simulación se vuelven rutinarios, los rangos de muestreo actuales cubren por completo las estructuras internas y la dinámica de los ADN-B en esta escala de tiempo. La creciente confianza ha permitido a muchos investigadores utilizar DM para estudios muy detallados sobre la naturaleza dependiente de la secuencia de oligómeros de ADN y sobre el complejo arsenal de mecanismos que rigen su comportamiento. En cualquiera de estos estudios es necesaria una validación cuidadosa de los resultados ya que aún no está del todo claro qué tan bien y en qué grado se reproducen los efectos de secuencia en DM. El hecho de que la última generación de campos de fuerza coincida muy bien entre sí y que se ajusten a los escasos datos experimentales es seguramente muy alentador, pero pasará algún tiempo hasta que se puedan validar pequeñas diferencias en las geometrías de las secuencias. Nuestra propia validación extensiva del campo de fuerza parmbsc1, así como una gran cantidad de otros trabajos que, desde su publicación, se han establecido específicamente para evaluar su rendimiento, o simplemente lo han aplicado con éxito, hablan de una parametrización muy estable capaz de tratar con una amplia gama de ADN. Vale la pena mencionar que en condiciones especiales podrían ser necesarias pequeñas mejoras, lo que podría lograrse con la inclusión de términos de polarización. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha, ningún campo de fuerza ha sido capaz de modelar la polarización sin desestabilizar finalmente el sistema y esto a un costo enorme (un factor de 10) a la velocidad de cálculo. En resumen, con base en el notable desempeño de parmbsc1, nosotros y otros grupos podemos emplearlo con confianza en el estudio detallado de la dinámica del ADN y esperamos que el número de resultados de soporte solo aumente. 2. Dependencia de la secuencia y polimorfismos del ADN-B. Entonces, ¿qué es lo que realmente aprendemos al analizar la variabilidad de conformación del ADN sobre su espacio de secuencia a nivel de los tetrámeros? Está bien establecido que diferentes bps tienen diferentes preferencias con respecto a sus geometrías internas, y hasta cierto punto, el conjunto de reglas heurísticas de Calladine es capaz de dar sentido a estas diferencias. A nivel de bps, algunas secuencias son extremadamente estables, como ApT, y algunas secuencias, como CpG, tienen un equilibrio biestable y convierten entre diferentes disposiciones de sus geometrías internas. Hay casos en que esta frustración puede explicarse por la distribución de cargas, el volumen o la fuerza de sus interacciones de apilamiento y los puentes de hidrógeno, pero en muchos casos requiere una visión más integral, teniendo en cuenta los efectos de secuencia de más alto nivel. En simulaciones de DM de multi-microsegundos, los parámetros de pares intra-base son siempre unimodales ya que los estados alternativos a los que se puede acceder a través de la apertura de la base no se muestrean en esta escala de tiempo. Sin embargo, sus promedios de conjunto muestran diferencias considerables de acuerdo con el cambio en la secuencia. Los parámetros de pares de bases pueden ser bimodales, pero solo en ciertas combinaciones de tetranulceótidos que constituyen aproximadamente el 5% de los casos. Esto puede explicarse teniendo en cuenta que el bps central de una combinación particular de cuatro nucleótidos tiene una preferencia estructural que está en conflicto con la de sus pasos vecinos. Con el fin de minimizar el costo de energía y satisfacer de la mejor manera posible todos los requisitos conformacionales, un bps más flexible poblará varios estados, generalmente un máximo de dos. La optimización de las geometrías entre varios bps generalmente implica reorganizaciones de la red troncal, con el azúcar fosfato actuando como una bisagra que permite la coordinación consecutiva de bps en una coreografía compleja que a menudo involucra otros factores, tales como cambios sutiles en el entorno del solvente. En los ADN-B, la transición principal más importante es BI/BII, que se puede relacionar con la química a través de la fuerza relativa dependiente de la secuencia de puentes de hidrógeno no convencionales que estabilizan las conformaciones BII. En un modelo de tetrámero de ADN-B, las transiciones de la cadena principal de diferentes tetrámeros se traducen en movimientos a lo largo de diferentes grados internos de libertad, dependiendo de la secuencia. Por lo tanto, ahora podemos construir una imagen del espacio conformacional interconectado del ADN como una superposición de secuencias de tetranucleótidos con descriptores estructurales transferibles. Todavía es una cuestión de especulación cómo estas propiedades podrían ser explotadas por proteínas y otras moléculas que se unen al ADN para diferentes funciones biológicas. 3. Transferencia de información a través del ADN. Sin embargo, hay algunos casos especiales en los que el modelo de tetrámero no parece ser suficiente. El CTAG es uno de esos casos que demuestra que, para un tetrámero altamente flexible y polimórfico, la composición de la secuencia de largo alcance puede tener un efecto notable sobre las propiedades estructurales del bps central. Analizar el mecanismo detrás de esta comunicación de largo alcance a través del ADN ha significado más que nada una oportunidad para comprender los raros eventos de modulación de secuencia que podrían ser mucho más generales en casos de distorsiones mayores e inducidas en la hélice. En CTAG pudimos observar la influencia de la secuencia no solo desde el nivel del hexámero, sino incluso más allá, y los datos apuntan a un complejo mecanismo de transferencia de información a través del ADN mediante movimientos coordinados de la cadena principal. En la realización de la función biológica, el ADN a menudo se considera erróneamente como un retículo inerte sobre el cual las proteínas se ensamblan para replicar o transcribir genes. Sin embargo, los experimentos demuestran que la transferencia de información en el ADN puede ocurrir incluso a largas distancias y puede producir efectos alostéricos sobre la unión al ligando. Sin lugar a duda, la unión de proteínas o moléculas pequeñas al ADN puede producir cambios conformacionales acoplados que pueden afectar a un sitio de unión vecino y aumentar su afinidad por la proteína de unión secundaria. Tales cambios no necesitan alterar los promedios del conjunto y solo potencian modificaciones en la forma del pozo de energía en el sitio de unión secundario. Como se ve a partir de la información dinámica proporcionada por una trayectoria de DM, tal vez en más de un caso de parejas de proteínas, el ADN actúa como un cable que transmite pulsos de información originados en el sitio primario de unión que viajan a regiones distantes. Mostramos que los métodos de DM pueden proporcionar explicaciones razonables para los fenómenos de unión cooperativa en el ADN y abren por primera vez la posibilidad de la "alostería sin cambio conformacional" en el reclutamiento de proteínas al ADN. Desde un punto de vista termodinámico, este tipo de enlace cooperativo parece estar impulsado por la entropía. Por lo tanto, el primer evento vinculante congela algunos de los grados de libertad alrededor de su propia región de unión, pero también reduce el costo de entropía asociado al segundo enlace.
Cuppari, Anna. "Structure and biophysical studies of mitochondrial Transcription Factor A in complex with DNA." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400213.
Full textEste trabajo de tesis doctoral está centrado en el análisis del mecanismo de unión del factor A de transcripción mitocondrial (TFAM) con sus secuencias de reconocimiento en la región control del ADN mitocondrial (mtADN). En la mitocondria TFAM está implicado en dos procesos fundamentales: la regulación de la trascripción del mtADN, cuando está unido a las secuencias promotoras del filamento ligero y pesado (HSP y LSP), y la compactación del mismo ADN cuando está presente en alta concentración. TFAM pertenece a la familia de los HMG-box y está constituida por dos dominios HMG conectados por un “linker” de 20 residuos. En este trabajo se presenta la estructura cristalográfica de TFAM en complejo con su sitio de reconocimiento alternativo a los promotores, site Y. Desde el análisis de la estructura se ha evidenciado que TFAM presenta el mismo plegamiento observado también cuando está en complejo con LSP, HSP, ADN no específico (nsADN) y su otro sitio de unión site X. Además en todos estos complejos el ADN resulta doblado 180° por medio de dos inserciones mediadas por LEU58 y 182, cada una responsable de un “kink” de 90°. La diferencia principal entre todas las estructuras se observa a nivel del linker que presenta una desviación en respuesta a las diferentes propiedades de los ADNs que contacta. Para caracterizar mejor el mecanismo de unión de TFAM con sus secuencias de reconocimiento en la región control del mtADN (LSP, site Y and site X), se realizaron diferentes análisis de tipo biofísico y bioquímico. La flexibilidad de estas secuencias se estudió primero por dinámica molecular. Estudios de “isothermal titration calorimetry” y “electrophoresis mobility shift assays” permitieron evidenciar que también si TFAM tiene el mismo mecanismo de unión y la misma afinidad por las tres secuencias, la cinética de formación de los complejos parece ser diferente. Para el análisis de la estequiometria de la unión de TFAM a los diferentes ADN fueron empleadas las técnicas de “multi angle laser light scattering” y “analytical ultracentrifugation”. Estos estudios evidenciaron la tendencia de TFAM de multimerizar, en presencia y ausencia de ADN, en respuesta a aumento de su concentración.
Sebastián, Ávila José Luis. "Desarrollo de aptasensores para la detección de bacterias enteropatógenas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/460682.
Full textThe overall objective of this Thesis was to develop different biosensors based on aptamers to detect enteropathogen bacteria. This objective was accomplished through the study of different detection strategies which were proposed based on the unique properties of aptamers such as the capacity to present different conformational structures after linking to the target molecule, stability and ease of chemical functionalization. The affinity of the aptamer against the Salmonella typhimurium was confirmed by Microcontact Printing (μCP), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Fluorescence Microscopy. Then, a magnetic particle detection system was developed as a capture, pre-concentration and detection platform based on an indirect competitive test. Colorimetric and electrochemical detection, using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were performed. In both detection alternatives, cross-reactivity of Salmonella typhimurium with Escherichia coli O157 Shiga and Shigella sonnei was observed, with no cross- reactivity with Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus cereus, Kocuria lutea and Escherichia coli k5. In the next phase of the thesis, two electrochemical biosensors were developed, one based on the direct detection of the binding to the bacterium by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the other based on the enzymatic inhibition caused by the conformational change of the aptamer after binding with the bacterium. In the second case the DPV technique was used to measure the activity of alkaline phosphatase. The best results were obtained with the impedance biosensor because as it showed improved behavior parameters (lower LOD, higher sensitivity and shorter analysis time). In addition, the construction of the aptasensor is simple as it consists of a single step. Selectivity tests carried out on all detection strategies showed that the developed detection systems were able to discriminate the bacterial group classified as enteropathogens (Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157 Shiga and Shigella sonnei) from other bacteria (Escherichia coli K5, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus cereus and Kocuria lutea). Hence, the affinity of the aptamer for Salmonella typhimurium is not specific for this bacterium and there is also an equivalent affinity for E. coli O157 Shiga and Shigella sonnei.
Ramos, Catarina Isabel Vicente. "Estudo de aductos não covalentes de porfirinas com oligonucleotídeos por espectrometria de massa." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/3000.
Full textO trabalho de investigação desenvolvido teve como objectivo o estudo das interacções não covalentes de um grupo de porfirinas catiónicas, quatro bases livres e uma metalada, com hélices duplas constituídas por sequências de desoxirribonucleotídeos, de 6 a 12 bases, auto-complementares e não auto-complementares, diferindo entre si no tipo de bases e na respectiva sequência, utilizando Espectrometria de Massa com Ionização por Electrospray. Os aductos oligonucleotídeo-porfirina foram formados por electrospray em condições optimizadas. A caracterização destes aductos foi efectuada através de experiências de Espectrometria de Massa Tandem com Ionização por Electrospray, tendo-se detectado para os aductos [ds + porfirina]n- com as porfirinas com o maior número de cargas, a formação de fragmentos resultantes de perdas de ambas as cadeias das dupla hélices Os resultados obtidos indicam que, nas condições experimentais usadas, a ligação dos aductos [ds + porfirina]n- é predominantemente electrostática, estando as porfirinas ligadas à superfície da cadeia dupla e não intercaladas. O número de cargas das porfirinas é um factor muito importante na estabilidade daqueles aductos, que aumenta com o aumento daquelas, não se tendo observado variações significativas do comportamento daqueles aductos para diferentes motivos (AT ou GC) das hélices duplas. Os resultados obtidos no estudo dos aductos [ds + 2 porfirina]nconfirmam a estabilização dos aductos com o aumento do número de carga das porfirinas e a importância das repulsões/atracções electrostáticas na formação de aductos não-covalentes. A investigação de outras estruturas secundárias como “hairpins”, triplexes e quadruplexes e dos seus aductos com as porfirinas, foi também efectuada. Os resultados obtidos indicam que, nas condições experimentais utilizadas, a formação de estruturas do tipo “hairpin”, é muito pouco provável. No caso dos triplexes, quadruplexes e dos aductos das porfirinas com os triplexes, os dados obtidos permitem propor mecanismos específicos para a sua formação, sendo a abundância de cada espécie formada resultante do balanço de vários processos competitivos de associação e dissociação. ABSTRACT: The main goal of the present work was to investigate the non covalent interactions of a group of cationic porphyrins, four free bases and one complex, with double-stranded oligonucleotides, from sixmers to twelvemers, both self and non-self complementary, with different types of bases and sequences, using Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. The oligonucleotide-porphyrin adducts were formed by elecrospray in optimized conditions. The characterization of these adducts was done by Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry. For the [ds + porphyrin]nadducts, with the porphyrins with a higher number of charges, the formation of fragment ions by losses from both strands was a novel feature observed. The results show that, in the experimental conditions used, the binding of the [ds + porphyrin]n- adducts is predominantly of an electrostatic nature, and also that the porphyrins are bound to the surface and not intercalated. The number of the charges of the porphyrins is an important factor in the stability of these adducts and significant changes in their behaviour were not observed when the motifs (AT or GC) of the double strand were different. The study of the [ds + 2porphyrin]n- adducts confirmed the stabilization of these type of structures with the number of charges of the porphyirns and the importance of the electrostatic interactions in the formation of non covalent adducts. The study of other secondary structures such as hairpins, triplexes and quadruplexes and of their adducts with the cationic porphyrins, was also implemented. The results show that, in the experimental conditions used, the formation of structures involving hairpins is not very probable. In the case of triplexes, quadruplexes and porphyrin-triplex adducts, the data obtained allowed the proposal of specific mechanisms for their formation, the abundance of each species formed being the result of the balance of several association /dissociation processes
Gomes, Paula Fernanda da Silva. "Estudo de tRNAs virais codificados pelo genoma do vírus MHV-68." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21678.
Full textUma partícula viral é um elemento genético não celular que depende de uma célula para se replicar, uma vez que é metabolicamente inerte e não desempenha funções de biossíntese nem respiratórias. No seu estado extracelular é uma partícula submicroscópica composta por uma molécula de ácido nucleico, RNA ou DNA, envolvida por proteínas e, em certos casos, por outras macromoléculas. O genoma viral é pequeno e, de um modo geral, codifica apenas componentes metabólicos e estruturais que não podem ser adaptados do hospedeiro, o que torna a sua replicação, transcrição e tradução altamente dependente da maquinaria celular: o vírus redirecciona funções metabólicas e a maquinaria celular preexistente para se multiplicar e dar origem a novas partículas infecciosas - viriões. O genoma de muitos vírus de DNA, como é o caso do herpes vírus, é dirigido para o núcleo da célula infectada, onde interage com a maquinaria do hospedeiro, capaz de transcrever o DNA viral em mRNA que, por sua vez, é traduzido em proteínas virais pelos tRNAs, ribossomas e factores de tradução celulares. Surpreendentemente, o genoma do gama–herpes vírus-68 murino (MHV-68), contrariamente a outros vírus, codifica oito sequências do tipo tRNA –vtRNAs– expressos em níveis elevados durante as fases de infecção lítica e de latência. Estas moléculas são processadas em tRNAs maduros, com adição póstranscripcional do terminal 3’CCA mas, no entanto, não são aminoaciladas pelas aminoacil-tRNA-sintetases da célula infectada, indicando que não devem participar nas vias de síntese proteica. Até à data, a função biológica desempenhada pelo vtRNAs permanece desconhecida. O principal objectivo do presente trabalho foi contribuir para elucidar a função biológica e caracterização molecular dos vtRNAs codificados pelo genoma do vírus MHV -68. Numa primeira fase, recorrendo a estudos de bioinformática, o alinhamento das sequências nucleotídicas dos vtRNAs revelou a presença de um motivo semi-conservado na região do loop D dos oito vtRNAs. Uma pesquisa de sequências homólogas a este motivo, numa base de dados, detectou que a mesma sequência nucleotídica também está presente e conservada na região do loop D de tRNAs mitocondrialmente importados de protozoários. Além disso, verificou-se que, em Leishmania, esta sequência conservada – UGGYAGAGC – é necessária e suficiente à importação dos tRNAs para a mitocôndria. Assim, numa segunda fase do trabalho, foi proposto e investigado se o motivo semi-conservados no loop D dos tRNAs virais actua como um sinal capaz de dirigir in vivo, os vtRNAs para as mitocôndrias de células infectadas por MHV -68. Os resultados indicam que não existe um mecanismo de importação para a matriz mitocondrial dos vtRNAs. Por último, com o intuito de criar um novo modelo, facilmente manuseável, para o estudo das características e funções dos vtRNAs, Saccharomyces cerevisiae foi transformada com o vector pRS426, contendo as sequências codificantes para os vtRNAs1, 2, 3, 4 e 5. Os resultados revelam que os vtRNAs podem ser expressos em levedura e indicam que estas moléculas têm um comportamento semelhante ao que apresentam quando são expressas em células infectadas pelo vírus MHV -68.
A virus particle is a noncellular genetic element that relies on the host cell for its own replication since it is metabolically inert and does not carry out respiratory or biosynthetic functions. In the extracellular state it is a submicroscopic particle containing nucleic acid, DNA or RNA, surrounded by proteins and occasionally containing other macromolecular components. Viral genomes are very limited in size and they encode primarily those functions that they cannot adapt from their hosts. Therefore, during reproduction inside a susceptible cell, there is a heavy dependence on host-cell structural and metabolic components. The virus redirects pre-existing host machinery and metabolic functions necessary for virus replication. The DNA genome of most DNA-containing viruses, such as herpes viruses, ends up in the cell nucleus where it interacts with the host machinery for transcribing mRNA, which is translated into viral proteins by the host cell ribosomes, tRNAs and translation factors. Surprisingly the Murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV-68) genome encodes eight novel tRNA-like sequences– vtRNAs - expressed to high levels during both latent and litic infection and constituted the first report of tRNA-like sequences encoded by a virus of eucaryotes. These vtRNAs are processed into mature tRNAs with post-transcriptionally added 3’CCA termini but they are not aminoacylated by aminoacil-tRNA synthetases present in the infected cell. Therefore the biological function that these vtRNAs may fulfil is currently unclear. The aim of the present work was to contribute for the biological and molecular characterization of novel vtRNAs encoded by MHV -68. In the first stage of this study, using bioinformatic tools, the alignment of the nucleotide sequences of the vtRNAs revealed a shared semi-conserved motif, present in the D arm, and homology searches of this sequence against a database showed that this motif is also present and conserved in the D arm of protozoa tRNAs mitochondrialy imported. Besides that, in Leishmania, this conserved sequence is necessary and sufficient for import of tRNAs into mitochondria. Therefore it was proposed and investigated that the short semi-conserved motif in the D arm of vtRNAs acts as a targeting sinal and directs in vivo the import of vtRNAs into mitochondria of MHV-68 infected cells. According to the results it doesn’t appear to exist an import mechanism of MHV-68 vtRNAs into mitochondria. Finally, in order to create a new easy to handle model, for the study of the function and features of vtRNAs, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was transformed with a pRS426 vector containing the vtRNAs 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. The results proved that vtRNAs are expressed in yeast and it seems that these molecules have the same behaviour as when they are expressed during an in vivo infection.
Teixeira, Nara Cristina. "Detecção de Magnaporthe oryzae em sementes de arroz por meio da técnica LAMP (amplificação isotérmica de ácidos nucleicos)." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7949.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Considered the most destructive disease of rice (Oryza sativa), the blast caused by the fungus M. oryzae is of concern worldwide. Because the pathogen staying power in the soil and crop residues for long and indeterminate periods is essential monitoring before the pathogen's entry into new areas, due to the commitment of nearby plantations. The seeds are considered the main ways of spread of disease due to storage, transportation and introduction into harmless areas. The methodology currently recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture for fungi monitoring seed is the "Blotter test", however, the morphological characterization can often be uncertain due to the rapid growth of fungal invasion and the similarity between structures of some pathogens. Morphologically M. oryzae can be indistinguishable from some species, such as the causal agent of rice blast wheat and other grasses therefore the most adequate way for safe diagnosis is the molecular detection. In seeds percentage infestation is often low, which is nevertheless important because the seed of transmission capacity for the seedling, however small conidia concentrations may be insufficient for the molecular detection by techniques potentially used as PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). Technically a methodology for molecular amplification isothermal LAMP (Loop- Mediated Isothermal Amplification) simpler recently been developed, which allows to safely identify the target, due to the projection of specific primers based on exclusive regions of the genome of the organism. The technique has advantages as high sensitivity due to the recognition by the initiators of six regions of the target, in addition to specificity, speed and security in the diagnosis. It is important to consider the cost reduction compared with PCR, due to use of constant temperature and straightforward interpretation of results using turbidity generated in positive samples or color change if the addition of dyes, eliminating the use of devices, specialized professionals in handling high standard laboratories. The interpretation the results with the naked eye makes the seed control in environments such as laboratories, warehouses, cooperatives with minimal structure, reflecting positively on the proper targeting of lots, either for planting, consumption or disposal. Therefore, the aim of this study was to survey the main potentially destructive pathogenic fungi found in seeds, and develop a rapid detection kit by LAMP methodology for M. oryzae.
Considerada a doença mais destrutiva do arroz (Oryza sativa), a Brusone, causada pelo fungo Magnaporthe. oryzae é motivo de preocupação no mundo todo. Devido a capacidade de permanência do patógeno no solo e em restos culturais por longos e indeterminados períodos é essencial o monitoramento perante a entrada do patógeno em novas áreas, em razão do comprometimento dos próximos plantios. As sementes são consideradas as principais formas de disseminação da doença devido à capacidade de armazenamento, transporte e introdução em áreas indenes. A metodologia atualmente recomendada pelo Ministério da Agricultura para monitoramento de fungos em sementes é o “Blotter test”, entretanto, a caracterização morfológicapode muitas vezes ser incerta devido à invasão de fungos de crescimento rápido e a semelhança entre estruturas de alguns patógenos. Morfologicamente M. oryzae pode ser indistinguível de algumas espécies, como é o caso do agente causal da brusone de diversas gramíneas, portanto, a maneira mais adequada para diagnose segura é a detecção molecular. Em sementes, a porcentagem de infestação muitas vezes é baixa, o que não deixa de ser importante devido a capacidade de transmissibilidade da semente para a plântula, no entanto as pequenas concentrações de conídios podem ser insuficientes para a detecção molecular, por meio de técnicas potencialmente utilizadas como a PCR (Reação Polimerase em Cadeia). Tecnicamente mais simples, recentemente foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de amplificação molecular isotérmica LAMP (Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification), que permite identificar de forma segura o alvo, em decorrência da projeção de iniciadores específicos, baseados em regiões exclusivas do genoma do organismo. A técnica apresenta vantagens como, alta sensibilidade devido ao reconhecimento pelos iniciadores de seis regiões do alvo, além da especificidade, agilidade e segurança no diagnostico. È importante considerar a redução de custos em comparação com a PCR, devido ao uso de temperaturas constantes, e interpretação direta dos resultados por meio da turbidez gerada em amostras positivas, ou mudança de coloração no caso da adição de corantes, dispensando o uso de aparelhos, profissionais especializados e manuseio em laboratórios de alto padrão. A intepretação dos resultados a olhos nus facilita o controle de sementes em ambientes como laboratórios, armazéns, cooperativas com estrutura mínima, refletindo positivamente sobre o direcionamento adequado de lotes, seja para o plantio, consumo ou descarte. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o levantamento dos principais fungos patogênicos potencialmente destrutivos encontrados em sementes, e desenvolver um kit de detecção rápida por meio da metodologia LAMP para M. oryzae.
Camargo, Tiago Pacheco de. "Desenvolvimento de complexos heterobinucleares de Fe "Zn" a partir de ligantes contendo o grupo pireno para estudo de interação com ésteres de fosfato e ácidos nucléicos." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2013. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/122699.
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Agentes que possam interagir e/ou clivar a molécula de DNA possuem uma grande importância devido a sua potencial aplicação antitumoral ou ainda como antibióticos. Vários compostos de coordenação clivam o DNA de forma oxidativa. Porém este mecanismo de clivagem possui uma grande desvantagem por afetar as biomoléculas de forma indiscriminada e aleatória, o que é indesejável em aplicações bioquímicas ou mesmo em estudos de interação com DNA.Desta forma é absolutamente necessário nestes estudos o desenvolvimento de compostos que possam clivar o DNA através de um mecanismo hidrolítico. Algumas metalonucleases naturais fazem uso de íons metálicos em seus sítios ativos de modo a se beneficiar das características desses metais. Dentre elas podem-se destacar a acidez de Lewis que pode ser usada na ativação do átomo de fósforo bem como na formação de um nucleófilo em condições de pH fisiológico. No caso de nucleases binucleares os centros metálicos podem atuar na orientação do nucleófillo em relação ao substrato de modo a facilitar a hidrólise da ligação fósforo-diester.Inspirados nestas metalonucleases vários complexos modelo foram desenvolvidos visando a clivagem hidrolítica do DNA, porém em sua maioria não possuem seletividade quanto ao sítio de clivagem, sendo o grande desafio atual o aumento da seletividade de interação compexo-DNA. Uma estratégia que vem sendo utilizada é a inserção de grupos intercalantes, que interagem com o sulco maior ou menor do DNA. Estes grupos serviriam então como direcionadores, o que pode gerar um grande aumento da atividade de clivagem, bem como na seletividade.Considerando o exposto, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é sintetizar e caracterizar novos ligantes contendo grupos intercalantes e seus complexos metálicos (sistemas conjugados) que apresentem as características requeridas para o estudo de interação e clivagem eficiente de ácidos nucléicos.
Abstract : Agents that can interact and / or cleave the DNA molecule have a great importance due to their potential application as antibiotics or antitumor drugs. Several coordination compounds cleave DNA oxidatively. However, this cleaving mechanism has a great disadvantage because it affects the biomolecules indiscriminately and random, which is undesirable in applications or even biochemical studies of interaction with DNA.Thus, it is necessary in these studies to develop compounds that can cleave DNA by a hydrolytic mechanism. Some natural metallonucleases make use of metal ions in their active sites in order to benefit from the characteristics of these metals. Among them we can emphasize the Lewis acidity which can be used in activating the phosphorus atom as well as the formation of a nucleophile under conditions of physiological pH. In the case of the binuclear metal centers nucleases can act in nuclephile orientation relative to the substrate in order to facilitate hydrolysis of the phosphorus-diester.Inspired in these metallonucleases, various biommimetic models were developed to hydrolytic cleavage of DNA, but mostly lack selectivity regarding cleavage site, and the current challenge increased selectivity complex-DNA interaction. One strategy that has been used is the insertion of intercalating groups that interact with the major or minor groove of DNA. These groups then serve as drivers, which can generate a large increase in cleavage activity and selectivity.Considering the above, the main objective of this work is to synthesize and characterize new ligands containing intercalating groups and their metal complexes (conjugated systems) having the characteristics required for the study of interaction and efficient cleavage of nucleic acids.
Tresanchez, Carrera Roger. "Preparació d’oligonucleòtids conformacionalment restringits amb repeticions de trinucleòtids." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/123545.
Full textQuite often, non-B DNA structures are constituted by repetitive DNA sequences. These alternative conformations affect key genetic events such as DNA replication, transcription, recombination and repair, inducing genome instability and eventually leading to human diseases. In the neurological diseases caused by triple repeat expansions, these repeats form unusual non-B DNA structures and, in some cases, long mismatched hairpins of the RNA transcripts are involved in the pathogenesis of the disorders. Use of short oligonucleotide models to get insight into the conformations of large DNAs and RNAs is hampered by the low structural and thermal stability of the former as compared to the native nucleic acids. Therefore, the incorporation of conformational constraints into the oligonucleotide models may facilitate their structural study. Our aim has been to develop chemical tools that reduce the conformational space accessible to synthetic oligonucleotides, in particular those formed by the CTG and CUG triple repeats involved in myotonic dystrophy. Our first approach to introduce conformational constraints was solid-phase cyclization, but it proved impractical. We then tried a template-assisted cyclization approach, where the guanosines of the linear precursor were partially protected to prevent hybridization with the template. This required preparation of a new guanosine phosphoramidite derivative in which the nucleobase was both N2- and O6-protected. This approach successfully furnished a partially guanine-protected cyclic 42mer containing fourteen CUG repeats. However, conditions for the final guanine deprotection could not be completely optimized. The second, well-established approach to reduce the conformational mobility of nucleic acids is to form cross-links. We have devised and developed a straightforward method to introduce a cross-link between the complementary chains of a duplex. The nonnatural covalent linkage did not significantly perturb B-DNA structure and dramatically increased the thermal stability of the duplex. Additionally, the cross-link is reversible, which is one of the desired properties of such unions.
Oliveira, Ana Cristina Simões Pinto de. "Expressão da proteína E6 do HPV 16 em Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21669.
Full textO fenótipo maligno exibido pelos vírus do papiloma humano de alto-risco (HPV-16 e HPV-18) depende da expressão de dois oncogenes, E6 e E7. Quando o controlo de expressão da E6 é perdido, ocorre a imortalização das células infectadas por estes vírus e em consequência um processo oncogénico. O principal objectivo deste trabalho é determinar, no modelo levedura, se a proteína E6 interfere com a resposta normal das células a situações de “stress”, por interacção com a maquinaria bioquímica de regulação celular. Uma estirpe de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, W303-1A, foi transformada com o vector pYES2, onde se inseriu o gene E6 marcado com a sequência FLAG. A sensibilidade desta estirpe, a altas temperaturas, à feromona e à cafeína foi comparada com as estirpes controlo, W303-1A e W303- 1A.pYES2 (estirpe controlo com o plasmídeo vazio). A incubação das estirpes à temperatura permissiva de 41 ºC durante 6 horas revelou que, ao contrário das estirpes controlo, a estirpe W303-1A pYES2.E6 não apresenta uma redução de viabilidade celular. No entanto, este fenótipo termotolerante só é observável quando há níveis de proteína E6 detectáveis por Western-blot utilizando os anticorpos anti-FLAG M2. A quantificação dos níveis de expressão relativa do gene E6 mostra que a expressão desta proteína é interrompida quando as células são colocadas a 41 ºC. Portanto, o fenótipo termotolerante depende da proteína expressa e sintetizada durante o crescimento normal a 30 ºC, que se mantém activa durante pelo menos as 4 horas iniciais de incubação a 41 ºC. A estirpe que expressa a proteína E6 apresenta uma resposta alterada ao factor-? . Assim, observou-se que a feromona não induz a paragem do ciclo celular que ocorre nas estirpes controlo. Por outro lado, em relação às estirpes controlo, a estirpe W303-1A.pYES2.E6 apresenta uma taxa superior de alteração morfológica (“shmoos”). Este resultado sugere que a oncoproteína E6 actua de forma diferencial na via de sinalização que responde à presença de feromona inibindo a paragem de crescimento e activando a via que regula as alterações morfológicas. A cafeína, um agente que afecta a integridade da parede celular, a partir da concentração 10 mM impede o crescimento das estirpes controlo W303-1A e W303-1A pYES2. No entanto a estirpe W303-1A pYES2.E6 é capaz de crescer até 20 mM de cafeína. Este resultado parece indicar que esta oncoproteína poderá interferir com via de sinalização mediada pela proteína cinase C, ou com algum regulador desta via. A construção de um sistema “yeast two-hybrid” utilizando a estirpe PJ69-4A, mostrou que a E6 funciona como um activador transcripcional nesta estirpe de levedura, revelando a existência de alvos moleculares de interacção da oncoproteína E6 com o genoma de levedura. Neste trabalho é descrito pela primeira vez que a proteína E6 é capaz de, numa célula eucariota, antagonizar a tendência para a morte celular, independentemente da presença de p53. Revela-se ainda a possibilidade de uma oncoproteína viral poder interagir com a maquinaria bioquímica da levedura, tornando-a mais resistente a situações adversas.
The malignant phenotype of the high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV-16 and HPV-18) mainly depends on the expression of two viral genes, E6 and E7. If control of E6 is lost, this protein can trigger immortalization of cells and cancer. The main objective of this study was to determine, in the yeast model, if the protein E6 interferes with the physiological response to stress situations by interacting with biochemical machinery of cellular regulation. The strain W303-1A of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was transformed with the vector pYES2, carrying the gene E6 tagged with FLAG sequence. The sensibility of this transformed strain to high temperature, to pheromone and to caffeine, was compared with the sensibility of the control strains W303- 1A and W303-1A pYES2 (empty plasmid). The incubation of the strains to a permissive temperature of 41 ºC during 6 hours revealed that, in contrast to the control strains, the strain W303-1A pYES2.E6 does not show a marked decreased in cell viability. Nevertheless, this thermotolerant phenotype is only observed when, intracellularly, there are levels of protein E6 detectable by Western Blot analysis using antibodies anti- FLAG M2. The levels of expression of the gene E6, measured by real time PCR, showed that E6 expression is stopped when the cells are transferred to 41 ºC. It can be concluded that the thermotolerant phenotype is dependent upon the expression and synthesis of E6 protein during the normal growth at 30 ºC. Apparently, this protein remains “active” during the first 4 hours of incubation at 41 ºC. The strain W303-1A pYES2.E6 presented an anomalous response to the presence of pheromone, the ? -mating factor. In that strain the pheromone does not blocks the cell cycle. However, the strain W303-1A pYES2.E6 presented a higher rate of shmoo formation. These results indicated that the oncoprotein E6 acts in different targets of the pathway that controls the response to pheromone, preventing the cell cycle arrest and over-stimulating the morphological alterations. Caffeine, a drug that affects the yeast cell wall integrity, prevented the cell growth of control strains at concentrations above 10 mM. The strain W303- 1A.pYES2.E6 was able to grow up to 20 mM caffeine. It was concluded that the E6 protein interacts with the PKC1 MAPkinase pathway or with some regulator of this pathway. The construction of a yeast two-hybrid system, albeit failing to provide information about specific molecular targets, showed that E6 functions as a transcriptional activator of the yeast S. cerevisiae genome. These work reports, for the first time, that a viral oncoprotein, once successfully expressed, interacts with the biochemical machinery of the yeast S. cerevisiae, resulting in a strain more resistant to adverse conditions.
Vicent, Perales Carlos Javier. "Dieta enriquecida con arginina, ácidos grasos poliinsaturados Omega 3, ácidos nucleicos i antioxidantes en pacientes sometidos a cirugía aórtica abdominal: Efectos sobre la perfusión esplácnica y estado oxidativo." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10048.
Full textIntroduction: Patients with an abdominal aortic pathology (aneurysm or obstructive) have an endothelial dysfunction which is seen to be aggravated at the moment of clamping/unclamping surgical maneuvers. The ischemia-reperfusion injury implies functional consequences such as a reduction of endothelial synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), activation of cellular systems, inflammatory cascade and oxidative stress. Objectives: To determine the hemodynamic, perfusion, acid-base equilibrium, anaerobic metabolic and oxidative state changes in the systemic and splanchnic areas during abdominal aorta surgery, and the influence of an immune-enhancing diet rich in arginine, ω3 fatty acids, nucleotides and antioxidants on splanchnic perfusion.Material and methodology: By clinical trial through a randomized, open and controlled prospective study, in which 40 patients scheduled for reconstructive surgery of the abdominal aorta (aneurysm and/or obstructive). 22 patients were given an immune-enhancing diet (treatment diet -Impact Oral-) while the remaining 18 were given an isocaloric and isonitrogenous diet (control diet -Isosource Protein-) for seven days prior to intervention. The heart rate, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, pH, bases excess (BE), lactate, the oxygen extraction rate (O2ER) and oxidative markers (superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and the total antioxidant state) in the right atrium (RA), the inferior mesenteric vein (M) and hepatic vein in a preclamping, postclamping, unclamping situations and ICU admission were assessed.Results: The hemodynamic variations were from ICU admittance. Clamping caused an increase of O2ER, a pH decrease, a great lack of bases, and a slight increase of lactate. After unclamping, you can notice the greatest increase of lactate and decrease of pH. The oxidative variables hardly underwent any changes. The treatment diet caused greater O2ER in RA with ICU admittance, and a lower level of lactate in SH postclamping. The arginine and NO levels after 7 days of supplements did not experiment any changes.Conclusion: The aortic surgery caused notable changes of pH, BE, O2ER, and lactate at a systemic and regional level, contrary to an oxidative state. The treatment diet had little influence on the different variables studied.
Lima, Allysson Roberto Barbosa de. "Desenvolvimento de metodologia analítica para quantificação de ácidos nucleicos empregando Tioflavina T como sonda fluorimétrica baseada no conceito off-on." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2017. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/1749.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A determinação de ácidos nucleicos em amostras biológicas tem sido imprescindível nas últimas décadas para muitos processos analíticos, como reação de polimerase em cadeia (PCR), genotipagem, diagnóstico clínico, determinação de organismos geneticamente modificados em ingredientes alimentares, testes para determinação de DNA fetal em sangue materno, aplicações forenses, entre outros. Medidas de absorvância no UV-vis são comumente usadas para quantificação de ácidos nucleicos. Entretanto, os resultados obtidos são aproximados e a exatidão das medidas é limitada. Dessa forma, este trabalho apresenta um método simples e rápido empregando a Tioflavina T (TT) como sonda sensível e seletiva para determinação de DNA e/ou RNA através de fluorescência molecular. O mecanismo da reação consiste na interação da TT com DNA ou RNA. Este mecanismo se baseia no conceito off-on em que a tioflavina livre em solução apresenta baixa fluorescência, mas ao interagir com o ácido nucleico, ocorre restrição de rotação na molécula de TT, tornando-a planar e possibilitando o alinhamento dos orbitais π, desta forma, provocando aumento na intensidade de fluorescência. Após a adição de DNA, a TT mostrou um desvio para o vermelho (efeito batocrômico) nos espectros de absorção molecular, indicando que ocorre interação com a macromolécula. As condições experimentais foram otimizadas empregando DNA de salmão como modelo experimental de ácido nucleico (stDNA) em pH = 5, tampão MES (10 mM) e a concentração de TT em 5 μM. No estudo da força iônica observou-se que o aumento da concentração de NaCl (0 - 150 mM) desfavorece o processo de interação TT-DNA, indicando que a interação se dá por meio de atrações eletrostáticas. Além disso, realizou-se o estudo do modo de ligação com os competidores como brometo de etídio e berenil evidenciando que um segundo tipo de interação ocorre preferencialmente via groove. Nestas condições, a sonda respondeu a diferentes ácidos nucleicos (DNA e RNA) de forma imediata, sendo o sinal estável pelo menos até 120 min. O método proposto apresentou faixa linear de concentração de 0,1-1,5 mg L-1 em stDNA com limite de detecção (LOD) de 0,012 mg L-1 e desvio padrão relativo (RSD) menor que 3,7%. Quando se utilizou RNA como padrão a faixa linear foi de 0,25-3,0 mg L-1 com LOD de 0,073 mg L-1 e RSD menor que 3,2 %. Os íons Fe(III) e as proteínas albumina e lisozima foram os principais interferentes do método. Por fim, determinou-se a concentração de ácidos nucleicos em uma amostra de DNA extraído de plasma sanguíneo (padrão stDNA – 57 mg L-1 e ctDNA – 48,5 mg L-1), além disso, também foi realizado o ensaio de recuperação empregando ctDNA e stDNA em amostras de saliva, no qual obteve-se recuperações na faixa de 67-89%.
Maron, Lyza Gontow. "Caracterização molecular de Zmal1 : um gene induzido por aluminio em plantas de milho." [s.n.], 2000. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317051.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Mestrado
Pérez, Cano Laura. "Structural prediction and characterization of protein-RNA interactions / Predicción y caracterización estructural de interacciones proteína-ARN." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/120481.
Full textLa caracterización estructural de complejos proteína-ARN es esencial para lograr una mayor comprensión en el campo de la biología molecular y la regulación celular. Los métodos computacionales de predicción estructural representan una alternativa rápida y poco costosa para la detección y caracterización de complejos biológicos. No obstante, en contraste con la gran variedad de métodos computacionales orientados a la predicción estructural de las interacciones proteína-proteína, existen muy pocos métodos enfocados al estudio de complejos proteína-ARN. En este contexto, el propósito principal de este proyecto de tesis ha sido el desarrollo y aplicación de métodos computacionales para el análisis, caracterización y predicción estructural de complejos proteína-ARN. Con este objetivo, en la primera fase de esta tesis doctoral, se han desarrollado nuevos protocolos para la predicción estructural de este tipo de complejos a partir de métodos de docking entre proteínas previamente descritos, y se han generado potenciales estadísticos por residuo, nucleótido y por pares residuo-nucleótido a partir de estructuras conocidas de complejos proteína-ARN. Dichos potenciales estadísticos por residuo se han aplicado al desarrollo de un método para la predicción de sitios de unión a ARN en proteínas y la identificación de proteínas que unen ARN. Por otro lado, se ha construido un conjunto de pruebas de complejos proteína-ARN para la evaluación de métodos de docking. Usando dicho conjunto de pruebas, se ha estudiado el poder predictivo de los potenciales estadísticos de pares residuo-nucleótido, así como otros términos energéticos, para la evaluación de soluciones de docking de complejos proteína-ARN y se ha desarrollado una nueva función de evaluación de posibles orientaciones de docking en complejos proteína-ARN, integrando aquellos términos energéticos más efectivos a nivel individual. La experiencia acumulada durante las fases iniciales de la tesis permitió la aplicación de técnicas de modelado computacional, en combinación con técnicas experimentales llevadas a cabo por colaboradores, al estudio de translin, una proteína de unión a ácidos nucleicos de gran interés biológico. Así pues, durante la fase final de este proyecto de tesis doctoral se contribuyó a la identificación de los sitios de multimerización y de unión a ácidos nucleicos en translin, y se propuso una primera aproximación estructural y dinámica de las funciones llevadas a cabo por la proteína, contribuyendo a resolver aspectos tan fundamentales como los determinantes estructurales de la unión a ARN.
Viader, Godoy Xavier. "Biophysical properties of single-stranded DNA studied with single-molecule force spectroscopy." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670920.
Full textEn aquesta tesi hem realitzat experiments fent servir pinces òptiques per tal d’extreure informació precisa sobre les propietats termodinàmiques i cinètiques de diferents sistemes moleculars, posant especial èmfasi en les propietats elàstiques de la cadena simple d’ADN (ssDNA, pel seu acrònim en anglès). La tesi es troba dividida en tres parts. A la primera part s’introdueix de forma general el camp de recerca dels experiments de molècula única, així com s’expliquen els conceptes més bàsics que es desenvoluparan en les parts II i III. La configuració experimental emprada al llarg de tota la tesi, les pinces òptiques, s’introdueix al capítol 2. Per a fer-ho, s’expliquen els principis físics de funcionament de les pinces, que es basen en l’atrapament òptic. Breument, la focalització d’un feix de llum d’alta intensitat permet atrapar i exercir forces en micropartícules dielèctriques (pilotes fetes de plàstic de la mida d’un bacteri), que són recobertes químicament de manera que la molècula d’estudi pot estirar-se, de forma individual, repetides vegades. El capítol 3 conté una breu introducció a les biomolècules que apareixen en aquesta tesi, amb una breu explicació de la seva descoberta, així com la seva estructura i funció (íntimament relacionades). Ens centrem en la descripció de la ssDNA que és el principal objecte d’estudi de la tesi. Al capítol 4 s’introdueixen els models de polímers que s’empren habitualment per a descriure l’elasticitat d’àcids nucleics i proteïnes. En concret, es descriuen els models de la Freely-Jointed Chain i la Worm-Like Chain. La Part II tracta de l’elasticitat de la ssDNA, i inclou els capítols 5, 6 i 7. El capítol 5 es basa en la caracterització de l’elasticitat de la cadena ideal de ssDNA, és a dir, aquella que pot ser modelitzada pels polímers ideals introduïts en el capítol 4. S’estudia l’elasticitat de diferents seqüències de ssDNA, introduint un nou mètode experimental, blocking-splint oligo, per tal d’ampliar el rang de forces estudiat habitualment en molècules curtes (d’una longitud de desenes de bases) de ssDNA. L’estudi mostra la necessitat d’emprar models elàstics extensibles per a la correcte caracterització de l’elasticitat de ssDNA, que explica les discrepàncies existents entre els paràmetres elàstics trobats a la literatura. També hipotetitzem que l’extensibilitat del model pot ser explicada gràcies a la transició experimentada a nivell de nucleòtids: el canvi que experimenta la distància interfosfat de l’ADN es veu modificada segons quina sigui la configuració de l’anell de desoxiribosa. Tot i que és un fenomen molt més conegut en la cadena doble d’ADN, l’apilament-desapilament de bases també s’ha observat en certes seqüències de ssDNA (especialment les que són riques en contingut de purines). Al capítol 6 s’estudien quatre molècules amb un grau d’apilament diferent a partir de les seves corbes força-extensió (FECs). Es desenvolupa un model helix-coil (hèlix-cabdell) per tal d’ajustar les FECs, fet que permet d’obtenir, indirectament, les propietats elàstiques de la cadena apilada. També s’estudia la dependència d’aquesta transició variant la concentració de sal dels experiments en més de dos ordres de magnitud. A través d’aquests experiments, trobem una dependència amb la concentració de sal de l’energia lliure de formació de l’apilament de la ssDNA, fet que ens permet explicar, parcialment, la dependència que es troba en la literatura per la hibridació de la cadena doble d’ADN. El capítol 7 tracta de la formació d’estructures no específiques que apareixen a forces baixes i a concentració de sal alta per a molècules de ssDNA de més de ~100bases. Es proposa un model helix-coil amb cooperativitat per tal de caracteritzar propietats de camp mitjà de les estructures estudiades. S’estudien vuit seqüències diferents, entre 120 i ~14000 bases, i es caracteritza el seu desviament respecte de la corba elàstica ideal amb el model. També s’estudia la dependència de l’estructura secundària de la ssDNA en funció de la concentració de la sal. Analitzant experiments variant la concentració de MgCl2 i NaCl, aconseguim reproduir les FECs a partir de fer dependre els paràmetres del model amb la sal. Finalment, el model desenvolupat ens permet predir la formació d’estructura secundària a força zero (fet que no podem detectar directament a partir d’experiments d’espectroscopia de forces). Es comparen les previsions del model amb les trobades per Mfold, trobant una compatibilitat per als resultats per a molècules de de menys de 1000 bases. La darrera part se centra en col·laboracions que he fet durant a tesi i que necessiten una determinació precisa de les propietats elàstiques de la ssDNA. Al capítol 8 s’estudia la interacció entre l’helicasa del bacteri E. coli i l’ADN, que s’encarrega d’obrir la cadena doble d’ADN, alliberant ssDNA. S’extreuen les seves propietats cinètiques, com la velocitat de translocació – obtenim, independentment de la força aplicada, d’uns 50bp/s, d’acord amb la literatura –. També n’estudiem les seves propietats termodinàmiques, a partir del Teorema de Fluctuació. Finalment, al capítol 9 s’estudien els efectes de certs defectes en molècules d’ADN. A partir d’experiments fora de l’equilibri s’extrau la penalització que suposa per a la hibridització d’ADN la presència d’aquestes bases no complementàries (és a dir, que no són enllaços de A-T o G-C).
Vitório, Bianca da Silva. "Expressão de calpaínas e efeito do inibidor MDL28170 em Leishmania braziliensis." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2014. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/12497.
Full textFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
As diversas espécies de Leishmania são parasitas de considerável importância médica e econômica. As drogas atualmente utilizadas no tratamento da leishmaniose apresentam efeitos adversos, alta toxicidade, elevado custo e surgimento de cepas resistentes. Nesse contexto, inibidores proteolíticos é uma alternativa para o tratamento desta doença. Este estudo está focado nas calpaínas, que compreendem uma família de cisteína peptidases neutras dependentes de cálcio, envolvidas numa ampla variedade de funções fisiológicas. As calpaínas estão envolvidas em importantes doenças humanas, portanto inibidores de calpaínas já vêm sendo desenvolvidos e testados para o tratamento dessas doenças, alguns encontra-se em estágios avançados de triagem clínica. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho avalia a expressão e identificação de homólogos das calpaínas em Leishmania braziliensis e o efeito do inibidor de calpaínas MDL28170 em ensaios in vitro. Através da busca por sequências no GenBank, alinhamentos múltiplos, filogenia e análise de domínios conservados nas sequências obtidas, selecionamos como alvo inicial sequências de calpaínas que possuíam o maior número de domínios conservados. A análise da expressão gênica relativa indica que 13 das 20 calpaínas estudadas apresentam níveis constitutivos de mRNA nas formas procíclica e metacíclica de L. braziliensis. A expressão de cinco alvos é maior na forma procíclica, e a de um alvo é maior na forma metacíclica e há expressão estágio específica de apenas um alvo na forma procíclica. A partir de análises in silico, das sequências proteicas dessas calpaínas, selecionamos uma região consenso e um peptídeo correspondente a essa região foi sintetizado e empregado na imunização de coelhos A reatividade do anticorpo gerado (Anti-TryTrip CALPAIN) foi avaliada por Western blotting, citometria de fluxo e imunocitoquímica. Em ensaios de Western blotting,verificamos que o anticorpo foi capaz de reagir contra uma proteína de 50 kDa. Já na imunolocalização foi possível observar calpaínas dispersas no citoplasma, membrana e núcleo. Além disso, através de citometria de fluxo, as moléculas homólogas às calpaínas foram identificadas em maior abundância no interior das células. Nos ensaios de inibição com o MDL28170, inibidor de calpaínas, foi possível observar a redução da proliferação nas formas promastigotas recém isoladas e múltiplas passagens de forma dose-dependente nas diferentes concentrações do inibidor ao longo de quatro dias. O efeito reversíveldo inibidor também foi avaliado nas formas promastigotas, com taxas menores comparado com o controle. O efeito do inibidor, também foi capaz de diminuir de maneira dose-dependente o índice de associação e aumentou o percentual de células com parasitos aderidos durante o processo de interação com macrófagos peritoneais. O parasito aumentou a expressão de uma peptidse clássica (gp63) quando tratado com o MDL28170, já a expressão de calpaínas e cpb não foi alterada pelo estresse induzido pelo composto. Estes dados sugerem mais estudos para melhor caracterizar as calpaínas em L. braziliensis e sugerem uma maior avaliação para uma possível associação de moléculas similares as calpaínas com a virulência ou não do parasito. Assim este trabalho acrescenta novas possibilidades para a utilização de inibidores de calpaínas como um potencial alvo de desenvolvimento para o tratamento da leishmaniose
The various species of Leishmania are parasites of considerable medical and economic importance. The drugs used in the treatment of leishmaniasis have adverse effects, high toxicity, high cost and emergence of resistant strains. In this context, proteolytic inhibitors could be an alternative for the treatment of this disease. This study is focused on calpains, which comprise a family of neutral cysteine peptidases, which are strictly dependent of calcium, and are there of known as Calcium Dependent Peptidases.These enzymes play a variety of physiological functions, and are involved in human diseases, therefore calpains inhibitors are under trial to treat these diseases. Thus, this study aimed to assess calpain expression levels in Leishmania braziliensis, as well as the effect of the calpain inhibitor MDL28170 in vitro. Through the searching for sequencesin GenBank, multiple alignments, and phylogenetic analysis of the obtained sequences conserved domains, selected as an initial target sequences of calpain which possessed the greatest number of conserved domains. In this sense, we assessed the expression levels of mRNA from a group of twenty sequences containing archetypal calpain domain. The analysis indicated that 13 out of the 20 studied calpains have constitutive levels of mRNA between the procyclic and metacyclic forms of L. braziliensis, while five calpains presented higher expression levels at the procyclic stage, and only one sequence is augmented at the metacyclic stage. One calpain molecule was found to be procyclic-specific. After that, we selected a consensus region and a peptide was synthesized and used to immunize rabbits. The reactivity of the antibody (anti-calpainTryTrip) was evaluated by Western blotting, flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. In Western blotting assays, we found that the anti-calpain TriTryp antibody was able to recognize a 50 kDa protein. The immunolocalization assays revealed calpain molecules present at the membrane, nucleus and dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. Also, by flow cytometry, molecules homologous to calpains have been identified in abundance within cells. In inhibition assays employing MDL28170, a potent and specific calpain inhibitor, it was possible to observe a dose-dependent reduction in the proliferation rate, either in freshly isolated promastigotes or multiple passages parasites. MDL28170 presents a reversible inhibitory effect. The inhibitor was also able to decrease in a dose-dependent manner the association index and the percentage of host cells with attached parasites during the process of interaction with peritoneal macrophages. Finally, MDL28170 enhanced the expression of gp63 molecules, while cpb and calpains expression were not affect. Further studies to better characterize the calpain in L. braziliensis should be performed, aiming to add new possibilities for the exploitation of calpain inhibitors as a potential for the treatment of leishmaniasis.
The various species of Leishmania are parasites of considerable medical and economic importance. The drugs used in the treatment of leishmaniasis have adverse effects, high toxicity, high cost and emergence of resistant strains. In this context, proteolytic inhibitors could be an alternative for the treatment of this disease. This study is focused on calpains, which comprise a family of neutral cysteine peptidases, which are strictly dependent of calcium, and are there of known as Calcium Dependent Peptidases.These enzymes play a variety of physiological functions, and are involved in human diseases, therefore calpains inhibitors are under trial to treat these diseases. Thus, this study aimed to assess calpain expression levels in Leishmania braziliensis, as well as the effect of the calpain inhibitor MDL28170 in vitro. Through the searching for sequencesin GenBank, multiple alignments, and phylogenetic analysis of the obtained sequences conserved domains, selected as an initial target sequences of calpain which possessed the greatest number of conserved domains. In this sense, we assessed the expression levels of mRNA from a group of twenty sequences containing archetypal calpain domain. The analysis indicated that 13 out of the 20 studied calpains have constitutive levels of mRNA between the procyclic and metacyclic forms of L. braziliensis, while five calpains presented higher expression levels at the procyclic stage, and only one sequence is augmented at the metacyclic stage. One calpain molecule was found to be procyclic-specific. After that, we selected a consensus region and a peptide was synthesized and used to immunize rabbits. The reactivity of the antibody (anti-calpainTryTrip) was evaluated by Western blotting, flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. In Western blotting assays, we found that the anti-calpain TriTryp antibody was able to recognize a 50 kDa protein. The immunolocalization assays revealed calpain molecules present at the membrane, nucleus and dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. Also, by flow cytometry, molecules homologous to calpains have been identified in abundance within cells. In inhibition assays employing MDL28170, a potent and specific calpain inhibitor, it was possible to observe a dose-dependent reduction in the proliferation rate, either in freshly isolated promastigotes or multiple passages parasites. MDL28170 presents a reversible inhibitory effect. The inhibitor was also able to decrease in a dose-dependent manner the association index and the percentage of host cells with attached parasites during the process of interaction with peritoneal macrophages. Finally, MDL28170 enhanced the expression of gp63 molecules, while cpb and calpains expression were not affect. Further studies to better characterize the calpain in L. braziliensis should be performed, aiming to add new possibilities for the exploitation of calpain inhibitors as a potential for the treatment of leishmaniasis.
Crisafuli, Fabiano Augusto de Paula. "Caracterização das interaçoes do DNA com as moléculas Actinomicina D e GelRed." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2016. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/7711.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Neste trabalho, utilizando tres técnicas experimentais (pinoa optica, espalhamento di- namico de luz e calorimetria isotérmica de titulaoao), nés investigamos alguns ligantes que, além da intercalagao simples, apresentam outro mecanismo de interaoao com a molécula de DNA. Inicialmente, nos fizemos a caracterizaoao da molécula de DNA com dois ligantes: a Actinomicina D, que é um farmaco largamente utilizado em doen- Qas trofoblasticas gestacionais, tumor de Wilms e rabdomiossarcoma e o GelRed, um marcador de acidos nucléicos utilizado em experimentos de eletroforese. Utilizando dois modelos teoricos (o modelo estatistico de dois sitios e o modelo de exclusao de Vizinhos), foi possivel extrair os parametros fisico-quimicos das interaoo'es utilizando-se apenas os dados obtidos a partir dos experimentos de estiramento. Por liltimo, nos investigamos a interagao do DNA com dois ligantes (Brometo de Etidio e GelRed) em solugo'es contendo Poli(etileno glicol) 8000, a fim de estudarmos o comportamento do DNA em solugo'es contendo outras macromoléculas, simulando, de forma bastante simplificada, o meio no qual 0 DNA se encontra in viva.
In this work, by using three experimental techniques (optical tweezers, dynamic light scattering and isothermal titration calorimetry), we have investigated some ligands that, beside simple intercalation, have an additional mechanism of interaction with the DNA molecule. Firstly, we have performed the characterization of DNA molecule with two ligands: Actinomycin D, which is a drug widely used in gestational trophoblastic disease, Wilm’s tumor and rhabdomyosarcoma and GelRed, which is a fluorescent nucleic acid stain, used in electrophoresis technique. By using two theoretical models (quenched disorder statistical model and neighbor exclusion model), it was possible to extract some physicochemical parameters of the interaction from the data obtained by single molecule stretching experiments. Finally, we have investigated the interaction of the DNA molecule with two ligands (Ethidium Bromide and GelRed) in Poly(ethylene- glycol) 8000-rich solutions, in order to study the behavior of the DNA molecules in a crowd environment, mimicking, in a very simple way, the in viva environment.
Santos, Celio Xavier da Costa dos. "Oxidação de urato e tirosina por peroxinitrito. implicações para o desenvolvimento de sequestradores e biomarcadores de peroxinitrito." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46131/tde-18092018-154812/.
Full textPeroxynitrite (ONOO- + ONOOH), which is formed by the fast reaction between nitric oxide and superoxide anion, has been receiving increasing attention as a mediator of the deleterious effects associated with an overproduction of •NO. The compound is a strong oxidant that is able to oxidize and nitrate a variety of biotargets by mechanisms that this work has contributed to establish. Specifically, we studied the oxidation of urate and tyrosine by peroxynitrite. Urate oxidation produced allantoin, alloxan and the amiocarbonyl radical. Since the rate constant of the direct reaction between urate and peroxynitrite (k= 4,8 x 102 M-1.s-1) is low in comparison with those of other biotargets, we proposed that urate is an efficient scavenger of peroxynitrite-derived radicals (•NO2 and CO3•- in most biological environments; at acid pH, the •OH radical may also become relevant). ln the case of tyrosine, we confirmed that it does not react directly with peroxynitrite but, instead, with the radicals derived form it. As anticipated, the relative yield of the products (3-nitrotyrosine, 3,3-bityrosine and 3-hydroxytyrosine (DOPA)) varied with the pH and CO2 presence. These results led us to propose that co-localization of nitrated and hydroxylated proteins could be a peroxynitrite biomarker. To test this hypothesis, a monoclonal anti-DOPA antibody was developed and tested in Leishamnia amazonensis infection models (macrophages (J774), and resistant (C56Bl/6) and susceptible mice (BALB/c). It was possible to evidence co-localization of hydroxylated and nitrated proteins in all tested models in a time when •NO synthesis was maximum. Unfortunetly, we were unable to confirm these results due to antibody inactvation; new antibody baches are being obtained.
Fàbregas, Fernández Anna. "Nanopartícules lipídiques sòlides catiòniques (cSLN) com a sistema d’elecció per a transfecció cel·lular de DNA/RNA." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/318804.
Full textNanostructured non-viral delivery systems have recently being developed for transfection of therapeutic agents such as nucleic acids. Cationic polymeric nanoparticles of chitosan-TPP and cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (cSLN) are two of these delivery systems. In this work, several key operational parameters linked to the ionotropic gelation method were optimized to develop cationic polymeric chitosan-TPP nanoparticles. Because of the variability of the methodology and the raw material in the properties of nanoparticles, cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (cSLN) were chosen as an alternative system for delivery of various nucleic acids such as plasmid DNA. To this goal, the first specific aim was to decrease the components of a starting formulation to minimize the risk of cell toxicity. The components of the formulation were qualitatively and quantitatively assessed to achieve the minimum amount necessary for obtaining cSLN, while maintaining a proper particle size and Z potential. The suitability of the cSLN was studied through the characterization of the components, their interactions, and the properties of the resulting formulation. The optimal ratio for cSLN:pDNA lipoplexes was determined by using gel retardation assays, with an achievement of 100% binding efficiency. Minimal toxicity of the cSLN was observed in cell cultures using the established HEK293T and HeLa cell lines. More importantly, the cSLN were able to transiently express proteins from transfected DNA, which were detected by using bioluminescence assays. In addition, the optimal ratio for cSLN:siRNA (a 21-oligonucleotide targeting a transcription factor) was established to achieve 100% binding efficiency. The transfection efficiency of the cSLN:siRNA lipoplexes was confirmed in HEK293T and HeLa cells. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the developed cSLN-based lipoplexes for delivery of nucleic acids to regulate gene expression.
Aubets, Gil Eva. "Gene Silencing of WEE1, CHK1 and Thymidylate Synthase using PPRHS. Non-Viral and Viral Delivery of PPRHs." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673927.
Full textAquest treball es centra en l'estudi de pinces de polipurines (o PPRHs per Polypurine reverse Hoogsteen hairpins) com a eina de silenciament gènic i en la cerca de mètodes alternatius per a la seva vehiculització, tant amb vectors virals com no virals. Els PPRHs són molècules d'ADN no modificades formades per dues cadenes de polipurines unides per un bucle de 5 timidines i per enllaços de Hoogsteen intramoleculars. Aquestes pinces es poden unir a una seqüència específica de l'ADN i induir el desplaçament de la cadena de purines, tot causant la inhibició del gen diana. Durant l'última dècada, el nostre laboratori ha demostrat la capacitat dels PPRHs per silenciar diferents gens implicats en la progressió del càncer in vitro i in vivo (Ciudad et al. 2017). En aquest treball, vam demostrar que els PPRHs eren capaços de disminuir l'expressió WEE1 i CHK1, tot desencadenant una alteració del cicle cel·lular, un augment de l'apoptosi i una disminució de la supervivència en cèl·lules tumorals. A més, vam identificar i validar una estructura G-quàdruplex (G4) al 5' UTR del gen timidilat sintasa (TYMS) que podria actuar com a element regulador de la seva expressió. Vam demostrar que un PPRH dirigit contra aquesta regió disminuïa l'expressió de TYMS i era capaç d'induir la mort a cèl·lules canceroses com a agent únic i en combinació amb 5-Fluorouracil. També hem mostrat la capacitat d'un vector viral per transduir PPRHs in vitro. Vam demostrar que un vector adenoviral que codificava un PPRH dirigit contra la survivina podia disminuir els seus nivells de proteïna i mRNA, tot provocant una reducció de la viabilitat cel·lular. Abans, però, vam demostrar que un PPRH dirigit contra la survivina en forma d'ARN també tenia activitat silenciadora. Finalment, vam sintetitzar una nova formulació basada en liposomes catiònics gèminis (DOPY). Vam caracteritzar els complexos DOPY/PPRHs i vam validar l'ús de DOPY com a agent de transfecció de PPRHs. En resum, en aquest treball ampliem l'ús de PPRH com a eina de silenciament dels gens WEE1, CHK1 i TYMS, i validem dues noves estratègies de vehiculització de PPRHs: un vector adenovirus i el liposoma DOPY.
Grahl, Matheus Vinicius Coste. "A importância de ácidos nucleicos extracelulares para o sistema imune de Rhodnius prolixus : possível envolvimento na resposta contra a toxina derivada de urease, jaburetox." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/187206.
Full textUreases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of urea to form ammonia and carbon dioxide, being produced by plants, fungi and bacteria. The studied toxin, Jaburetox, is a recombinant peptide derived from one of the urease isoforms present in Canavalia ensiformis. This molecule showed toxicity to insects of different orders when administered orally or by injection and, in addition, presents antifungal and bacteriostatic activities, not exhibiting toxic effects to mammals, demonstrating an enormous biotechnological potential. Studies with Rhodnius prolixus, one of the main vectors of Chagas' disease in Latin America, have shown that Jaburetox is capable of interacting with hemocytes, the cells of the immune system. Concomitant with this interaction, we also demonstrated that the peptide induces hemocyte aggregation, a characteristic of the cellular response, and is also capable of increasing the activity of phenoloxidase (PO), an enzyme involved in the humoral response in insects. These effects suggest that the peptide is able of activating the insect immune system. Insects present only innate immunity, which is subdivided into cellular and humoral responses. The cellular response, mediated by hemocytes, is characterized by phagocytosis, aggregation and encapsulation of pathogens. In contrast, the humoral response is represented by the production of antimicrobial peptides, melanization triggered by the PO enzyme and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Recently, another mechanism of innate immune response has been studied: the Extracellular Traps (ETs), being well characterized in mammals, but little studied in insects. ETs consist of extracellular nucleic acids associated with cytoplasmic proteins that may aid in the capture and killing of pathogens. This response is triggered by extracellular granular cell receptors that induce the increase of intracellular Ca2+, leading to the production of ROS, which appear to play a key role in the release of nucleic acids, allowing them to pass into the cytoplasm and associate with proteins. The present study aims to evaluate the role of extracellular nucleic acids in the immune response and protection against the entomotoxic peptide Jaburetox. Immunological responses were evaluated by means of hemocytometer counting and by colorimetric assays to measure changes in the humoral response, 6 and 18 h after injection of Jaburetox and/or extracellular RNA (RNAet). The release of RNA and DNA was evaluated 6 h post injection of treatments for in vivo assays and 1 h post incubation for in vitro assays, using the Qubit RNA HS and Qubit dsDNA HS kits. In order to evaluate the release of ROS and 14 the cell viability, hemocyte cultures were treated for 24 h with Jaburetox. Finally, the immunocompetence was evaluated after treatment with Jaburetox, RNAet or Jaburetox + RNAet and challenging the insects with a pathogenic bacterium. Hemolymph of the insects was collected and colony forming units were measured by the drop-plate method. The results obtained in this work indicated that RNAet is able to activate the organism defenses, both cellular and humoral, and displays a protective effect when associated with the toxin. Jaburetox was not able to induce changes in the release of nucleic acids in any of the approaches, but modified the release of ROS at the dose of 6 μM. Cell viability was not altered in any of the conditions tested. In the immunocompetence assays, we observed that the peptide modulates response of the organism, making it more susceptible to infections. RNAet treatments elicit a protective response. Our data suggest that RNAet modulates the insect defenses in a beneficial way to fight pathogens, while Jaburetox, in the conditions tested, does not induce an immune response through ETs, but makes the insect more susceptible to pathogen infections. The present findings emphasize the importance of extracellular nucleic acids for immune defenses in insects. We also elucidate the effects triggered by the peptide, improving the knowledge regarding this toxin, reinforcing its potential use as a bioinsecticide.
Mir, Morro Bartomeu. "Studies on the formation of i-motif structures at neutral pH. Use of cytidine analogues and importance of minor groove tetrads on mini i-motifs stabilization." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668126.
Full textEn el marc de les estructures no canòniques dels àcids nucleics i les seves possibles implicacions biològiques, aquesta tesi te com a objectiu principal l’obtenció i caracterització estructural d’estructures i- motif que siguin estables a pH neutre. El punt de partida és l’estructura mini i-motif, un tipus de motiu que presenta una inusual elevada estabilitat front pH i temperatura. Es tracta d’una estructura dimèrica estabilitzada per la formació de dos parells hemiprotonats C:C+ que interaccionen per apilament amb dues tètrades G:T:G:T de solc menor que actuen de tapa de l’estructura. Per a aprofundir en l’estudi d’aquest tipus de motius i augmentar-ne la seva estabilitat a pH fisiològic, diferents aproximacions s’han dut a terme. En la primera aproximació, s’ha explorat la incorporació d’un anàleg neutre de citidina protonada (pseudoisocitidina, psC), capaç de formar parells neutres isomòrfics als parells hemiprotonats C:C+. Els estudis realitzats demostren que l’efecte de la psC en depèn fortament de la posició dins l’estructura. La formació de parells hemiprotonats al centre de l’estructura és fonamental i la formació de parells neutres només és tolerada pels parells terminals, produint-se en aquest cas una certa estabilització. Una segona línia de treball s’ha centrat en explorar la compatibilitat d’estructures i-motif amb altres tètrades de solc menor. S’han estudiat diferents seqüències, lineals i cícliques, que donarien lloc a estructures mini i-motif amb diferents associacions de nucleobases a les tètrades. Els estudis demostren que el mini i-motif és compatible amb diferents tètrades de solc menor i s’ha pogut establir el següent rànquing d’estabilitat G:C:G:T ≥ G:C:G:C >> G:T:G:T. Cal destacar que, la seqüència consens per aquest tipus d’estructures s’ha determinat que és prevalent al genoma humà. Finalment, s’ha incorporat un anàleg de citidina fluorescent (1,3-diaza-2-oxofenoxazina, tCo), substituint citosines en posicions especifiques de l’estructura. Els resultats demostren que tCo actua de forma eficient com a sonda local per a monitoritzar transicions conformacionals i que, en posicions específiques te un efecte força positiu en l’estabilitat tèrmica del motiu. Aquest fet ha permès utilitzat un d’aquests derivats per a visualitzar el plegament de l’estructura en medi cel·lular.
Aguiar, Simone dos Santos. "Pesquisa da amplificação e/ou deleção genica atraves da tecnica de hibridização genomica comparativa (CGH) e da leção dos genes P53 e RB1 atraves da tecnica de hibridação in situ fluorescente (FISH) no tecido do tumor de crianças e adolescentes com ost." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/312071.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: Introdução Os osteossarcomas (OS) são tumores agressivos, primários de osso, com prognóstico reservado. As deleções dos genes supressores de tumor, RBl e P53, localizados nos cromossomos 13 e 17 respectivamente, são freqüentemente encontradas neste tipo de tumor. As alterações citogenéticas encontradas nos OS são de alta complexidade, porém nenhuma delas é recorrente, não podendo caracterizá-lo. A técnica da Hibridização Genômica Comparativa (CGH) é uma ferramenta muito precisa para o estudo das deleções e amplificações gênicas ocorridas neste tumor. Materiais e Métodos. Tecido tumoral de 41 crianças com OS foi analisado pela técnica de CGH para pesquisar possíveis ganhos e/ou perdas gênicas . A técnica da Hibridização In Situ Fluorescente (FISH) foi realizada para estudar as deleções dos genes P53 e RBl. Vinte e quatro pacientes eram do sexo feminino e 17 do sexo masculino, com mediana de 12 anos e 4 meses. Resultados. As anormalidades cromossômicas observadas com a técnica de CGH foram diversas e variadas, especialmente ganhos nos cromossomos lp, 2p, 3q, 5q,5p e 6p e, perdas nos cromossomos 14q (50% no - 14q 11.2), 15q e 16p. Alto índice de perdas foi observado no cromossomo 21 (26 de 41 casos; p=0,008), sendo a região mais freqüentemente afetada a 21ql 1.2. Com relação ao estudo dos supressores tumorais, a deleção do P53 ocorreu em 68,3% dos casos (p=0,02) e do RBl em 87,5% dos casos (p=0,000001). Conclusão. Apesar de ambos supressores (PS3 e RBl) estarem deletados na maioria dos pacientes, este evento parece não estar associado ao prognóstico. Anormalidades ainda não reportadas presentes no cromossomo 21 nos OS pediátricos, sugerem que a seqüência mapeada nesta região cromossômica possa estar envolvida na patogênese deste tumor
Abstract: Background. Osteosarcomas (OS) are aggressive bone tumors and often have a poor prognosis. It is already known that abnormalities in chromosomes 13 and 17 are frequently observed in OS patients, being also expected a deletion of RBI and P53 genes. The tumors exhibit karyotypes with a high degree of complexity, that has made it difficult to determine if any recurrent chromosomal aberrations could characterize OS. To address inherent difficulties associated with classical cytogenetic analysis, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) has been applied to OS tissue. Patients and Methods. Forty one pediatric OS specimens were analyzed by CGH techniques, and the expression of RBI and P53 were analyzed by FISH . Twenty four patients were girls and 17 boys. Median age was 12 years and 4 months.Results. Chromosomal abnormalities were highly diverse and variable specially gains in chromosome lp, 2p, 3q, 5q , 5p and 6p and losses in chromosome 14q (50% in - 14q 11.2), 15q and 16p. High level of losses in chromosome 21 were present (26 of 41 cases; p-0,008), being 21 q 11.2 region the most frequent one. Concerning about genes expression, P53 is deleted in 68,3% of the cases (p=0,02) and RBI in 87,5% (p=0,000001) .Conclusion. Although both oncogenes (P53 and RBI) are deleted in OS population, it remains impossible to determine if this abnormality is a prognostic factor. These new and unreported findings in chromosome 21 of pediatric OS tumors, suggest that specific sequences mapping these chromosomal regions, would likely to play a role in the development of OS
Doutorado
Pediatria
Mestre em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente
Romão, Renata Moscolini. "Desenvolvimento de um teste para a trissomia do cromossomo 21 através da análise de ácidos nucleicos fetais no plasma materno por sequenciamento de última geração." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5139/tde-06092016-145622/.
Full textThe purpose of this study was to develop a test for trisomy 21 by analyzing cell-free fetal nucleic acids in maternal plasma by next-generation sequencing performed on automated sequencer Ion Torrent. The proposed methodology for the test is based on analysis of SNPs with high heterozygosity rates in Brazilian population, located in two genes present on chromosome 21 (PLAC4 and C21orf105), and the detection of the extra copy of chromosome 21 is made by the allelic-ratio of these SNPs, where 1:1 ratio indicates a normal fetus, and the 2:1 ratio indicates that the fetus has an extra copy of chromosome 21. In order to validate the methodology 50 cell-free DNAs extracted from amniotic fluid were used representing a gold standard since it contains abundant genetic material exclusively from the fetus. The methodology has been successfully validated in these samples, all the 24 samples from fetuses with trisomy 21 were clearly distinguished from 26 samples of normal fetuses. The validated method was applied to 44 cell-free DNA samples extracted from plasma of pregnant women (21 samples from fetuses with trisomy 21 and 23 from normal fetuses), but unfortunately it was not possible to distinguish between normal and trisomy 21 fetuses, possibly due to variations on the fetal fraction of the cell-free DNA in relation to maternal fraction. As our main goal was not achieved, we propose here that the test performed on amniotic fluid sample could be used as a simpler, faster and cheaper alternative test to traditional karyotype, which is used nowadays to make the diagnosis of trisomy 21 in samples collected by invasive procedures. In parallel, minor improvements in the described method may enable its clinical use
Kwee, Jolie Kiemlian. "Proliferação celular induzida por 8-oxoguanosina e 8-metilguanosina, dois produtos do ataque de radicais livres a ribonucleosídeos e RNA." Universidade de São Paulo, 1998. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46131/tde-18102018-154405/.
Full textThe ability of CS-substituted guanine ribonucleosides to induce B cell proliferation has been well documented in the literature. These compounds are analogues of adducts formed from free radical attack on ribonucleosides and RNA. Here we examined the proliferative properties of two of these radical adducts, 8-methylguanosine (8-MeGuo) and 8-oxo-7 ,8-dihydroguanosine (8-OxoGuo) and compared them with those of the well studied B cell mitogen, 8-bromoguanosine (8-BrGuo). 8-MeGuo and 8-OxoGuo were synthesized in yields of 28 and 55 %, respectively, and were characterized by UV, NMR and CG-MS. Their effects upon [3H] thymidine uptake by Swiss mice splenocytes, mouse embryo 3T3 (A31) fibroblasts and mouse B16F10 melanocytes were examined. Both guanosine radical adducts were shown to increase [3H] thymidine uptake by mice splenocytes but displayed selectivity in regard to continuous cell lines. 8-MeGuo acted upon 3T3(A31) fibroblasts whereas 8-OxoGuo acted upon B16F10 melanocytes. The non physiological analogue 8-BrGuo acted upon all tested cells. Parallel experiments of cell counting, cytotoxicity, and cell sorting indicated that DNA synthesis induced by the C8-substituted guanosines reflected cell growth. It is proposed that the compounds act intracellularly because their proliferative effects were blocked in the presence of a nucleoside transport inhibitor but were not inhibited by an antagonist of the A2 purine receptor. The obtained results, taken together with data from the literature suggest that in the case of 3T3 (A31) fibroblasts and mice splenocytes the proliferative effects of the compounds are not dependent on metabolism through purine salvage pathways. In the case of melanocytes, however, the compounds are likely to become part of the purine nucleoside pool. The demonstration that adducts produced by free radical attack on ribonucleosides and RNA are able to induce cell proliferation opens new perspectives for the understanding of free radical mediated carcinogenesis.
Peró, Gascón Roger. "Nuevas estrategias para la mejora de la sensibilidad y la selectividad en el análisis de biomarcadores proteómicos y miRNómicos en fluidos biológicos mediante CE-MS." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669938.
Full textIn recent years, an increased emphasis has been placed on the analysis of biomarker compounds in biological samples for the diagnosis, follow-up and prognosis of numerous diseases. The leading difficulties in many of these analyses are the low concentration of the biomarkers, their structural complexity, the sample matrix effects and the limited availability of sample. In this doctoral thesis, we present novel strategies based on capillary electrophoresis- mass spectrometry (CE-MS) for the separation, detection, characterization and quantification of peptide, protein and microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers in biological fluids. MS is a powerful technique for the unequivocal identification of biomolecules due to its potential with regard to the detailed structural characterization of unknown compounds. However, due to the complexity of most biological fluids, the hyphenation of high-performance separation techniques is essential prior to MS analysis. In this regard, CE is a microscale technique that is very suitable for the separation of charged biomolecules. Nevertheless, electrophoretic separation methods must be properly optimized to achieve rapid, efficient, sensitive and high-resolution separations. In this thesis, we have investigated novel strategies to predict and optimize the separation of complex mixtures of peptides in CE. To assess these strategies, amyloid beta peptides, which are biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease, were studied. A major limitation of CE is the relatively poor concentration sensitivity for most analytes due to the small sample volume that can be injected in the separation capillary. On-line solid- phase extraction capillary electrophoresis (SPE-CE) is a powerful approach for sample clean-up and reduction of the limits of detection. In SPE-CE, analytes from a large volume of sample are retained on a sorbent contained in a microcartridge. In unidirectional SPE-CE, the most typical configuration, the microcartridge is mounted in series to the separation capillary, inserted near the capillary inlet. After sample loading, the microcartridge is washed to remove non-selectively retained molecules. Then, the retained analytes are desorbed in a small volume of eluent, resulting in sample clean-up and concentration enhancement before electrophoretic separation and detection. In the present thesis, selective sorbents, such as immunoaffinity, aptamer affinity, immobilized metal affinity and silicon carbide sorbents have been explored in unidirectional SPE-CE-MS for the analysis of intact proteins, such as transthyretin, which is a biomarker of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy type I, and α-synuclein, which is related to Parkinson’s disease, protein digests and miRNAs, which are related to cancer, in biological fluids. Unidirectional SPE-CE-MS is straightforward to implement. However, this simple setup has some inherent limitations. On the one hand, the sample volumes introduced using pressure depend on the dimensions of the separation capillary. On the other hand, sample loading is conducted in the same direction as the subsequent separation. Therefore, some of the matrix components could be irreversibly adsorbed in the inner wall of the separation capillary. Furthermore, in many cases, the requirements of on-line preconcentration are incompatible with the BGE necessary for an efficient separation or sensitive MS detection. In order to overcome these drawbacks, some new configurations where the sample is introduced in an orthogonal direction to the separation have been proposed, requiring the use of valves. We have investigated SPE-CE-MS with a nanoliter valve (nvSPE-CE-MS). A nvSPE-CE-MS method with a C18 sorbent for the analysis of opioid peptides and amyloid beta peptide fragments has been developed and the advantages and disadvantages compared to the unidirectional SPE-CE- MS have been discussed. New strategies for high-throughput bottom-up analysis of proteins have also been investigated. Tryptic digestion has been traditionally conducted in solution and requires long digestion times. In contrast, immobilized enzymes allow decreasing the sample volume and the total digestion times, minimize the sample handling, improve the digestion yields, as well as to stabilize the enzyme, avoid its autoproteolysis and simplify its recovery making it reusable. In this thesis, we have investigated on-line immobilized enzyme microreactor capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (IMER-CE-MS) using microreactors packed with immobilized trypsin particles.
Linhares, Débora do Carmo. "Estudo da comunidade metanotrófica em amostras do manguezal de Bertioga, Estado de São Paulo, através da técnica de marcação de ácidos nucléicos com isótopos estáveis (SIP-DNA)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42132/tde-19092012-082313/.
Full textMethanotrophic bacteria are able to use methane as sole carbon and energy source, and its importance in the environment is related to the mitigation of methane emissions to the atmosphere. Brazilian mangroves are highly productive, have potential to methane production, and it is inferred that methanotrophic community is of great importance for this ecosystem. The scope of the project was to investigate the functional and taxonomic diversity of methanotrophic bacteria present in sediments from Bertioga´s mangrove (SP, Brazil), through new techniques of cultivation and enrichment, including the technique of DNA-SIP with the use of methane as a labeled substrate, which allows to study the role of non-culturable bacteria in the oxidation of CH4. Microbial consortia using methane for growth were obtained from studied samples. Representing the active microbiota (labeled DNA), were identified classic metanotrophs belonging to Family Methylococcaceae, and groups of micro-organisms whose role in methane cycle is uncertain, as the Family Methylophilaceae and the Phylum TM7.
Trapote, Torres Alejandro. "Síntesis, estudio biofísico y evaluación de derivados benzimidazólicos que interaccionan con RNA con potencial antiviral." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/336976.
Full textIRES or Internal Ribosomal Entry Sites are highly structured sequences harbored on the 5' untranslated region (5'-UTR) of several virus and eukaryotic mRNAs that enable an alternative cap-independent translation. Highly conserved in virus genotypes, IRESs are attractive targets to design novel antiviral drugs. A few years ago, massive MS-screening for the selection of Hepatitis C virus IRES (HCV IRES) ligands identified a 2-aminobenzimidazole-containing compound. Further SAR studies conducted on 2-aminobenzimidazoles originated Isis-11, which inhibited HCV replication with a submicromolar EC50. Isis-11 exhibited a micromolar affinity against subdomain Ila of hepatitis C virus IRES (HCV IRES), an essential motif for the proper binding of the IRES to the ribosome. Structural studies showed that subdomain Ila contains a highly conserved 5-nucleotide bulge to which Isis-11 and related compounds can bind to promote a conformational switch that ultimately leads to IRES function inhibition. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a picornavirus whose translation is also driven by the IRES element present at the 5'-UTR of RNA. Although HCV and FMDV IRES differ significantly in nucleotide sequences and structure, the similarities between both IRESs led us to hypothesize that 2-aminobenzimidazole derivatives could also act as FMDV IRES binders, and lead to the inhibition of FMDV IRES-mediated translation. We describe the preparation of new Isis-11 analogues, collectively referred to as IRAB (IRES aminobenzimidazole binders), that have been shown to inhibit FMDV IRES-dependent protein synthesis and viral replication at micromolar concentracions. A series of biophysical assays, such as circular dichroism, fluorescence and microcalorimetry, have been performed to determine the binding affinity of these ligands for segments of FMDV IRES. For comparison purposes, the same compounds have been also evaluated as HCV IRES ligands. In both cases, affinities in the micromolar and submicromolar range have been determined. SHAPE (Selective 2'-Hydroxyl Acylation analyzed by Primer Extension) analysis and hydroxyl radical footprinting have been also carried out to characterize the binding of IRAB analogues to FMDV IRES.
Silva, Bruna Daniela Gonçalves da. "Nanopartículas lipídicas para a administração de produtos biofarmacêuticos." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/5187.
Full textOs produtos biofarmacêuticos englobam os produtos à base de proteínas terapêuticas, de ácidos nucleicos e os que são usados em terapia celular. Com o crescimento exponencial que se tem verificado nos últimos anos para a biotecnologia farmacêutica, o uso clínico destes produtos tem vindo a aumentar. Contudo, tendo em conta as características físico-químicas das moléculas, têm surgido algumas limitações relativas à administração de produtos biofarmacêuticos. Com efeito, a investigação tem-se focado nos estudos relativos ao desenvolvimento de novos sistemas para veicular estes produtos. Neste contexto, e tendo em conta as vantagens que apresentam, as nanopartículas lipídicas têm sido apresentadas como promissoras. Na primeira parte deste trabalho é efectuada uma revisão bibliográfica relativa aos diferentes produtos biofarmacêuticos, às suas características e limitações de administração. Na segunda parte, é apresentada uma revisão relativa ao estado da arte do uso de nanopartículas lipídicas para promover a administração de produtos biofarmacêuticos. Biopharmaceutical products include therapeutic proteins, nucleic acids and cell-based products. Within the exponential growth of pharmaceutical biotechnology the clinical use of these products has been increasing. Nevertheless, according to the physical and chemical nature of the molecules, some limitations have appeared, limiting the use of biopharmaceutical products. In this way, the number of studies related with the development of new solutions for using biopharmaceutical products has been growing. Accordingly, due to its advantages, lipid nanoparticles have been presented as promising candidates. The first part of this work provides a bibliographic overview of the different biopharmaceutical products, and their characteristics and limitations for therapeutic use. In the second part, is presented a review of the state-of-the-art of using lipid nanoparticles systems to improve the therapeutic efficacy of biopharmaceutical products.
Artigas, Solé Gerard. "Desenvolupament de lligands de l’estructura secundària d’RNA implicada en el processat alternatiu de l’exó 10 de la proteïna tau." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/104558.
Full textRNA plays an essential role in many cellular processes, from the regulation of gene expression to protein synthesis, as well as in the progression of viral diseases. Hence, the discovery of selective and, more importantly, specific ligands for this macromolecule represents a challenge for medicinal and bioorganic chemistry and therapy. Moreover, the potential for targeting RNA with small molecules is immense given its ability to adopt complex three-dimensional structures, similar to those observed in proteins. Most of the known RNA-binding ligands can each bind to several different RNA targets of unrelated sequence and structure, which compromises their biological applications. We hypothesize that affinity and specificity could be improved by combining two or more small molecules with different abilities to recognize some of the secondary structural motifs present in a particular RNA target. This fragment-based lead-discovery search approach offers new perspectives and opportunities for identifying RNA ligands with improved properties, as well as for increasing our understanding of RNA recognition mechanisms. In this PhD thesis, we have used dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) to identify ligands for the stem-loop structure located at the exon 10-5’-intron junction of tau pre-mRNA, which is involved in the onset of several tauopathies, including frontotemporal dementia with Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17). These compounds bind to the stem-loop RNA target with high affinity (70 – 300 nM) and are able to stabilize both the wild-type and the +3, +14 and +16 mutated sequences associated with the development of FTDP-17. In addition, some of them seem to have a preferred binding site in the target RNA, as inferred from spectroscopic studies (UV-visible, fluorescence and NMR).
Tschoeke, Diogo Antônio. "Desenvolvimento de um sistema integrado para genotipagem de protozoários patogênicos utilizando-se genes ortólogos universais." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2010. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/4065.
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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Este trabalho teve com objetivo o desenvolvimento e a validação/aplicação de um sistema integrado de genotipagem de protozoários, utilizando uma abordagem multidisciplinar envolvendo, PCR multiplex e análise bioinformática envolvendo evolução e filogenia molecular. Para isso, trinta e seis genes ortólogos universal (UOG) foram identificados e usados como marcadores para genotipagem de protozoários parasitas, a nível inter-específico. Temos extraído os dados genéticos de genes ortólogos universal selecionado. Para isso, estamos utilizando sequências de grupos ortólogos (COG e KOG). O COG é composto de genes ortólogos individuais ou grupos de ortólogos de parálogos de 3 ou mais linhagens filogenéticas. Os COG de interesse selecionados estão envolvidos processo de tradução protéica, categoria J do COG, e estes genes foram selecionados porque eles estão presentes em todos os organismos estudados até agora, o que facilita a montagem de um sistema integrado de protozoários patogênicos. As sequências desses genes foram obtidos a partir do banco de dados GenBank. Seqüências de espécies de Eimeria tenella, Leishmania major, L. braziliensis, L. infantum, Trypanosoma brucei, T. cruzi, T. vivax, Plasmodium falciparum e P. vivax foram obtidas e armazenadas localmente. Estas sequências nucleotídicas foram traduzidas em proteínas, e então validadas usando a ferramenta COGnitor/KOGnitor, que mostra a sequência selecionada pertence ao respectivo COG de interesse. Após essa validação, as sequências foram utilizadas nos alinhamentos e construção de iniciadores que foram usados para gerar fragmentos gênicos amplificados por PCR. Os programas para a construção dos iniciadores foram: Mafft para a construção de alinhamentos múltiplos de cada COG, JalView para visualizá-los e o programa Primer3 para o desenho dos iniciadores. Todo o processo foi realizado por um pipeline de integração destes programas escritos em linguagem de programação Perl. Após o processo automatizado de validação, alinhamento e construção dos iniciadores, realizamos uma análise final dos iniciadores, considerando suas características e da região de pareamento. Quando necessário, definiu-se manualmente a degeneração da posição dos nucleotídeos que contem a variação. Criamos 33 pares de iniciadores, que foram utilizados para a amplificação destes genes via PCR. As reações de amplificação da PCR fora bem-sucedida em 19 UOG nas espécies Leishmania major, L. braziliensis, L. infantum, L. mexicana, T. cruzi, T. vivax e Plasmodium vivax, utilizando-se iniciadores com posições degeneradas. Para genotipagem das seqüências geradas pela PCR, foi utilizado o programa Phred que realizou a leitura dos cromatogramas com qualidade por base, Phred ≥ 15, e o programa Blast foi utilizado para a caracterização das sequências geradas, estas duas etapas foram realizadas em pipeline de anotação que está disponível através de um website. As árvores filogenéticas foram geradas com o método de máxima verossimilhança utilizando o pipeline ARPA, e revelou que a metodologia apresenta potencial para ser utilizado na genotipagem destes organismos e os genes da metionil-tRNA sintetase e Seril-tRNA sintetase mostraram boa resolução para a genotipagem inter-específicas de tripanosomatídeos.
The aim of this work is to develop and validate an integrated genotyping system for protozoan parasites, using a multidisciplinary approach involving, multiplex PCR, and bioinformatics analysis involving molecular evolution and phylogeny. For this, thirty three universal orthologous genes (UOG) has been identified [1] and used as markers for genotyping parasitic protozoan at the intraspecific level. We have mined genomic data of universal orthologous genes selected. For this, we are using sequences of orthologous groups (COGs and KOGs). The COG's consists of individual orthologous genes or orthologous groups of paralogous of 3 or more phylogenetic lineages. The selected COGs of interest are involved protein translation process, category J of the COG and these genes are selected because they are present in all organisms studied so far, facilitating the assembly of an integrated system for the pathogenic protozoa. Note that all these genes are part of the process of protein translation. The sequences of these genes were obtained from GenBank database. Sequences of species, Eimeria tenella, Leishmania major, L. braziliensis, L. infantum, Trypanosoma brucei, T. cruzi, T. vivax, Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax were obtained and locally stored. Nucleotide sequences were translated into proteins. So, they are validated using the Blast similarity tool and the database as the COG itself, which shows the sequence selected belongs to the respective COG. After this validation, the sequences were used in alignments and construction of primers that are used to generate amplicons by PCR. The programs for the primer construction were: Mafft for construction of multiple alignments of each COG, JalView to view them and the program Primer3Plus [6] for the design of primers. The whole process was performed by a pipeline integrating these programs written in Perl [7] programming language. After the automated process of validation, alignment and construction of the primers, we perform a final analysis of the primers manually, which gives its characteristics and the annealing region. When necessary, we manually define the degeneration of nucleotide position containing variations. We have designed 33 primer pairs, and these primers were designed and used for PCR amplification. The reactions of PCR amplification was successful for 19 UOG in species: Leishmania major, L. braziliensis, L. infantum, L. mexicana, T. cruzi, T. vivax and Plasmodium vivax, using primers with degenerate positions. For genotyping the sequences generates by PCR amplification was used the program Phred for reading chromatograms file with quality ≥ 15, and Blast to the characterization of sequences generated, this two steps was make with a pipeline and is available through a website. The phylogenetic trees was generated with methods of maximum likelihood using the pipeline ARPA, and revealed that the methodology has potential to be used in genotyping of these organisms, and genes of methionyl-tRNA synthetase, seryl- tRNA synthetase showed good resolution for the inter-specific genotyping of trypanosomatids.
Bezerra, Márcia Mártyres. "Modelagem conceitual do sistema de banco de dados ProteinWorldDB." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2012. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/13218.
Full textFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
Esta tese descreve o projeto conceitual do sistema de banco de dados ProteinWorldDB (PWDB). Um ponto importante da proposta do PWDB é permitir a construção de consultas e procedimentos no domínio da genômica comparativa sem a necessidade de comparação de sequências. Além disso, o PCG comparou milhões de sequências de proteína, incluindo o conjunto proteico total de centenas de genomas completos, utilizando programação dinâmica, e não um método heurístico, para os cálculos de similaridade. A estratégia do PCG, assim como a genômica, está fundamentada no conhecimento de que sequências biológicas por si só são pouco informativas; elas precisam ser analisadas a partir de um enfoque comparativo para a inferência de homologia. A comparação de sequências de diferentes organismos introduz uma perspectiva evolutiva ao processo, e o estudo comparativo de genomas completos pode ampliar a escala do conhecimento de um único processo biológico para o de sistemas biológicos complexos em células e organismos. Para responder eficientemente questões dessa natureza, o esquema conceitual apresentado associa bases de dados biológicos de referência aos índices de similaridade já pré-calculados e armazenados pelo PCG Utilizando um formato gráfico de fácil compreensão para representar conceitos e relacionamentos (diagrama ER), o esquema foi proposto para facilitar o planejamento de consultas e procedimentos por pesquisadores da área de genômica (sem conhecimento de linguagens de bancos de dados), assim como guiar o desenvolvimento e a implementação física do PWDB por profissionais da área de computação. Alguns exemplos são apresentados com o objetivo de demonstrar a utilização do esquema conceitual para a especificação de consultas e procedimentos, mesmo antes da existência de um esquema lógico. O esquema pode ser facilmente estendido. Módulos anexos podem ser inseridos/removidos para incluir outros projetos, baseados em comparação de sequências de proteína, que se beneficiem das informações fornecidas pelo módulo central do esquema e novas bases de dados, específicas de diferentes áreas (-ômicas, por exemplo), podem ser integradas ao esquema
This thesis describes the conceptua l design of the database system ProteinWorldDB (PWDB) . An important point of the PWDB p roposal is to allow the construction of queries and procedures in the field of comparative genomics without the need for sequence comparison . Moreover , the PCG compared millions of protein sequences, including the entire set of proteins from hundreds of complete genomes using dynamic programming , rather than a heuristic method , for calculating similarity PCG‘s strategy, like that of genomic studies in general, is grounded in the knowledge that biological sequences alone are uninformative. They need to be analyzed from a comparative approach to infer homology. The comparison of sequences from different organisms introduces an evolutionary perspective to the process and the comparative study of complete genomes can expand our knowledge from a single biological process all the way to complex biological systems in cells and organisms. To efficiently answer questions of this nature, the conceptual schema links selected internati onal reference biological databases to similarity indexes already precomputed and stored by the PCG . By using an easily understandable graphic format to represent concepts and relationships (ER diagram), the schema was proposed to help the design of querie s and procedures by genomic researchers (who may not have knowledge of database languages) as well as to guide the development and physical implementation of the system by developers. Some e xamples are presented to demonstrate the use of the conceptual sch ema for specifying queries and procedures, even before the existence of a logical schema. The schema can be easily extended. Additional modules can be inserted/removed to include other protein sequences comparisons projects that may benefit from the inform ation provided by the schema ́s central module. Likewise, new databases specific to different areas ( - omics, for example) can be cross - referenced to the schema
This thesis describes the conceptua l design of the database system ProteinWorldDB (PWDB) . An important point of the PWDB p roposal is to allow the construction of queries and procedures in the field of comparative genomics without the need for sequence comparison . Moreover , the PCG compared millions of protein sequences, including the entire set of proteins from hundreds of complete genomes using dynamic programming , rather than a heuristic method , for calculating similarity PCG‘s strategy, like that of genomic studies in general, is grounded in the knowledge that biological sequences alone are uninformative. They need to be analyzed from a comparative approach to infer homology. The comparison of sequences from different organisms introduces an evolutionary perspective to the process and the comparative study of complete genomes can expand our knowledge from a single biological process all the way to complex biological systems in cells and organisms. To efficiently answer questions of this nature, the conceptual schema links selected internati onal reference biological databases to similarity indexes already precomputed and stored by the PCG . By using an easily understandable graphic format to represent concepts and relationships (ER diagram), the schema was proposed to help the design of querie s and procedures by genomic researchers (who may not have knowledge of database languages) as well as to guide the development and physical implementation of the system by developers. Some e xamples are presented to demonstrate the use of the conceptual sch ema for specifying queries and procedures, even before the existence of a logical schema. The schema can be easily extended. Additional modules can be inserted/removed to include other protein sequences comparisons projects that may benefit from the inform ation provided by the schema ́s central module. Likewise, new databases specific to different areas ( - omics, for example) can be cross - referenced to the schema
Silva, Junior Renato da. "Caracterização morfológica, bioquimica e molecular de Vickermania Itaguaiensis N. Gen, SP (Protozoa, Kinetoplastida)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2011. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/5528.
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Universidade Federal Fluminense. Centro de Estudos Gerais. Instituto de Biologia. Niteroi, RJ, Brasil
A família Trypanosomatidae inclui parasitas de uma grande variedade de vertebrados, invertebrados (principalmente insetos), plantas e algumas espécies de protozoários, sendo, depois do nematóides, os de maior distribuição de hospedeiros na natureza. No presente trabalho, um novo isolado foi obtido por coprocultivo de trato intestinal de Leptoglossus stigma Herb, 1784 (Hemiptera, Coreidae), capturado no município de Itaguaí/RJ. O isolado original e três clones (obtidos por citometria de fluxo) foram depositados na "Coleção de Flagelados do Laboratório de Transmissores de Leishmanioses." Um clone foi caracterizado por diversas abordagens em comparação com espécies de referência de diferentes gêneros. Foi analisado o crescimento em meio de cultivo em intervalos de 24 h, entre 48-144 h, a diferenciação celular e a morfometria dos principais estágios evolutivos encontrados. A análise de isoenzimas foi realizada utilizando-se os seguintes sistemas: GPI, PGM, 6PGDH, HK, ACON, MPI, FUM, IDH, MDH e ACON. RAPD-PCR foi realizado utilizando-se 6 iniciadores, conjuntamente com outros tripanosomatídeos. Os dados destas análises foram processados numericamente e submetidos à análise computacional utilizando-se o coeficiente de associação Jaccard e o algoritmo de agrupamento UPGMA. Realizou-se seqüenciamento do amplicon do gene de SSU rRNA e o fragmento analisado foi alinhado com vinte e uma seqüencias depositadas no GenBank, gerando uma árvore filogenética resultante do pareamento. O conjunto de resultados deste trabalho sugere que a amostra obtida constitui nova espécie, pertencendo a um novo gênero, nomeada Vickermania itaguaiensis.
The Trypanosomatidae family includes parasites of a wide variety of vertebrates, invertebrates (mainly insects), plants and some species of protozoa, and after the nematodes, the highest distribution of hosts in nature. In this study, an isolate was obtained by coproculture from Leptoglossus stigma Herb, 1784 (Hemiptera, Coreidae) intestinal tract, captured in the city of Itaguaí/RJ. The original isolate and clones (obtained by flow cytometry) were deposited in the "Coleção de Flagelados do Laboratório de Transmissores de Leishmaniose". One clone was characterized by several approaches in comparison with the reference species of different genus. Growth was analyzed in culture medium at 24 h intervals between 48-144 h, cell differentiation and morphometric parameters of the main evolutionary stages matches. The isoenzyme analysis was performed using the following systems: GPI, PGM, 6PGDH, HK, ACON, MPI, FUM, IDH, MDH and ACON. RAPD-PCR was performed using 6 primers, together with other trypanosomatids. The analysis of these data were numerically processed and submitted to computer analysis using the Jaccard association coefficient and UPGMA clustering algorithm. We carried out sequencing of the amplicon from SSU rRNA gene and the fragment analyzed was aligned with twenty-one sequences deposited in GenBank, generating a phylogenetic tree resulting from the pairing. The result set of this work suggests that the sample obtained represents a new species belonging to a new genus, named Vickermania itaguaiensis.
Cirillo, Davide. "Prediction of protein and nucleic acid interactions." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/403537.
Full textMis estudios de doctorado han tenido como propósito principal el desarrollo de herramientas bioinformáticas para la evaluación de interacciones entre proteínas y ácidos nucleicos (ANs) de forma cuantitativa. Por consiguiente, esta tesis apunta a proporcionar conocimientos sobre características moleculares y mecanismos de asociación proteína-AN aún relativamente desconocidos; concretamente, la asociación de proteínas a ARNs y ARNs no codificantes, a la vez que factores de transcripción y elementos de regulación del ADN. En este proyecto presento dos algoritmos: catRAPIDomics express y PAnDA, cuyas finalidades son las de predecir interacciones proteína-ARN y proteína-ADN respectivamente. Dichos métodos computacionales ofrecen la posibilidad de abordar problemas experimentales, así como de guiar el diseño y procedimiento de nuevas estrategias para su resolución.
Costa, Priscila Monnerat de Oliveira. "Exploração do genoma de Phytomonas serpens." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2006. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/4221.
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Cnpq
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
O estudo de tripanosomatídeos de plantas teve início em 1909, quando foram encontradas formas flageladas em látex, sendo depois encontradas em floema, frutas e flores. Desde a refutada tentativa de Donovan de criar o gênero Phytomonas, temos atualmente, várias espécies classificadas dentro do gênero Phytomonas, incluíndo Phytomonas serpens, organismo alvo de nosso estudo. O ciclo de vida de P. serpens compreende planta e inseto. A transmissão é feita do tomate para inseto, do inseto para tomate. O vetor natural é o hemíptero Phthia picta (Hemiptera: Coriidae) que quando se alimenta de tomates infectados, se torna infectado após 10 a 15 dias, apresentando parasitos nas fezes, urina, tubo digestivo e glândulas salivares. Pouco se sabe sobre P. serpens e o conhecimento é ainda mais escasso se levarmos em conta todos os organismos dentro do gênero Phytomonas. O objetivo deste projeto é explorar o genoma de P. serpens gerando e analisando seqüências de seu genoma, aumentando o conhecimento deste organismo e comparando seu genoma com outros organismos. A cepa 9T de P. serpens (CT–IOC-174) foi cultivada a 27oC em meio Schneiders ́insect medium suplementado com 10% de soro fetal bovino. O DNA genômico foi extraído por lise alcalina para a construção da biblioteca genômica. O DNA foi parcialmente digerido com a enzima de restrição Sau3A. Os fragmentos de DNA com tamanhos entre 1-3 kb foram recuperados do gel de agarose e purificados. Os fragmentos de DNA foram clonados no sítio BamHI do vetor de clonagem pUC18. A reação de sequenciamento foi realizada na plataforma de sequenciamento ABI3730 – 48 capilar PDTIS/FIOCRUZ e na plataforma MegaBase na UERJ. Todas as seqüências foram armazenadas em banco de dados “open source” nos servidores Linux no Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Tripanosomatídeos e Flebotomíneos (DBBM/IOC/FIOCRUZ). Foram seqüenciados 829 clones da biblioteca de DNA genômico obtendo-se um total de 379 seqüências GSS (Genomic Sequence Survey) de alta qualidade. Foram utilizadas para a complementação deste estudo, as seqüências do projeto EST de P. serpens que estavam disponíveis no GenBank. Os 221 clusters GSS e os 697 clusters de EST (Expressed Sequence Tag) foram comparados com o programa de busca de similaridade Blast a diferentes bancos de dados, utilizando como parâmetro evalue 10 -5, gerando 599 clusters com entradas positivas (Hits) e 303 clusters com nenhum hit, representando possíveis genes espécie específicos. Os clusters foram anotados de acordo com sua função quando comparados ao banco de dados Gene Ontology (GO) representando uma análise inédita no genoma de P.serpens. Inferências filogenéticas e de similaridade com o banco “Taxonomy” do NCBI foram realizados, usando inclusive seqüências do genoma ambiental, para verificar se as mesmas pertencem a Kinetoplastida, o que não se comprovou. As inferências filogenéticas realizadas com genes concatenados mostraram que P. serpens é mais próximo de T. cruzi, enquanto que inferências com genes individuais apontaram para L. major. Com base na literatura, inferimos que a análise da árvore de genes concatenados é correta. Foram encontradas com o GLIMMER 20 genes hipotéticos nas seqüências de GSS. Encontramos 22 cluters em GSS que não foram encontrados anteriormente em EST, como por exemplo, Piroglutamil-peptidase I, antígeno nuclear de proliferação celular (PCNA) e Peptidase_M8.
The study of trypanosomatids of plants began in 1909, when flagellate forms were found in latex from Euphorbiaceae, being later found in phloem, fruits/seeds and flowers in a wide variety of plants species. Since the refuted attempt of Donovan to create the genus Phytomonas, a great number of species were classified in the genus Phytomonas, including Phytomonas serpens, the major organism of our study. The described life cycle of P. serpens involves plant (tomato) and insect. The natural vector is the Coreid bug, Phthia picta (Hemiptera: Coriidae), that becomes infected 10 a 15 days after feeding on infected tomatoes, presenting the parasite in excrements, urine, digestive tube and salivary glands. Very little is known about these organisms and even less is known about the genus Phytomonas. The goal of this project is to explore the P. serpens genome by generating and analyzing sequences of its genome aiming to increase the knowledge of this organism and to analyze comparatively with genomes of other organisms. P. serpens infects tomatoes but we still have doubts about its pathogenicity. A strain of P. serpens 9T (CT-IOC-174) was cultured at 27oC in Schneiders ́insect medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum. The DNA was extracted by alkaline lyses for the construction of a genomic library. Genomic DNA was partially digested with the restriction enzyme Sau3A. DNA fragments with an average size of 1.0-3.0 kb were recovered and purified from agarose gel. DNA inserts were cloned into the BamHI restriction site of pUC18 cloning vector. The sequencing reaction was made at the Sequencing Platform ABI3730 - PDTIS/FIOCRUZ and MegaBase platform at UERJ. All the sequences were stored in an open source database in the Linux server in the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Trypanosomatids and Phlebotomines (DBBM/IOC/FIOCRUZ). 829 clones of the P. serpens genomic DNA library were sequenced obtaining a total of 379 high quality sequences GSS (Genome Sequence Survey). Sequences from the EST (Expressed Sequence Tag) project of P. serpens available at GenBank were used for the complementation of this study. 221 GSS clusters and 697 EST clusters were compared with different databases with the similarity search program Blast, using evalue 10 -5 as default, obtaining 599 clusters with positive hits and 303 clusters without hit, indicating possible species-specific genes. 357 clusters that were identified when compared with Gene Ontology (GO) had their function classified, representing the first analysis of P. serpens genome using GO. Phylogenetics and similarity studies with Taxonomy database from NCBI were carried out confirming the position of P. serpens in relations to the others trypanosomatids and disclosing similarity with T. cruzi genome. The phylogenetic study included sequences of the enviromental genome, in order to verify if these sequences belong to the Kinetoplastid, what was not proven to be true. Phylogenetic studies using concatenated genes showed that P. serpens is phylogenetically closer to T. cruzi, but studies with individuals genes pointed to L. major. Based on literature, we infer that the analysis of the tree of concatenated genes is correct. 20 hypothetical genes in the GSS sequences were found with the GLIMMER. We found 22 clusters in GSS sequences that were not found in EST before, among others, Pyroglutamil-peptidase I, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Peptidase_M8.
Guia, Maria Angélica Monteiro de Mello Mares. "Estudo da febre Q em seres humanos, animais domésticos e artrópodes em uma área no Município de Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2011. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/6053.
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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Febre Q é uma zoonose cosmopolita causada por Coxiella burnetii, pequena bactéria intracelular obrigatória gram-negativa e pleomórfica da ordem Legionellales. A doença, que ocorre como pequenos surtos ou como casos isolados, tem amplo espectro de manifestações clínicas, desde uma doença febril limitada, pneumonia, hepatite a endocardite e meningoencefalite. Carrapatos, animais de fazenda, domésticos e selvagens são reservatórios da infecção. A transmissão para o homem ocorre por inalação de aerossóis provenientes de urina, fezes, leite e produtos de abortamento ou menos comumente pela ingestão de leite cru de animais infectados. No Brasil, desde a primeira descrição de febre Q em 1953, em São Paulo, todos os casos têm sido identificados com base em teste sorológico e os poucos estudos soroepidemiológicos em população de risco apontam para a circulação de C. burnetii. Em 2008 foi possível confirmar um caso de febre Q em um paciente, a partir de análise sorológica e molecular. Com o objetivo de rastrear um foco de infecção por C. burnetii, um estudo epidemiológico descritivo foi desenvolvido na área de ocorrência do primeiro caso no Brasil de febre Q confirmado, em 2008, por análise molecular, no Município de Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro. Análises sorológicas e moleculares foram realizadas em amostras biológicas de familiares e de cães, gatos, cabras e equinos existentes na área estudada, em 2009. Amostras de soro foram submetidas ao teste comercial de imunofluorescência indireta (PANBIOTM), título de corte de 64, para a pesquisa de anticorpo anti-C. burnetii, fases I e II. Amostras de sangue dos familiares e dos animais, assim como de leite, fezes e de secreção nasal, vaginal, além dos artrópodes, coletados nos animais, foram submetidas à PCR (reação em cadeia da polimerase) para a presença da bactéria, utilizando oligonucleotídeos para o gene alvo htpAB. Reatividade foi identificada em amostras de soro da esposa, de 2 dos 13 caninos, 05 de 10 caprinos e 02 das 03 ovinos. O genoma foi recuperado em amostra de sangue e/ou leite ou swab anal de 02 cães e 06 cabras. O sequenciamento dos produtos de PCR amplificados, do soro dos cães e do leite das cabras, mostraram identidade de 99% para as sequências depositadas no GenBank. Embora não seja uma doença de notificação, os dados obtidos confirmam a circulação deste agente zoonótico e servem de alerta para a necessidade de vigilância epidemiológica da febre Q, em especial em Itaboraí, devido, entre outros fatores, ao crescente desmatamento com ocupação de vastas áreas e da criação, informal e de caráter familiar, de cabras leiteiras por pequenos proprietários nas diversas áreas do território nacional.
Q fever is a zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii, a obligate intracellular and pleomorphic, small gram-negative bacterium of Legionellales order. The disease, which can occur as small outbreaks or isolated cases, has a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, from a limited febrile illness, pneumonia, hepatitis, endocarditis, and meningoencephalitis. Ticks, farm animals, domestic and wild are reservoirs of infection. Transmission to humans occurs through inhalation of aerosols from urine, feces, milk and products of abortion or less commonly by ingestion of raw milk from infected animals. In Brazil, since the first description of Q fever in 1953, in Sao Paulo, cases have been identified by serological tests and very few seroepidemiological studies in the population at risk have been performed showing the circulation of C. burnetii. In 2008 it was possible to confirm a case of Q fever in a patient, from molecular and serological analysis. Aiming to track the source of infection for C. burnetii, a descriptive epidemiologic study was developed in the area of occurrence of the first case of Q fever in Brazil in 2008, confirmed by molecular analysis in Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro. Serological and molecular analysis was performed on biological samples from family and dogs, cats, goats and horses in the area of studied in 2009. Serum samples were tested with commercial indirect immunofluorescence (PANBIOTM), a cutoff of 64, for the detection of anti-C. burnetii, phases I and II. Blood samples from family members and animals, like milk, feces and nasal discharge, vaginal, and arthropods collected in animals were subjected to PCR (polymerase chain reaction) for the presence of bacteria, using primers for htpAB the target gene. Reactivity was detected in serum samples from his wife, two of the 13 dogs, 05 of 10 goats and 02 of 03 sheeps. The genome was recovered in a sample of blood and / or milk or anal swabs from 02 dogs and 06 goats. The sequencing of the PCR products amplified from the serum of dogs and goats' milk, showed 99% identity to the sequences deposited in GenBank Although not a notifiable disease, our data confirm the circulation of this zoonotic agent and serve as a reminder of the need for surveillance of Q fever, especially in Itaboraí due, among other factors, the increasing deforestation and occupation of vast areas and the creation of informal and familiar character in dairy goats by smallholders in various areas of the country.
Oliveira, Vytor Pinheiro. "Estudo teórico das contribuições energéticas envolvidas na formação dos complexos : [Mg(H2O)n-base nucleica]2+." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2013. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/15525.
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Atualmente, apenas estudos teóricos de alto nível são capazes de tratar de maneira acurada interações específicas entre o Mg2+ e os ácidos nucleicos. Esses estudos são importantes para desvendar o papel do Mg2+ no dobramento e no mecanismo de reação de ribozimas. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo definir uma estratégia computacional capaz de descrever as contribuições energéticas envolvidas nas reações de complexação do Mg2+ com as bases nucleicas timina, uracila, guanina, citosina e adenina nos sistemas [Mg(H2O)n-base nucleica]2+ (n=6,5 e 4) com a melhor razão possível entre acurácia e custo computacional. A combinação entre as energias eletrônicas de reação obtidas pelo método MP2(FC)/6-31+G(2d,p) e as correções térmicas do cálculo de frequência B3LYP/6-311G(2d,d,p) foram capazes de fornecer resultados semelhantes ao método de alto custo computacional CBS-QB3. As contribuições do solvente foram estimadas pelo modelo de contínuo CPCM; porém a definição da cavidade do solvente nos métodos PCM pode gerar desvios absolutos e relativos difíceis de serem estimados. Independentemente do modo de coordenação, o magnésio interagiu mais fortemente com os sítios O2 da citosina, O6 e N7 da guanina e mais fracamente com sítios da adenina, timina e uracila. Também observou-se que a aproximação de pares empregada por campos de força subestimou a energia de interação dos sistemas [Mg(H2O)5-base nucleica]2+ em até 40% e mesmo no solvente contínuo os efeitos de polarização e transferência de cargas entre o metal e as bases nucleicas foram significativos. A estratégia computacional aqui definida poderá ser aplicada a sistemas análogos, assim como a sistemas maiores que envolvam interações similares. Os resultados apresentados poderão ser utilizados para parametrizar e validar outros métodos de menor custo computacional, como campos de força clássicos e métodos semi-empíricos. ______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Currently, only high-level theoretical studies are able to treat specific interactions between Mg2+ and the nucleic acids accurately. These studies are important to unveil the role of Mg2+ in the folding and in the reaction mechanism of ribozymes. The present work is aimed at defining a computational strategy capable of describing the energies involved in the complexation reaction of Mg2+ with nucleic bases thymine, uracil, guanine, cytosine and adenine, in [Mg(H2O)n-nucleobase]2+ (n=6,5 and 4) systems with the best possible ratio between accuracy and computational cost. The combination between reaction electronic energies obtained at MP2(FC)/6-31+G(2d,p) level with thermal corrections calculated by B3LYP/6-311G(2d,d,p) frequencies were able to provide results similar to the high computational cost CBS-QB3. The solvent contributions were estimated using the CPCM. However, the electrostatic cavities definitions can produce absolute and relative errors in solution free energies difficult to be evaluated. Regardless of the coordination mode, magnesium interacted stronger at the cytosine O2, O6, and guanine N7 sites and weaker in adenine, thymine and uracil sites. It was also noted that the pairwise additive approach used by force fields underestimated the binding energy of [Mg(H2O)5-nucleobase]2+ systems by as much as 40% and even in the continuum solvent, polarization and charge transfer effects between metal and nucleic bases are significant. The method defined herein can be applied to study analog systems, as well as larger systems involving similar interactions. The presented results can be used to parameterize and validate other methods of lower computational cost, such as semi-empirical and classical force fields.
Vieira, Sandra Maria Gonçalves. "Amplificação do DNA bacteriano no diagnóstico da infecção da ascite em crianças e adolescentes com hipertensão porta." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/10197.
Full textCirrhosis is the most important cause of portal hypertensive ascites in children. The development of ascites in these patients is related to several complications such as dilutional hyponatremia, functional renal failure and infection of ascites. In the absence of secondary bacterial peritonitis, there are two forms of infected ascites: spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) defined as a polymorfonuclear (PMN) cell count in ascites > 250/μL and bacterascites (BA) defined as a positive ascites culture with a PMN count < 250 cells/μL. Because ascites culture is often negative, the positivity of ascites culture is not necessary to diagnose SBP. The main applications of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) include the detection of bacteria in low concentrations, fastidious bacterial pathogens and the detection of slowly growing bacteria. The aim of this study was to compare the amplification of 16S rRNA gene with the BACTEC culture in the diagnosis of SBP, in pediatric patients with portal hypertension ascites (a serum to ascites albumin gradient > 1.1 g/dL) attending the pediatric gastroenterology unit at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Thirty-one patients and forty paracentesis were studied. The median age of patients was 2.9 years (interquartílicoe range: 0.8-8.5). Sixteen patients were male. Cirrhosis of several causes was presented in 24 patients, 20 were classified as Child-Pugh C and the median of PELD score was 18.5 (interquartil range:10.0-27.5). Bacterial aerobic and anaerobic cultures were obtained by bedside inoculation of 10 mL of ascitic fluid into culture bottles wihich were incubated in BACTEC 9240 culture system. A volume of 20 mL of ascites was send to laboratory for the biochemical analyses, Gram’s stain, total and differential cell counts and citology. Simultaneously, 10 to 30 mL of ascites was stored at - 20o C to posterior bacterial DNA detection. After DNA extraction, detection of bacterial DNA was performed using primers for 16S rRNA gene. There were twelve episodes of infected ascites (8 SBP and 4 BA). Culture was positive in 4/8 cases of SBP. The molecular technique was positive in 7/8 cases of SBP and 3/4 cases of BA. For the diagnoses of SBP, the sensitivity, specificity positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of BACTEC culture was 50%, 87.5%, 50% and 87.5%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of bacterial DNA was 87.5%, 65.6%, 38.8% and 95.5%. Eight patients with culture-negative nonneutrocytic ascites (CNNNA) had positive bacterial DNA.They are not different of those with CNNNA and negative bacterial DNA in respect of PELD score, serum to albumin ascites gradient or mortality in three month. In conclusion, the amplification of 16S rRNA gene was most sensitive than BACTEC culture in the diagnosis of SBP. The finding of positive bacterial DNA in patients with CNNNA indicates that the method could be useful in the diagnoses of BA as well.
Oliveira, Guilherme Marx de. "Uso de técnicas moleculares na detecção de DNA parasitário e no estudo da variabilidade genética em diferentes fragmentos teciduais de cães naturalmente infectados por Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2013. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/14279.
Full textFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
A leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA), em cães, costuma estar associada à resposta humoral baixa ou mesmo negativa, o que inviabiliza os métodos sorológicos convencionais, como ferramenta única no diagnóstico. A busca por métodos mais sensíveis no diagnóstico tem avançado muito com o emprego de métodos moleculares, e a técnica da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) tem fornecido inúmeros resultados fundamentais nos estudos epidemiológicos. Métodos convencionais de diagnóstico parasitológico, não têm sido capazes de detectar a presença do parasito em outros sítios anatômicos diferentes da lesão cutânea, em cães naturalmente infectados por Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Diante dos questionamentos sobre o papel do cão doméstico no ciclo de transmissão da LTA e sobre o valor de métodos diagnósticos aplicados na rotina, principalmente em áreas de sobreposição da forma tegumentar e visceral, faz-se necessário a avaliação desses animais sob diversos aspectos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo empregar a PCR específica associada à hibridização molecular e a técnica da reação em cadeia da polimerase com primer único em condições de baixa estringência (LSSP-PCR) visando detectar a presença de DNA parasitário e investigar a variabilidade genética de populações parasitárias presentes em diferentes tecidos de cães naturalmente infectados por L. (V.) braziliensis. Os animais foram selecionados entre os cães sororeatores para Leishmania procedentes de cidades do estado do Rio de Janeiro e encaminhados para eutanásia ao Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos do Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Durante a necropsia, foram obtidas amostras de lesão cutânea, pele íntegra (região escapular e abdominal), baço, fígado e linfonodos (poplíteo e cervical) Os fragmentos teciduais foram submetidos ao isolamento parasitário e à extração de DNA. A detecção de DNA de L. (V.) braziliensis foi realizada através da amplificação, pela PCR específica, utilizando-se um par de iniciadores que amplificam a região variável dos minicírculos do DNA do cinetoplasto (kDNA) de espécies do subgênero Viannia. Os produtos positivos na PCR foram reamplificados, pela técnica de LSSP-PCR, utilizando-se um único iniciador do par específico, em condições de baixa temperatura de anelamento. O polimorfismo genético da região variável dos minicírculos foi avaliado através de métodos de análise numérica. Nove animais foram estudados. O isolamento parasitário foi possível somente nos fragmentos de lesão cultivados em todos os animais, no entanto com a aplicação das técnicas moleculares mencionadas, foi possível detectar DNA de L. (V.) braziliensis em pele íntegra de cães naturalmente infectados tendo sido, ao nosso conhecimento, o primeiro relato no Brasil. Foi também possível observar o tropismo diferenciado e a capacidade de disseminação parasitária para outros sítios anatômicos, além da lesão cutânea, no cão naturalmente infectado. Nossos resultados contribuirão para o diagnóstico e a epidemiologia da LTA canina no Rio de Janeiro fornecendo elementos na discussão da importância do papel do cão no ciclo de transmissão e subsídios para os programas de controle
In dogs, A merican tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is usually associated to a low humoral response or even to negative results which turns not unfeasible the conventional serological methods. The search for more sensitive methods in the diagno sis has progressed by the use of molecular methods and, the technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been furnishing several results which can be consider of fundamental importance in epidemiological studies. Conventional methods of parasitologic al diagnosis have failed to detect the presence of the parasite anatomic sites others than the cutaneous lesion, in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Regarding the questions on the rule of domestic dogs in the transmission cycle of ATL and, on the applicability of diagnostic methods mainly in areas where both visceral and tegumentary disease are found, the evaluation of these animals under different aspects is needed. The objective of this project is to apply specific PCR assays associated to molecular hybridization and the technique of Low - Stringency Specific - Single Primer – PCR (LSSP - PCR) in order to detect the presence of parasite DNA and evaluate the gen etic variability of parasite populations found in different tissues of dog s naturally infected by Leishmania (V.) braziliensis . The animals were selected among dogs which were Leishmania seropositive from cities of Rio de Janeiro state and referred for euthanasia to the Derm o zoo laboratory ( Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Der matozoonoses em Animais Domésticos do Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz ) . Samples were obtained from cutaneous lesions, health skin, spleen, liver and lymph nodes (popliteal and cervical). Tissue fragments were submitted to parasite isolation and to DNA extractions. The detection of L. (V.) braziliensis was performed by specific PCR assays, using a par of primers that amplify the variable region of the minicircles of the kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) from species of the Viannia subgenus. The positive PCR products were re - amplified by the technique of LSSP - PCR using a unique primer of the specific par, in low stringency conditions. The genetic polymorphism of the variable region of kDNA minicircles were investigated through numeri cal analysis methods. Nine animals were studied. The parasitic isolation was only possible in fragments cultured in lesion of all animals. U sing such methods, it was possible to detect L. (V.) braziliensis DNA in heath skin of dogs naturally infected. To o ur knowledge this is the first report in Brazil. It was also possible to observe the differentiate tropism and the capacity of parasite dissemination to other anatomic sites beyond the cutaneous lesion. Our results will contribute, at the same time, to the diagnosis and the epidemiology of canine ATL in Rio de Janeiro, providing basis for the discussion of the rule of the dog in the transmission cycle of ATL and, also providing subsidies to the control programs.
Gomes, Katia das Neves. "Seleção in vitro de aptâmeros de RNA como ligantes do receptor purinérgico P2Y2." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46131/tde-26112010-090711/.
Full textMany published studies have focused on purinergic signaling and receptors, represented by ionotropic (P2X1 P2X7) and metabotropic (P2Y1,2,4,6,11,12,14) subtypes as a universal system which is not only involved in neuronal signaling, but also in various other vital processes including immune response, inflammation, platelet aggregation as well as differentiation, proliferation and cell death occurring during development and tissue regeneration. In agreement with other published reports, results of our laboratory based on overlapping purinergic receptor pharmacology suggest the participation of the P2Y2 subtype in proliferation and in vitro neurogenesis of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. In view of the lack of availability of specific agonists and antagonists for most purinergic receptors making the elucidation of exact functions of these receptors in their cellular context almost impossible, we used a combinatorial oligonucleotide library approach, denominated SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) for the development of high-affinity and specificity ligands for the P2Y2 receptor. This approach is based on re-iterative steps of in vitro selection of 2´-fluoro-pyrimidine-modified RNA molecules for receptor-binding affinity from an RNA pool containing 1013 different sequences and secondary and tertiary structures until this pool is purified to a homogeneous population of ligands with high affinity to the P2Y2 receptor. The combinatorial DNA library is in vitro transcribed into RNA followed by target presentation of the RNA library and elution of the target-binders, denominated aptamers, and RT-PCR amplification in order to restore the DNA library used for in vitro transcription for next SELEX cycle. Following nine SELEX cycles using 1321N1 human astroglial cells expressing recombinant human P2Y2 receptors as target, we isolated 46 aptamer sequences which, based on consensus sequence motifs, were grouped in three structural groups. The mixture of the isolated sequences bound themselves to human P2Y2 receptors with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 164 nM. One of the isolated clones, the aptamer denominated B7, bound itself to P2Y2 receptors in preference to P2Y1 and P2Y4 recombinant receptors expressed in 1321N1 cells. The binding activity of the aptamer was not limited to P2Y2 receptors of human origin, as the aptamer also interacted with mouse P2Y2 receptors. The capability of the aptamer of affecting the biological activity of P2Y2 receptors was verified in P19 cells in which ATP-induced protection against apoptosis, mediated by P2Y2 receptors, was abolished in the presence of the aptamer. In addition to providing a proof of principle for the feasibility of developing purinergic subtype-specific ligands by using the SELEX technique, the anti-P2Y aptamer provides a fundamental tool for gaining insights of physiological functions of this receptor in various cellular contexts. Moreover, steps of optimization of receptor binding properties and aptamer half-life in vivo will turn this aptamer into a compound of high pharmaceutical relevance.
ZANIN, João Luiz Baldim. "Bioinformatics applied to natural products discovery processes: systematization, biosynthetic evidences, and isolation of promising species." Universidade Federal de Alfenas, 2016. https://bdtd.unifal-mg.edu.br:8443/handle/tede/983.
Full textGenome-guided strategies were applied to examine Betaproteobacteria species potential for the biosynthesis of nonribosomal peptides. A generalizable strategy was created to track similarities in enzymatic reactions of nonribosomal peptides synthetases in order to organize their capability of assembling monomers building the peptides backbones. Databases and user-friendly software were adopted making this strategy a comprehensive one. Databases and software adopted, as well as, NCBI, KEGG, NORINE, antiSMASH, Cystoscape, Gitools, MEGA e Clustal were used for this purpose. Betaproteobacteria species showed to possess biosynthetic similarities in assembling monomers for the peptide backbone of a nonribosomal peptide. These evidences were correlated giving similarities indexes between species and their distribution between similar genomes. Predictions were fragmented in several ways, for example, monomers, pairs and triads. Correlation analyses displayed that pairs it is the best way of tracking similarities. This result turned possible to create a strategy, named XPAIRT (eXPAndable Identification of amino acids in nonRibosomal peptides Tendencies) correlating pairs of peptides and their similar genomes via Jaccard Index and phylogeny. Thought these investigations it was noticed that Betaproteobacteria species generally assemble asp.orn and orn.ser, mainly Burkholderia species, among other pairs of peptides. Further analysis showed that species from the genera Burkholderia are the most promising ones due to their Biosynthetic Gene Cluster counting for all available Betaproteobacteria genomes. These species were further analyzed and a standard strain, Burkholderia thailandensis, was used to the identification of intraspecific variation for their biosynthetic potential. A specific study on Biosynthetic Gene Cluster variation was proceeded for discovering disparities between chromosomes 1 and 2, and a standard antibiotic producer strain, S. coelicolor. Results showed that B. thailandensis have different possibilities for biosynthesizing natural products. Even thought, common classes of compounds such as, Terpenes, Bacteriocins, T1PKS and Nonribosomal Peptides were identified for all strains. As Burkholderia species were the main target in this work, a genome-guided method was developed for isolating as much strains as possible from environmental samples. This very method took into account the basic needs for a microorganism to survive: a) the type of microbiome that microorganisms of interest coexist, analyzed through metagenomics, b) resistance to antibiotics and metals, c) ability to metabolize compounds with biological role, d) cell growth related to different nutrients, and e) cell growth under pH variations. The strategy was successful for diverse types of samples. These exceptional experiments are part of a novel way of working with Natural Products, using genomic, bioinformatics and visual statistical analysis in order to access common characteristics and uniqueness of species guiding the search of medically relevant natural products.
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Almeida, Tiago Jonas de. "Seleção de aptâmeros que se ligam ao receptor humano para o gosto doce." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46131/tde-23012015-094608/.
Full textIt has been shown that sweet taste is transduced by the Class III G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) T1R2 and T1R3, which show long N-termini that form a globular extracellular ligand-binding domain. These receptors are expressed in the taste cells (epithelial cells that constitute the taste buds in taste papillae) that respond to sweet tastants, and when T1R2 and T1R3 are coexpressed in heterologous cells, they respond, as heteromers, to a series of sugars, some D-amino acids, artificial sweeteners and sweet proteins. It has also been demonstrated that the sweet taste receptor has multiple binding sites. In order to better understand the structure of this receptor and answer the question of how a single chemoreceptor can respond to a variety of ligands, we used the combinatorial oligonucleotide library screening approach, denominated Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX), to isolate nuclease-resistant RNA aptamers that bind to the human sweet taste receptor with high affinity. Following a twelve round enrichment of the previous random RNA pool containing around 1013 different sequences (against membrane preparations of hT1R2/hT1R3-expressing HEK293T cells) and negative counterselection cycles (to eliminate RNA molecules that bind nonspecifically to the nitrocellulose membrane and to proteins other than the target, that is, HEK293T cells membrane proteins), the RNA was reverse-transcribed for DNA sequencing. Aptamers from cycle 12 with consensus sequences were selected, and the binding of some of them to the human sweet taste receptor was then evaluated. Five out of the aptamers clearly show greater affinity for hT1R2/hT1R3-expressing HEK293T cells than for hT1R2/hT1R3-non-expressing HEK293T cells. In this thesis we have also analyzed another receptor, denominated CD36, which is also expressed in the tongue. Studies indicate that it acts as a receptor for fat. In this work, we found that CD36 is expressed in a subset of the olfactory neurons localized in the olfactory epithelium, indicating that it may also have an as yet uncharacterized olfactory function.
Pereira, Bruno Filipe Teixeira. "Estudo de biofilmes mistos em modelos de cateteres urinários." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/13766.
Full textAs infeções do trato urinário associadas a cateteres (CAUTI) são o principal tipo de infeções adquiridas em hospital. Estas infeções resultam, na sua maioria, de biofilmes que se formam na superfície dos cateteres, no entanto pouco é conhecido sobre a dinâmica dos biofilmes e sobre as interações entre as diferentes espécies presentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a interação entre as espécies Escherichia coli e Achromobacter xylosoxidans utilizando hibridação fluorescente in situ (FISH) para discriminar entre as duas espécie em biofilmes mistos, comparando a dinâmica populacional em biofilmes simples e mistos e o comportamento em dois materiais usados no fabrico de cateteres urinários: silicone e poli (óxido de etileno). Através de contagens de células cultiváveis em biofilmes simples e mistos verificou-se que A. xylosoxidans não afetou significativamente o crescimento de E. coli, no entanto esta última prejudicou o crescimento de A. xylosoxidans durante as primeiras 24h, favorecendo-o a partir das 48h. Neste trabalho foi realizada uma primeira abordagem ao estudo de biofilmes associados a CAUTI utilizando sondas de LNA e 2’OMe em protocolos de FISH, tendo-se verificado a existência de interações entre espécies patogénicas e não patogénicas que podem alterar o crescimento destas. Provou-se que o método de FISH pode ser usado para estudar a distribuição populacional em biofilmes mistos e que as sondas de LNA e 2’OMe podem ser usadas nestes biofilmes pois permitem a discriminação das espécies presentes.
Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) are the main kind of hospital acquired infections. These infections arise mostly of biofilms formed on the catheter’s surface, however little is known about biofilm’s dynamics and the interactions between the different species in the biofilm. The purpose of this work was to study the interaction between the species Escherichia coli and Achromobacter xylosoxidans, applying fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for discriminating between the two species in mixed biofilms, comparing simple and mixed biofilm population dynamic and the behavior in two materials used in urinary catheter: silicon and poly (ethylene oxide). Through cultivable cells counting in simple and mixed biofilms it was found that A. xylosoxidans did not affect the growth of E. coli, however E. coli impairs A. xylosoxidans growth during the first 24 hours, and helps it after 48 hours. In this work a first approach to the study of mixed biofilms associated with CAUTI using LNA and 2’OMe probes in FISH protocols was made and it was verified the existence of interactions between pathogenic and non-pathogenic species that can change their growth. It was proved that the FISH method can be used to study the population distribution in mixed biofilms and that the LNA and 2’OMe probes can be used in these biofilms as they allow the discrimination between the present species.
Hardoim, Pablo Rodrigo. "Formação de micorriza arbuscular e análise do transcritoma de raízes de cana-de-açúcar colonizadas por Glomus clarum na presença de herbicidas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-15092006-131951/.
Full textThe arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) are symbiotic root-fungus associations that play a key role in natural and agricultural ecosystems, through the enhancement of nutrients absorption in the soil and its transference into the plants. The AM may promote the growth of many plants, among them are the sugarcane. Even thought the herbicide utilized in the agriculture system may contribute to soil microbial community alteration and the symbioses development, limited is know about the herbicide effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and on AM formation. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the Ametrine and Imazapic effects in the spores germination of Glomus clarum and AM development in sugarcane, as well transcriptome alterations of sugarcane roots colonized with G. clarum and growing in soil treat with Imazapic. It was not detected significant effect on the spores germination and intraradical colonization in the evaluated doses of Ametrine. Whereas, the enhance of Imazapic concentration promoted a decrease in the spores germination and increase of intraradical colonization. Although the higher intraradical colonization has been observed in the plants treat with Imazapic, the presence of the fungi seems not alleviated the damage effect promoted by the use of the herbicide, in these studies conditions. By macro array cDNA hybridizations, it was possible to detect several genes with differential expression statistically significant in AM plants, and plants not inoculated growing in soil treated with herbicide. Among the proteins codified by genes with induced expression in AM roots, compared to the control no-inoculated, are: a putative ionotropic glutamate receptor, a metallothionein-like protein, a ATP synthase and many others with unknown function. Whereas, among the proteins codified by genes with suppressed expression are: Wali7 protein, a ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism, a tubulin alpha-1 chain and a remorin. In the no-inoculated roots growing in the soil treat with Imazapic the proteins codified by genes with induced expression are: a putative ionotropic glutamate receptor and a lipase-like; and the reverse transcriptase like protein was suppressed. The Imazapic treatment alter several gene expression modulated by AM, among the proteins codified by those genes are: a ATP synthase, a ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism, polyubiquitin, a tubulin alpha-1 chain, a signal transduction histidine kinase and many others with unknown function. The results indicate the AM formation alter the sugarcane roots genetic program and that the Imazapic herbicide alter the gene expression related to symbioses between sugarcane with G. clarum.
Gualberto, Felipe Augusto Souza. "Valor disgnóstico da nested PCR em tempo real em pacientes com meningite tuberculosa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5134/tde-26082014-093325/.
Full textBackground: Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most serious and lethal presentation of tuberculosis. Timely diagnosis and appropriated treatment are the main factors associated with good outcome. Methods used in the daily medical practice - clinical, radiological and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings - have low accuracy. Search for Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in the CSF by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the nested methodology is promising, especially when combined with the practical approach of the real time DNA amplification. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of a nested real-time PCR (nRT-PCR) in the investigation of patients with TBM. Methods: A two-phase observational study was carried out: prospective and retrospective. In the prospective phase, patients with suspected TBM hospitalized at \"Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas\" (IIER) were included. Clinical, laboratory and radiological data were collected, as well as CSF samples of all patients. According to international standard criteria, patients were categorized as \"TBM Definite\", \"TBM Probable\", \"TBM Possible\" and \"Not TBM\". The nRT-PCR, using the mpt64 gene, was performed on all CSF sample in the Laboratory of Bacterial Meningitis, Adolfo Lutz Institute. Sensitivity, specificity and confidence intervals (95% CI) of the nRT-PCR were calculated based on the gold standard (culture positive for M. tuberculosis or AFB isolation on the central nervous system) and on patients with other established diagnoses (\"Not TBM\"). The proportion of patients with a positive nRT-PCR in each clinical category was also calculated. In the retrospective phase, medical chart review was performed in those patients who had the nRT-PCR requested in IIER and in the \"Centro de Referência e Treinamento em DST/AIDS\". The same diagnostic categorization and calculations of sensitivity and specificity were adopted. Results: 102 patients were included in the prospective phase, 92 of them HIV-infected. Nine of them had the gold standard positive and were classified as \"TBM Definite\" and 81 of them had other diagnoses established (\"Not TBM\"). The sensitivity and specificity of the nRT-PCR were 100% (95%CI: 70-100 and 95-100, respectively). The nRT-PCR positivity in category \"TBM Probable\" was 50% (4/8 patients) and 25% in \"TBM Possible\" (1/4). In retrospective phase, the nRT-PCR had a sensitivity of 83% (5/6) and specificity of 100% (0/45), among the 56 included patients (48 of them HIV infected). Positivity in \"TBM Probable\" category was 60% (3/5) and no patients were classified as \"TBM Possible\". Conclusion: The nRT-PCR showed good sensitivity and excellent specificity, showing its diagnostic value in the timely identification of TBM